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Rajan A, Nair AS, Pillai VS, Kumar B, Pai AR, Benny B, Veettil MV. Highly sensitive and quantitative HiBiT-tagged Nipah virus-like particles: A platform for rapid antibody neutralization studies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31905. [PMID: 38868026 PMCID: PMC11167343 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocontainment regulations restrict the research on NiV to BSL-4 laboratories, thus limiting the mechanistic studies related to viral entry and allied pathogenesis. Understanding the precise process of viral-particle production and host cell entry is critical for designing targeted therapies or particle-based vaccines. In this study, we have synthesized HiBiT-tagged-NiV-VLPs to ease in-vitro BSL-2 particle handling. We propose a simple yet effective approach of generating substantial amount of HiBiT-tagged NiV-VLPs in vitro by co-expressing viral structural proteins in HEK293T cells. Though homologous to parent virus, the incapacitated replication potential facilitates a BSL-2 handling of these particles. The inclusion of a highly sensitive HiBiT tag on these VLPs allows for a quick detection of viral binding and entry, as well as in assessing the efficiency of neutralizing antibodies in vitro using the NanoBiT technology. The HiBiT-tag binds in high affinity with LgBiT (Large BiT an 18 kDa fusion protein and complementary subunit of HiBiT peptide), and the resultant complex elicits high intensity luminescence in the presence of substrate. The VLPs produced were morphologically and functionally identical to the native virus, and the HiBiT-tag permitted their quick application in viral binding, entry, and antibody neutralization assays. "Thus, we report a simple setting for generating HiBiT-NiV VLPs which can be utilized in a BSL-2 laboratory, to concurrently quantify features of NiV assembly, binding and entry. This also offers an alternate-safe and effective platform for viral based antibody neutralization assays in vitro".
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Rajan
- Department of General Virology, Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Kerala, 695317, India
| | - Anuja S. Nair
- Department of General Virology, Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Kerala, 695317, India
| | - Vinod Soman Pillai
- Department of General Virology, Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Kerala, 695317, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Kerala, 695317, India
| | - Anupama R. Pai
- Department of General Virology, Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Kerala, 695317, India
| | - Bimitha Benny
- Department of General Virology, Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Kerala, 695317, India
| | - Mohanan Valiya Veettil
- Department of General Virology, Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Kerala, 695317, India
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2
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Ebrahimi M, Alijanianzadeh M. Evaluation of the interaction between potent small molecules against the Nipah virus Glycoprotein in Malaysia and Bangladesh strains, accompanied by the human Ephrin-B2 and Ephrin-B3 receptors; a simulation approach. Mol Divers 2024; 28:851-874. [PMID: 36808582 PMCID: PMC9939871 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Malaysia reported the first human case of Nipah virus (NiV) in late September 1998 with encephalitis and respiratory symptoms. As a result of viral genomic mutations, two main strains (NiV-Malaysia and NiV-Bangladesh) have spread around the world. There are no licensed molecular therapeutics available for this biosafety level 4 pathogen. NiV attachment glycoprotein plays a critical role in viral transmission through its human receptors (Ephrin-B2 and Ephrin-B3), so identifying small molecules that can be repurposed to inhibit them is crucial to developing anti-NiV drugs. Consequently, in this study annealing simulations, pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics were used to evaluate seven potential drugs (Pemirolast, Nitrofurantoin, Isoniazid Pyruvate, Eriodictyol, Cepharanthine, Ergoloid, and Hypericin) against NiV-G, Ephrin-B2, and Ephrin-B3 receptors. Based on the annealing analysis, Pemirolast for efnb2 protein and Isoniazid Pyruvate for efnb3 receptor were repurposed as the most promising small molecule candidates. Furthermore, Hypericin and Cepharanthine, with notable interaction values, are the top Glycoprotein inhibitors in Malaysia and Bangladesh strains, respectively. In addition, docking calculations revealed that their binding affinity scores are related to efnb2-pem (- 7.1 kcal/mol), efnb3-iso (- 5.8 kcal/mol), gm-hyp (- 9.6 kcal/mol), gb-ceph (- 9.2 kcal/mol). Finally, our computational research minimizes the time-consuming aspects and provides options for dealing with any new variants of Nipah virus that might emerge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ebrahimi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Alijanianzadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Duan Z, Zhang Q, Liu M, Hu Z. Multifunctionality of matrix protein in the replication and pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126089. [PMID: 37532184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
As an important structural protein in virion morphogenesis, the matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is demonstrated to be a nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking protein and plays essential roles in viral assembly and budding. In recent years, increasing lines of evidence have indicated that the M protein has obvious influence on the pathotypes of NDV, and the interaction of M protein with cellular proteins is also closely associated with the replication and pathogenicity of NDV. Although substantial progress has been made in the past 40 years towards understanding the structure and function of NDV M protein, the available information is scattered. Therefore, this review article summarizes and updates the research progress on the structural feature, virulence and pathotype correlation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport mechanism of NDV M protein, as well as the functions of M protein and cellular protein interactions in M's intracellular localization, viral RNA synthesis and transcription, viral protein synthesis, viral immune evasion, and viral budding and release, which will provide an in-depth understanding of the biological functions of M protein in the replication and pathogenesis of NDV, and also contribute to the development of effective antiviral strategies aiming at blocking the early or late steps of NDV lifecycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Qianyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Menglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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4
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Naeem I, Mateen RM, Sibtul Hassan S, Tariq A, Parveen R, Saqib MAN, Fareed MI, Hussain M, Afzal MS. In silico identification of potential drug-like molecules against G glycoprotein of Nipah virus by molecular docking, DFT studies, and molecular dynamic simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7104-7118. [PMID: 36036362 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2115557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a novel zoonotic pathogen that belongs to the Paramyxovirus family. The pathogen has infected a number of people in countries like Bangladesh, India, Singapore, and Malaysia with high mortality rates. Although the NiV has been classified as a biosafety level four pathogen (BSL-4), there is no drug approved for treatment against it. In this study, the G glycoprotein of the NiV was chosen as an antiviral target. Based on ADMET criteria, BBB- and BBB + group compounds were screened out of the Gold & platinum Asinex library containing 211620 compounds. After careful evaluation, the selected ligands were then virtually screened to identify the potential inhibitors against the G glycoprotein of the NiV through molecular docking, density functional theory (DFT), and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies. In our study we identified 5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-[(3-fluorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4,7(1H,6H)-dione (from BBB- group) and 7,7-Dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(4-morpholinylcarbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-2,5(1H,6H)-quinolinedione) (from BBB + group) as potential compounds for the prevention and treatment of NiV related diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Naeem
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Mateen
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sibtul Hassan
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Asma Tariq
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rukhsana Parveen
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Irfan Fareed
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mureed Hussain
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Müller M, Fischer K, Woehnke E, Zaeck LM, Prönnecke C, Knittler MR, Karger A, Diederich S, Finke S. Analysis of Nipah Virus Replication and Host Proteome Response Patterns in Differentiated Porcine Airway Epithelial Cells Cultured at the Air-Liquid Interface. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040961. [PMID: 37112941 PMCID: PMC10143807 DOI: 10.3390/v15040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract epithelium infection plays a primary role in Nipah virus (NiV) pathogenesis and transmission. Knowledge about infection dynamics and host responses to NiV infection in respiratory tract epithelia is scarce. Studies in non-differentiated primary respiratory tract cells or cell lines indicate insufficient interferon (IFN) responses. However, studies are lacking in the determination of complex host response patterns in differentiated respiratory tract epithelia for the understanding of NiV replication and spread in swine. Here we characterized infection and spread of NiV in differentiated primary porcine bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) cultivated at the air-liquid interface (ALI). After the initial infection of only a few apical cells, lateral spread for 12 days with epithelium disruption was observed without releasing substantial amounts of infectious virus from the apical or basal sides. Deep time course proteomics revealed pronounced upregulation of genes related to type I/II IFN, immunoproteasomal subunits, transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-mediated peptide transport, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I antigen presentation. Spliceosomal factors were downregulated. We propose a model in which NiV replication in PBEC is slowed by a potent and broad type I/II IFN host response with conversion from 26S proteasomes to immunoproteasomal antigen processing and improved MHC I presentation for adaptive immunity priming. NiV induced cytopathic effects could reflect the focal release of cell-associated NiV, which may contribute to efficient airborne viral spread between pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Woehnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luca M Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christoph Prönnecke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael R Knittler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Yang S, Kar S. Are we ready to fight the Nipah virus pandemic? An overview of drug targets, current medications, and potential leads. Struct Chem 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37363045 PMCID: PMC9993391 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-023-02148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a high-lethality RNA virus from the family of Paramyxoviridae and genus Henipavirus, classified under Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4) pathogen due to the severity of pathogenicity and lack of medications and vaccines. Direct contacts or the body fluids of infected animals are the major factor of transmission of NiV. As it is not an airborne infection, the transmission rate is relatively low. Still, mutations of the NiV in the animal reservoir over the years, followed by zoonotic transfer, can make the deadliness of the virus manifold in upcoming years. Therefore, there is no denial of the possibility of a pandemic after COVID-19 considering the severe pathogenicity of NiV, and that is why we need to be prepared with possible drugs in upcoming days. Considering the time constraints, computational aided drug design (CADD) is an efficient way to study the virus and perform the drug design and test the HITs to lead experimentally. Therefore, this review focuses primarily on NiV target proteins (covering NiV and human), experimentally tested repurposed drug details, and latest computational studies on potential lead molecules, which can be explored as potential drug candidates. Computationally identified drug candidates, including their chemical structures, docking scores, amino acid level interaction with corresponding protein, and the platform used for the studies, are thoroughly discussed. The review will offer a one-stop study to access what had been performed and what can be performed in the CADD of NiV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Yang
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083 USA
| | - Supratik Kar
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083 USA
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7
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Duan Z, Shi H, Xing J, Zhang Q, Liu M. Mutation of Basic Residues R283, R286, and K288 in the Matrix Protein of Newcastle Disease Virus Attenuates Viral Replication and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020980. [PMID: 36674496 PMCID: PMC9864103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) contains large numbers of unevenly distributed basic residues, but the precise function of most basic residues in the M protein remains enigmatic. We previously demonstrated that the C-terminus (aa 264-313) of M protein interacted with the extra-terminal (ET) domain of chicken bromodomain-containing protein 2 (chBRD2), which promoted NDV replication by downregulating chBRD2 expression and facilitating viral RNA synthesis and transcription. However, the key amino acid sites determining M's interaction with chBRD2/ET and their roles in the replication and pathogenicity of NDV are not known. In this study, three basic residues-R283, R286, and K288-in the NDV M protein were verified to be responsible for its interaction with chBRD2/ET. In addition, mutation of these basic residues (R283A/R286A/K288A) in the M protein changed its electrostatic pattern and abrogated the decreased expression of endogenic chBRD2. Moreover, a recombinant virus harboring these mutations resulted in a pathotype change of NDV and attenuated viral replication and pathogenicity in chickens due to the decreased viral RNA synthesis and transcription. Our findings therefore provide a better understanding of the crucial biological functions of M's basic residues and also aid in understanding the poorly understood pathogenesis of NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(851)-8829-8005
| | - Haiying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jingru Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qianyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Menglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Choi H, Kudchodkar SB, Xu Z, Ho M, Xiao P, Ramos S, Humeau L, Weiner DB, Muthumani K. Elicitation of immune responses against Nipah virus by an engineered synthetic DNA vaccine. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.968338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a re-emerging pathogen that causes severe disease in animals and humans. Current treatment measures for NiV infection are insufficient, and there is no approved vaccine against NiV for either humans or animals. Nipah virus is listed as a high-priority pathogen for vaccine and therapeutic research by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the present study, we employed synthetic enhanced DNA technologies developed to design and produce novel consensus NiV Fusion (NiV-F) and Glycoprotein (NiV-G) antigen sequences for inclusion in synthetic DNA vaccines for NiV. The expression of each vaccine antigen was confirmed in vitro using immune-binding assays. Electroporation-enhanced intramuscular injection of each NiV-F and NiV-G into mice induced potent cellular immune responses to multiple epitopes of NiV-G and NiV-F that included antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Both vaccines elicited high antibody titers in mice, with a single immunization sufficient to seroconvert 100% of immunized animals. Additionally, the NiV-F vaccine also induced antibodies to neutralize NiV-F-pseudotyped virus particles. These data support further study of these novel synthetic enhanced NiV nucleic acid-based antigens as potential components of an effective vaccine against the Nipah virus.
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Wakata A, Katoh H, Kato F, Takeda M. Nucleolar Protein Treacle Is Important for the Efficient Growth of Mumps Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0072222. [PMID: 36135364 PMCID: PMC9555161 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00722-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is the largest structure in the nucleus, and it plays roles in mediating cellular stress responses and regulating cell proliferation, as well as in ribosome biosynthesis. The nucleolus is composed of a variety of nucleolar factors that interact with each other in a complex manner to enable its function. Many viral proteins interact with nucleolar factors as well, affecting cellular morphology and function. Here, to investigate the association between mumps virus (MuV) infection and the nucleolus, we evaluated the necessity of nucleolar factors for MuV proliferation by performing a knockdown of these factors with small interfering (si)RNAs. Our results reveal that suppressing the expression of Treacle, which is required for ribosome biosynthesis, reduced the proliferative potential of MuV. Additionally, the one-step growth kinetics results indicate that Treacle knockdown did not affect the viral RNA and protein synthesis of MuV, but it did impair the production of infectious virus particles. Viral matrix protein (M) was considered a candidate Treacle interaction partner because it functions in the process of particle formation in the viral life cycle and is partially localized in the nucleolus. Our data confirm that MuV M can interact with Treacle and colocalize with it in the nucleolus. Furthermore, we found that viral infection induces relocalization of Treacle in the nucleus. Together, these findings suggest that interaction with Treacle in the nucleolus is important for the M protein to exert its functions late in the MuV life cycle. IMPORTANCE The nucleolus, which is the site of ribosome biosynthesis, is a target organelle for many viruses. It is increasingly evident that viruses can favor their own replication and multiplication by interacting with various nucleolar factors. In this study, we found that the nucleolar protein Treacle, known to function in the transcription and processing of pre-rRNA, is required for the efficient propagation of mumps virus (MuV). Specifically, our data indicate that Treacle is not involved in viral RNA or protein synthesis but is important in the processes leading to viral particle production in MuV infection. Additionally, we determined that MuV matrix protein (M), which functions mainly in viral particle assembly and budding, colocalized and interacted with Treacle. Furthermore, we found that Treacle is distributed throughout the nucleus in MuV-infected cells. Our research shows that the interaction between M and Treacle supports efficient viral growth in the late stage of MuV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aika Wakata
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Duan Z, Xing J, Shi H, Wang Y, Zhao C. The matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus inhibits inflammatory response through IRAK4/TRAF6/TAK1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:295-309. [PMID: 35872314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of several cytoplasmic RNA viruses has been reported to be an NF-κB pathway antagonist. However, the function and mechanism of NDV M protein antagonizing NF-κB activation remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that the expression levels of IRAK4, TRAF6, TAK1, and RELA/p65 were obviously reduced late in NDV infection. In addition, the cytoplasmic M protein rather than other viral proteins decreased the expression of these proteins in a dose-dependent manner. Further indepth analysis showed that the N-terminal 180 amino acids of M protein were not only responsible for the reduced expression of these proteins, but also responsible for the inhibition of NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation of RELA/p65, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, small interference RNA-mediated knockdown of IRAK4 or overexpression of IRAK4 markedly enhanced or reduced NDV replication by decreasing or increasing inflammatory cytokines production through the IRAK4/TRAF6/TAK1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Strangely, there were no interactions detected between NDV M protein and IRAK4, TRAF6, TAK1 or RELA/p65. Our findings described here contribute to a better understanding of the innate immune antagonism function of M protein and the molecular mechanism underlying the replication and pathogenesis of NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Jingru Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haiying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanbi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Caiqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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11
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Nipah Virus Infection Generates Ordered Structures in Cellulo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071523. [PMID: 35891503 PMCID: PMC9317923 DOI: 10.3390/v14071523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus with a fatality rate of up to 92% in humans. While several pathogenic mechanisms used by NiV to counteract host immune defense responses have been described, all of the processes that take place in cells during infection are not fully characterized. Here, we describe the formation of ordered intracellular structures during NiV infection. We observed that these structures are formed specifically during NiV infection, but not with other viruses from the same Mononegavirales order (namely Ebola virus) or from other orders such as Bunyavirales (Junín virus). We also determined the kinetics of the appearance of these structures and their cellular localization at the cellular periphery. Finally, we confirmed the presence of these NiV-specific ordered structures using structured illumination microscopy (SIM), as well as their localization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM). Herein, we describe a cytopathogenic mechanism that provides a new insight into NiV biology. These newly described ordered structures could provide a target for novel antiviral approaches.
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Liu QT, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Kliemke V, Liu Q, Chou KC. The nanoscale organization of Nipah virus matrix protein revealed by super-resolution microscopy. Biophys J 2022; 121:2290-2296. [PMID: 35614854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix proteins (M) of many enveloped RNA viruses mediate virus assembly and budding. However, it remains poorly understood how M is involved in virus budding and how they interact with envelope proteins. Here, we show that the expression level of Nipah (NiV) M in particles produced by the host cells deviates from a Gamma distribution and does not reflect that of the host cells, indicating assembly of the NiV-M in the process. Our data reveal that NiV-M affects the circularity of the particles while the NiV envelope proteins do not. The organization of NiV envelope proteins on the membrane of the particles is similar to those that do not express NiV-M, suggesting that NiV-M does not directly interact with the envelope proteins during assembly and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian T Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Youchang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vicky Kliemke
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Keng C Chou
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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13
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Clustered Lysine Residues of the Canine Distemper Virus Matrix Protein Regulate Membrane Association and Budding Activity. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01269-20. [PMID: 33028721 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01269-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The canine distemper virus (CDV) matrix (M) protein is multifunctional; it orchestrates viral assembly and budding, drives the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs), regulates viral RNA synthesis, and may support additional functions. CDV M may assemble into dimers, where each protomer is constituted by N-terminal and C-terminal domains (NTD and CTD, respectively). Here, to investigate whether electrostatic interactions between CDV M and the plasma membrane (PM) may contribute to budding activity, selected surface-exposed positively charged lysine residues, which are located within a large basic patch of CTD, were replaced by amino acids with selected properties. We found that some M mutants harboring amino acids with neutral and positive charge (methionine and arginine, respectively) maintained full functionality, including proper interaction and localization with the PM as well as intact VLP and progeny virus production as demonstrated by employing a cell exit-complementation system. Conversely, while the overall structural integrity remained mostly unaltered, most of the nonconservative M variants (carrying a glutamic acid; negatively charged) exhibited a cytosolic phenotype secondary to the lack of interaction with the PM. Consequently, such M variants were entirely defective in VLP production and viral particle formation. Furthermore, the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib significantly reduced wild-type M-mediated VLP production. Nevertheless, in the absence of the compound, all engineered M lysine variants exhibited unaffected ubiquitination profiles, consistent with other residues likely involved in this functionally essential posttranslational modification. Altogether, our data identified multiple surface-exposed lysine residues located within a basic patch of CDV M-CTD, critically contributing to PM association and ensuing membrane budding activity.IMPORTANCE Although vaccines against some morbilliviruses exist, infections still occur, which can result in dramatic brain disease or fatal outcome. Postexposure prophylaxis with antivirals would support global vaccination campaigns. Unfortunately, there is no efficient antiviral drug currently approved. The matrix (M) protein of morbilliviruses coordinates viral assembly and egress through interaction with multiple cellular and viral components. However, molecular mechanisms supporting these functions remain poorly understood, which preclude the rationale design of inhibitors. Here, to investigate potential interactions between canine distemper virus (CDV) M and the plasma membrane (PM), we combined structure-guided mutagenesis of selected surface-exposed lysine residues with biochemical, cellular, and virological assays. We identified several lysines clustering in a basic patch microdomain of the CDV M C-terminal domain, which contributed to PM association and budding activity. Our findings provide novel mechanistic information of how morbilliviruses assemble and egress from infected cells, thereby delivering bases for future antiviral drug development.
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Pathania S, Randhawa V, Kumar M. Identifying potential entry inhibitors for emerging Nipah virus by molecular docking and chemical-protein interaction network. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:5108-5125. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1696705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivalika Pathania
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinay Randhawa
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
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15
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Sen N, Kanitkar TR, Roy AA, Soni N, Amritkar K, Supekar S, Nair S, Singh G, Madhusudhan MS. Predicting and designing therapeutics against the Nipah virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007419. [PMID: 31830030 PMCID: PMC6907750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite Nipah virus outbreaks having high mortality rates (>70% in Southeast Asia), there are no licensed drugs against it. In this study, we have considered all 9 Nipah proteins as potential therapeutic targets and computationally identified 4 putative peptide inhibitors (against G, F and M proteins) and 146 small molecule inhibitors (against F, G, M, N, and P proteins). The computations include extensive homology/ab initio modeling, peptide design and small molecule docking. An important contribution of this study is the increased structural characterization of Nipah proteins by approximately 90% of what is deposited in the PDB. In addition, we have carried out molecular dynamics simulations on all the designed protein-peptide complexes and on 13 of the top shortlisted small molecule ligands to check for stability and to estimate binding strengths. Details, including atomic coordinates of all the proteins and their ligand bound complexes, can be accessed at http://cospi.iiserpune.ac.in/Nipah. Our strategy was to tackle the development of therapeutics on a proteome wide scale and the lead compounds identified could be attractive starting points for drug development. To counter the threat of drug resistance, we have analysed the sequences of the viral strains from different outbreaks, to check whether they would be sensitive to the binding of the proposed inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeladri Sen
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Neelesh Soni
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | | | - Shreyas Supekar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Sanjana Nair
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Gulzar Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
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16
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Natesan S, Khandia R, Munjal A, Vora KS, Latheef SK, Karthik K, Singh Malik Y, Singh R, Chaicumpa W, Mourya DT. Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2019; 39:26-55. [PMID: 31006350 PMCID: PMC6830995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Biomac Life Sciences Pvt Ltd., Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Kranti Suresh Vora
- Wheels India Niswarth (WIN) Foundation, Maternal and Child Health (MCH), University of Canberra, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyma K. Latheef
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Devendra T. Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India, Pune, India
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17
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Ramharack P, Devnarain N, Shunmugam L, Soliman MES. Navigating Research Toward the Re-emerging Nipah Virus- A New Piece to the Puzzle. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1392-1401. [PMID: 31258065 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190620104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in India has caused a state of chaos, with potential to become the next international pandemic. There is still a great deal to learn about NiV for the development of a potent treatment against it. The NiV non-structural proteins play important roles in the lifecycle of the virus, with the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) being a vital component in viral replication. In this study, we not only provide a comprehensive overview of all the literature concerning NiV, we also propose a model of the NiV RdRp and screen for potential inhibitors of the viral enzyme. METHODS In this study, computational tools were utilized in the design of a NiV RdRp homology model. The active site of RdRp was then identified and potential inhibitors of the protein were discovered with the use of pharmacophore-based screening. RESULTS Ramachandran plot analysis revealed a favourable model. Upon binding of nucleoside analog, 4'- Azidocytidine, active site residues Trp1714 and Ser1713 took part in stabilizing hydrogen bonds, while Thr1716, Ser1478, Ser1476 and Glu1465 contributed to hydrophobic interactions. Pharmacophore based screening yielded 18 hits, of which ZINC00085930 demonstrated the most optimal binding energy (-8.1 kcal/mol), validating its use for further analysis as an inhibitor of NiV. CONCLUSION In this study we provide a critical guide, elucidating on the in silico requirements of the drug design and discovery process against NiV. This material lays a foundation for future research into the design and development of drugs that inhibit NiV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritika Ramharack
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Nikita Devnarain
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Letitia Shunmugam
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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18
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Natesan S, Khandia R, Munjal A, Vora KS, Latheef SK, Karthik K, Singh Malik Y, Singh R, Chaicumpa W, Mourya DT. Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2019. [PMID: 31006350 PMCID: PMC6830995 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1580827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Singh
- a ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry , West Tripura , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- e Biomac Life Sciences Pvt Ltd. , Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Kranti Suresh Vora
- g Wheels India Niswarth (WIN) Foundation, Maternal and Child Health (MCH) , University of Canberra , Gujarat , India
| | - Shyma K Latheef
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- h Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- i Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- j Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- k National Institute of Virology , Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India , Pune , India
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19
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Ringel M, Heiner A, Behner L, Halwe S, Sauerhering L, Becker N, Dietzel E, Sawatsky B, Kolesnikova L, Maisner A. Nipah virus induces two inclusion body populations: Identification of novel inclusions at the plasma membrane. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007733. [PMID: 31034506 PMCID: PMC6488097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) is a hallmark of infections with non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (order Mononegavirales). We show here that Nipah virus (NiV), a bat-derived highly pathogenic member of the Paramyxoviridae family, differs from mononegaviruses of the Rhabdo-, Filo- and Pneumoviridae families by forming two types of IBs with distinct localizations, formation kinetics, and protein compositions. IBs in the perinuclear region form rapidly upon expression of the nucleocapsid proteins. These IBperi are highly mobile and associate with the aggresome marker y-tubulin. IBperi can recruit unrelated overexpressed cytosolic proteins but do not contain the viral matrix (M) protein. Additionally, NiV forms an as yet undescribed IB population at the plasma membrane (IBPM) that is y-tubulin-negative but contains the M protein. Infection studies with recombinant NiV revealed that IBPM require the M protein for their formation, and most likely represent sites of NiV assembly and budding. The identification of this novel type of plasma membrane-associated IBs not only provides new insights into NiV biology and may open new avenues to develop novel antiviral approaches to treat these highly pathogenic viruses, it also provides a basis for a more detailed characterization of IBs and their role in virus assembly and replication in infections with other Mononegavirales. Inclusion bodies (IBs) induced by non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (Mononegavirales) are described as mobile cytosolic compartments that concentrate viral proteins and represent the main viral replication sites in infected cells. This general concept is mainly based on studies with mononegaviruses from the Rhabdo-, Filo- and Pneumoviridae families. IBs induced by members of the Paramyxoviridae family are much less well characterized, and this study provides evidence that paramyxoviral IBs may have different compositions and functions. The main finding of this study is that Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic member of the genus Henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, forms a novel type of IB whose formation at plasma membrane assembly sites depends on the viral matrix protein, and suggests a role for IBs not yet described for other Mononegavirales. This discovery clearly extents the current concept of IB functions and illustrates the need to further investigate IBs formed by other paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ringel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anja Heiner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Behner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Halwe
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lucie Sauerhering
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nico Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik Dietzel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bevan Sawatsky
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Duan Z, Deng S, Ji X, Zhao J, Yuan C, Gao H. Nuclear localization of Newcastle disease virus matrix protein promotes virus replication by affecting viral RNA synthesis and transcription and inhibiting host cell transcription. Vet Res 2019; 50:22. [PMID: 30894203 PMCID: PMC6425612 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localization of paramyxovirus proteins is crucial for virus life cycle, including the regulation of viral replication and the evasion of host immunity. We previously showed that a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with nuclear localization signal mutation in the matrix (M) protein results in a pathotype change and attenuates viral pathogenicity in chickens. However, little is known about the nuclear localization functions of NDV M protein. In this study, the potential functions of the M protein in the nucleus were investigated. We first demonstrate that nuclear localization of the M protein could not only promote the cytopathogenicity of NDV but also increase viral RNA synthesis and transcription efficiency in DF-1 cells. Using microarray analysis, we found that nuclear localization of the M protein might inhibit host cell transcription, represented by numerous up-regulating genes associated with transcriptional repressor activity and down-regulating genes associated with transcriptional activator activity. The role of representative up-regulated gene prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) and down-regulated gene aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in the replication of NDV was then evaluated. The results show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of PROX1 or AHR significantly reduced or increased the viral RNA synthesis and viral replication, respectively, demonstrating the important roles of the expression changes of these genes in NDV replication. Together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that nuclear localization of NDV M protein promotes virus replication by affecting viral RNA synthesis and transcription and inhibiting host cell transcription, improving our understanding of the molecular mechanism of NDV replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China. .,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Shanshan Deng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinqin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiafu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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21
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Duan Z, Xu H, Ji X, Zhao J, Xu H, Hu Y, Deng S, Hu S, Liu X. Importin α5 negatively regulates importin β1-mediated nuclear import of Newcastle disease virus matrix protein and viral replication and pathogenicity in chicken fibroblasts. Virulence 2018. [PMID: 29532715 PMCID: PMC5955436 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1449507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is demonstrated to localize in the nucleus via intrinsic nuclear localization signal (NLS), but cellular proteins involved in the nuclear import of NDV M protein and the role of M's nuclear localization in the replication and pathogenicity of NDV remain unclear. In this study, importin β1 was screened to interact with NDV M protein by yeast two-hybrid screening. This interaction was subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays. In vitro binding studies indicated that the NLS region of M protein and the amino acids 336–433 of importin β1 that belonged to the RanGTP binding region were important for binding. Importantly, a recombinant virus with M/NLS mutation resulted in a pathotype change of NDV and attenuated viral replication and pathogenicity in chicken fibroblasts and SPF chickens. In agreement with the binding data, nuclear import of NDV M protein in digitonin-permeabilized HeLa cells required both importin β1 and RanGTP. Interestingly, importin α5 was verified to interact with M protein through binding importin β1. However, importin β1 or importin α5 depletion by siRNA resulted in different results, which showed the obviously cytoplasmic or nuclear accumulation of M protein and the remarkably decreased or increased replication ability and pathogenicity of NDV in chicken fibroblasts, respectively. Our findings therefore demonstrate for the first time the nuclear import mechanism of NDV M protein and the negative regulation role of importin α5 in importin β1-mediated nuclear import of M protein and the replication and pathogenicity of a paramyxovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Haixu Xu
- c Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Xinqin Ji
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Jiafu Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Houqiang Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Yan Hu
- b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- c Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- c Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
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Rawlinson SM, Zhao T, Rozario AM, Rootes CL, McMillan PJ, Purcell AW, Woon A, Marsh GA, Lieu KG, Wang LF, Netter HJ, Bell TDM, Stewart CR, Moseley GW. Viral regulation of host cell biology by hijacking of the nucleolar DNA-damage response. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3057. [PMID: 30076298 PMCID: PMC6076271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that nucleoli play critical roles in the DNA-damage response (DDR) via interaction of DDR machinery including NBS1 with nucleolar Treacle protein, a key mediator of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and processing. Here, using proteomics, confocal and single molecule super-resolution imaging, and infection under biosafety level-4 containment, we show that this nucleolar DDR pathway is targeted by infectious pathogens. We find that the matrix proteins of Hendra virus and Nipah virus, highly pathogenic viruses of the Henipavirus genus in the order Mononegavirales, interact with Treacle and inhibit its function, thereby silencing rRNA biogenesis, consistent with mimicking NBS1–Treacle interaction during a DDR. Furthermore, inhibition of Treacle expression/function enhances henipavirus production. These data identify a mechanism for viral modulation of host cells by appropriating the nucleolar DDR and represent, to our knowledge, the first direct intranucleolar function for proteins of any mononegavirus. Many RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm express proteins that localize to nucleoli, but the nucleolar functions remain largely unknown. Here, the authors show that the Henipavirus matrix protein mimics an endogenous Treacle partner of the DNA-damage response, resulting in suppression of rRNA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Rawlinson
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tianyue Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley M Rozario
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Christina L Rootes
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Paul J McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Amanda Woon
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Kim G Lieu
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Hans J Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Toby D M Bell
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron R Stewart
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Henipavirus Infection: Natural History and the Virus-Host Interplay. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-018-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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The Functional Oligomeric State of Tegument Protein GP41 Is Essential for Baculovirus Budded Virion and Occlusion-Derived Virion Assembly. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02083-17. [PMID: 29643237 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02083-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
gp41, one of the baculovirus core genes, encodes the only recognized tegument (O-glycosylated) protein of the occlusion-derived virion (ODV) phenotype so far. A previous study using a temperature-sensitive Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) mutant showed that GP41 plays a crucial role in budded virion (BV) formation. However, the precise function of GP41 in the baculovirus replication cycle remains unclear. In this study, AcMNPV GP41 was found to accumulate around the ring zone (RZ) region within the infected nucleus and finally assembled into both BVs and ODVs. Deletion of gp41 from the AcMNPV genome showed that BVs were no longer formed and ODVs were no longer assembled, suggesting the essential role of this gene in baculovirus virion morphogenesis. In infected cells, besides the 42-kDa monomers, dimers and trimers were detected under nonreducing conditions, whereas only trimeric GP41 forms were selectively incorporated into BVs or ODVs. Mutations of all five cysteines in GP41 individually had minor effects on GP41 oligomer formation, albeit certain mutations impaired infectious BV production, suggesting flexibility in the intermolecular disulfide bonding. Single mutations of key leucines within two predicted leucine zipper-like motifs did not interfere with GP41 oligomerization or BV and ODV formation, but double leucine mutations completely blocked oligomerization of GP41 and progeny BV production. In the latter case, the usual subcellular localization, especially RZ accumulation, of GP41 was abolished. The above findings clearly point out a close correlation between GP41 oligomerization and function and therefore highlight the oligomeric state as the functional form of GP41 in the baculovirus replication cycle.IMPORTANCE The tegument, which is sandwiched between the nucleocapsid and the virion envelope, is an important substructure of many enveloped viruses. It is composed of one or more proteins that have important functions during virus entry, replication, assembly, and egress. Unlike another large DNA virus (herpesvirus) that encodes an extensive set of tegument components, baculoviruses very likely exploit the major tegument protein, GP41, to execute functions in baculovirus virion morphogenesis and assembly. However, the function of this O-glycosylated baculovirus tegument protein remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified trimers as the functional structure of GP41 in baculovirus virion morphogenesis and showed that both disulfide bridging and protein-protein interactions via the two leucine zipper-like domains are involved in the formation of different oligomeric states. This study advances our understanding of the unique viral tegument protein GP41 participating in the life cycle of baculoviruses.
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25
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Slovic A, Kosutic-Gulija T, Santak M, Ivancic-Jelecki J, Jagusic M, Ljubin-Sternak S, Mlinarić-Galinović G, Vilibić-Čavlek T, Tabain I, Forcic D. Genetic Variability and Sequence Relatedness of Matrix Protein in Viruses of the Families Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae. Intervirology 2018; 60:181-189. [PMID: 29510403 DOI: 10.1159/000487049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The families Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae comprise a broad spectrum of viral pathogens that affect human health. The matrix (M) protein of these viruses has a central role in their life cycle. In line with this, molecular characteristics of the M proteins from variable viruses that circulated in Croatia were investigated. METHODS Sequences of the M proteins of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) 1-3 within the family Paramyxoviridae, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human respiratory syncytial virus from the family Pneumoviridae were obtained and analyzed. RESULTS M proteins were very diverse among HPIVs, but highly conserved within each virus. More variability was seen in nucleotide sequences of M proteins from the Pneumoviridae family. An insertion of 8 nucleotides in the 3' untranslated region in 1 HMPV M gene sequence was discovered (HR347-12). As there are no samples with such an insertion in the database, this insertion is of interest and requires further research. CONCLUSION While we have confirmed that M proteins were conserved among individual viruses, any changes that are observed should be given attention and further researched. Of special interest is inclusion of HPIV2 M proteins in this analysis, as these proteins have not been studied to the same extent as other paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Slovic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tanja Kosutic-Gulija
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Santak
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Ivancic-Jelecki
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Jagusic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Teaching Institute of Public Health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tatjana Vilibić-Čavlek
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Tabain
- Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravko Forcic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
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27
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Tripp RA, Tompkins SM, Foo CH, Bean AGD, Wang LF. A Functional Genomics Approach to Henipavirus Research: The Role of Nuclear Proteins, MicroRNAs and Immune Regulators in Infection and Disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 419:191-213. [PMID: 28674944 PMCID: PMC7122743 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hendra and Nipah viruses (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus) are zoonotic RNA viruses that cause lethal disease in humans and are designated as Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) agents. Moreover, henipaviruses belong to the same group of viruses that cause disease more commonly in humans such as measles, mumps and respiratory syncytial virus. Due to the relatively recent emergence of the henipaviruses and the practical constraints of performing functional genomics studies at high levels of containment, our understanding of the henipavirus infection cycle is incomplete. In this chapter we describe recent loss-of-function (i.e. RNAi) functional genomics screens that shed light on the henipavirus-host interface at a genome-wide level. Further to this, we cross-reference RNAi results with studies probing host proteins targeted by henipavirus proteins, such as nuclear proteins and immune modulators. These functional genomics studies join a growing body of evidence demonstrating that nuclear and nucleolar host proteins play a crucial role in henipavirus infection. Furthermore these studies will underpin future efforts to define the role of nucleolar host-virus interactions in infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A. Tripp
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XDepartment Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XCenter for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Chwan Hong Foo
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
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28
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Just W. . FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2325-6. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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