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Chauhan P, Nair A, Patidar A, Dandapat J, Sarkar A, Saha B. A primer on cytokines. Cytokine 2021; 145:155458. [PMID: 33581983 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are pleiotropic polypeptides that control the development of and responses mediated by immune cells. Cytokine classification predominantly relies on [1] the target receptor(s), [2] the primary structural features of the extracellular domains of their receptors, and [3] their receptor composition. Functionally, cytokines are either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors, developmental and would healing maintaining immune homeostasis. When the balance in C can form complex networks amongst themselves that may affect the homeostasis and diseases. Cytokines can affect resistance and susceptibility for many diseases and their availability in the host cytokine production and interaction is disturbed, immunopathogenesis sets in. Therefore, cytokine-targeting bispecific, and chimeric antibodies form a significant mode of immnuo-therapeutics Although the field has grown deep and wide, many areas of cytokine biology remain unknown. Here, we have reviewed these cytokines along with the organization, signaling, and functions through respective cytokine-receptor-families. Being part of the special issue on the Role of Cytokines in Leishmaniasis, this review is intended to be used as an organized primer on cytokines and not a resource for detailed discussion- for which a two-volume Handbook of cytokines is available- on each of the cytokines. Priming the readers on cytokines, we next brief the role of cytokines in Leishmaniasis. In the brief, we do not provide an account of each of the involved cytokines known to date, instead, we offer a temporal relationship between the cytokines and the progress of the infection towards the alternate outcomes- healing or non-healing- of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Chauhan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ashok Patidar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Jagneshwar Dandapat
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, India
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India; Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; Department of Allied Health Sciences, BLDE (Deemed University), Vijayapura 562135, India.
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Murer P, Neri D. Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins: A novel class of biopharmaceuticals for the therapy of cancer and of chronic inflammation. N Biotechnol 2019; 52:42-53. [PMID: 30991144 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins represent a novel class of biopharmaceuticals, with the potential to increase the therapeutic index of cytokine 'payloads' and to promote leukocyte infiltration at the site of disease. In this review, we present a survey of immunocytokines that have been used in preclinical models of cancer and in clinical trials. In particular, we highlight how antibody format, choice of target antigen and cytokine engineering, as well as combination strategies, may have a profound impact on therapeutic performance. Moreover, by using anti-inflammatory cytokines, antibody fusion strategies can conveniently be employed for the treatment of auto-immune and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Murer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Huang S, Ren Y, Wang X, Lazar L, Ma S, Weng G, Zhao J. Application of Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction-Mediated Exogenous Gene Transfer in Treating Various Renal Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:127-138. [PMID: 30205715 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal disease or acute renal injury could result in end-stage renal disease or renal failure. Sonoporation, induced by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), has evolved as a new technology for gene delivery. It increases the transfection efficiency of the genes into target kidney tissues. Moreover, UTMD-mediated gene delivery can directly repair the damaged tissues or improve the recruitment and homing of stem cells in the recovery of injured tissues, which has the potential to act as a non-viral and effective method to current gene therapy. This article reviews the mechanisms and applications of UTMD in terms of renal disease, including diabetic nephropathy, renal carcinoma, acute kidney injury, renal interstitial fibrosis, nephrotoxic nephritis, urinary stones, and acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Huang
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Lissy Lazar
- 2 Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Suya Ma
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Guobin Weng
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- 2 Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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Vuong TT, Rønning SB, Suso HP, Schmidt R, Prydz K, Lundström M, Moen A, Pedersen ME. The extracellular matrix of eggshell displays anti-inflammatory activities through NF-κB in LPS-triggered human immune cells. J Inflamm Res 2017; 10:83-96. [PMID: 28740415 PMCID: PMC5503671 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s130974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural biomaterial that has been used as an alternative natural bandage on burned and cut skin injuries for >400 years in Asian countries, and is available in large quantities from egg industries. Our aim was to characterize ESM that was separated and processed from egg waste, and to study whether this material possesses anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable as an ingredient in industrial production of low cost wound healing products. Our results show that the processed ESM particles retain a fibrous structure similar to that observed for the native membrane, and contain collagen, and carbohydrate components such as hyaluronic acid and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, as well as N-glycans, mostly with uncharged structures. Furthermore, both processed ESM powder and the ESM-derived carbohydrate fraction had immunomodulation properties in monocytes and macrophage-like cells. Under inflammatory conditions induced by lipopolysaccharide, the ESM powder and the isolated carbohydrate fraction reduced the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB. The expression of the immune regulating receptors toll-like receptor 4 and ICAM-1, as well as the cell surface glycoprotein CD44, all important during inflammation response, were down-regulated by these fractions. Interestingly, our experiments show that the two fractions regulated cytokine secretion differently: ESM depressed inflammation by increased secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 while the carbohydrate fraction reduced secretions of the pro inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Also, the phosphorylation of p65 and p50 subunits of nuclear factor-κB, as well as nuclear localization, differed between processed ESM powder and carbohydrate fraction, suggesting different down-stream regulation during inflammation. In conclusion, processed ESM powder and its soluble carbohydrate components possess anti-inflammatory properties, demonstrating the potential of ESM as a novel biological wound dressing for treatment of chronic inflammatory wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram T Vuong
- Department of Raw Materials and Process Optimisation, Nofima AS, Ås
| | - Sissel B Rønning
- Department of Raw Materials and Process Optimisation, Nofima AS, Ås
| | | | | | - Kristian Prydz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anders Moen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona E Pedersen
- Department of Raw Materials and Process Optimisation, Nofima AS, Ås
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Wu S, Li Y, Li Y, Yao L, Lin T, Jiang S, Shen H, Xia L, Lu J. Interleukin-35 attenuates collagen-induced arthritis through suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 34:71-77. [PMID: 26922678 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of interleukin-35 (IL-35) on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors, Flt-1 and Flk-1, in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS We established a CIA mouse model and injected IL-35 intraperitoneally. The articular index (AI) was measured based on the amount of erythema, swelling, or joint rigidity and synovial histology was measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE staining). The levels of VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) expression in CIA synovial tissue were determined by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein expression levels of VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, TNF-α, and INF-γ were detected by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and western blots, respectively. RESULTS The IL-35 treatment decreased the AI and the synovial histological scores of CIA mice. Immunohistochemistry results revealed that the IL-35 treatment downregulated VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, and vWF expression in the CIA mice. RT-PCR results showed that the IL-35-treated mice had lower levels of VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, and TNF-α mRNA expression than those of the PBS-treated mice. While there was no significant difference in the level of INF-γ mRNA expression between IL-35-treated and PBS-treated mice. Western blot results showed that the IL-35 treatment downregulated the levels of VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, and TNF-α in CIA mice, but the level of INF-γ was not significantly affected. CONCLUSION These findings show that IL-35 may represent a novel therapeutic agent for RA, and the probable mechanisms may rely on inhibiting VEGF and its receptors Flt-1 and Flk-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Liaoning, Vocational College of Medicine, No. 2 Qiaosong Road, Shenyang 110101, PR China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery/Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Tiantian Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Shenyi Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Liping Xia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China.
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Bootz F, Neri D. Immunocytokines: a novel class of products for the treatment of chronic inflammation and autoimmune conditions. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:180-189. [PMID: 26526566 PMCID: PMC5144993 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, often referred to as immunocytokines, represent a novel class of biopharmaceutical agents that combine the disease-homing activity of certain antibodies with the immunomodulatory properties of cytokine payloads. Originally, immunocytokines were mainly developed for cancer therapy applications. More recently, however, the use of anti-inflammatory cytokines for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions and to treat autoimmune diseases has been considered. This review analyzes basic principles in the design of immunocytokines and describes the most advanced products in preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bootz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Park Y, Kim HS, Ahn JY, Yun D, Cho ML, Hong S, Kim HY, Chung DH. IL-12p35 Promotes Antibody-Induced Joint Inflammation by Activating NKT Cells and Suppressing TGF-β. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1476-84. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gallego F, Gelpí C. The IL-12 Role in Donor Cell Engraftment in a Murine Model of Semiallogenic GVH Disease with Signs of Autoimmune Disease. Autoimmunity 2009; 37:155-70. [PMID: 15293885 DOI: 10.1080/08916930310001656778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the IL-12 effect in an autoimmune disease induced in a semiallogenic murine model of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) Balb/c semiallogenic lymphoid cells i.v. infected in hybrid mice (Balb/c x A/J) F1 (CAF). IL-12 was administered 1 h before cell transplantation following two different protocols: (a) injecting 2 microg of mrIL-12 (murine recombinant IL-12) per mouse before the first semiallogenic cell injection; or (b) injecting the 2 microg of mrIL-12 fractionated in 5 days. ATh1 response was produced but an acute GVHD did not appear although differences in class I and II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens were present. Four days after the semiallogenic cell transfer, IL-12 treated mice showed a marked reduction in the percent of spleen B cells compared with CAF1 control and CAF1 + Balb/c GVHD mice. After 5-6 months of follow-up, the donor cell chimerism increased significantly in spleen (70 +/- 31 vs. 43 +/- 31%) and in thymus. Flow cytometry of spleen lymphocytes demonstrated that donor chimerism was made up of TCD4, TCD8 and B lymphocytes and was higher in animals injected with IL-12. Moreover, CD8 T lymphocytes were 100% donor origin in the IL-12-injected group of GVHD animals and 50% origin in the IL-12-non-injected CAF1 + Balb/c group of animals. This paper shows that: (1) IL- 12 may play a role in the mechanisms of donor cell engraftment, probably produced by a CTL donor anti-host mechanism; (2) no acute GVHD was induced in spite of class I and II MHC differences; (3) IL-12 did not show any effect on the AR-like clinical signs of disease developed in this model of GVHD although histological subclinical signs were less frequent, and no glomerulonephritis was detected in the IL-12-treated GVHD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Gallego
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de Sant Pau, Avgda S. Antoni Ma Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
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Hanaoka R, Kasama T, Muramatsu M, Yajima N, Shiozawa F, Miwa Y, Negishi M, Ide H, Miyaoka H, Uchida H, Adachi M. A novel mechanism for the regulation of IFN-gamma inducible protein-10 expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5:R74-81. [PMID: 12718750 PMCID: PMC165028 DOI: 10.1186/ar616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2002] [Revised: 11/07/2002] [Accepted: 11/12/2002] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play an essential role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study we examined the expression and regulatory mechanisms of IFN-gamma inducible protein (IP)-10 in RA synovitis. RA synovial fluid contained greater amounts of IP-10 than did synovial fluid from patients with osteoarthritis. Immunolocalization analysis indicated that IP-10 was associated mainly with infiltrating macrophage-like cells, and fibroblast-like cells in the RA synovium. The interaction of activated leukocytes with fibroblast-like synoviocytes resulted in marked increases in IP-10 expression and secretion. Moreover, induction of IP-10 was mediated via specific adhesion molecules, as indicated by the finding that both anti-integrin (CD11b and CD18) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibodies significantly inhibited IP-10 induction. These results suggest that IP-10 expression within inflamed joints appears to be regulated not only by inflammatory cytokines but also by the physical interaction of activated leukocytes with fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and that IP-10 may contribute to the recruitment of specific subpopulations of T cells (Th1 type) from the bloodstream into the synovial joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Hanaoka
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kasama
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuho Muramatsu
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yajima
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Shiozawa
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miwa
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Negishi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ide
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyo Miyaoka
- Department of Orthopedics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Uchida
- Department of Orthopedics, Furukawabashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Adachi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kasama T, Muramatsu M, Kobayashi K, Yajima N, Shiozawa F, Hanaoka R, Miwa Y, Negishi M, Ide H, Adachi M. Interaction of monocytes with vascular endothelial cells synergistically induces interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 expression through activation of specific cell surface molecules and cytokines. Cell Immunol 2002; 219:131-9. [PMID: 12576031 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(02)00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To further understand the regulatory mechanisms involved in the process of angiogenesis, the present study was designed to determine the expression and regulation of interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) in peripheral blood monocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that the interaction of monocytes with HUVECs resulted in synergistic increases in IP-10 expression and secretion, which consequently inhibited endothelial tube formation in vitro. Induction of IP-10 was mediated via specific cell surface molecules, as indicated by the finding that IP-10 secretion was significantly inhibited by anti-CD40 ligand antibody, and to a lesser extent by anti-CD40 antibody. Furthermore, we examined the effects of soluble mediators, such as inflammatory and immune cytokines on IP-10 secretion. Addition of interleukin (IL)-1, as well as interferon gamma, induced a marked augmentation of IP-10 secretion by unstimulated monocytes, unstimulated HUVECs, and co-cultures of the two cell types. In contrast, IL-10, recognized as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, significantly inhibited IP-10 secretion by co-cultures. Our results suggest that the interaction of monocytes with endothelial cells results in synergistic increases in IP-10 expression and secretion, which contribute to the regulation of angiogenesis and initiation of inflammatory vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kasama
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan.
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Puliti M, von Hunolstein C, Bistoni F, Mosci P, Orefici G, Tissi L. The beneficial effect of interleukin-12 on arthritis induced by group B streptococci is mediated by interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 production. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:806-17. [PMID: 11920419 DOI: 10.1002/art.10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) administration on the evolution of systemic infection and septic arthritis induced by group B streptococci (GBS) in mice. METHODS CD1 mice were inoculated intravenously with arthritogenic strain 1/82 of type IV GBS. Exogenous murine IL-12 was administered intraperitoneally 18 hours or 5 days after infection with 1 x 10(7) GBS, at doses ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 microg per mouse. Mice were monitored daily for survival and for signs of arthritis. In a subsequent set of experiments, mice were killed at selected times for examination of bacterial clearance, histopathologic changes in the joints, and cytokine production. RESULTS IL-12 administration before the onset of clinical signs had a beneficial effect on GBS-induced arthritis and was clearly dose-dependent. The 2.5-microg dose per mouse totally prevented death from GBS-induced arthritis. The decrease in pathology was associated with a reduction of the bacterial burden and a change in the cytokine profile. In particular, systemic and joint levels of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and IL-10 significantly increased in mice treated with IL-12, whereas a decrease in IL-6 and IL-1 beta production was observed. The beneficial effects of IL-12, in terms of the incidence and severity of articular lesions, were reversed by coadministration of anti-IFN gamma or anti-IL-10-neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSION The findings of this study demonstrate that IL-12 is important in controlling the cytokine production that leads to the evolution of GBS-induced experimental arthritis. The amelioration of articular lesions is mostly attributable to IL-12-induced IFN gamma, but with a relevant participation of IL-12-induced IL-10.
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Möttönen M, Isomäki P, Luukkainen R, Lassila O. Regulation of CD154-induced interleukin-12 production in synovial fluid macrophages. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4:R9. [PMID: 12223112 PMCID: PMC4061561 DOI: 10.1186/ar589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2002] [Revised: 06/20/2002] [Accepted: 07/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12, being a major cytokine that induces T helper (Th) 1 differentiation and inflammatory response, has been postulated to be an important mediator of synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the regulation of IL-12 production in RA has not been elucidated. Our knowledge is mainly based on studies of the production of IL-12p40 and not the functional IL-12p70 heterodimer. We have studied the CD154-induced IL-12p40 and IL-12p70 production by synovial fluid (SF) macrophages from patients with RA. CD40 ligation induced the secretion of IL-12p40 but not IL-12p70. The observed increase in IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production indicated that SF macrophages responded to CD40 ligation. The expression of p40 mRNA was increased significantly and remained upregulated after CD40 ligation, whereas the increase of p35 transcript expression was observed only transiently and at a lower level. We further observed that dendritic cells (DCs) derived in vitro from SF macrophages produced IL-12p70. Most importantly, IL-4 and IL-13 primed SF macrophages to produce IL-12p70, whereas IFN-gamma was not observed to activate IL-12p70 production in these cells, in contrast with normal peripheral blood monocytes. These results provide novel information about the regulation of IL-12p70 production and the function of the cytokine network in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milja Möttönen
- Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Turku University, Finland.
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Kasama T, Shiozawa F, Kobayashi K, Yajima N, Hanyuda M, Takeuchi HT, Mori Y, Negishi M, Ide H, Adachi M. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression by activated synovial leukocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: critical involvement of the interaction with synovial fibroblasts. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2512-24. [PMID: 11710707 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2512::aid-art431>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the expression and regulation of the angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), monocytes, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) isolated from the synovial fluid (SF) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS Monocytes or PMNs obtained from RA SF were cocultured with unstimulated, semiconfluent RA FLS. Culture supernatants were assayed for the proliferation and in vitro tube formation of endothelial cells, and for the production of VEGF, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of VEGF messenger RNA and protein was also determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS We found that the interaction of inflammatory, activated leukocytes with FLS resulted in synergistic increases in VEGF expression and secretion, which contributed to the proliferation of endothelial cells and to in vitro endothelial tube formation. The induction of VEGF was mediated via specific adhesion molecules, as indicated by the finding that anti-integrin antibodies significantly inhibited VEGF. Furthermore, the levels of VEGF secretion correlated with the expression of cell surface integrin (CD11b and CD18) on both monocytes and PMNs in the SF. CONCLUSION VEGF expression within inflamed joints thus appears to be regulated not only by inflammatory cytokines, but also by the physical interaction of activated leukocytes and FLS. Once expressed, VEGF likely plays a crucial role in the neovascularization of the pannus and the progressive joint destruction associated with the synovial inflammation of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kasama
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
The encouraging clinical results observed in trials using anti-TNF therapy clearly warrant further studies to determine whether TNF inhibitors are capable of modifying the destructive component of this disease in long-term follow-up studies as well as to assess the safety of long-term use (see the article by Keystone in this issue). It is also reasonable to propose that interfering with the cytokine cascade earlier in the course of disease may be of even greater therapeutic benefit. As the pathogenetic mechanisms in RA are more clearly defined, especially in early disease and in those individuals destined to develop severe disease, the potential of other biologic agents to specifically inhibit these critical pathways may provide better treatments for our patients. Many potential targets in the immune-mediated process of RA are currently being rigorously evaluated in clinical trials. Use of combinations of biologic therapies, perhaps in human patients with RA, should be of considerable interest in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Moreland
- Arthritis Clinical Intervention Program, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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16
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Yamagami H, Matsumoto T, Fujiwara N, Arakawa T, Kaneda K, Yano I, Kobayashi K. Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces foreign-body- and hypersensitivity-type granulomas in mice. Infect Immun 2001; 69:810-5. [PMID: 11159972 PMCID: PMC97956 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.2.810-815.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous inflammation is characterized morphologically by a compact organized collection of macrophages and their derivatives. It is classified as either a hypersensitivity type or a foreign-body type. Lipid components of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall participate in the pathogenesis of infection. Strains of M. tuberculosis have cord factor (trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate [TDM]) on their surface. To clarify host responses to TDM, including immunogenicity and pathogenicity, we have analyzed the footpad reaction, histopathology, and cytokine profiles of experimental granulomatous lesions in immunized and unimmunized mice challenged with TDM. In the present study, we have demonstrated for the first time that TDM can induce both foreign-body-type (nonimmune) and hypersensitivity-type (immune) granulomas by acting as a nonspecific irritant and T-cell-dependent antigen. Immunized mice challenged with TDM developed more severe lesions than unimmunized mice. At the active lesion, we found monocyte chemotactic, proinflammatory, and immunoregulatory cytokines. The level was enhanced in immunized mice challenged with TDM. This result implies that both nonimmune and immune mechanisms participate in granulomatous inflammation induced by mycobacterial infection. Taken together with a previous report, this study shows that TDM is a pleiotropic molecule against the host and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamagami
- Department of Host Defense, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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17
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Tsuji-Yamada J, Nakazawa M, Takahashi K, Iijima K, Hattori S, Okuda K, Minami M, Ikezawa Z, Sasaki T. Effect of IL-12 encoding plasmid administration on tight-skin mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 280:707-12. [PMID: 11162578 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tight-skin (Tsk/+) mutant mice, a putative murine model of scleroderma, are characterized by the excessive deposition of collagen and the presence of antinuclear antibodies. Type 2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-6, are capable of regulating the synthesis of various matrix molecules, including type I collagen, by fibroblasts. IL-12 is well known to induce type 1 cytokine production and to reduce type 2 activity. Here, we examined the effect of IL-12 encoding plasmid (pCAGGSIL-12) on the disease progression of Tsk/+ mice. pCAGGSIL-12 plasmid or pCAGGS parental vector was injected intramuscularly 7 times at 3 week intervals into Tsk/+ mice. One week after the last injection, pCAGGSIL-12 administered Tsk/+ mice exhibited a marked decrease in the skin thickness compared with the mice treated with pCAGGS vector. The serum levels of antinuclear antibodies were diminished in pCAGGSIL-12 treated mice. IL-4 production by spleen cells from pCAGGSIL-12 plasmid treated mice was significantly lower than that from vector treated mice. These results indicate that pCAGGSIL-12 administration into Tsk/+ mice had beneficial effects in preventing the collagen accumulation in the skin and suppressing the autoimmunity via improvement of Th1/Th2 balance. The present study suggests that the IL-12 encoding plasmid administration might have a therapeutic effect on systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tsuji-Yamada
- Department of Dermatology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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18
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Leung BP, McInnes IB, Esfandiari E, Wei XQ, Liew FY. Combined effects of IL-12 and IL-18 on the induction of collagen-induced arthritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:6495-502. [PMID: 10843707 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IL-18 expression has recently been detected in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial membrane. We investigated the mechanisms by which IL-18-induced collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice primed intradermally with type II bovine collagen in IFA and boosted i.p. 21 days later with CII in saline. Mice were injected i.p. with rIL-12, rIL-18, or both (100 ng) during days -1 to 4 and again on days 20-24. Control mice received PBS. Mice treated with IL-12 or IL-18 alone developed significantly higher incidence and more severe disease compared with controls. These were elevated further by combination treatment with IL-12 and IL-18. The cytokine treatments led to markedly enhanced synovial hyperplasia, cellular infiltration, and cartilage erosion compared with controls. Cytokine-treated mice produced significantly more IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 than the controls. Interestingly, IL-18-treated mice produced more TNF-alpha and IL-6, but less IFN-gamma, compared with mice treated with IL-12. Furthermore, splenic macrophages from DBA/1 mice cultured in vitro with IL-18, but not IL-12, produced substantial amounts of TNF-alpha. Mice treated with IL-18 or IL-18 plus IL-12 produced markedly more IgG1 and IgG2a anti-collagen Ab compared with controls, whereas IL-12 treatment only led to an enhanced IgG2a response. Together these results demonstrate that IL-18 can promote collagen-induced inflammatory arthritis through mechanisms that may be distinct from those induced by IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Leung
- Department of Immunology and Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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19
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Lu J, Kasama T, Kobayashi K, Yoda Y, Shiozawa F, Hanyuda M, Negishi M, Ide H, Adachi M. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression and regulation of murine collagen-induced arthritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:5922-7. [PMID: 10820274 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.11.5922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the expression and function of the angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during the evolution of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Biologically active VEGF was expressed along a time course that paralleled the expression of two specific VEGF receptors, Flk-1 and Flt-1, and the progression of joint disease. Moreover, levels of VEGF expression correlated with the degree of neovascularization, as defined by vWF levels, and arthritis severity. Macrophage- and fibroblast-like cells, which infiltrated inflamed sites and were then activated by other inflammatory mediators, are probably important sources of VEGF and may thus regulate angiogenesis during the development of CIA. Administration of anti-VEGF antiserum to CIA mice before the onset of arthritis delayed the onset, reduced the severity, and diminished the vWF content of arthritic joints. By contrast, administration of anti-VEGF antiserum after the onset of the disease had no effect on the progression or ultimate severity of the arthritis. These data suggest that VEGF plays a crucial role during an early stage of arthritis development, affecting both neovascularization and the progression of experimentally induced synovitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/etiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/immunology
- Endothelial Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/immunology
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular
- Humans
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphokines/biosynthesis
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/immunology
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Umbilical Veins
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
- von Willebrand Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lu
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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21
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Joe B, Griffiths MM, Remmers EF, Wilder RL. Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and related inflammation. Curr Rheumatol Rep 1999; 1:139-48. [PMID: 11123028 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-999-0011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The major, extensively studied, experimentally-induced rat and mouse models of arthritis with features resembling rheumatoid arthritis are reviewed here. Etiopathogenetic studies that were recently published are emphasized. In summary, multiple triggering stimuli can induce disease in genetically-prone strains of inbred rats and mice. Multiple genetic loci, including both MHC and non-MHC, regulate disease expression in these animals. By comparison with other models of autoimmune disease, clustering of regulatory loci within and among species is increasingly becoming evident. At the cellular level, both innate and acquired immune systems are involved in the disease manifestations. At the molecular level, unbalanced chronic production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and IL-12, as opposed to IL-4 and IL-10, is correlated with arthritis disease susceptibility and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Joe
- Inflammatory Joint Diseases Section, Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institute of Health, Building 10, Room 9N240, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- E W St Clair
- Room 34229, Duke South Hospital, Box 3874, Duke University Medical Center, Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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