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Ali I, Suhail M, Asnin L. Chiral separation of quinolones by liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2863-2882. [PMID: 28510993 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The quinolones are derivatives of oxoquinolines and mostly known for their antibacterial and antiviral activities. Many quinolones are chiral compounds having asymmetric centers and important due to their enantioselective biological activities. In order to study the biological activities of quinolone enantiomers, to control the manufacturing of homochiral drugs and to prepare necessary quantities of pure enantiomers for preclinical or clinical trials, respective chiral separation methods are urgently needed. In this context, the present review discusses chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the enantioseparation of chiral quinolones and provides some useful information on their physical and pharmaceutical properties. The drawbacks of currently used techniques are revealed and ways to overcome them are outlined. Moreover, recommendations for an optimal choice of a separation protocol are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Leonid Asnin
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
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2
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Anodic Voltammetric determination of gemifloxacin using screen-printed carbon electrode. J Pharm Anal 2012; 3:132-136. [PMID: 29403807 PMCID: PMC5760931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation behavior and voltammetric assay of gemifloxacin were investigated using differential-pulse and cyclic voltammetry on a screen-printed carbon electrode. The effects of pH, scan rates, and concentration of the drug on the anodic peak current were studied. Voltammograms of gemifloxacin in Tris–HCl buffer (pH 7.0) exhibited a well-defined single oxidation peak. A differential-pulse voltammetric procedure for the quantitation of gemifloxacin has been developed and suitably validated with respect to linearity, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness. The calibration was linear from 0.5 to 10.0 μM, and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.15 and 5.0 μM. Recoveries ranging from 96.26% to 103.64% were obtained. The method was successfully applied to the determination of gemifloxacin in pharmaceutical tablets without any pre-treatment. Excipients present in the tablets did not interfere in the assay.
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Enantioselective analysis of ofloxacin enantiomers by partial-filling capillary electrophoresis with bacteria as chiral selectors. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2101-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Huang Y, Shi M, Zhao S, Liang H. Trace analysis of d-tyrosine in biological samples by microchip electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3203-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Caslavska J, Thormann W. Stereoselective determination of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, tissues and microsomal preparations by capillary electrophoresis (2000–2010). J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:588-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Choi K, Kim J, Jang YO, Chung DS. Direct chiral analysis of primary amine drugs in human urine by single drop microextraction in-line coupled to CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:2905-11. [PMID: 19691052 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Three-phase single drop microextraction (SDME) was in-line coupled to chiral CE of weakly basic amine compounds including amphetamine. SDME was used for the matrix isolation and sample preconcentration in order to directly analyze urine samples with the minimal pretreatment of adding NaOH. A small drop of an acidic aqueous acceptor phase covered with a thin layer of octanol was formed at the tip of a capillary by simple manipulation of the liquid handling functions of a commercial CE instrument. While the saline matrix of the urine sample was blocked by the octanol layer, the basic analytes in a basic aqueous donor phase were concentrated into the acidic acceptor drop through the octanol layer by the driving force of the pH difference between the two aqueous phases. The enantiomers of the enriched amines were resolved by using (+)-(18-crown-6)-tetracarboxylic acid as a chiral selector for the subsequent CE separation. From 10 min SDME with the agitation of the donor phase by a small stirrer retrofit to the CE instrument, enrichment factors were about a 1000-fold, yielding the LOD of 0.5 ng/mL for amphetamine. This low LOD value as well as the convenience of in-line coupled SDME make the proposed scheme well suited for the demanding chiral analysis of amphetamine-type stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Huang Y, Shi M, Zhao S. Quantification of D
-Asp and D
-Glu in rat brain and human cerebrospinal fluid by microchip electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3001-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zhang G, Qian C, Xu Y, Feng X, Du W, Liu BF. Open tubular CEC in a microfluidic chip for rapid chiral recognition. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:374-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chankvetadze B. Enantioseparations by using capillary electrophoretic techniques. The story of 20 and a few more years. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:45-70; discussion 44. [PMID: 17765908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides the author's insight on the past, present and future of performing enantioseparations using capillary electrophoretic (CE) techniques. These techniques are discussed from the historical point of view, as well as based on their potential as the separation techniques of today and the future. The overview covers mechanistic as well as practical aspects of CE techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences and Molecular Recognition and Separation Science Laboratory, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0128 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Vlčková M, Stettler AR, Schwarz MA. Microchip Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications and Recent Advances. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600574754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Vlčková
- a Universität Basel, Departement Chemie , Basel, Switzerland
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Zhou S, Ouyang J, Baeyens WRG, Zhao H, Yang Y. Chiral separation of four fluoroquinolone compounds using capillary electrophoresis with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:296-301. [PMID: 16774760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) investigation on the enantiomeric separation of lomefloxacin, gatifloxacin, pazufloxacin and ofloxacin was undertaken. Resolution of the enantiomers was achieved using hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) as the chiral selector. Parameters influencing separation include cyclodextrin concentration, separational potential, pH and organic additive are discussed. A buffer consisting of 70 mM phosphate and 40 mM HP-beta-CD at pH 3.96 was found to be highly efficient for the separation of lomefloxacin, at pH 3.90 for gatifloxacin, at pH 5.04 for pazufloxacin and at pH 2.16 for ofloxacin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the enantiomeric resolution of lomefloxacin and gatifloxacin applying CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Weng X, Bi H, Liu B, Kong J. On-chip chiral separation based on bovine serum albumin-conjugated carbon nanotubes as stationary phase in a microchannel. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3129-35. [PMID: 16807934 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of chiral separation based on protein-stationary phase immobilized in a poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chip was developed. BSA conjugated with the shortened carboxylic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was employed as the chiral selector. Successful separation of tryptophan enantiomers was achieved in less than 70 s with a resolution factor of 1.35 utilizing a separation length of 32 mm. This is the first example of chiral separation based on SWNTs-BSA conjugates as stationary phase immobilized in microchip channel. The stability of the stationary phase in the channel was examined by microchip electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Factors that influenced the chiral separation resolution were examined. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed modified chip revealed adequate repeatability concerning run-to-run. These results show that the use of SWNTs-BSA conjugates within microfluidic channels hold great promise for a variety of analytical schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Belder D, Ludwig M, Wang LW, Reetz MT. Enantioselektive Katalyse und Analyse auf einem Mikrochip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Belder D, Ludwig M, Wang LW, Reetz MT. Enantioselective Catalysis and Analysis on a Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:2463-6. [PMID: 16440384 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Belder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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Ro KW, Hahn JH. Precolumn diastereomerization and micellar electrokinetic chromatography on a plastic microchip: rapid chiral analysis of amino acids. Electrophoresis 2006; 26:4767-73. [PMID: 16278921 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Precolumn derivatization and chiral separation of DL-amino acids based on diastereomerization have been performed on an integrated poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip. Diastereomeric derivatives were formed in a microfabricated precolumn reactor by the reaction of amino acid enantiomers with o-phthaldialdehyde/2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose (OPA/TATG), and separated by MEKC in an achiral environment without chiral selectors in the running buffer. Optimized precolumn reactions and chiral separations of amino acids were achieved within 2.5 min. Resolutions of diastereomers of OPA/TATG-amino acids were in the range of 2.5-6.1 at optimized separation conditions. Simultaneous separation of a mixture of five chiral amino acids was successfully performed in a single run in less than 100 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea
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Abstract
CE on microchip is an emerging separation technique that has attracted wide attention and gained considerable popularity. Because of miniaturization of the separation format, CE on chip typically offers shorter analysis time and lower reagent consumption with potential development of portable analytical instrumentation. This review with 143 references is focused on proteins and peptides analysis, DNA separation including fragment sizing, genotyping, mutation detection and sequencing, and also the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds, namely explosive residues and warfare agents, pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse, and various small molecules in body fluids.
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Sheeley SA, Miao H, Ewing MA, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Measuring D-amino acid-containing neuropeptides with capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2005; 130:1198-203. [PMID: 16021220 DOI: 10.1039/b504717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are heavily posttranslationally modified (PTM) gene products that are often characterized by a variety of mass spectrometric approaches. Recently, the occurrence of amino acids in the D-form has been documented in several neuropeptides. As this modification has no associated mass shift, this particular PTM is difficult to evaluate using mass spectrometry (MS) alone. Here we demonstrate several approaches using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with absorbance and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for the separation of native and derivatized molluscan peptides containing D-amino acids. The combination of peptide derivatization followed by CE/LIF is well suited for single cell measurements because of its ability to characterize the peptides in such small samples. In order to verify this approach, the D-Trp-containing peptide NdWFa (NH2-Asn-D-Trp-Phe-CONH2), present in individual neurons from the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, has been characterized. The mass spectra show that NdWFa and/or NWFa are present in specific neurons; CE/LIF analysis of these cells demonstrates that NdWFa is the dominant form of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sheeley
- Department of Chemistry & Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Ave., 63-5, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Cho SI, Shim J, Kim MS, Kim YK, Chung DS. On-line sample cleanup and chiral separation of gemifloxacin in a urinary solution using chiral crown ether as a chiral selector in microchip electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1055:241-5. [PMID: 15560503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In chiral capillary electrophoresis of primary amine enantiomers using (+)-18-crown-6-tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H4) as a chiral selector, the presence of alkaline metal ions in the sample solution as well as in the run buffer is undesirable due to their strong competitive binding with 18C6H4. A channel-coupled microchip electrophoresis device was designed to clean up alkaline metal ions from a sample matrix for the chiral analysis of amine. In the first channel, the metal ions in the sample were monitored by indirect detection using quinine as a chromophore and drained to the waste. In the second separation channel, gemifloxacin enantiomers, free of the alkaline metal ions, were successfully separated using only a small amount of the chiral selector (50 microM 18C6H4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Il Cho
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
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Cho SI, Lee SH, Chung DS, Kim YK. Bias-free pneumatic sample injection in microchip electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1063:253-6. [PMID: 15700479 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new microfluidic chip capable of accurate metering, pneumatic sample injection, and subsequent electrophoretic separation. The pneumatic injection scheme, enabling us to introduce a solution without sampling bias unlike electrokinetic injection, is based upon the hydrophobicity and wettability of channel surfaces. An accurately metered solution of 10 nL could be injected by pneumatic pressure into a hydrophilic separation channel through Y-shaped hydrophobic valves, which consist of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and fluorocarbon (FC) film layers. We demonstrated the successful pneumatic injection of a red ink solution into the separation channel as a proof of the concept. A mixture of fluorescein and dichlorofluorescein (DCF) could be baseline-separated using a single power source in microchip electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Il Cho
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Fast chiral separation of DNS-amino acids could be realized using microchip electrophoresis with fluorescence detection. For this purpose, highly sulfated cyclodextrins (HS-gamma-CD) were used as chiral selectors enabling high selectivity. Even subsecond separation of DNS-tryptophan, DNS-norleucine, DNS-phenylalanine, DNS-methionine, and DNS-aspartic acid could be achieved. Baseline separation could be accomplished within 720 ms, which is the fastest separation of enantiomers reported to date. A more complex mixture consisting of three chiral DNS-amino acids could be separated within 3.3 s utilizing a separation length of only 7 mm and an electrical field strength of 2012 V/cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Piehl
- Abteilung für Chromatographie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Effect of the Protection of the Residual Aminopropyl Groups of a Chiral Stationary Phase Based on (+)-(18-Crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic Acid on the Chiral Resolution Behaviors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.3.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schmitt U, Branch SK, Holzgrabe U. Chiral separations by cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis - Determination of the enantiomeric excess. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20021101)25:15/17<959::aid-jssc959>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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