1
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Kumar D, Nadda R, Repaka R. Advances and challenges in organ-on-chip technology: toward mimicking human physiology and disease in vitro. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024; 62:1925-1957. [PMID: 38436835 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-024-03062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips have been tissues or three-dimensional (3D) mini-organs that comprise numerous cell types and have been produced on microfluidic chips to imitate the complicated structures and interactions of diverse cell types and organs under controlled circumstances. Several morphological and physiological distinctions exist between traditional 2D cultures, animal models, and the growing popular 3D cultures. On the other hand, animal models might not accurately simulate human toxicity because of physiological variations and interspecies metabolic capability. The on-chip technique allows for observing and understanding the process and alterations occurring in metastases. The present study aimed to briefly overview single and multi-organ-on-chip techniques. The current study addresses each platform's essential benefits and characteristics and highlights recent developments in developing and utilizing technologies for single and multi-organs-on-chips. The study also discusses the drawbacks and constraints associated with these models, which include the requirement for standardized procedures and the difficulties of adding immune cells and other intricate biological elements. Finally, a comprehensive review demonstrated that the organs-on-chips approach has a potential way of investigating organ function and disease. The advancements in single and multi-organ-on-chip structures can potentially increase drug discovery and minimize dependency on animal models, resulting in improved therapies for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Rahul Nadda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India.
| | - Ramjee Repaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
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2
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Li Z, Yang W, Wu P, Shan Y, Zhang X, Chen F, Yang J, Yang JR. Reconstructing cell lineage trees with genomic barcoding: approaches and applications. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:35-47. [PMID: 37269980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, developmental history of cell divisions and functional annotation of terminal cells can be organized into a cell lineage tree (CLT). The reconstruction of the CLT has long been a major goal in developmental biology and other related fields. Recent technological advancements, especially those in editable genomic barcodes and single-cell high-throughput sequencing, have sparked a new wave of experimental methods for reconstructing CLTs. Here we review the existing experimental approaches to the reconstruction of CLT, which are broadly categorized as either image-based or DNA barcode-based methods. In addition, we present a summary of the related literature based on the biological insight provided by the obtained CLTs. Moreover, we discuss the challenges that will arise as more and better CLT data become available in the near future. Genomic barcoding-based CLT reconstructions and analyses, due to their wide applicability and high scalability, offer the potential for novel biological discoveries, especially those related to general and systemic properties of the developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhang Li
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yuyan Shan
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Junnan Yang
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jian-Rong Yang
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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3
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Johnson NM, Parham LR, Na J, Monaghan KE, Kolev HM, Klochkova A, Kim MS, Danan CH, Cramer Z, Simon LA, Naughton KE, Adams‐Tzivelekidis S, Tian Y, Williams PA, Leu NA, Sidoli S, Whelan KA, Li N, Lengner CJ, Hamilton KE. Autophagic state prospectively identifies facultative stem cells in the intestinal epithelium. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55209. [PMID: 36120829 PMCID: PMC9638868 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium exhibits a rapid and efficient regenerative response to injury. Emerging evidence supports a model where plasticity of differentiated cells, particularly those in the secretory lineages, contributes to epithelial regeneration upon ablation of injury-sensitive stem cells. However, such facultative stem cell activity is rare within secretory populations. Here, we ask whether specific functional properties predict facultative stem cell activity. We utilize in vivo labeling combined with ex vivo organoid formation assays to evaluate how cell age and autophagic state contribute to facultative stem cell activity within secretory lineages. Strikingly, we find that cell age (time elapsed since cell cycle exit) does not correlate with secretory cell plasticity. Instead, high autophagic vesicle content predicts plasticity and resistance to DNA damaging injury independently of cell lineage. Our findings indicate that autophagic status prior to injury serves as a lineage-agnostic marker for the prospective identification of facultative stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette M Johnson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Louis R Parham
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jeeyoon Na
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Keara E Monaghan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hannah M Kolev
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Alena Klochkova
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular BiologyLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Melissa S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Charles H Danan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Zvi Cramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lauren A Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kaitlyn E Naughton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stephanie Adams‐Tzivelekidis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Patrick A Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - N Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of BiochemistryAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular BiologyLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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4
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Nonnecke EB, Castillo PA, Akahoshi DT, Goley SM, Bevins CL, Lönnerdal B. Characterization of an intelectin-1 ( Itln1) knockout mouse model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894649. [PMID: 36072603 PMCID: PMC9441953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins implicated in innate immunity and highly conserved across chordate evolution, including both ascidians and humans. Human intelectin-1 (ITLN1) is highly abundant within the intestinal mucosa and binds microbial but not host glycans. Genome-wide association studies identified SNPs in ITLN1 that are linked to susceptibility for Crohn's disease. Moreover, ITLN1 has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity and associated metabolic disease. To gain insight on biological activities of human ITLN1 in vivo, we developed a C57BL/6 mouse model genetically targeting the gene encoding the functional mouse ortholog. In wild-type C57BL/6 mice, both mRNA and protein analysis showed high expression of Itln1 in the small intestine, but manifold lower levels in colon and other extraintestinal tissues. Whereas intestinal expression of human ITLN1 localizes to goblet cells, our data confirm that mouse Itln1 is expressed in Paneth cells. Compared to wild-type littermate controls, mice homozygous for the Itln1 hypomorphic trapping allele had reduced expression levels of Itln1 expression (~10,000-fold). The knockout mice exhibited increased susceptibility in an acute model of experimentally induced colitis with 2% w/v dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). In a model of chronic colitis using a lower dose of DSS (1.5% w/v), which enabled a detailed view of disease activity across a protracted period, no differences were observed in body weight, fecal texture, hemoccult scores, food/water intake, or colon length at necropsy, but there was a statistically significant genotype over time effect for the combined fecal scores of disease activity. In model of diet-induced obesity, using two western-style diets, which varied in amounts of sugar (as sucrose) and saturated fat (as lard), mice with Itln1 expression ablated showed no increased susceptibility, in terms of weight gain, food intake, plasma markers of obesity compared to wildtype littermates. While the mouse genetic knockout model for Itln1 holds promise for elucidating physiological function(s) for mammalian intelectins, results reported here suggest that Itln1, a Paneth cell product in C57BL/6 mice, likely plays a minor role in the pathophysiology of chemically induced colitis or diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Nonnecke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Eric B. Nonnecke, ; Charles L. Bevins,
| | - Patricia A. Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Douglas T. Akahoshi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Goley
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Charles L. Bevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Eric B. Nonnecke, ; Charles L. Bevins,
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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5
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Faux MC, Weinstock J, Gogos S, Prato E, Azimpour AI, O'Keefe R, Cathcart-King Y, Garnham AL, Ernst M, Preaudet A, Christie M, Putoczki TL, Buchert M, Burgess AW. Combined Treatment with a WNT Inhibitor and the NSAID Sulindac Reduces Colon Adenoma Burden in Mice with Truncated APC. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:66-77. [PMID: 36860494 PMCID: PMC9973414 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) truncations occur in many colorectal cancers and are often associated with immune infiltration. The aim of this study was to determine whether a combination of Wnt inhibition with anti-inflammatory (sulindac) and/or proapototic (ABT263) drugs can reduce colon adenomas. Apc min/+ and doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1)Cre/+ ;Apc fl/fl mice were exposed to dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) in their drinking water to promote the formation of colon adenomas. Mice were then treated with either a Wnt-signaling antagonist pyrvinium pamoate (PP), an anti-inflammatory agent sulindac or proapoptotic compound ABT263 or a combination of PP+ABT263, or PP+sulindac. Colon adenoma frequency, size, and T-cell abundance were measured. DSS treatment resulted in significant increases in colon adenoma number (P < 0.001, n > 5) and burden in Apc min/+ (P < 0.01, n > 5) and Dclk1 Cre/+ ;Apc fl/fl (P < 0.02, n > 5) mice. There was no effect on adenomas following treatment with PP in combination with ABT263. Adenoma number and burden were reduced with PP+sulindac treatment in Dclk1 Cre/+;Apc fl/fl mice (P < 0.01, n > 17) and in Apc min/+ mice (P < 0.001, n > 7) treated with sulindac or PP+sulindac with no detectable toxicity. PP treatment of Apc min/+ mice increased the frequency of CD3+ cells in the adenomas. The combination of Wnt pathway inhibition with sulindac was more effective in Dclk1 Cre/+;Apc fl/fl mice and provides an opportunity for killing Apc-mutant colon adenoma cells, indicating a strategy for both colorectal cancer prevention and potential new treatments for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Outcomes from the results of this study may be translatable to the clinic for management of FAP and other patients with a high risk of developing colorectal cancer. Significance Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide with limited therapeutic options. APC and other Wnt signaling mutations occur in the majority of colorectal cancers but there are currently no Wnt inhibitors in the clinic. The combination of Wnt pathway inhibition with sulindac provides an opportunity for killing Apc-mutant colon adenoma cells and suggests a strategy for colorectal cancer prevention and new treatments for patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree C. Faux
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, RMH, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Corresponding Authors: Maree C. Faux, Cell Biology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Phone: 613-8341-6200; Fax: 613-8341-6212; E-mail: ; and Antony Burgess, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Phone: 613-9345-2555; Fax: 613-9347-0852; E-mail:
| | - Janet Weinstock
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Deceased
| | - Sophia Gogos
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Prato
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander I. Azimpour
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan O'Keefe
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yasmin Cathcart-King
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra L. Garnham
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adele Preaudet
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Department of Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracy L. Putoczki
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, RMH, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony W. Burgess
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, RMH, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Corresponding Authors: Maree C. Faux, Cell Biology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Phone: 613-8341-6200; Fax: 613-8341-6212; E-mail: ; and Antony Burgess, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Phone: 613-9345-2555; Fax: 613-9347-0852; E-mail:
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6
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Johnson NM, Na J, Monaghan KE, Tang AT, Tian Y, Leu NA, Li N, Kahn ML, Lengner CJ. Limitations to Understanding Intestinal Stem Cell Activity via Cre-Lox-Based Lineage Tracing. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:1334-1337.e1. [PMID: 36031151 PMCID: PMC9703131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Key Words
- cbc, crypt base columnar stem cells
- creer, cre-estrogen receptor fusion
- egfp, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- eyfp, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein
- ires, internal ribosome entry site
- isc, intestinal stem cell
- loxp, locus of x-over p1
- lsl, lox-stop-lox
- tam, tamoxifen
- tdtomato, tandem dimer tomato
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette M Johnson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeeyoon Na
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Keara E Monaghan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan T Tang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolae A Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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7
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Sasidharan V, Sánchez Alvarado A. The Diverse Manifestations of Regeneration and Why We Need to Study Them. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 14:a040931. [PMID: 34750171 PMCID: PMC9438785 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For hundreds of years, the question of why some organisms can regenerate missing body parts while others cannot has remained poorly understood. This has been due in great part to the inability to genetically, molecularly, and cellularly dissect this problem for most of the history of the field. It has only been in the past 20-30 years that important mechanistic advances have been made in methodologies that introduce loss and gain of gene function in animals that can regenerate. However, we still have a very incomplete understanding of how broadly regenerative abilities may be dispersed across species and whether or not such properties share a common evolutionary origin, which may have emerged independently or both. Understanding regeneration, therefore, will require rigorously practiced fundamental, curiosity-driven, discovery research. Expanding the number of research organisms used to study regeneration allows us to uncover aspects of this problem we may not yet know exist and simultaneously increases our chances of solving this long-standing problem of biology.
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8
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Vijai M, Baba M, Ramalingam S, Thiyagaraj A. DCLK1 and its interaction partners: An effective therapeutic target for colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:850. [PMID: 34733368 PMCID: PMC8561619 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin-like kinase protein 1 (DCLK1) is a microtubule-associated protein with a C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain. Its expression was first reported in radial glial cells, where it serves an essential role in early neurogenesis, and since then, other functions of the DCLK1 protein have also been identified. Initially considered to be a marker of quiescent gastrointestinal and pancreatic stem cells, DCLK1 has recently been identified in the gastrointestinal tract as a marker of tuft cells. It has also been implicated in different types of cancer, where it regulates several vital pathways, such as Kras signaling. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The present review discusses the different roles of DCLK1 and its interactions with other proteins that are homologically similar to DCLK1 to develop a novel therapeutic strategy to target cancer cells more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Vijai
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Nagar, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Mursaleen Baba
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Nagar, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Satish Ramalingam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Nagar, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Anand Thiyagaraj
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Nagar, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
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9
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Rodriguez UA, Socorro M, Criscimanna A, Martins CP, Mohamed N, Hu J, Prasadan K, Gittes GK, Esni F. Conversion of α-Cells to β-Cells in the Postpartum Mouse Pancreas Involves Lgr5 Progeny. Diabetes 2021; 70:1508-1518. [PMID: 33906911 PMCID: PMC8336010 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the skin and the gut, where somatic stem cells and their niche are well characterized, a definitive pancreatic multipotent cell population in the adult pancreas has yet to be revealed. Of particular interest is whether such cells may be endogenous in patients with diabetes, and if so, can they be used for therapeutic purposes? In the current study, we used two separate reporter lines to target Cre-recombinase expression to the Lgr5- or glucagon-expressing cells in the pancreas. We provide evidence for the existence of a population of cells within and in the proximity of the ducts that transiently express the stem-cell marker Lgr5 during late gestational stages. Careful timing of tamoxifen treatment in Lgr5EGFP-IRES-CreERT2 ;R26 Tomato mice allowed us to show that these Lgr5-expressing progenitor cells can differentiate into α-cells during pregnancy. Furthermore, we report on a spontaneous lineage conversion of α- to β-cells specifically after parturition. The contribution of Lgr5 progeny to the β-cell compartment through an α-cell intermediate phase early after pregnancy appears to be part of a novel mechanism that would counterbalance against excessive β-cell mass reduction during β-cell involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uylissa A Rodriguez
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mairobys Socorro
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Angela Criscimanna
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christina P Martins
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nada Mohamed
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jing Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - George K Gittes
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Farzad Esni
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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10
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Mana MD, Hussey AM, Tzouanas CN, Imada S, Barrera Millan Y, Bahceci D, Saiz DR, Webb AT, Lewis CA, Carmeliet P, Mihaylova MM, Shalek AK, Yilmaz ÖH. High-fat diet-activated fatty acid oxidation mediates intestinal stemness and tumorigenicity. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109212. [PMID: 34107251 PMCID: PMC8258630 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for cancer in many tissues. In the mammalian intestine, a pro-obesity high-fat diet (HFD) promotes regeneration and tumorigenesis by enhancing intestinal stem cell (ISC) numbers, proliferation, and function. Although PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) nuclear receptor activity has been proposed to facilitate these effects, their exact role is unclear. Here we find that, in loss-of-function in vivo models, PPARα and PPARδ contribute to the HFD response in ISCs. Mechanistically, both PPARs do so by robustly inducing a downstream fatty acid oxidation (FAO) metabolic program. Pharmacologic and genetic disruption of CPT1A (the rate-controlling enzyme of mitochondrial FAO) blunts the HFD phenotype in ISCs. Furthermore, inhibition of CPT1A dampens the pro-tumorigenic consequences of a HFD on early tumor incidence and progression. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of a HFD-activated FAO program creates a therapeutic opportunity to counter the effects of a HFD on ISCs and intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyeko D Mana
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Amanda M Hussey
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Constantine N Tzouanas
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA; Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shinya Imada
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Dorukhan Bahceci
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dominic R Saiz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Anna T Webb
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, P.R. China; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Maria M Mihaylova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA; Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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11
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Murray E, Cheng X, Krishna A, Jin X, Ohara TE, Stappenbeck TS, Bose R. HER2 and APC Mutations Promote Altered Crypt-Villus Morphology and Marked Hyperplasia in the Intestinal Epithelium. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1105-1120. [PMID: 33930605 PMCID: PMC8350008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project has identified HER2 mutations or amplification in 7% of colon cancers. In addition to HER2 mutations, colon cancer patients also possess co-occurring mutations in genes such as APC. Here, we investigated the role of HER2 and APC mutations on the crypt-villus architecture of the intestinal epithelium, localization of secretory cells, and expression of intestinal stem cell markers. METHODS We generated a HER2 transgenic mouse (HER2V777L Tg) possessing an activating mutation commonly found in colorectal cancer patients, HER2V777L, using transcription activator-like effector nucleases-based gene editing technology. We expressed the HER2V777L transgene in mouse small intestine and colon using Lgr5-Cre and Villin-Cre recombinases. In addition, we analyzed Lgr5-Cre; APCmin; HER2V777L Tg mice by morphologic and gene expression assays on intestinal sections and organoids derived from the epithelium. RESULTS HER2V777L expression resulted in hypertrophic crypt formation with expanded zones of proliferation. Proximal intestinal villi showed increased abundance of multiple differentiated lineages including extensive intermediate cell differentiation, as evidenced by MUC2/MMP7 co-immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. HER2V777L expression in the context of APC loss resulted in further enhancement and expansion of the proliferative crypt compartment. CONCLUSIONS We established an epithelial intrinsic role for HER2V777L on enhanced cellular proliferation. Additionally, we determined that HER2 and APC mutations, when combined, promote enhanced proliferation of intestinal crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Murray
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xiaoqing Cheng
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Anagha Krishna
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Takahiro E Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ron Bose
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
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12
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Han H, Jayaraman A, Safe S, Chapkin RS. Targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in stem cells to improve the use of food as medicine. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2021; 6:109-118. [PMID: 34395177 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-020-00184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Intestinal stem cells, the most rapidly proliferating adult stem cells, are exquisitely sensitive to extrinsic dietary factors. Uncontrolled regulation of intestinal stem cells is closely linked to colon tumorigenesis. This review focuses on how dietary and microbial derived cues regulate intestinal stem cell functionality and colon tumorigenesis in mouse models by targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Recent findings AhR, a ligand activated transcription factor, can integrate environmental, dietary and microbial cues to modulate intestinal stem cell proliferation, differentiation and their microenvironment, affecting colon cancer risk. Modulation of AhR activity is associated with many chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases where AhR expression is protective. Summary AhR signaling controls the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells, influences local niche factors, and plays a protective role in colon tumorigenesis. Mounting evidence suggests that extrinsic nutritional/dietary cues which modulate AhR signaling may be a promising approach to colon cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Han
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
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13
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Liu R, Moriggl R, Zhang D, Li H, Karns R, Ruan HB, Niu H, Mayhew C, Watson C, Bangar H, Cha SW, Haslam D, Zhang T, Gilbert S, Li N, Helmrath M, Wells J, Denson L, Han X. Constitutive STAT5 activation regulates Paneth and Paneth-like cells to control Clostridium difficile colitis. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900296. [PMID: 30948494 PMCID: PMC6451325 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile impairs Paneth cells, driving intestinal inflammation that exaggerates colitis. Besides secreting bactericidal products to restrain C. difficile, Paneth cells act as guardians that constitute a niche for intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) regeneration. However, how IESCs are sustained to specify Paneth-like cells as their niche remains unclear. Cytokine-JAK-STATs are required for IESC regeneration. We investigated how constitutive STAT5 activation (Ca-pYSTAT5) restricts IESC differentiation towards niche cells to restrain C. difficile infection. We generated inducible transgenic mice and organoids to determine the effects of Ca-pYSTAT5-induced IESC lineages on C. difficile colitis. We found that STAT5 absence reduced Paneth cells and predisposed mice to C. difficile ileocolitis. In contrast, Ca-pYSTAT5 enhanced Paneth cell lineage tracing and restricted Lgr5 IESC differentiation towards pYSTAT5+Lgr5-CD24+Lyso+ or cKit+ niche cells, which imprinted Lgr5hiKi67+ IESCs. Mechanistically, pYSTAT5 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling to determine Paneth cell fate. In conclusion, Ca-pYSTAT5 gradients control niche differentiation. Lack of pYSTAT5 reduces the niche cells to sustain IESC regeneration and induces C. difficile ileocolitis. STAT5 may be a transcription factor that regulates Paneth cells to maintain niche regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy Institute of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Haifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy Institute of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hai-Bin Ruan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MI, USA
| | - Haitao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy Institute of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | - Carey Watson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hansraj Bangar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sang-Wook Cha
- Division of Developmental Biology, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David Haslam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tongli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Shila Gilbert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy Institute of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | - James Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lee Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy Institute of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
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14
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Gonzalez LM, Stewart AS, Freund J, Kucera CR, Dekaney CM, Magness ST, Blikslager AT. Preservation of reserve intestinal epithelial stem cells following severe ischemic injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G482-G494. [PMID: 30714814 PMCID: PMC6483022 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00262.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia is an abdominal emergency with a mortality rate >50%, leading to epithelial barrier loss and subsequent sepsis. Epithelial renewal and repair after injury depend on intestinal epithelial stem cells (ISC) that reside within the crypts of Lieberkühn. Two ISC populations critical to epithelial repair have been described: 1) active ISC (aISC; highly proliferative; leucine-rich-repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 positive, sex determining region Y-box 9 positive) and 2) reserve ISC [rISC; less proliferative; homeodomain only protein X (Hopx)+]. Yorkshire crossbred pigs (8-10 wk old) were subjected to 1-4 h of ischemia and 1 h of reperfusion or recovery by reversible mesenteric vascular occlusion. This study was designed to evaluate whether ISC-expressing biomarkers of aISCs or rISCs show differential resistance to ischemic injury and different contributions to the subsequent repair and regenerative responses. Our data demonstrate that, following 3-4 h ischemic injury, aISC undergo apoptosis, whereas rISC are preserved. Furthermore, these rISC are retained ex vivo in spheroids in which cell populations are enriched in the rISC biomarker Hopx. These cells appear to go on to provide a proliferative pool of cells during the recovery period. Taken together, these data indicate that Hopx+ cells are resistant to injury and are the likely source of epithelial renewal following prolonged ischemic injury. It is therefore possible that targeting reserve stem cells will lead to new therapies for patients with severe intestinal injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The population of reserve less-proliferative intestinal epithelial stem cells appears resistant to injury despite severe epithelial cell loss, including that of the active stem cell population, which results from prolonged mesenteric ischemia. These cells can change to an activated state and are likely indispensable to regenerative processes. Reserve stem cell targeted therapies may improve treatment and outcome of patients with ischemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liara M. Gonzalez
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,4Center for Gastrointestinal Biologyand Disease, Joint Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh,North Carolina
| | - Amy Stieler Stewart
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - John Freund
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Cecilia Renee Kucera
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Christopher M. Dekaney
- 2Department of Molecular and Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,4Center for Gastrointestinal Biologyand Disease, Joint Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh,North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- 3University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,4Center for Gastrointestinal Biologyand Disease, Joint Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh,North Carolina
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,4Center for Gastrointestinal Biologyand Disease, Joint Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh,North Carolina
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15
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Rodilla V, Fre S. Cellular Plasticity of Mammary Epithelial Cells Underlies Heterogeneity of Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6040103. [PMID: 30388868 PMCID: PMC6315661 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical relationships between stem cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and differentiated cells remain unclear in several tissues, due to a high degree of cell plasticity, allowing cells to switch between different cell states. The mouse mammary gland, similarly to other tissues such as the prostate, the sweat gland, and the respiratory tract airways, consists of an epithelium exclusively maintained by unipotent progenitors throughout adulthood. Such unipotent progenitors, however, retain a remarkable cellular plasticity, as they can revert to multipotency during epithelial regeneration as well as upon oncogene activation. Here, we revise the current knowledge on mammary cell hierarchies in light of the most recent lineage tracing studies performed in the mammary gland and highlight how stem cell differentiation or reversion to multipotency are at the base of tumor development and progression. In addition, we will discuss the current knowledge about the interplay between tumor cells of origin and defined genetic mutations, leading to different tumor types, and its implications in choosing specific therapeutic protocols for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Rodilla
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, F-75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France.
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16
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Santos AJM, Lo YH, Mah AT, Kuo CJ. The Intestinal Stem Cell Niche: Homeostasis and Adaptations. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:1062-1078. [PMID: 30195922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a rapidly renewing cellular compartment. This constant regeneration is a hallmark of intestinal homeostasis and requires a tightly regulated balance between intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and differentiation. Since intestinal epithelial cells directly contact pathogenic environmental factors that continuously challenge their integrity, ISCs must also actively divide to facilitate regeneration and repair. Understanding niche adaptations that maintain ISC activity during homeostatic renewal and injury-induced intestinal regeneration is therefore a major and ongoing focus for stem cell biology. Here, we review recent concepts and propose an active interconversion of the ISC niche between homeostasis and injury-adaptive states that is superimposed upon an equally dynamic equilibrium between active and reserve ISC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amanda T Mah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Emmerson E, Knox SM. Salivary gland stem cells: A review of development, regeneration and cancer. Genesis 2018; 56:e23211. [PMID: 29663717 PMCID: PMC5980780 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are responsible for maintaining the health of the oral cavity and are routinely damaged by therapeutic radiation for head and neck cancer as well as by autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome. Regenerative approaches based on the reactivation of endogenous stem cells or the transplant of exogenous stem cells hold substantial promise in restoring the structure and function of these organs to improve patient quality of life. However, these approaches have been hampered by a lack of knowledge on the identity of salivary stem cell populations and their regulators. In this review we discuss our current knowledge on salivary stem cells and their regulators during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration. As increasing evidence in other systems suggests that progenitor cells may be a source of cancer, we also review whether these same salivary stem cells may also be cancer initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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18
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Dempsey PJ. Role of ADAM10 in intestinal crypt homeostasis and tumorigenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2228-2239. [PMID: 28739265 PMCID: PMC5632589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are a family of mSultidomain, membrane-anchored proteases that regulate diverse cellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, proteolysis and other cell signaling events. Catalytically-active ADAMs act as ectodomain sheddases that proteolytically cleave type I and type II transmembrane proteins and some GPI-anchored proteins from the cellular surface. ADAMs can also modulate other cellular signaling events through a process known as regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Through their proteolytic activity, ADAMs can rapidly modulate key cell signaling pathways in response to changes in the extracellular environment (e.g. inflammation) and play a central role in coordinating intercellular communication. Dysregulation of these processes through aberrant expression, or sustained ADAM activity, is linked to chronic inflammation, inflammation-associated cancer and tumorigenesis. ADAM10 was the first disintegrin-metalloproteinase demonstrated to have proteolytic activity and is the prototypic ADAM associated with RIP activity (e.g. sequential Notch receptor processing). ADAM10 is abundantly expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and during normal intestinal homeostasis ADAM10 regulates many cellular processes associated with intestinal development, cell fate specification and maintenance of intestinal stem cell/progenitor populations. In addition, several signaling pathways that undergo ectodomain shedding by ADAM10 (e.g. Notch, EGFR/ErbB, IL-6/sIL-6R) help control intestinal injury/regenerative responses and may drive intestinal inflammation and colon cancer initiation and progression. Here, I review some of the proposed functions of ADAM10 associated with intestinal crypt homeostasis and tumorigenesis within the gastrointestinal tract in vivo. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Dempsey
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Program, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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19
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Middelhoff M, Westphalen CB, Hayakawa Y, Yan KS, Gershon MD, Wang TC, Quante M. Dclk1-expressing tuft cells: critical modulators of the intestinal niche? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G285-G299. [PMID: 28684459 PMCID: PMC5668570 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00073.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dclk1-expressing tuft cells constitute a unique intestinal epithelial lineage that is distinct from enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Tuft cells express taste-related receptors and distinct transcription factors and interact closely with the enteric nervous system, suggesting a chemosensory cell lineage. In addition, recent work has shown that tuft cells interact closely with cells of the immune system, with a critical role in the cellular regulatory network governing responses to luminal parasites. Importantly, ablation of tuft cells severely impairs epithelial proliferation and tissue regeneration after injury, implicating tuft cells in the modulation of epithelial stem/progenitor function. Finally, tuft cells expand during chronic inflammation and in preneoplastic tissues, suggesting a possible early role in inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Hence, we outline and discuss emerging evidence that strongly supports tuft cells as key regulatory cells in the complex network of the intestinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Middelhoff
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; ,2II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany;
| | - C. Benedikt Westphalen
- 3Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany;
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- 4Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Kelley S. Yan
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; ,5Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Michael D. Gershon
- 6Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York;
| | - Michael Quante
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany;
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20
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Zhou X, Geng L, Wang D, Yi H, Talmon G, Wang J. R-Spondin1/LGR5 Activates TGFβ Signaling and Suppresses Colon Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6589-6602. [PMID: 28939678 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), an intestinal stem cell marker, is known to exhibit tumor suppressor activity in colon cancer, the mechanism of which is not understood. Here we show that R-spondin 1 (RSPO1)/LGR5 directly activates TGFβ signaling cooperatively with TGFβ type II receptor in colon cancer cells, enhancing TGFβ-mediated growth inhibition and stress-induced apoptosis. Knockdown of LGR5 attenuated downstream TGFβ signaling and increased cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis in an orthotopic model of colon cancer in vivo Upon RSPO1 stimulation, LGR5 formed complexes with TGFβ receptors. Studies of patient specimens indicate that LGR5 expression was reduced in advanced stages and positively correlated with markers of TGFβ activation in colon cancer. Our study uncovers a novel cross-talk between LGR5 and TGFβ signaling in colon cancer and identifies LGR5 as a new modulator of TGFβ signaling able to suppress colon cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6589-602. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhou
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Liying Geng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Degeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Haowei Yi
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Geoffrey Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jing Wang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska. .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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21
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Ho L, van Dijk M, Chye STJ, Messerschmidt DM, Chng SC, Ong S, Yi LK, Boussata S, Goh GHY, Afink GB, Lim CY, Dunn NR, Solter D, Knowles BB, Reversade B. ELABELA deficiency promotes preeclampsia and cardiovascular malformations in mice. Science 2017; 357:707-713. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam6607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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The hot-spot p53R172H mutant promotes formation of giant spermatogonia triggered by DNA damage. Oncogene 2017; 36:2002-2013. [PMID: 27869164 PMCID: PMC5390101 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of mutant p53 is a common finding in most cancers but testicular tumours accumulate wild-type p53 (wtp53). In contrast to the accepted concept that p53 homozygous mutant mice do not accumulate mutant p53 in normal cells, our study on a mutant p53 mouse model of Li-Fraumeni syndrome harbouring the hot-spot p53R172H mutation described an elevated level of mutant p53 in non-cancerous mouse tissues. Here we use detailed immunohistochemical analysis to document the expression of p53R172H in mouse testis. In developing and adult testes, p53R172H was expressed in gonocytes, type A, Int, B spermatogonia as well as in pre-Sertoli cells and Leydig cells but was undetectable in spermatocytes and spermatids. A similar staining pattern was demonstrated for wtp53. However, the intensity of wtp53 staining was generally weaker than that of p53R172H, which indicates that the expression of p53R172H can be a surrogate marker of p53 gene transcription. Comparing the responses of wtp53 and p53R172H to irradiation, we found persistent DNA double-strand breaks in p53R172H testes and the formation of giant spermatogonia (GSG) following persistent DNA damage in p53R172H and p53-null mice. Strikingly, we found that p53R172H promotes spontaneous formation of GSG in non-stressed p53R172H ageing mice. Two types of GSG: Viable and Degenerative GSG were defined. We elucidate the factors involved in the formation of GSG: the loss of p53 function is a requirement for the formation of GSG whereas DNA damage acts as a promoting trigger. The formation of GSG does not translate to higher efficacy of testicular tumorigenesis arising from mutant p53 cells, which might be due to the presence of delayed-onset of p53-independent apoptosis.
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A primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model to investigate mucosal gut physiology and host-pathogen interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45270. [PMID: 28345602 PMCID: PMC5366908 DOI: 10.1038/srep45270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of the intestinal epithelium and the mucosal immune system is critical for gut homeostasis. The intestinal epithelium is a functional barrier that secludes luminal content, senses changes in the gut microenvironment, and releases immune regulators that signal underlying immune cells. However, interactions between epithelial and innate immune cells to maintain barrier integrity and prevent infection are complex and poorly understood. We developed and characterized a primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model for in-depth studies of epithelial and macrophage interactions. Human intestinal stem cell-derived enteroid monolayers co-cultured with human monocyte-derived macrophages were used to evaluate barrier function, cytokine secretion, and protein expression under basal conditions and following bacterial infection. Macrophages enhanced barrier function and maturity of enteroid monolayers as indicated by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and cell height. Communication between the epithelium and macrophages was demonstrated through morphological changes and cytokine production. Intraepithelial macrophage projections, efficient phagocytosis, and stabilized enteroid barrier function revealed a coordinated response to enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic E. coli infections. In summary, we have established the first primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture system, defined conditions that allow for a practical and reproducible culture model, and demonstrated its suitability to study gut physiology and host responses to enteric pathogens.
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Behavior of leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5-expressing cells in the reprogramming process. Stem Cell Res 2017; 20:1-9. [PMID: 28192743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear what cells are proper for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is well known as a tissue stem cell and progenitor marker, both of which are reported to be sensitive to reprogramming. In the present study, we examined the reprogramming behavior of Lgr5-expressing cells (Lgr5+ cells). First, we compared reprogramming behavior using mouse Lgr5+ and Lgr5 negative (Lgr5-) hair follicles (HFs). The number of alkaline phosphatase staining-positive cells was lesser in a well of Lgr5+ HFs than in Lgr5- HFs; however, the ratio of Nanog+ SSEA1+ cells in the cell mixture derived from Lgr5+ HFs was much higher than that from Lgr5- HFs. Lgr5+ cells could be induced from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) after transduction with Yamanaka factors. As shown in HFs, the progeny of Lgr5+ cells arising from MEFs highly converted into Nanog+ cells and did not form Nanog- colonies. The progeny represented the status of the late reprogramming phase to a higher degree than the nonprogeny. We also confirmed this using human Lg5+ cells. Our findings suggest that the use of Lgr5+ cells will minimize sorting efforts for obtaining superior iPSCs.
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25
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Establishing estrogen-responsive mouse mammary organoids from single Lgr5 + cells. Cell Signal 2016; 29:41-51. [PMID: 27511963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that mammary cells expressing R-spondin receptor and Wnt pathway regulator Lgr5, regarded as a stem cell marker in multiple tissues, might represent mammary stem cells (MaSCs). Whether L gr5 marks a multipotent subpopulation of Lin-CD24low/medCD49fhigh MaSCs remains controversial. To some extent the differing results reflect different assays used to assess properties of stemness, including lineage tracing in vivo, mammosphere culture, and mammary fat pad transplantation assays. To address this issue directly, we isolated Lgr5+ cells from mammary glands of Lgr5-lacZ mice and established organoids based on principles adapted from studies of Wnt-driven Lgr5+ cell populations in other organs. Mammary organoids were grown from single Lgr5+ mammary cells in Matrigel, the substratum of choice for intestinal organoids, and in a growth factor cocktail containing EGF, Wnt3a and R-spondin, designed to optimally activate the endogenous Wnt signaling program of stem cells. Colonies derived from single Lgr5+ cells manifest at least four distinct cell populations: Lgr5+ and Lgr5- basal cells and c-Kit+ and c-Kit- luminal cells that spontaneously organize into a ductal structure with basal cells around the periphery and luminal cells lining an interior cavity, reminiscent of normal mammary duct structure. Lgr5+ cell-derived organoids were sustainable during prolonged passaging. In contrast, although Lgr5- cells expand into primary colonies, colony-forming efficiency immediately dissipated upon passaging. Furthermore, reproductive hormones induce epithelial cell proliferation resulting in marked increases in lumen diameter accompanied by squamous transdifferentiation. We propose this estrogen-responsive, self-organizing duct-like structure derived from single murine Lgr5+ mammary cells represents a "mini-breast" organoid.
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Abstract
Mammalian embryonic development is a tightly regulated process that, from a single zygote, produces a large number of cell types with hugely divergent functions. Distinct cellular differentiation programmes are facilitated by tight transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. However, the contribution of epigenetic regulation to tissue homeostasis after the completion of development is less well understood. In this Review, we explore the effects of epigenetic dysregulation on adult stem cell function. We conclude that, depending on the tissue type and the epigenetic regulator affected, the consequences range from negligible to stem cell malfunction and disruption of tissue homeostasis, which may predispose to diseases such as cancer.
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27
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Sun F, Xu Q, Zhao D, Degui Chen C. Id4 Marks Spermatogonial Stem Cells in the Mouse Testis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17594. [PMID: 26621350 PMCID: PMC4665196 DOI: 10.1038/srep17594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a classic adult stems cell–dependent process, supported by the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). However, the identification of SSCs and elucidation of their behaviors in undisturbed testis has long been a big challenge. Here, we generated a knock-in mouse model, Id4-2A-CreERT2-2A-tdTomato, which allowed us to mark Id4-expressing (Id4+) cells at different time points in situ and track their behaviors across distinct developmental stages during steady-state and regenerating spermatogenesis. We found that Id4+ cells continue to produce spermatogonia, spermatocytes and sperm in mouse testis, showing they are capable of self-renewal and have differentiation potential. Consistent with these findings, ablation of Id4+ cells in mice results in a loss of spermatogenesis. Furthermore, developmental fate mapping reveals that Id4+ SSCs originate from neonate Id4+ gonocytes. Therefore, our results indicate that Id4 marks spermatogonial stem cells in the mouse testis.
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28
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Ruiz de Sabando A, Wang C, He Y, García-Barros M, Kim J, Shroyer KR, Bannister TD, Yang VW, Bialkowska AB. ML264, A Novel Small-Molecule Compound That Potently Inhibits Growth of Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 15:72-83. [PMID: 26621868 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in Western civilization. Studies have shown that colorectal cancer arises as a consequence of the modification of genes that regulate important cellular functions. Deregulation of the WNT and RAS/MAPK/PI3K signaling pathways has been shown to be important in the early stages of colorectal cancer development and progression. Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in the proliferating intestinal crypt epithelial cells. Previously, we showed that KLF5 is a mediator of RAS/MAPK and WNT signaling pathways under homeostatic conditions and that it promotes their tumorigenic functions during the development and progression of intestinal adenomas. Recently, using an ultrahigh-throughput screening approach we identified a number of novel small molecules that have the potential to provide therapeutic benefits for colorectal cancer by targeting KLF5 expression. In the current study, we show that an improved analogue of one of these screening hits, ML264, potently inhibits proliferation of colorectal cancer cells in vitro through modifications of the cell-cycle profile. Moreover, in an established xenograft mouse model of colon cancer, we demonstrate that ML264 efficiently inhibits growth of the tumor within 5 days of treatment. We show that this effect is caused by a significant reduction in proliferation and that ML264 potently inhibits the expression of KLF5 and EGR1, a transcriptional activator of KLF5. These findings demonstrate that ML264, or an analogue, may hold a promise as a novel therapeutic agent to curb the development and progression of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Ruiz de Sabando
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Yuanjun He
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | | | - Julie Kim
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.
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Miller TE, Wang J, Sukhdeo K, Horbinski C, Tesar PJ, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Rich JN. Lgr5 Marks Post-Mitotic, Lineage Restricted Cerebellar Granule Neurons during Postnatal Development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114433. [PMID: 25493560 PMCID: PMC4262395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling regulates self-renewal and fate commitment of stem and progenitor cells in development and homeostasis. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is a co-receptor for Wnt signaling that marks highly proliferative stem and progenitor cells in many epithelial tissue types. Wnt signaling instructs neural developmental and homeostatic processes; however, Lgr5 expression in the developing and adult brain has not been characterized. Here we report that Lgr5 is expressed in the postnatal cerebellum during the maturation and synaptogenesis of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), processes controlled by Wnt signaling. Using a transgenic reporter mouse for in vivo Lgr5 expression analysis and lineage tracing, we reveal that Lgr5 specifically identified CGNs and was restricted temporally to the CGN maturation phase within the internal granule layer, but absent in the adult brain. Cells marked by Lgr5 were lineage restricted, post-mitotic and long-lived. The ligand for Lgr5, R-spondin, was secreted in a paracrine fashion that evolved during the maturation of CGNs, which coincided with the Lgr5 expression pattern. Our findings provide potential new insight into the critical regulation of Wnt signaling in the developing cerebellum and support a novel role for Lgr5 in the regulation of post-mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E. Miller
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jun Wang
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kumar Sukhdeo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Jeremy N. Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Sirakov M, Kress E, Nadjar J, Plateroti M. Thyroid hormones and their nuclear receptors: new players in intestinal epithelium stem cell biology? Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2897-907. [PMID: 24604390 PMCID: PMC11113153 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones participate in the development and homeostasis of several organs and tissues. It is well documented that they act via nuclear receptors, the TRs, which are transcription factors whose function is modulated by the hormone T3. Importantly, T3-induced physiological response within a cell depends on the specific TR expression and on the T3 bioavailability. However, in addition to this T3-dependent control of TR functionality, increasing data show that the action of TRs is coordinated and integrated with other signaling pathways, specifically at the level of stem/progenitor cell populations. By focusing on the intestinal epithelium of both amphibians and mammals we summarize here new data in support of a role for thyroid hormones and the TR nuclear receptors in stem cell biology. This new concept may be extended to other organs and have biological relevance in therapeutic approaches aimed to target stem cells such as tissue engineering and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sirakov
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elsa Kress
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 16 Rue Raphael Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Nadjar
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 16 Rue Raphael Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 16 Rue Raphael Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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31
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The mammary cellular hierarchy and breast cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4301-24. [PMID: 25080108 PMCID: PMC4207940 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the study of hematopoietic cell maturation have paved the way to a deeper understanding the stem and progenitor cellular hierarchy in the mammary gland. The mammary epithelium, unlike the hematopoietic cellular hierarchy, sits in a complex niche where communication between epithelial cells and signals from the systemic hormonal milieu, as well as from extra-cellular matrix, influence cell fate decisions and contribute to tissue homeostasis. We review the discovery, definition and regulation of the mammary cellular hierarchy and we describe the development of the concepts that have guided our investigations. We outline recent advances in in vivo lineage tracing that is now challenging many of our assumptions regarding the behavior of mammary stem cells, and we show how understanding these cellular lineages has altered our view of breast cancer.
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32
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Yamashita H, Kotani T, Park JH, Murata Y, Okazawa H, Ohnishi H, Ku Y, Matozaki T. Role of the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 in homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92904. [PMID: 24675817 PMCID: PMC3968040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is thought to be important for regulation of the proliferation, differentiation, and rapid turnover of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in such homeostatic regulation of IECs has remained largely unknown, however. Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (Shp2) is a ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase that functions as a positive regulator of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway operative downstream of the receptors for various growth factors and cytokines, and it is thereby thought to contribute to the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. We now show that mice lacking Shp2 specifically in IECs (Shp2 CKO mice) develop severe colitis and die as early as 3 to 4 weeks after birth. The number of goblet cells in both the small intestine and colon of Shp2 CKO mice was markedly reduced compared with that for control mice. Furthermore, Shp2 CKO mice showed marked impairment of both IEC migration along the crypt-villus axis in the small intestine and the development of intestinal organoids from isolated crypts. The colitis as well as the reduction in the number of goblet cells apparent in Shp2 CKO mice were normalized by expression of an activated form of K-Ras in IECs. Our results thus suggest that Shp2 regulates IEC homeostasis through activation of Ras and thereby protects against the development of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Yamashita
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takenori Kotani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TM); (TK)
| | - Jung-ha Park
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoji Murata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Okazawa
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yonson Ku
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail: (TM); (TK)
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34
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Sukhdeo K, Koch CE, Miller TE, Zhou H, Rivera M, Yan K, Cepko CL, Lathia JD, Rich JN. The Lgr5 transgene is expressed specifically in glycinergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina. Exp Eye Res 2013; 119:106-10. [PMID: 24246263 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinal amacrine cells are a diverse set of interneurons within the inner nuclear layer. The canonical Wnt pathway is highly active within mature amacrine cells, but its role remains unclear. Leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein receptor 5 (Lgr5) is a newly identified component of the Wnt receptor complex that potentiates beta-catenin signaling. In multiple epithelial organs Lgr5 marks adult tissue stem cells. We investigated the expression of this gene using Lgr5-eGFP-IRES-CreER transgenic reporter mice. In the eye, Lgr5 was exclusively expressed in glycinergic amacrine cells in adult mice. Amacrine cells are post-mitotic and represent the first neuronal and non-stem cell lineage to express Lgr5. We further interrogated the spatiotemporal labeling of individual amacrine cells with controlled fluorophore expression. This "fluorofilling" technique provides a tool to study amacrine morphology and dissect neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sukhdeo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Catherine E Koch
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hannah Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Maricruz Rivera
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kenneth Yan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Constance L Cepko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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35
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Kuratnik A, Giardina C. Intestinal organoids as tissue surrogates for toxicological and pharmacological studies. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1721-6. [PMID: 23623789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently developed cell culture protocols have allowed for the derivation of multi-cellular structures dubbed intestinal "organoids" from embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs), and adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs). These structures resemble in vivo intestinal crypts, both in structure and developmental processes, and can be grown quickly and in relatively large quantities. Although much research has focused on developing intestinal organoids for tissue repair, more immediate applications include high-throughput screening for agents that target intestinal epithelium. Here we describe current methods for deriving mouse and human intestinal organoids and discuss some applications aimed at developing novel therapies or preventive agents for diseases of the lower GI tract such as inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kuratnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, U3125, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Fuchs E, Chen T. A matter of life and death: self-renewal in stem cells. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:39-48. [PMID: 23229591 PMCID: PMC3537149 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
If Narcissus could have self-renewed even once on seeing his own reflection, he would have died a happy man. Stem cells, on the other hand, have an enormous capacity for self-renewal; in other words, the ability to replicate and generate more of the same. In adult organisms, stem cells reside in specialized niches within each tissue. They replenish tissue cells that are lost during normal homeostasis, and on injury they repair damaged tissue. The ability of a stem cell to self-renew is governed by the dynamic interaction between the intrinsic proteins it expresses and the extrinsic signals that it receives from the niche microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms governing when to proliferate and when to differentiate is vital, not only to normal stem cell biology, but also to ageing and cancer. This review focuses on elucidating conceptually, experimentally and mechanistically, our understanding of adult stem cell self-renewal. We use skin as a paradigm for discussing many of the salient points about this process, but also draw on the knowledge gained from these and other adult stem cell systems to delineate shared underlying principles, as well as highlight mechanistic distinctions among adult tissue stem cells. By doing so, we pinpoint important questions that still await answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology & Development, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Butler C, Birchall M, Giangreco A. Interventional and intrinsic airway homeostasis and repair. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:140-7. [PMID: 22689789 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00001.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human airways are a paragon of intrinsic engineering. They experience 7,000-10,000 liters of airflow/day, have a 70-m(2) surface area, and undergo complete renewal every 100-400 days. Despite this, airways are susceptible to aging, injury, and diseases that are major causes of mortality. Current airway regeneration research is focused both on understanding the cells and strategies responsible for maintaining intrinsic tissue homeostasis as well as on establishing clinical interventions for improving repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Butler
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, University College London, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Howell JC, Wells JM. Generating intestinal tissue from stem cells: potential for research and therapy. Regen Med 2012; 6:743-55. [PMID: 22050526 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal resection and malformations in adult and pediatric patients result in devastating consequences. Unfortunately, allogeneic transplantation of intestinal tissue into patients has not been met with the same measure of success as the transplantation of other organs. Attempts to engineer intestinal tissue in vitro include disaggregation of adult rat intestine into subunits called organoids, harvesting native adult stem cells from mouse intestine and spontaneous generation of intestinal tissue from embryoid bodies. Recently, by utilizing principles gained from the study of developmental biology, human pluripotent stem cells have been demonstrated to be capable of directed differentiation into intestinal tissue in vitro. Pluripotent stem cells offer a unique and promising means to generate intestinal tissue for the purposes of modeling intestinal disease, understanding embryonic development and providing a source of material for therapeutic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Howell
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Benoit YD, Lepage MB, Khalfaoui T, Tremblay E, Basora N, Carrier JC, Gudas LJ, Beaulieu JF. Polycomb repressive complex 2 impedes intestinal cell terminal differentiation. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3454-63. [PMID: 22467857 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The crypt-villus axis constitutes the functional unit of the small intestine, where mature absorptive cells are confined to the villi, and stem cells and transit amplifying and differentiating cells are restricted to the crypts. The polycomb group (PcG) proteins repress differentiation and promote self-renewal in embryonic stem cells. PcGs prevent transcriptional activity by catalysing epigenetic modifications, such as the covalent addition of methyl groups on histone tails, through the action of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Although a role for PcGs in the preservation of stemness characteristics is now well established, recent evidence suggests that they may also be involved in the regulation of differentiation. Using intestinal epithelial cell models that recapitulate the enterocytic differentiation programme, we generated a RNAi-mediated stable knockdown of SUZ12, which constitutes a cornerstone for PRC2 assembly and functionality, in order to analyse intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation. Expression of SUZ12 was also investigated in human intestinal tissues, revealing the presence of SUZ12 in most proliferative epithelial cells of the crypt and an increase in its expression in colorectal cancers. Moreover, PRC2 disruption led to a significant precocious expression of a number of terminal differentiation markers in intestinal cell models. Taken together, our data identified a mechanism whereby PcG proteins participate in the repression of the enterocytic differentiation program, and suggest that a similar mechanism exists in situ to slow down terminal differentiation in the transit amplifying cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick D Benoit
- CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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