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Metyas C, Aung TT, Cheung J, Joseph M, Ballester AM, Metyas S. Diet and Lifestyle Modifications for Fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:405-413. [PMID: 38279728 PMCID: PMC11107431 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971274700231226075717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex, widespread pain disorder characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, sleep deprivation, mental fog, mood swings, and headaches. Currently, there are only three FDA-approved medications for FM patients: duloxetine, milnacipran, and pregabalin, with outcomes frequently being inadequate. This research team aims to investigate the effects of diet and lifestyle modifications on FM, with emphasis on anti-inflammatory diet, antioxidants, and gluten-free diets, as well as supplementation with Magnesium, CQ10, and Vitamin D, microbiome, sleep, exercise, and cognitive behavioral therapy. We reviewed the pathophysiology of certain foods that can be proinflammatory with the release of cytokines leading to activation of pain, fatigue and aggravation of the majority of Fibromyalgia symptoms. A literature review was performed by identifying FM articles published between 1994 and 2022 via PubMed and EMBASE databases, with particular emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis, and evidence-based treatment guidelines. This review article was completed by a comprehensive narrative review process, in which our team systematically examined relevant scientific literature to provide a comprehensive overview of the significant role that diet and other lifestyle modifications play in mediating symptoms of Fibromyalgia. We propose that diet modifications and lifestyle changes, such as sleep, exercise, and weight loss, can be important steps in managing FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Metyas
- Department of Rheumatology, Covina Arthritis Clinic, 500 West San Bernadino Rd, Suite A, United States
| | - Tun Tun Aung
- Department of Rheumatology, Covina Arthritis Clinic, 500 West San Bernadino Rd, Suite A, United States
| | - Jennifer Cheung
- Department of Rheumatology, Covina Arthritis Clinic, 500 West San Bernadino Rd, Suite A, United States
| | - Marina Joseph
- Department of Rheumatology, Covina Arthritis Clinic, 500 West San Bernadino Rd, Suite A, United States
| | - Andrew M Ballester
- Department of Rheumatology, Covina Arthritis Clinic, 500 West San Bernadino Rd, Suite A, United States
| | - Samy Metyas
- Department of Rheumatology, Covina Arthritis Clinic, 500 West San Bernadino Rd, Suite A, United States
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2
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Slankamenac J, Ranisavljev M, Todorovic N, Ostojic J, Stajer V, Ostojic SM. Effects of six-month creatine supplementation on patient- and clinician-reported outcomes, and tissue creatine levels in patients with post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6899-6906. [PMID: 37970399 PMCID: PMC10630839 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary creatine has been recently put forward as a possible intervention strategy to reduce post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome yet no clinical study so far evaluated its efficacy and safety for this perplexing condition. In this parallel-group, randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial, we analyzed the effects of 6-month creatine supplementation (4 g of creatine monohydrate per day) on various patient- and clinician-reported outcomes, and tissue creatine levels in 12 patients with post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome. Creatine intake induced a significant increase in tissue creatine levels in vastus medialis muscle and right parietal white matter compared to the baseline values at both 3-month and 6-month follow-ups (p < .05). Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed a significant difference (treatment vs. time interaction) between interventions in tissue creatine levels (p < .05), with the creatine group was superior to placebo to augment creatine levels at vastus medialis muscle, left frontal white matter, and right parietal white matter. Creatine supplementation induced a significant reduction in general fatigue after 3 months of intake compared to baseline values (p = .04), and significantly improved scores for several post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome-related symptoms (e.g., ageusia, breathing difficulties, body aches, headache, and difficulties concentrating) at 6-month follow-up (p < .05). Taking creatine for 6 months appears to improve tissue bioenergetics and attenuate clinical features of post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome; additional studies are warranted to confirm our findings in various post-COVID-19 cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Slankamenac
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PEUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Marijana Ranisavljev
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PEUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Nikola Todorovic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PEUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Jelena Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PEUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PEUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Sergej M. Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PEUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
- Department of Nutrition and Public HealthUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PecsPecsHungary
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Ram PR, Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Nallakumarasamy A, Khanna M, Gupta A, Yadav S. Beyond the Pain: A Systematic Narrative Review of the Latest Advancements in Fibromyalgia Treatment. Cureus 2023; 15:e48032. [PMID: 38034135 PMCID: PMC10687844 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a complex chronic pain disorder that significantly impacts the quality of life of affected individuals. The etiology of fibromyalgia remains elusive, necessitating effective treatment options. This review aims to provide an overview of current treatment options for fibromyalgia and highlight recent updates in managing the condition. The methodology employed in this systematic review comprised the following key steps. We conducted a comprehensive search across various databases to identify pertinent studies published between 2000 and 2023. Inclusion criteria were defined to specifically target studies involving adult individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia, with a focus on both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for managing the condition. The review encompassed a range of study types, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and systematic reviews. To ensure the quality of the selected studies, we employed appropriate assessment tools, and data extraction and synthesis adhered to established guidelines. This rigorous approach allowed for a robust analysis of the literature on fibromyalgia management. In the course of our review, it became evident that a spectrum of treatment approaches holds significant promise in the management of fibromyalgia. Specifically, pharmacological interventions, including selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, anticonvulsants, cannabinoids, tropisetron, and sodium oxybate, have exhibited substantial potential in alleviating fibromyalgia symptoms. Concurrently, non-pharmacological strategies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, exercise regimens, and complementary and alternative therapies, have yielded positive outcomes in improving the condition's management. Recent developments in the field have introduced innovative pharmacological agents like milnacipran and pregabalin, in addition to non-pharmacological interventions like mindfulness-based stress reduction and aquatic exercise, expanding the array of options available to enhance fibromyalgia care and alleviating patient symptoms. Fibromyalgia necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, encompassing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Recent updates in fibromyalgia management offer additional options to alleviate symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with fibromyalgia. Healthcare professionals should remain informed about these advancements to provide evidence-based care, addressing the complex symptoms associated with fibromyalgia and enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pothuri R Ram
- Orthopaedics and Trauma, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Orthopaedics, South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute, Laredo, USA
- Orthopaedics, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, IND
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Orthopaedics, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, IND
| | - Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy
- Orthopaedics, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, IND
| | - Manish Khanna
- Orthopaedics, Autonomous State Medical College, Ayodhya, IND
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Regenerative Medicine, Regenerative Orthopaedics, Noida, IND
- Regenerative Medicine, Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, USA
- Regenerative Medicine, BioIntegrate, Lawrenceville, USA
- Orthopaedics, South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute, Laredo, USA
| | - Sankalp Yadav
- Medicine, Shri Madan Lal Khurana Chest Clinic, New Delhi, IND
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Lapp HS, Freigang M, Hagenacker T, Weiler M, Wurster CD, Günther R. Biomarkers in 5q-associated spinal muscular atrophy-a narrative review. J Neurol 2023; 270:4157-4178. [PMID: 37289324 PMCID: PMC10421827 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
5q-associated spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene, resulting in a loss of functional SMN protein and consecutive degeneration of motor neurons in the ventral horn. The disease is clinically characterized by proximal paralysis and secondary skeletal muscle atrophy. New disease-modifying drugs driving SMN gene expression have been developed in the past decade and have revolutionized SMA treatment. The rise of treatment options led to a concomitant need of biomarkers for therapeutic guidance and an improved disease monitoring. Intensive efforts have been undertaken to develop suitable markers, and numerous candidate biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive values have been identified. The most promising markers include appliance-based measures such as electrophysiological and imaging-based indices as well as molecular markers including SMN-related proteins and markers of neurodegeneration and skeletal muscle integrity. However, none of the proposed biomarkers have been validated for the clinical routine yet. In this narrative review, we discuss the most promising candidate biomarkers for SMA and expand the discussion by addressing the largely unfolded potential of muscle integrity markers, especially in the context of upcoming muscle-targeting therapies. While the discussed candidate biomarkers hold potential as either diagnostic (e.g., SMN-related biomarkers), prognostic (e.g., markers of neurodegeneration, imaging-based markers), predictive (e.g., electrophysiological markers) or response markers (e.g., muscle integrity markers), no single measure seems to be suitable to cover all biomarker categories. Hence, a combination of different biomarkers and clinical assessments appears to be the most expedient solution at the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lapp
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Freigang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hagenacker
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Weiler
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C D Wurster
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - René Günther
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Jung YH, Kim H, Seo S, Lee D, Lee JY, Moon JY, Cheon GJ, Choi SH, Kang DH. Central metabolites and peripheral parameters associated neuroinflammation in fibromyalgia patients: A preliminary study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33305. [PMID: 37000093 PMCID: PMC10063264 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify central metabolites and peripheral measures associated with neuroinflammation in fibromyalgia (FM), we scanned [11C]-(R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in FM patients. We measured associations between neurometabolite levels measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the extent of neuroinflammation inferred by the distribution volume ratios of [11C]-(R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography in 12 FM patients and 13 healthy controls. We also examined the associations between peripheral parameters, such as creatinine and C-reactive protein, and neuroinflammation. In FM patients, we found negative correlations between neuroinflammation and the creatine (Cr)/total creatine (tCr; Cr + phosphocreatine) ratios in the right (r = -0.708, P = .015) and left thalamus (r = -0.718, P = .008). In FM patients, negative correlations were apparent between neuroinflammation and the glutamate/tCr ratio in the right insula (r = -0.746, P = .005). In FM patients, we found negative correlations between neuroinflammation in the left thalamus (r = -0.601, P = .039) and left insula (r = -0.598, P = .040) and the blood creatinine levels. Additionally, we found significant correlations of other peripheral measures with neuroinflammation in FM patients. Our results suggest that both central metabolites, such as Cr and glutamate, and peripheral creatinine and other parameters are associated with neuroinflammation in patients with FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ha Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongho Seo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Youn Moon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Jeong Cheon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Seoul Chung Psychiatry Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Longobardi I, Gualano B, Seguro AC, Roschel H. Is It Time for a Requiem for Creatine Supplementation-Induced Kidney Failure? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061466. [PMID: 36986197 PMCID: PMC10054094 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine has become one of the most popular dietary supplements among a wide range of healthy and clinical populations. However, its potential adverse effects on kidney health are still a matter of concern. This is a narrative review of the effects of creatine supplementation on kidney function. Despite a few case reports and animal studies suggesting that creatine may impair kidney function, clinical trials with controlled designs do not support this claim. Creatine supplementation may increase serum creatinine (Crn) concentration for some individuals, but it does not necessarily indicate kidney dysfunction, as creatine is spontaneously converted into Crn. Based on studies assessing kidney function using reliable methods, creatine supplements have been shown to be safe for human consumption. Further studies with people who have pre-existing kidney disease remain necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Longobardi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (I.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (I.L.); (B.G.)
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Seguro
- Nephrology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (I.L.); (B.G.)
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3061-8789
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Kundakci B, Kaur J, Goh SL, Hall M, Doherty M, Zhang W, Abhishek A. Efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions for individual features of fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Pain 2022; 163:1432-1445. [PMID: 34813518 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fibromyalgia is a highly heterogeneous condition, but the most common symptoms are widespread pain, fatigue, poor sleep, and low mood. Nonpharmacological interventions are recommended as first-line treatment of fibromyalgia. However which interventions are effective for the different symptoms is not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions on symptoms and disease-specific quality of life. Seven databases were searched from their inception until June 1, 2020. Randomised controlled trials comparing any nonpharmacological intervention to usual care, waiting list, or placebo in people with fibromyalgia aged >16 years were included without language restriction. Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) was the primary outcome measure. Standardised mean difference and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random effects model. The risk of bias was evaluated using the modified Cochrane tool. Of the 16,251 studies identified, 167 randomised controlled trials (n = 11,012) assessing 22 nonpharmacological interventions were included. Exercise, psychological treatments, multidisciplinary modality, balneotherapy, and massage improved FIQ. Subgroup analysis of different exercise interventions found that all forms of exercise improved pain (effect size [ES] -0.72 to -0.96) and depression (ES -0.35 to -1.22) except for flexibility exercise. Mind-body and strengthening exercises improved fatigue (ES -0.77 to -1.00), whereas aerobic and strengthening exercises improved sleep (ES -0.74 to -1.33). Psychological treatments including cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness improved FIQ, pain, sleep, and depression (ES -0.35 to -0.55) but not fatigue. The findings of this study suggest that nonpharmacological interventions for fibromyalgia should be individualised according to the predominant symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Kundakci
- Academic Rheumatology, Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- cCentre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Academic Rheumatology, Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Siew Li Goh
- Sports Medicine Unit, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Hall
- Academic Rheumatology, Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Division of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Doherty
- Academic Rheumatology, Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Weiya Zhang
- Academic Rheumatology, Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abhishek Abhishek
- Academic Rheumatology, Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Lim KT, Lim KH, Zhou X, Yang J, Shin KM, Mohabbat AB, Baude WW, Nanda S, Bauer D, Theberath M, Theberath N, Bauer BA, Ganesh R. Dietary Supplements for Pain Relief in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:1197-1218. [PMID: 35642461 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pain is the most frequently encountered symptom by patients with fibromyalgia (FM). Dietary supplements (DSs) in particular have a proven impact as a possible adjunctive therapy for symptom management in FM. However, there is currently no conclusive review outlining the evidence for DSs in pain management in FM. This study aims to assess currently available studies evaluating the use of DSs for pain relief in FM. Randomized controlled trials regarding the use of DSs on adult FM patients were included for evidence synthesis. Study results indicated that DSs significantly relieved pain in FM (SMD 1.23; 95% CI 0.02-2.43, P = 0.046) but did not improve quality of life (QoL) (SMD 0.73; 95% CI -0.07-1.53, P = 0.075) in the data. Adverse events of DSs varied from mild to severe, with the most common being gastrointestinal symptoms and androgenic side effects in 5.7% and 3.9% of patients, respectively. More well-designed RCTs are required in the future. The protocol for this review has been published on PROSPERO (CRD42020149941).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Teng Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kia Hui Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Formula-pattern Research Centre, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, P. R. China
| | - Juan Yang
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kyung-Min Shin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, South Korea
| | - Arya B Mohabbat
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wyatt W Baude
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sanjeev Nanda
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - David Bauer
- Chemistry & French St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | | | | | - Brent A Bauer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ravindra Ganesh
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Effects of Antioxidants on Pain Perception in Patients with Fibromyalgia-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092462. [PMID: 35566585 PMCID: PMC9099826 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, antioxidant supplements have become popular to counteract the effects of oxidative stress in fibromyalgia and one of its most distressing symptoms, pain. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of antioxidant supplementation on pain levels perceived by patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia. The words used respected the medical search terms related to our objective including antioxidants, fibromyalgia, pain, and supplementation. Seventeen relevant articles were identified within Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. This review found that antioxidant supplementation is efficient in reducing pain in nine of the studies reviewed. Studies with a duration of supplementation of at least 6 weeks showed a benefit on pain perception in 80% of the patients included in these studies. The benefits shown by vitamins and coenzyme Q10 are remarkable. Further research is needed to identify the effects of other types of antioxidants, such as extra virgin olive oil and turmeric. More homogeneous interventions in terms of antioxidant doses administered and duration would allow the effects on pain to be addressed more comprehensively.
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Benton MJ, Spicher JM, McCormick S. Community-Based Survey Exploring Use of the Dietary Supplement Creatine by Adult Non-Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082529. [PMID: 34444689 PMCID: PMC8401943 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is classified as a “sports supplement”, but it also has health benefits. The purpose of this study was to assess use of creatine as a dietary supplement in adult non-athletes. Three hundred ninety-nine adults (19–89 years) completed an online survey. Among the respondents, 77% (n = 307) were regularly active, including participation in weightlifting (34%), running (34%), and cycling (21%). Twenty-eight percent (n = 111) reported use of creatine with an average dose of 6.4 ± 4.5 g. Daily creatine use was reported by 45%, and 38% reported using creatine 2–6 times weekly. Primary sources of information about creatine were trainers/coaches (29%), friends/family (32%), and internet (28%). Forty percent (n = 44) of creatine users were female. When compared by age, 46% of young, 32% of midlife, and 6% of old respondents reported creatine use with no differences in dose or frequency. Young and midlife respondents reported primarily trainers/coaches, friends/family, and internet as sources of information about creatine, but old respondents limited their sources to friends/family and fitness magazines. Although creatine is widely used by adult non-athletes who regularly exercise, dietitians and other healthcare providers are not the primary source of information. Fitness trainers can appropriately provide guidance and education regarding safe and effective use of creatine.
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Jung YH, Kim H, Lee D, Lee JY, Moon JY, Choi SH, Kang DH. Dysfunctional energy metabolisms in fibromyalgia compared with healthy subjects. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211012833. [PMID: 33940974 PMCID: PMC8113919 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211012833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the levels of creatine (Cr) metabolites in the
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), thalamus, and insula of patients with
fibromyalgia (FM) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The levels
of Cr and phosphocreatine (PCr) relative to total Cr (tCr), which includes Cr
and PCr, in the ACC, thalamus, and insula were determined using MRS in 12
patients with FM and in 13 healthy controls. The FM group had lower levels of
PCr/tCr in the ACC and right insula compared to healthy controls. There was a
negative correlation between Cr/tCr in the ACC and total pain levels (McGill
Pain Questionnaire-Total; r = −0.579, p = 0.049) and between Cr/tCr in the left
insula and affective pain levels (McGill Pain Questionnaire-Affective;
r = −0.638, p = 0.047) in patients with FM. In addition, there were negative
correlations between stress levels (Stress Response Inventory) and Cr/tCr in the
right (r = −0.780, p = 0.005) and left thalamus (r = −0.740, p = 0.006), as well
as in the right insula (r = −0.631, p = 0.028) in patients with FM. There were
negative correlations between symptom levels of post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD; PTSD checklist) and Cr/tCr in the right (r = −0.783, p = 0.004) and left
thalamus (r = −0.642, p = 0.024) of patients with FM. These findings are
paramount to understanding the decisive pathologies related to brain energy
metabolism in patients with FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ha Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dasom Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Youn Moon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Seoul Chung Psychiatry Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Sales LP, Pinto AJ, Rodrigues SF, Alvarenga JC, Gonçalves N, Sampaio-Barros MM, Benatti FB, Gualano B, Rodrigues Pereira RM. Creatine Supplementation (3 g/d) and Bone Health in Older Women: A 2-Year, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:931-938. [PMID: 31257405 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine supplementation could be a nonexpensive, safe, and effective dietary intervention to counteract bone loss. The aim of this study was to investigate whether long-term creatine supplementation can improve bone health in older, postmenopausal women. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomized trial was conducted between November 2011 and December 2017 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Two hundred postmenopausal women with osteopenia were randomly allocated to receive either creatine monohydrate (3 g/d) or placebo for 2 years. At baseline and after 12 and 24 months, we assessed areal bone mineral density (aBMD; primary outcome), lean and fat mass (through dual X-ray absorptiometry), volumetric BMD and bone microarchitecture parameters, biochemical bone markers, physical function and strength, and the number of falls and fractures. Possible adverse effects were self-reported. RESULTS Lumbar spine (p < .001), femoral neck (p < .001), and total femur aBMD (p = .032) decreased across time; however, no interaction effect was observed (all p > .050). Bone markers, microarchitecture parameters, and the number of falls/fractures were not changed with creatine (all p > .050). Lean mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass increased throughout the intervention (p < .001), with no additive effect of creatine (p = .731 and p = .397, respectively). Creatine did not affect health-related laboratory parameters. CONCLUSION Creatine supplementation more than 2 years did not improve bone health in older, postmenopausal women with osteopenia, nor did it affect lean mass or muscle function in this population. This refutes the long-lasting notion that this dietary supplement alone has osteogenic or anabolic properties in the long run. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT: 01472393.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Peixoto Sales
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Jéssica Pinto
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samara Ferrari Rodrigues
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackeline Couto Alvarenga
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marília M Sampaio-Barros
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Braga Benatti
- School of Applied Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Ostojic SM. Diagnostic and Pharmacological Potency of Creatine in Post-Viral Fatigue Syndrome. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020503. [PMID: 33557013 PMCID: PMC7913646 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS) is a widespread chronic neurological disease with no definite etiological factor(s), no actual diagnostic test, and no approved pharmacological treatment, therapy, or cure. Among other features, PVFS could be accompanied by various irregularities in creatine metabolism, perturbing either tissue levels of creatine in the brain, the rates of phosphocreatine resynthesis in the skeletal muscle, or the concentrations of the enzyme creatine kinase in the blood. Furthermore, supplemental creatine and related guanidino compounds appear to impact both patient- and clinician-reported outcomes in syndromes and maladies with chronic fatigue. This paper critically overviews the most common disturbances in creatine metabolism in various PVFS populations, summarizes human trials on dietary creatine and creatine analogs in the syndrome, and discusses new frontiers and open questions for using creatine in a post-COVID-19 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M. Ostojic
- FSPE Applied Bioenergetics Lab, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, H-7621 Pecs, Hungary
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16
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Kreider RB, Stout JR. Creatine in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020447. [PMID: 33572884 PMCID: PMC7910963 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although creatine has been mostly studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport, several health and potential therapeutic benefits have been reported. This is because creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, particularly during metabolically stressed states, and limitations in the ability to transport and/or store creatine can impair metabolism. Moreover, increasing availability of creatine in tissue may enhance cellular metabolism and thereby lessen the severity of injury and/or disease conditions, particularly when oxygen availability is compromised. This systematic review assesses the peer-reviewed scientific and medical evidence related to creatine's role in promoting general health as we age and how creatine supplementation has been used as a nutritional strategy to help individuals recover from injury and/or manage chronic disease. Additionally, it provides reasonable conclusions about the role of creatine on health and disease based on current scientific evidence. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that creatine supplementation has several health and therapeutic benefits throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Kreider
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeffery R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
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17
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Forbes SC, Candow DG, Ferreira LHB, Souza-Junior TP. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Properties of Muscle, Bone, and Brain Function in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:318-335. [PMID: 33502271 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1877232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with reductions in muscle and bone mass and brain function, which may be counteracted by several lifestyle factors, of which exercise appears to be most beneficial. However, less than 20% of older adults (> 55 years of age) adhere to performing the recommended amount of resistance training (≥ 2 days/week) and less than 12% regularly meet the aerobic exercise guidelines (≥ 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise) required to achieve significant health benefits. Therefore, from a healthy aging and clinical perspective, it is important to determine whether other lifestyle interventions (independent of exercise) can have beneficial effects on aging muscle quality and quantity, bone strength, and brain function. Creatine, a nitrogen containing organic compound found in all cells of the body, has the potential to have favorable effects on muscle, bone, and brain health (independent of exercise) in older adults. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine and summarize the small body of research investigating the effects of creatine supplementation alone on measures of muscle mass and performance, bone mineral and strength, and indices of brain health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Luis H B Ferreira
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tacito P Souza-Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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18
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Clarke H, Kim DH, Meza CA, Ormsbee MJ, Hickner RC. The Evolving Applications of Creatine Supplementation: Could Creatine Improve Vascular Health? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092834. [PMID: 32947909 PMCID: PMC7551337 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a naturally occurring compound, functioning in conjunction with creatine kinase to play a quintessential role in both cellular energy provision and intracellular energy shuttling. An extensive body of literature solidifies the plethora of ergogenic benefits gained following dietary creatine supplementation; however, recent findings have further indicated a potential therapeutic role for creatine in several pathologies such as myopathies, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disturbances, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, creatine has been found to exhibit non-energy-related properties, such as serving as a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Despite the therapeutic success of creatine supplementation in varying clinical populations, there is scarce information regarding the potential application of creatine for combatting the current leading cause of mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD). Taking into consideration the broad ergogenic and non-energy-related actions of creatine, we hypothesize that creatine supplementation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for improving vascular health in at-risk populations such as older adults or those with CVD. With an extensive literature search, we have found only four clinical studies that have investigated the direct effect of creatine on vascular health and function. In this review, we aim to give a short background on the pleiotropic applications of creatine, and to then summarize the current literature surrounding creatine and vascular health. Furthermore, we discuss the varying mechanisms by which creatine could benefit vascular health and function, such as the impact of creatine supplementation upon inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Clarke
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Do-Houn Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Cesar A. Meza
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
- Department of Biokenetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Robert C. Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
- Department of Biokenetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Lowry E, Marley J, McVeigh JG, McSorley E, Allsopp P, Kerr D. Dietary Interventions in the Management of Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Best-Evidence Synthesis. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2664. [PMID: 32878326 PMCID: PMC7551150 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterised by chronic widespread pain alongside fatigue, poor sleep quality and numerous comorbidities. It is estimated to have a worldwide prevalence of 1.78%, with a predominance in females. Treatment interventions for fibromyalgia have limited success, leading to many patients seeking alternative forms of treatment, including modifications to their diet and lifestyle. The effectiveness of dietary changes in fibromyalgia has not been widely researched or evaluated. This systematic review identified twenty-two studies, including 18 randomised control trials (RCTs) and four cohort studies which were eligible for inclusion. In total these studies investigated 17 different nutritional interventions. Significant improvements in reported pain were observed for those following a vegan diet, as well as with the low fermentable oligo di-mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diets. Supplementation with Chlorella green algae, coenzyme Q10, acetyl-l-carnitine or a combination of vitamin C and E significantly improved measures of pain. Interpretation of these studies was limited due to the frequent poor quality of the study design, the wide heterogeneity between studies, the small sample size and a high degree of bias. Therefore, there is insufficient evidence to recommend any one particular nutritional intervention for the management of fibromyalgia and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Lowry
- School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (E.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Joanne Marley
- School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (E.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Joseph G. McVeigh
- School of Clinical Therapies, University College Cork, Douglas Street, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland;
| | - Emeir McSorley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (E.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Philip Allsopp
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (E.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Daniel Kerr
- School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (E.L.); (J.M.)
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- FSPE Applied Bioenergetics Lab, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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21
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de Guingand DL, Palmer KR, Snow RJ, Davies-Tuck ML, Ellery SJ. Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Females Taking Oral Creatine Monohydrate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061780. [PMID: 32549301 PMCID: PMC7353222 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine Monohydrate (CrM) is a dietary supplement routinely used as an ergogenic aid for sport and training, and as a potential therapeutic aid to augment different disease processes. Despite its increased use in recent years, studies reporting potential adverse outcomes of CrM have been mostly derived from male or mixed sex populations. A systematic search was conducted, which included female participants on CrM, where adverse outcomes were reported, with meta-analysis performed where appropriate. Six hundred and fifty-six studies were identified where creatine supplementation was the primary intervention; fifty-eight were female only studies (9%). Twenty-nine studies monitored for adverse outcomes, with 951 participants. There were no deaths or serious adverse outcomes reported. There were no significant differences in total adverse events, (risk ratio (RR) 1.24 (95% CI 0.51, 2.98)), gastrointestinal events, (RR 1.09 (95% CI 0.53, 2.24)), or weight gain, (mean difference (MD) 1.24 kg pre-intervention, (95% CI -0.34, 2.82)) to 1.37 kg post-intervention (95% CI -0.50, 3.23)), in CrM supplemented females, when stratified by dosing regimen and subject to meta-analysis. No statistically significant difference was reported in measures of renal or hepatic function. In conclusion, mortality and serious adverse events are not associated with CrM supplementation in females. Nor does the use of creatine supplementation increase the risk of total adverse outcomes, weight gain or renal and hepatic complications in females. However, all future studies of creatine supplementation in females should consider surveillance and comprehensive reporting of adverse outcomes to better inform participants and health professionals involved in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. de Guingand
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3168, Australia; (M.L.D.-T.); (S.J.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8572-2870
| | - Kirsten R. Palmer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia;
- Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne 3168, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Snow
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne 3125, Australia;
| | - Miranda L. Davies-Tuck
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3168, Australia; (M.L.D.-T.); (S.J.E.)
| | - Stacey J. Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3168, Australia; (M.L.D.-T.); (S.J.E.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia;
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22
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Alves CRR, Zhang R, Johnstone AJ, Garner R, Nwe PH, Siranosian JJ, Swoboda KJ. Serum creatinine is a biomarker of progressive denervation in spinal muscular atrophy. Neurology 2019; 94:e921-e931. [PMID: 31882526 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying simple biomarkers that can predict or track disease progression in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) remains an unmet clinical need. To test the hypothesis that serum creatinine (Crn) could be a prognostic biomarker for monitoring progression of denervation in patients with SMA, we determined whether serum Crn concentration correlates with disease severity in patients with SMA. METHODS We examined a cohort of 238 patients with SMA with 1,130 Crn observations between 2000 and 2016. Analyses were corrected for age, and 156 patients with SMA had dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry data available for correction for lean mass. We investigated the relationship between Crn and SMA type, survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) copies, and Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale (HFMS) score as primary outcomes. In addition, we tested for associations between Crn and maximum ulnar compound muscle action potential amplitude (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE). RESULTS Patients with SMA type 3 had 2.2-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.93-2.49; p < 0.0001) higher Crn levels compared to those with SMA type 1 and 1.7-fold (95% CI 1.52-1.82; p < 0.0001) higher Crn levels compared to patients with SMA type 2. Patients with SMA type 2 had 1.4-fold (95% CI 1.31-1.58; p < 0.0001) higher Crn levels than patients with SMA type 1. Patients with SMA with 4 SMN2 copies had 1.8-fold (95% CI 1.57-2.11; p < 0.0001) higher Crn levels compared to patients with SMA with 2 SMN2 copies and 1.4-fold (95% CI 1.24-1.58; p < 0.0001) higher Crn levels compared to patients with SMA with 3 SMN2 copies. Patients with SMA with 3 SMN2 copies had 1.4-fold (95% CI 1.21-1.56; p < 0.0001) higher Crn levels than patients with SMA with 2 SMN2 copies. Mixed-effect model revealed significant differences in Crn levels among walkers, sitters, and nonsitters (p < 0.0001) and positive associations between Crn and maximum CMAP (p < 0.0001) and between Crn and MUNE (p < 0.0001). After correction for lean mass, there were still significant associations between Crn and SMA type, SMN2 copies, HFMS, CMAP, and MUNE. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that decreased Crn levels reflect disease severity, suggesting that Crn is a candidate biomarker for SMA progression. We conclude that Crn measurements should be included in the routine analysis of all patients with SMA. In future studies, it will be important to determine whether Crn levels respond to molecular and gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiano R R Alves
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Ren Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Alec J Johnstone
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Reid Garner
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Pann H Nwe
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jennifer J Siranosian
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Kathryn J Swoboda
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
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Serum Analysis in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study in Norway. Pain Res Manag 2019; 2019:1360725. [PMID: 31687055 PMCID: PMC6800918 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1360725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is characterized by pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular join (TMJ) and the masticatory apparatus. Associations with autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, and nutrition deficiencies have been reported in previous studies of TMD patients. To evaluate essential proteins, hormones, electrolytes, and vitamins in serum from TMD patients, a standard blood sample analysis was performed in 60 TMD patients and 60 healthy controls matched for age and gender, retrieving 19 different analyses. We found that TMD patients had significantly higher values of hemoglobin (p=0.036), cobalamin (p=0.023), albumin (p=0.005), parathyroid hormone (PTH) (p=0.038), and vitamin D (p=0.005), and significantly lower values of creatinine (p=0.006) and potassium (p=0.011), compared to controls. In the TMD group, most of the determinants had a wider range, and several subjects, compared to the control group, had values outside the normal reference area. However, most of the TMD patients and controls had values within normal biological range. Our findings could not associate any severe systemic disease, malnutrition, or systemic inflammation with the TMD. Results from our study suggest that serum analyses should neither be used as a biomarker of TMD nor a diagnostic tool for an individual subject with TMD.
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Kious BM, Kondo DG, Renshaw PF. Creatine for the Treatment of Depression. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E406. [PMID: 31450809 PMCID: PMC6769464 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressed mood, which can occur in the context of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and other conditions, represents a serious threat to public health and wellness. Conventional treatments are not effective for a significant proportion of patients and interventions that are often beneficial for treatment-refractory depression are not widely available. There is, therefore, an immense need to identify novel antidepressant strategies, particularly strategies that target physiological pathways that are distinct from those addressed by conventional treatments. There is growing evidence from human neuroimaging, genetics, epidemiology, and animal studies that disruptions in brain energy production, storage, and utilization are implicated in the development and maintenance of depression. Creatine, a widely available nutritional supplement, has the potential to improve these disruptions in some patients, and early clinical trials indicate that it may have efficacy as an antidepressant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Kious
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Douglas G Kondo
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
| | - Perry F Renshaw
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
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Abstract
With an ever aging population, identifying interventions that can alleviate age-related functional declines has become increasingly important. Dietary supplements have taken center stage based on various health claims and have become a multi-million dollar business. One such supplement is creatine, a major contributor to normal cellular physiology. Creatine, an energy source that can be endogenously synthesized or obtained through diet and supplement, is involved primarily in cellular metabolism via ATP replenishment. The goal of this chapter is to summarize how creatine and its associated enzyme, creatine kinase, act under normal physiological conditions, and how altered levels of either may lead to detrimental functional outcomes. Furthermore, we will focus on the effect of aging on the creatine system and how supplementation may affect the aging process and perhaps reverse it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Ritu A Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Eric B Gonzales
- Department of Medical Education, TCU and UNTHSC School of Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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The Blind Leading the Not-So-Blind: A Meta-Analysis of Blinding in Pharmacological Trials for Chronic Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:489-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Grimaldi-Puyana M, Domínguez R. Evaluation and Behavior of Spanish Bodybuilders: Doping and Sports Supplements. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040122. [PMID: 30925786 PMCID: PMC6523090 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of doping agents has these days become a public health problem, as it also affects young and non-competitive amateurs in different sports. To prepare for competition, bodybuilders perform aggressive dietary protocols, so, bodybuilders frequently consume nutritional supplements (NS) and banned substances in large dosages. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of banned substances consumption and NS intake in competitive level bodybuilders. A total of 48 bodybuilders (44 males and 4 females) completed a validated online questionnaire on NS consumption. The quantitative data was presented as a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD), as well as having minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and percentages. 83.3% of the participants declared that they had consumed or would consume banned substances, the most consumed being anabolic steroids (72.9%). One hundred percent of those sampled use NS. Whey protein (96%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (94%), creatine (85%) and vitamin complexes (83%) were the most consumed, however, there is a low consumption of certain NS which could also increase athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Universidad Isabel I, Universidad Isabel I, 09004 Burgos, Spain.
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No effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on inflammatory and cartilage degradation biomarkers in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Nutr Res 2018; 51:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Padilha CS, Cella PS, Salles LR, Deminice R. Oral creatine supplementation attenuates muscle loss caused by limb immobilization: a systematic review. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5918.030.004.ar01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Recent studies have pointing creatine supplementation as a promising therapeutic alterna- tive in several diseases, especially myopathies and neurodegenerative disorder. Objective: elucidate the role of creatine supplementation on deleterious effect caused by limb immobilization in humans and rats. Methods: Analyzed articles were searched by three online databases, PubMed, SportDicus e Scielo. After a review and analysis, the studies were included in this review articles on effect of creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle in humans and rat, before, during and after a period of limb immobilization. Results: Studies analyzed demonstrated positive points in use of creatine supplementation as a therapeutic tool to mitigating the deleterious effects of limb immobilization, in humans and rat. Conclusion: The dataset of this literature review allows us to conclude that creatine supplementation may reduce muscle loss and/or assist in the recovery of muscle atrophy caused by immobilization and disuse in rats and humans. Also, we note that further research with better methodological rigor is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which creatine support the recovery of muscle atrophy. Moreover, these effects are positive and promising in the field of muscle rehabilitation, especially after member’s immobilization.
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Izurieta Munoz H, Gonzales EB, Sumien N. Effects of creatine supplementation on nociception in young male and female mice. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:316-321. [PMID: 29477040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate creatine as an anti-nociceptive compound in an animal model of thermal and inflammatory pain. Creatine has the structural potential to interact with acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC), which have been involved in pain sensation modulation. The hypothesis evaluated in this study was that creatine will interact with ASICs leading to decreased nociception. METHODS Male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed with either a control diet or the control diet supplemented with creatine (6.25 g/kg diet). After one week on the diet, the mice were tested for thermal hyperalgesia and inflammatory pain response. RESULTS The latency to withdraw the tail during the thermal hyperalgesia test was unaffected by sex or diet. During the formalin test, males and females responded differently to the stimulus, and the female mice supplemented with creatine seemed to recover faster than the controls. To determine whether ASICs mediate the action of creatine, GMQ, an ASIC3 agonist, was injected in one paw and pain response was quantified. Females responded more strongly to GMQ injections, and all mice fed creatine had a decreased response to GMQ. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest a potential effect of creatine on inflammation-based nociception that may be mediated via ASIC3. While preliminary, this study warrants further research on the potential of creatine as an analgesic and can serve as a stepping stone for the development of ASIC-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydee Izurieta Munoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Eric B Gonzales
- Department of Medical Education, Texas Christian University and UNT Health Science Center School of Medicine (Applicant for LCME accreditation), Fort Worth, USA
| | - Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA.
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Wilkinson TJ, Lemmey AB, Jones JG, Sheikh F, Ahmad YA, Chitale S, Maddison PJ, O'brien TD. Can Creatine Supplementation Improve Body Composition and Objective Physical Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2017; 68:729-37. [PMID: 26414681 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid cachexia (muscle wasting) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients contributes to substantial reductions in strength and impaired physical function. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effectiveness of oral creatine (Cr) supplementation in increasing lean mass and improving strength and physical function in RA patients. METHODS In a double-blind design, 40 RA patients were randomized to either 12 weeks' supplementation of Cr or placebo. Body composition (dual x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy [BIS]), strength, and objectively assessed physical function were measured at baseline, day 6, week 12, and week 24. Data analysis was performed by analysis of covariance. RESULTS Cr supplementation increased appendicular lean mass (ALM; a surrogate measure of muscle mass) by mean ± SE 0.52 ± 0.13 kg (P = 0.004 versus placebo), and total LM by 0.60 ± 0.37 kg (P = 0.158). The change in LM concurred with the gain in intracellular water (0.64 ± 0.22 liters; P = 0.035) measured by BIS. Despite increasing ALM, Cr supplementation, relative to placebo, failed to improve isometric knee extensor strength (P = 0.408), handgrip strength (P = 0.833), or objectively assessed physical function (P = 0.335-0.764). CONCLUSION In patients with RA, Cr supplementation increased muscle mass, but not strength or objective physical function. No treatment-related adverse effects were reported, suggesting that Cr supplementation may offer a safe and acceptable adjunct treatment for attenuating muscle loss; this treatment may be beneficial for patients experiencing severe rheumatoid cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeremy G Jones
- Peter Maddison Rheumatology Centre, Llandudno Hospital, Llandudno, North Wales, UK, and Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Fazal Sheikh
- Peter Maddison Rheumatology Centre, Llandudno Hospital, Llandudno, North Wales, UK, and Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Yasmeen A Ahmad
- Peter Maddison Rheumatology Centre, Llandudno Hospital, Llandudno, North Wales, UK, and Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Sarang Chitale
- Peter Maddison Rheumatology Centre, Llandudno Hospital, Llandudno, North Wales, UK, and Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Peter J Maddison
- Peter Maddison Rheumatology Centre, Llandudno Hospital, Llandudno, North Wales, UK, and Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Thomas D O'brien
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Ziegenfuss TN, Wildman R, Collins R, Candow DG, Kleiner SM, Almada AL, Lopez HL. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:18. [PMID: 28615996 PMCID: PMC5469049 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is one of the most popular nutritional ergogenic aids for athletes. Studies have consistently shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations which may help explain the observed improvements in high intensity exercise performance leading to greater training adaptations. In addition to athletic and exercise improvement, research has shown that creatine supplementation may enhance post-exercise recovery, injury prevention, thermoregulation, rehabilitation, and concussion and/or spinal cord neuroprotection. Additionally, a number of clinical applications of creatine supplementation have been studied involving neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease), diabetes, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, aging, brain and heart ischemia, adolescent depression, and pregnancy. These studies provide a large body of evidence that creatine can not only improve exercise performance, but can play a role in preventing and/or reducing the severity of injury, enhancing rehabilitation from injuries, and helping athletes tolerate heavy training loads. Additionally, researchers have identified a number of potentially beneficial clinical uses of creatine supplementation. These studies show that short and long-term supplementation (up to 30 g/day for 5 years) is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations ranging from infants to the elderly. Moreover, significant health benefits may be provided by ensuring habitual low dietary creatine ingestion (e.g., 3 g/day) throughout the lifespan. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the current literature regarding the role and safety of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine and to update the position stand of International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Douglas S. Kalman
- Nutrition Research Unit, QPS, 6141 Sunset Drive Suite 301, Miami, FL 33143 USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33328 USA
| | - Tim N. Ziegenfuss
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, 4302 Allen Road, STE 120, Stow, OH 44224 USA
| | - Robert Wildman
- Post Active Nutrition, 111 Leslie St, Dallas, TX 75208 USA
| | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey & Barry, PLLC, 138 Mineola Blvd., Mineola, NY 11501 USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2 Canada
| | | | | | - Hector L. Lopez
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, 4302 Allen Road, STE 120, Stow, OH 44224 USA
- Supplement Safety Solutions, LLC, Bedford, MA 01730 USA
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Andres S, Ziegenhagen R, Trefflich I, Pevny S, Schultrich K, Braun H, Schänzer W, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Schäfer B, Lampen A. Creatine and creatine forms intended for sports nutrition. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28019093 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is a popular ergogenic supplement in sports nutrition. Yet, supplementation of creatine occasionally caused adverse effects such as gastrointestinal complaints, muscle cramps and an increase in body weight. Creatine monohydrate has already been evaluated by different competent authorities and several have come to the conclusion that a daily intake of 3 g creatine per person is unlikely to pose safety concerns, focusing on healthy adults with exclusion of pregnant and breastfeeding women. Possible vulnerable subgroups were also discussed in relation to the safety of creatine. The present review provides an up-to-date overview of the relevant information with special focus on human studies regarding the safety of creatine monohydrate and other marketed creatine forms, in particular creatine pyruvate, creatine citrate, creatine malate, creatine taurinate, creatine phosphate, creatine orotate, creatine ethyl ester, creatine pyroglutamate, creatine gluconate, and magnesium creatine chelate. Limited data are available with regard to the safety of the latter creatine forms. Considering an acceptable creatine intake of 3 g per day, most of the evaluated creatine forms are unlikely to pose safety concerns, however some safety concerns regarding a supplementary intake of creatine orotate, creatine phosphate, and magnesium creatine chelate are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Andres
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Ziegenhagen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris Trefflich
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Pevny
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schultrich
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Braun
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.,German Research Center of Elite Sport - Momentum, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Schäfer
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Ainsley Dean PJ, Arikan G, Opitz B, Sterr A. Potential for use of creatine supplementation following mild traumatic brain injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:CNC34. [PMID: 30202575 PMCID: PMC6094347 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2016-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is significant overlap between the neuropathology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and the cellular role of creatine, as well as evidence of neural creatine alterations after mTBI. Creatine supplementation has not been researched in mTBI, but shows some potential as a neuroprotective when administered prior to or after TBI. Consistent with creatine’s cellular role, supplementation reduced neuronal damage, protected against the effects of cellular energy crisis and improved cognitive and somatic symptoms. A variety of factors influencing the efficacy of creatine supplementation are highlighted, as well as avenues for future research into the potential of supplementation as an intervention for mTBI. In particular, the slow neural uptake of creatine may mean that greater effects are achieved by pre-emptive supplementation in at-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip John Ainsley Dean
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Gozdem Arikan
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Bertram Opitz
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Annette Sterr
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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Merege-Filho CAA, Otaduy MCG, de Sá-Pinto AL, de Oliveira MO, de Souza Gonçalves L, Hayashi APT, Roschel H, Pereira RMR, Silva CA, Brucki SMD, da Costa Leite C, Gualano B. Does brain creatine content rely on exogenous creatine in healthy youth? A proof-of-principle study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:128-134. [PMID: 28079396 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that dietary creatine could influence cognitive performance by increasing brain creatine in developing individuals. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, proof-of-principle study aimed to investigate the effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function and brain creatine content in healthy youth. The sample comprised 67 healthy participants aged 10 to 12 years. The participants were given creatine or placebo supplementation for 7 days. At baseline and after the intervention, participants undertook a battery of cognitive tests. In a random subsample of participants, brain creatine content was also assessed in the regions of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left hippocampus, and occipital lobe by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) technique. The scores obtained from verbal learning and executive functions tests did not significantly differ between groups at baseline or after the intervention (all p > 0.05). Creatine content was not significantly different between groups in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left hippocampus, and occipital lobe (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, a 7-day creatine supplementation protocol did not elicit improvements in brain creatine content or cognitive performance in healthy youth, suggesting that this population mainly relies on brain creatine synthesis rather than exogenous creatine intake to maintain brain creatine homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Abujabra Merege-Filho
- a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.,b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lúcia de Sá-Pinto
- b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Maira Okada de Oliveira
- d Neurology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Souza Gonçalves
- a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.,b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Tanaka Hayashi
- a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.,b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.,b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | | | - Clovis Artur Silva
- b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia da Costa Leite
- c Institute of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.,b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
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Ammendola S, Stoppoloni D, Loreto MD, Scotto d'Abusco A. A Nutraceutical Composition Decreases CPK Levels in Saos-2 Cells and in Patients with Elevated Serum Levels of This Enzyme. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35:559-567. [PMID: 27314492 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1093972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effects of a nutraceutical composition on the expression of some genes involved in muscle cells and functioning in osteoblast cells. The effects of nutraceutical composition have been compared to the effects of atorvastatin, which induces muscle pain and elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) serum level when administered to patients. In particular, we analyzed the MyoD-1 gene, which is responsible for modulation of the CPK gene, which is a marker of muscle pain and damage. METHODS The effects of nutraceutical composition on Saos-2 cells were compared with the effects of atorvastatin. The mRNAs were extracted and the expression levels of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic CPK genes and MyoD-1 were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Moreover, the effects on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis were measured in the osteoblast cell line. Furthermore, 11 patients with muscle pain or elevated CPK serum levels received a supplementation of the nutraceutical composition to test whether CPK levels could be downregulated. RESULTS The analysis in Saos-2 cells showed that the nutraceutical composition upregulates the gene expression of MyoD-1 and downregulates the expression of the cytoplasmic isoform of CPK gene expression (p ≤ 0.05); moreover, it slightly increases ATP amount and decreases LDH activity. Conversely, atorvastatin represses the expression of MyoD-1 gene without significant changing into the expression levels of both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial CPK genes. Moreover, atorvastatin does not increase the ATP amount or increase LDH activity. Remarkable, the nutraceutical composition is able to decrease CPK levels in serum of patients and in some cases improve myalgia symptoms. CONCLUSION The nutraceutical composition decreases CPK levels both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it might be useful to management of nonneurological myalgia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Stoppoloni
- b Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University of Roma , Roma , ITALY
| | | | - Anna Scotto d'Abusco
- b Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University of Roma , Roma , ITALY
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Lobo DM, Tritto AC, da Silva LR, de Oliveira PB, Benatti FB, Roschel H, Nieß B, Gualano B, Pereira RMR. Effects of long-term low-dose dietary creatine supplementation in older women. Exp Gerontol 2015; 70:97-104. [PMID: 26192975 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of a one-year low-dose creatine supplementation trial on bone health, lean mass, and muscle function in older postmenopausal women. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo controlled trial was conducted between November 2011 and November 2013 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Postmenopausal osteopenic women were randomly allocated (1:1) into creatine (n=56; 1g/d) or placebo group (n=53; dextrose at same dose). At baseline and after one year of intervention, we assessed parameters of bone health, body composition, and muscle function. Blood parameters were also assessed before and after the intervention and adverse events were recorded throughout the trial. Possible differences in dietary intake were assessed by three 24-h dietary recalls. RESULTS Bone mineral density at lumbar spine, femoral neck, total femur, and whole body did not differ within- or between-groups. No significant changes in body weight, BMI, absolute and relative body fat, and body lean mass were observed. Muscle function, as assessed by timed-up-and-go and timed-stands tests, were not significantly changed within- or between-groups. Safety laboratory parameters remained unaltered. CONCLUSION A one-year low-dose creatine supplementation (1g/d) was free of adverse effects, but did not affect bone health parameters, lean mass, or muscle function in older women. Further studies with longer follow-up periods and higher doses of creatine supplementation are warranted. (Registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01472393).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medeiros Lobo
- Bone Laboratory Metabolism, Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luana Rodrigues da Silva
- Bone Laboratory Metabolism, Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paloma Borges de Oliveira
- Bone Laboratory Metabolism, Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Braga Benatti
- Bone Laboratory Metabolism, Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Bone Laboratory Metabolism, Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Gualano
- Bone Laboratory Metabolism, Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Allman BR, Kreipke VC, Ormsbee MJ. What Else Is in Your Supplement? A Review of the Effectiveness of the Supportive Ingredients in Multi-ingredient Performance Supplements to Improve Strength, Power, and Recovery. Strength Cond J 2015. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Hayashi AP, Solis MY, Sapienza MT, Otaduy MCG, de Sá Pinto AL, Silva CA, Sallum AME, Pereira RMR, Gualano B. Efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Lupus 2014; 23:1500-1511. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203314546017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Creatine supplementation has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological therapeutic strategy to counteract muscle dysfunction and low lean mass in a variety of conditions, including in pediatric and rheumatic diseases. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in childhood systemic lupus erythematosus (C-SLE). Methods C-SLE patients with mild disease activity ( n = 15) received placebo or creatine supplementation in a randomized fashion using a crossover, double-blind, repeated-measures design. The participants were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks in each arm, interspersed by an eight-week washout period. The primary outcomes were muscle function, as assessed by a battery of tests including one-maximum repetition (1-RM) tests, the timed-up-and-go test, the timed-stands test, and the handgrip test. Secondary outcomes included body composition, biochemical markers of bone remodeling, aerobic conditioning, quality of life, and physical capacity. Possible differences in dietary intake were assessed by three 24-hour dietary recalls. Muscle phosphorylcreatine content was measured through phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 P-MRS). The safety of the intervention was assessed by laboratory parameters, and kidney function was measured by 51Cr-EDTA clearance. Additionally, self-reported adverse events were recorded throughout the trial. Results Intramuscular phosphorylcreatine content was not significantly different between creatine and placebo before or after the intervention (creatine-Pre: 20.5 ± 2.6, Post: 20.4 ± 4.1, placebo-Pre: 19.8 ± 2.0; Post: 20.2 ± 3.2 mmol/kg wet muscle; p = 0.70 for interaction between conditions). In addition, probably as a consequence of the lack of change in intramuscular phosphorylcreatine content, there were no significant changes between placebo and creatine for any muscle function and aerobic conditioning parameters, lean mass, fat mass, bone mass, and quality of life scores ( p > 0.05). The 51Cr-EDTA clearance was not altered by creatine supplementation and no side effects were noticed. Conclusion A 12-week creatine supplementation protocol at 0.1 g/kg/d is well tolerated and free of adverse effects but did not affect intramuscular phosphorylcreatine, muscle function, free-fat mass or quality of life in non-active C-SLE patients. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT01217320.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - B Gualano
- School of Medicine
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Wilkinson TJ, O’Brien TD, Lemmey AB. Oral creatine supplementation: A potential adjunct therapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients. World J Rheumatol 2014; 4:22-34. [DOI: 10.5499/wjr.v4.i3.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine is one of the most popular forms of protein supplements and is known to improve performance in healthy athletic populations via enhanced muscle mass and adenosine triphosphate energy regeneration. Clinical use of creatine may similarly benefit patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an inflammatory condition characterised by generalised muscle loss termed “rheumatoid cachexia”. The adverse consequences of rheumatoid cachexia include reduced strength, physical function and, as a consequence, quality of life. Whilst regular high-intensity exercise training has been shown to increase muscle mass and restore function in RA patients, this form of therapy has very low uptake amongst RA patients. Thus, acceptable alternatives are required. The aim of this review is to consider the potential efficacy of creatine as an anabolic and ergonomic therapy for RA patients. To date, only one study has supplemented RA patients with creatine, and the findings from this investigation were inconclusive. However, trials in populations with similar losses of muscle mass and function as RA, including older adults and those with other muscle wasting conditions, indicate that creatine is an efficacious way of improving muscle mass, strength and physical function, and may offer an easy, safe and cheap means of treating rheumatoid cachexia and its consequences.
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Claudino JG, Mezêncio B, Amaral S, Zanetti V, Benatti F, Roschel H, Gualano B, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. Creatine monohydrate supplementation on lower-limb muscle power in Brazilian elite soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:32. [PMID: 24991195 PMCID: PMC4077550 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies involving chronic creatine supplementation in elite soccer players are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on lower-limb muscle power in Brazilian elite soccer players (n = 14 males) during pre-season training. Findings This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study. Brazilian professional elite soccer players participated in this study. During the pre-season (7 weeks), all the subjects underwent a standardized physical and specific soccer training. Prior to and after either creatine monohydrate or placebo supplementation, the lower-limb muscle power was measured by countermovement jump performance. The Jumping performance was compared between groups at baseline (p = 0.99). After the intervention, jumping performance was lower in the placebo group (percent change = - 0.7%; ES = - 0.3) than in the creatine group (percent change = + 2.4%; ES = + 0.1), but it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.23 for time x group interaction). Fisher’s exact test revealed that the proportion of subjects that experienced a reduction in jumping performance was significantly greater in the placebo group than in the creatine group (5 and 1, respectively; p = 0.05) after the training. The magnitude-based inferences demonstrated that placebo resulted in a possible negative effect (50%) in jumping performance, whereas creatine supplementation led to a very likely trivial effect (96%) in jumping performance in the creatine group. Conclusions Creatine monohydrate supplementation prevented the decrement in lower-limb muscle power in elite soccer players during a pre-season progressive training.
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Affiliation(s)
- João G Claudino
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Amaral
- Department of Health and Performance, Red Bull Brazil Football, João Lúcio do Prado street, Km 10, Jarinu, SP 13240-000, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Zanetti
- Department of Health and Performance, Red Bull Brazil Football, João Lúcio do Prado street, Km 10, Jarinu, SP 13240-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Benatti
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Medicine - Division of Rheumatology, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Medicine - Division of Rheumatology, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Alberto C Amadio
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Julio C Serrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
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de Campos-Ferraz PL, Andrade I, das Neves W, Hangai I, Alves CRR, Lancha AH. An overview of amines as nutritional supplements to counteract cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014; 5:105-10. [PMID: 24676930 PMCID: PMC4053561 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-014-0138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass (with or without loss of fat mass) that cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support and leads to progressive functional impairment. Recently, some amino acids and other amine dietary supplements have been highlighted in medical field due to positive effects upon diseases evolving skeletal muscle atrophy. Therefore, the aim of this brief review is to discuss the putative application of amines as dietary supplements to counteract skeletal muscle wasting on cancer cachexia. Specifically, we focus in two nutritional supplements: (1) branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and (2) creatine. Both BCAAs and creatine may attenuate proteolysis and enhance proteins synthesis in skeletal muscle. Although more experimental studies and clinical trials are still necessary to elucidate this therapeutic application, several evidences have demonstrated that amines supplementation is a promising coadjuvant treatment to cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Lopes de Campos-Ferraz
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65-05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,
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