1
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Lee W, Choi S, Kim H, Lee W, Lee M, Son H, Lee C, Cho M, Lee Y. Efficiency of ozonation and O 3/H 2O 2 as enhanced wastewater treatment processes for micropollutant abatement and disinfection with minimized byproduct formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131436. [PMID: 37146328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation, a viable option for improving wastewater effluent quality, requires process optimization to ensure the organic micropollutants (OMPs) elimination and disinfection under minimized byproduct formation. This study assessed and compared the efficiencies of ozonation (O3) and ozone with hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2) for 70 OMPs elimination, inactivation of three bacteria and three viruses, and formation of bromate and biodegradable organics during the bench-scale O3 and O3/H2O2 treatment of municipal wastewater effluent. 39 OMPs were fully eliminated, and 22 OMPs were considerably eliminated (54 ± 14%) at an ozone dosage of 0.5 gO3/gDOC for their high reactivity to ozone or •OH. The chemical kinetics approach accurately predicted the OMP elimination levels based on the rate constants and exposures of ozone and •OH, where the quantum chemical calculation and group contribution method successfully predicted the ozone and •OH rate constants, respectively. Microbial inactivation levels increased with increasing ozone dosage up to ∼3.1 (bacteria) and ∼2.6 (virus) log10 reductions at 0.7 gO3/gDOC. O3/H2O2 minimized bromate formation but significantly decreased bacteria/virus inactivation, whereas its impact on OMP elimination was insignificant. Ozonation produced biodegradable organics that were removed by a post-biodegradation treatment, achieving up to 24% DOM mineralization. These results can be useful for optimizing O3 and O3/H2O2 processes for enhanced wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woongbae Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangki Choi
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Woorim Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea; Busan Water Quality Institute, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam 621-813, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejong Son
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam 621-813, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cho
- SELS Center, Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Y, Jann M, Vandenberg C, Eap CB, Shamsi SA. Development of an enantioselective assay for simultaneous separation of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the analysis of drug-drug interaction. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1420:119-28. [PMID: 26460073 PMCID: PMC5025041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To-date, there has been no effective chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) method reported for the simultaneous enantioseparation of the antidepressant drug, venlafaxine (VX) and its structurally-similar major metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (O-DVX). This is mainly due to the difficulty of identifying MS compatible chiral selector, which could provide both high enantioselectivity and sensitive MS detection. In this work, poly-sodium N-undecenoyl-L,L-leucylalaninate (poly-L,L-SULA) was employed as a chiral selector after screening several dipeptide polymeric chiral surfactants. Baseline separation of both O-DVX and VX enantiomers was achieved in 15 min after optimizing the buffer pH, poly-L,L-SULA concentration, nebulizer pressure and separation voltage. Calibration curves in spiked plasma (recoveries higher than 80%) were linear over the concentration range 150-5000 ng/mL for both VX and O-DVX. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be as low as 30 ng/mL and 21 ng/mL for O-DVX and VX, respectively. This method was successfully applied to measure the plasma concentrations of human volunteers receiving VX or O-DVX orally when co-administered without and with indinivar therapy. The results suggest that micellar electrokinetic chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (MEKC-ESI-MS/MS) is an effective low cost alternative technique for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies of both O-DVX and VX enantiomers. The technique has potential to identify drug-drug interaction involving VX and O-DVX enantiomers while administering indinivar therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Liu
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Michael Jann
- Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Chad Vandenberg
- Midwestern University, Institute for Healthcare Innovation, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States
| | - Chin B Eap
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University, Hospital of Cery, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shahab A Shamsi
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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3
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of acidic compounds using negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1323:163-73. [PMID: 24315358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) is an attractive CE mode, in which water solvent of the background electrolyte (BGE) is replaced by organic solvent or by a mixture of organic solvents. This substitution alters several parameters, such as the pKa, permittivity, viscosity, zeta potential, and conductivity, resulting in a modification of CE separation performance (i.e., selectivity and/or efficiency). In addition, the use of NACE is particularly well adapted to ESI-MS due to the high volatility of solvents and the low currents that are generated. Organic solvents reduce the number of side electrochemical reactions at the ESI tip, thereby allowing the stabilization of the ESI current and a decrease in background noise. All these features make NACE an interesting alternative to the aqueous capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) mode, especially in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of NACE coupled to negative ESI-MS for the analysis of acidic compounds with two available CE-MS interfaces (sheath liquid and sheathless). First, NACE was compared to aqueous CZE for the analysis of several pharmaceutical acidic compounds (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs). Then, the separation performance and the sensitivity achieved by both interfaces were evaluated, as were the impact of the BGE and the sample composition. Finally, analyses of glucuronides in urine samples subjected to a minimal sample pre-treatment ("dilute-and-shoot") were performed by NACE-ESI-MS, and the matrix effect was evaluated. A 20- to 100-fold improvement in sensitivity was achieved using the NACE mode in combination with the sheathless interface and no matrix effect was observed regardless of the interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Bonvin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Saka C, Şahin Ö. Determination of Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Material. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.645377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cafer Saka
- a School of Health, Sıırt University , Sıırt , Turkey
| | - Ömer Şahin
- b Faculty of Engineering and Architecture , Sıırt University , Sıırt , Turkey
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Das R, Agrawal Y. Simultaneous Monitoring of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Human Urine, Plasma and Oral Fluid by Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:146-54. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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6
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Gasser G, Pankratov I, Elhanany S, Werner P, Gun J, Gelman F, Lev O. Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:98-105. [PMID: 22445391 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gasser
- Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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7
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Posch TN, Müller A, Schulz W, Pütz M, Huhn C. Implementation of a design of experiments to study the influence of the background electrolyte on separation and detection in non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:583-98. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Raut BB, Kolte BL, Deo AA, Bagool MA, Shinde DB. A Rapid and Sensitive HPLC Method for the Determination of Venlafaxine and O‐Desmethylvenlafaxine in Human Plasma with UV Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Raut
- a Wockhardt Research Centre , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , India
- b Department of Chemical Technology , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , 431004 , India
| | - B. L. Kolte
- a Wockhardt Research Centre , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , India
- b Department of Chemical Technology , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , 431004 , India
| | - A. A. Deo
- a Wockhardt Research Centre , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , India
| | - M. A. Bagool
- a Wockhardt Research Centre , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , India
| | - D. B. Shinde
- b Department of Chemical Technology , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , 431004 , India
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9
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Liu W, Dai YC, Deng N, Liu XR, Yi Luo. Development and validation of a HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of venlafaxine enantiomers and application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:412-6. [PMID: 21321974 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the determination of venlafaxine enantiomers in human plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. The method was carried out on a vancomycin chiral column (5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm) maintained at 25°C. The mobile phase was methanol-water containing 30 mmol/L ammonium acetate, pH 3.3 adjusted with aqueous ammonia (8:92, v/v) at the flow rate 1.0 mL/min. A tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray interface was operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode to detect the selected ions pair at m/z 278.0 → 120.8 for venlafaxine enantiomers and m/z 294.8 → 266.7 for estazolanm (internal standard). The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.28-423.0 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 0.28 ng/mL. The intra-and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 9.7%. The method was successfully applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic profiles of venlafaxine enantiomers in 18 healthy volunteers. Validation parameters such as the specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability were evaluated, giving results within the acceptable range. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the venlafaxine enantiomers were measured in the 18 healthy Chinese volunteers who received a single regimen with venlafaxine hydrochloride capsules. The results show that AUC((0-∞)) , C(max) and t(1/2) between S-venlafaxine and R-venlafaxine are significantly different (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- The Pharmaceutical Department of the Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/Hunan Normal University, ChangSha, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Li H, Helm PA, Paterson G, Metcalfe CD. The effects of dissolved organic matter and pH on sampling rates for polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:271-280. [PMID: 21247614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of solution pH and levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the sampling rates for model pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting substance (EDS) by polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) was investigated in laboratory experiments. A commercially available POCIS configuration containing neutral Oasis HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) resin (i.e. pharmaceutical POCIS) and two POCIS configurations prepared in-house containing MAX and MCX anion and cation exchange resins, respectively were tested for uptake of 21 model PPCPs and EDS, including acidic, phenolic, basic and neutral compounds. Laboratory experiments were conducted with dechlorinated tap water over a pH range of 3, 7 and 9. The effects of DOM were studied using natural water from an oligotrophic lake in Ontario, Canada (i.e. Plastic Lake) spiked with different amounts of DOM (the concentration of dissolved organic carbon ranged from 3 to 5mgL(-1) in uptake experiments). In experiments with the commercial (HLB) POCIS, the MCX-POCIS and the MAX-POCIS, the sampling rates generally increased with pH for basic compounds and declined with pH for acidic compounds. However, the sampling rates were relatively constant across the pH range for phenols with high pKa values (i.e. bisphenol A, estrone, estradiol, triclosan) and for the neutral pharmaceutical, carbamazepine. Thus, uptake was greatest when the amount of the neutral species in solution was maximized relative to the ionized species. Although the solution pH affected the uptake of some model ionic compounds, the effect was by less than a factor of 3. There was no significant effect of DOM on sampling rates from Plastic Lake. However, uptake rates in different aqueous matrixes declined in the order of deionized water>Plastic Lake water>dechlorinated tap water, so other parameters must affect uptake into POCIS, although this influence will be minor. MAX-POCIS and MCX-POCIS showed little advantage over the commercial POCIS configuration for monitoring in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Worsfold Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9J 7B8
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Cao G, Liu Q, Huang Y, Li W, Yao S. Generation of gold nanostructures at the surface of platinum electrode by electrodeposition for ECL detection for CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1055-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Electrolyte systems for on-line CE-MS: Detection requirements and separation possibilities. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:203-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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18 Coupling CE and microchip-based devices with mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Wang S, Qu H, Cheng Y. NACE-ESI-MS combined with on-line concentration for high-sensitivity analysis of quinolizidine alkaloids. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1399-406. [PMID: 17427256 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, reproducible and high-sensitivity NACE-ESI-MS method was developed for the analysis of sophoridine, matrine, sophocarpine and oxymatrine in the roots of Sophora flavescens Ait. and S. tonkinensis Gagnep. Field-amplified sample stacking with electromigration-injection (FASS-EMI) was first used in NACE for the on-line concentration of the alkaloids. The conditions of NACE separation, FASS-EMI stacking and MS detection were systematically optimized. The optimum NACE buffer was an electrolyte containing 50 mM ammonium acetate, 0.5% acetic acid and 30% ACN in methanol. The sensitivity was improved by about 100-fold by the FASS-EMI technique, which was further improved by more than 1000-fold with MS detection. The RSDs (n = 6) of the relative migration time and relative peak area of each peak were less than 0.3 and 2.4% for intra-day and less than 5.1 and 6.0% for inter-day, respectively. The LODs (S/N = 3) of analytes were determined to be 0.0210-0.0446 ng/mL. A bioanalytical method based on this NACE-ESI-MS method may be developed for the analysis of the alkaloids in biological sample matrices (plasma, urine, etc.) after effective ion removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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15
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Scriba GKE. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1159:28-41. [PMID: 17316665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonaqueous background electrolytes broaden the application of capillary electrophoresis displaying altered separation selectivity and interactions between analytes and buffer additives compared to aqueous background electrolytes. In addition, nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) appears to be ideally suited for online coupling with mass spectrometry due to the high volatility and low surface tension of many organic solvents. Despite these advantages and an increasing use of nonaqueous background electrolytes in CE, coupling of NACE to mass spectrometry has not yet been applied very often to date. The present review summarizes the applications of online NACE-MS with regard to the analysis of drugs, stereoisomers, peptides, alkaloids, polymers and others. A brief discussion of solvent effects in NACE and pH of nonaqueous background electrolyte systems is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, School of Pharmacy, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Wei Z, Bing-Ren X, Cai-Yun W. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the determination of venlafaxine in human plasma and application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:266-72. [PMID: 17230450 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) method for the determination of venlafaxine in human plasma has been developed. Samples were prepared using liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed on a C(18) column interfaced with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Positive electrospray ionization was employed as the ionization source. The mobile phase was methanol-water containing 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate, pH 7.9 adjusted with aqueous ammonia (80:20, v/v) at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The analyte and internal standard clozapine were both detected by use of selected ion monitoring mode. The method was linear in the concentration range of 1.0-200.0 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 1.0 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation across three validation runs over the entire concentration range was less than 10.1%. The accuracy determined at three concentrations (5.0, 50.0 and 150.0 ng/mL for venlafaxine) was within +/-10.0% in terms of relative error (RE). The method was successfully applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic profiles of venlafaxine capsule in 20 healthy volunteers. The results show AUC, T(max), C(max) and T(1/2) between the testing formulation and reference formulation have no significant difference (p > 0.05). Relative bioavailability was 103.4 +/- 14.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wei
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University (Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
This review presents different solvents and electrolytes commonly used as BGEs in NACE for the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. Most NACE applications carried out since 1998 for the analysis of compounds of pharmaceutical interest are presented in four tables: (i) analysis of drugs and related substances, (ii) analysis of chiral substances, (iii) analysis of phytochemical extracts and (iv) analysis of drugs in biological fluids. These selected examples are used to illustrate the interest in NACE versus conventional aqueous CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Geiser
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne,Geneva, Switzerland
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Nageswara Rao R, Narasa Raju A. Simultaneous separation and determination of process-related substances and degradation products of venlafaxine by reversed-phase HPLC. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2733-44. [PMID: 17305234 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid gradient RP HPLC method for simultaneous separation and determination of venlafaxine and its related substances in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations has been developed. As many as four process impurities and one degradation product of venlafaxine have been separated on a Kromasil KR100-5C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm; particle size 5 microm) column with gradient elution using 0.3% diethylamine buffer (pH 3.0) and ACN/methanol (90:10 v/v) as a mobile phase. The column was maintained at 40 degrees C and the eluents were monitored with photo diode array detection at 225 nm. The chromatographic behaviour of all the compounds was examined under variable compositions of different solvents, temperatures, buffer concentrations and pH. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision and linearity as per ICH guidelines. The inter- and intraday assay precision was < 4.02% (%RSD) and the recoveries were in the range of 96.19-101.14% with %RSD < 1.15%. The correlation coefficients (r2) for calibration curves of venlafaxine as well as impurities were in the range of 0.9942-0.9999. The proposed RP-LC method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial formulations and the recoveries of venlafaxine were in the range of 99.32-100.67 with %RSD <0.58%. The method could be of use not only for rapid and routine evaluation of the quality of venlafaxine in bulk drug manufacturing units but also for the detection of its impurities in pharmaceutical formulations. Forced degradation of venlafaxine was carried out under thermal, photo, acidic, basic and peroxide conditions and the acid degradation products were characterized by ESI-MS/MS, 1H NMR and FT-IR spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
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Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Determination of antidepressants in surface and waste water samples by capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection after preconcentration using off-line solid-phase extraction. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1220-6. [PMID: 16440399 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A method for the quantitative determination of seven major antidepressants in surface waters and sewage treatment plant effluents by CE using ESI-MS is presented. Calibration curves for the selected analytes were prepared in Milli-Q purified water and Danube river water extract covering a concentration range of at least one order of magnitude. LODs achieved were between 6 and 13 microg/L for Trazodone and 39 and 53 microg/L for Sertraline in the Milli-Q purified water and Danube river water matrix, respectively. For sample preparation eight different SPE materials were investigated. Best results were obtained for a resin based on hydrophilic divinylbenzene (recoveries from Milli-Q purified water 93-96%; from Danube river water 85-99%). Finally, a series of eight sewage treatment plant effluents were investigated with respect to their content in the selected antidepressants. Six of these samples were tested positive for antidepressants, in particular Venlafaxine, Citalopram and Trazodone in concentrations between 36 and 322 ng/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Huck CW, Bakry R, Bonn GK. Progress in capillary electrophoresis of biomarkers and metabolites between 2002 and 2005. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:111-25. [PMID: 16315181 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker discovery and metabolite research is a fast-growing and extremely important domain not only for the early detection of certain diseases but also for controlling its progress as well as in pharmaceutical investigations. For the analytical separation and identification, CE plays an indisputable role. Capillary systems enhancing different selectivity are applied and connected to different kind of detection systems. As the choice of buffer and its composition is responsible for a successful separation, special emphasis is put on solvent effects in this review. Altogether the most important capillary electrophoretic techniques applied for biomarker and metabolites analysis published between 2002 and 2005 are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Bhatt J, Jangid A, Venkatesh G, Subbaiah G, Singh S. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) method for simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and its active metabolite O-desmethyl venlafaxine in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 829:75-81. [PMID: 16249126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of venlafaxine (VEN) and O-desmethyl venlafaxine (ODV) in human plasma. The analytes were extracted from human plasma by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique. Escitalopram (ESC) was used as the internal standard. A Betasil C18 column provided chromatographic separation of analytes followed by detection with mass spectrometry. The mass transition ion-pair has been followed as m/z 278.27-->121.11 for VEN, m/z 264.28-->107.10 for ODV and m/z 325.00-->262.00 for ESC. The method involves a solid phase extraction from plasma, simple isocratic chromatography conditions and mass spectrometric detection that enables detection at nanogram levels. The proposed method has been validated with linear range of 3-300 ng/ml for VEN and 6-600 ng/ml for ODV. The intrarun and interrun precision and accuracy values are within 10%. The overall recoveries for VEN and ODV were 95.9 and 81.7%, respectively. Total elution time as low as 3 min only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Bhatt
- Bioanalytical Department, Torrent Research Centre, Near Indira bridge, Village Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India.
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Himmelsbach M, Klampfl CW, Buchberger W. Development of an analytical method for the determination of antidepressants in water samples by capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:1735-41. [PMID: 16224968 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A method for the quantitative determination of major antidepressants in aqueous matrices by CE using ESI-MS is presented. Several aqueous, nonaquoeus, and mixed aqueous/organic solvent BGEs including inorganic and organic acids were investigated with respect to their suitability for the separation of the selected analytes. Finally, due to the necessity to employ MS detection if the developed method should be suitable also for environmental samples, only MS-compatible electrolytes were taken into account. Based on this fact optimum results were obtained with a system consisting of 1.5 M formic acid and 50 mM ammonium formate in ACN/water (85/15). Linear calibration plots could be obtained for all solutes over a concentration range of almost two orders of magnitude, and the LODs achieved were in the range of 3-6 microg/L for trazodone and 39-43 microg/L for sertraline with the TOF instrument and the single quadrupole instrument in the SIM mode, respectively. This fact allowed the assumption that the presented method can be regarded as suitable for the determination of antidepressants even in the trace amounts commonly present in environmental samples. Spiking of river water and sewage plant effluent extracts with the selected solutes showed that no interferences from the matrix usually found in such samples can be expected. Finally the quantitative determination of the seven antidepressants in environmental samples was used to benchmark the performance of CZE coupled to a single quadrupole MS and a TOF-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Huck CW, Stecher G, Scherz H, Bonn G. Analysis of drugs, natural and bioactive compounds containing phenolic groups by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1319-33. [PMID: 15776479 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of phenolic compounds and its latest developments. Special attention is paid to the different interfaces. The instrumental setups are discussed and demonstrated in a high number of real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Mass spectrometry detection in capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)45009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Non-aqueous capillary zone electrophoresis method for the analysis of paroxetine, tamoxifen, and their main metabolites in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Geiser L, Cherkaoui S, Veuthey JL. Potential of formamide and N-methylformamide in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Application to the analysis of beta-blockers. J Chromatogr A 2002; 979:389-98. [PMID: 12498270 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) method, coupled with either UV or electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), is described for the simultaneous analysis of seven beta-blockers. The same electrolyte, namely 25 mM ammonium formate and 1 M formic acid, was used with different investigated organic solvents. In addition to frequently used organic solvents such as methanol (MeOH) and acetonitrile (MeCN), formamide and its derivatives were investigated. Formamide (FA) and N-methylformamide (NMF) present several interesting physico-chemical properties, one of them being a high dielectric constant (e). Since FA and NMF possess a high UV cutoff, beta-blockers with an absorbance above 250 nm were selected as model compounds in order to compare NACE-UV and NACE-MS performances. FA and NMF showed different selectivity compared to water, MeOH or MeCN, and also demonstrated a higher efficiency in terms of the number of theoretical plates (especially NMF). To overcome their unfavorable optical properties, hyphenation with MS detection appears as a promising technique, thanks to its benefits in terms of selectivity, sensitivity and universality. The practical compatibility of FA and NMF with ESI-MS detection in combination with a sheath liquid configuration was demonstrated. In comparison to UV detection, sensitivity was increased, while a high efficiency was maintained. In addition, the low and stable generated currents observed were evidences for the successful hyphenation with ESI-MS. Hence, FA and NMF seemed to be promising alternatives in NACE-ESI-MS, either used as pure organic solvent or as a mixture with MeOH or MeCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Geiser
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Lockyear LL, Cavender AE, Dossey BS, Ampe JH, LeCrone DN. Practical considerations for the use of aqueous/acetonitrile buffer systems in capillary separations. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020801)25:12<773::aid-jssc773>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wistuba D, Cabrera K, Schurig V. Enantiomer separation by nonaqueous and aqueous capillary electrochromatography on cyclodextrin stationary phases. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2600-5. [PMID: 11519965 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200107)22:12<2600::aid-elps2600>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Native beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin bound to silica (ChiraDex-beta and ChiraDex-gamma) were packed into capillaries and used for enantiomer separation by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) under aqueous and nonaqueous conditions. Negatively charged analytes (dansyl-amino acids) were resolved into their enantiomers by nonaqueous CEC (NA-CEC). The addition of a small amount of water to the nonaqueous mobile phase enhanced the enantioselectivity but increased the elution time. The choice of the background electrolyte (BGE) determined the direction of the electroosmotic flow (EOF). With 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) or triethylammonium acetate (TEAA) as BGE an inverse EOF (anodic EOF) was observed while with phosphate a cathodic EOF was found. The apparent pH (pH*), the concentration of the BGE, and the nature of the mobile phase strongly influenced the elution time, the theoretical plate number and the chiral separation factor of racemic analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wistuba
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:838-848. [PMID: 11473409 DOI: 10.1002/jms.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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