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Wang C, Fan M, Heo SJ, Adams SM, Li T, Liu Y, Li Q, Loebel C, Alisafaei F, Burdick JA, Lu XL, Birk DE, Mauck RL, Han L. Structure-Mechanics Principles and Mechanobiology of Fibrocartilage Pericellular Matrix: A Pivotal Role of Type V Collagen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600498. [PMID: 38979323 PMCID: PMC11230444 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The pericellular matrix (PCM) is the immediate microniche surrounding resident cells in various tissue types, regulating matrix turnover, cell-matrix cross-talk and disease initiation. This study elucidated the structure-mechanical properties and mechanobiological functions of the PCM in fibrocartilage, a family of connective tissues that sustain complex tensile and compressive loads in vivo. Studying the murine meniscus as the model tissue, we showed that fibrocartilage PCM contains thinner, random collagen fibrillar networks that entrap proteoglycans, a structure distinct from the densely packed, highly aligned collagen fibers in the bulk extracellular matrix (ECM). In comparison to the ECM, the PCM has a lower modulus and greater isotropy, but similar relative viscoelastic properties. In Col5a1 +/- menisci, the reduction of collagen V, a minor collagen localized in the PCM, resulted in aberrant fibril thickening with increased heterogeneity. Consequently, the PCM exhibited a reduced modulus, loss of isotropy and faster viscoelastic relaxation. This disrupted PCM contributes to perturbed mechanotransduction of resident meniscal cells, as illustrated by reduced intracellular calcium signaling, as well as upregulated biosynthesis of lysyl oxidase and tenascin C. When cultured in vitro, Col5a1 +/- meniscal cells synthesized a weakened nascent PCM, which had inferior properties towards protecting resident cells against applied tensile stretch. These findings underscore the PCM as a distinctive microstructure that governs fibrocartilage mechanobiology, and highlight the pivotal role of collagen V in PCM function. Targeting the PCM or its molecular constituents holds promise for enhancing not only meniscus regeneration and osteoarthritis intervention, but also addressing diseases across various fibrocartilaginous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mingyue Fan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Su-Jin Heo
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sheila M Adams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Thomas Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Yuchen Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Qing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Farid Alisafaei
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Jason A Burdick
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Eiken MK, Childs CJ, Brastrom LK, Frum T, Plaster EM, Shachaf O, Pfeiffer S, Levine JE, Alysandratos KD, Kotton DN, Spence JR, Loebel C. Nascent matrix deposition supports alveolar organoid formation from aggregates in synthetic hydrogels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585720. [PMID: 38562781 PMCID: PMC10983987 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived alveolar organoids have emerged as a system to model the alveolar epithelium in homeostasis and disease. However, alveolar organoids are typically grown in Matrigel, a mouse-sarcoma derived basement membrane matrix that offers poor control over matrix properties, prompting the development of synthetic hydrogels as a Matrigel alternative. Here, we develop a two-step culture method that involves pre-aggregation of organoids in hydrogel-based microwells followed by embedding in a synthetic hydrogel that supports alveolar organoid growth, while also offering considerable control over organoid and hydrogel properties. We find that the aggregated organoids secrete their own nascent extracellular matrix (ECM) both in the microwells and upon embedding in the synthetic hydrogels. Thus, the synthetic gels described here allow us to de-couple exogenous and nascent ECM in order to interrogate the role of ECM in organoid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline K. Eiken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Charlie J. Childs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lindy K. Brastrom
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tristan Frum
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eleanor M. Plaster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Orren Shachaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Suzanne Pfeiffer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Justin E. Levine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Konstantinos-Dionysios Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Lian X, Chang R, Huang G, Peng Y, Wang K, Zhang J, Yao B, Niu H. Multicolor Fluorescent Inks Based on Lanthanide Hybrid Organogels for Anticounterfeiting and Logic Circuit Design. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6133-6142. [PMID: 38272837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of information technology, the encrypted storage of information is becoming increasingly important for human life. The luminescent materials with a color-changed response under physical or chemical stimuli are crucial for information coding and anticounterfeiting. However, traditional fluorescent materials usually face problems such as a lack of tunable fluorescence, insufficient surface-adaptive adhesion, and strict synthesis conditions, hindering their practical applications. Herein, a series of luminescent lanthanide hybrid organogels (Ln-MOGs) were rapidly synthesized using a simple method at room temperature through the coordination between lanthanide ions and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and 5-aminoisophthalic acid. And the multicolor fluorescent inks were also prepared based on the Ln-MOG and hyaluronic acid, with the advantages of being easy to write, color-adjustable, and water-responsive discoloration, which has been applied to paper-based anticounterfeiting technology. Inspired by the responsiveness of the fluorescent inks to water, we designed a logic system that can realize single-input logic operations (NOT and PASS1) and double-input logic operations (NAND, AND, OR, NOR, XOR). The encryption of a binary code can be actualized utilizing different luminescent response modes based on the logic circuit system. By adjusting the energy sensitization and luminescence mechanism of lanthanide ions in the gel structure, the information reading and writing ability of the fluorescent inks were verified, which has great potential in the field of multicolor pattern anticounterfeiting and information encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Rui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yanqiu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Juzhou Zhang
- China National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Agricultural-Avocation Processed Food, Anhui Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Test, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Bangben Yao
- Anhui Province Institute of Product Quality Supervision & Inspection, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Helin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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Lewns FK, Tsigkou O, Cox LR, Wildman RD, Grover LM, Poologasundarampillai G. Hydrogels and Bioprinting in Bone Tissue Engineering: Creating Artificial Stem-Cell Niches for In Vitro Models. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301670. [PMID: 37087739 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in bioprinting have enabled the fabrication of complex tissue constructs with high speed and resolution. However, there remains significant structural and biological complexity within tissues that bioprinting is unable to recapitulate. Bone, for example, has a hierarchical organization ranging from the molecular to whole organ level. Current bioprinting techniques and the materials employed have imposed limits on the scale, speed, and resolution that can be achieved, rendering the technique unable to reproduce the structural hierarchies and cell-matrix interactions that are observed in bone. The shift toward biomimetic approaches in bone tissue engineering, where hydrogels provide biophysical and biochemical cues to encapsulated cells, is a promising approach to enhancing the biological function and development of tissues for in vitro modeling. A major focus in bioprinting of bone tissue for in vitro modeling is creating dynamic microenvironmental niches to support, stimulate, and direct the cellular processes for bone formation and remodeling. Hydrogels are ideal materials for imitating the extracellular matrix since they can be engineered to present various cues whilst allowing bioprinting. Here, recent advances in hydrogels and 3D bioprinting toward creating a microenvironmental niche that is conducive to tissue engineering of in vitro models of bone are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca K Lewns
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
| | - Olga Tsigkou
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 5GF, UK
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ricky D Wildman
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Liam M Grover
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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5
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Tavakoli S, Evans A, Oommen OP, Creemers L, Nandi JB, Hilborn J, Varghese OP. Unveiling extracellular matrix assembly: Insights and approaches through bioorthogonal chemistry. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100768. [PMID: 37600348 PMCID: PMC10432810 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualizing cells, tissues, and their components specifically without interference with cellular functions, such as biochemical reactions, and cellular viability remains important for biomedical researchers worldwide. For an improved understanding of disease progression, tissue formation during development, and tissue regeneration, labeling extracellular matrix (ECM) components secreted by cells persists is required. Bioorthogonal chemistry approaches offer solutions to visualizing and labeling ECM constituents without interfering with other chemical or biological events. Although biorthogonal chemistry has been studied extensively for several applications, this review summarizes the recent advancements in using biorthogonal chemistry specifically for metabolic labeling and visualization of ECM proteins and glycosaminoglycans that are secreted by cells and living tissues. Challenges, limitations, and future directions surrounding biorthogonal chemistry involved in the labeling of ECM components are discussed. Finally, potential solutions for improvements to biorthogonal chemical approaches are suggested. This would provide theoretical guidance for labeling and visualization of de novo proteins and polysaccharides present in ECM that are cell-secreted for example during tissue remodeling or in vitro differentiation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Tavakoli
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Austin Evans
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technologies, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Oommen P. Oommen
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technologies, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Creemers
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584, CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jharna Barman Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Sarojini Naidu College for Women, 30 Jessore Road, Kolkata, 700028, India
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oommen P. Varghese
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Schwab A, Wesdorp MA, Xu J, Abinzano F, Loebel C, Falandt M, Levato R, Eglin D, Narcisi R, Stoddart MJ, Malda J, Burdick JA, D'Este M, van Osch GJ. Modulating design parameters to drive cell invasion into hydrogels for osteochondral tissue formation. J Orthop Translat 2023; 41:42-53. [PMID: 37691639 PMCID: PMC10485598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of acellular hydrogels to repair osteochondral defects requires cells to first invade the biomaterial and then to deposit extracellular matrix for tissue regeneration. Due to the diverse physicochemical properties of engineered hydrogels, the specific properties that allow or even improve the behaviour of cells are not yet clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of various physicochemical properties of hydrogels on cell migration and related tissue formation using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. Methods Three hydrogel platforms were used in the study: Gelatine methacryloyl (GelMA) (5% wt), norbornene hyaluronic acid (norHA) (2% wt) and tyramine functionalised hyaluronic acid (THA) (2.5% wt). GelMA was modified to vary the degree of functionalisation (DoF 50% and 80%), norHA was used with varied degradability via a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) degradable crosslinker and THA was used with the addition of collagen fibrils. The migration of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) in hydrogels was studied in vitro using a 3D spheroid migration assay over 48h. In addition, chondrocyte migration within and around hydrogels was investigated in an ex vivo bovine cartilage ring model (three weeks). Finally, tissue repair within osteochondral defects was studied in a semi-orthotopic in vivo mouse model (six weeks). Results A lower DoF of GelMA did not affect cell migration in vitro (p = 0.390) and led to a higher migration score ex vivo (p < 0.001). The introduction of a MMP degradable crosslinker in norHA hydrogels did not improve cell infiltration in vitro or in vivo. The addition of collagen to THA resulted in greater hMSC migration in vitro (p = 0.031) and ex vivo (p < 0.001). Hydrogels that exhibited more cell migration in vitro or ex vivo also showed more tissue formation in the osteochondral defects in vivo, except for the norHA group. Whereas norHA with a degradable crosslinker did not improve cell migration in vitro or ex vivo, it did significantly increase tissue formation in vivo compared to the non-degradable crosslinker (p < 0.001). Conclusion The modification of hydrogels by adapting DoF, use of a degradable crosslinker or including fibrillar collagen can control and improve cell migration and tissue formation for osteochondral defect repair. This study also emphasizes the importance of performing both in vitro and in vivo testing of biomaterials, as, depending on the material, the results might be affected by the model used.The translational potential of this article: This article highlights the potential of using acellular hydrogels to repair osteochondral defects, which are common injuries in orthopaedics. The study provides a deeper understanding of how to modify the properties of hydrogels to control cell migration and tissue formation for osteochondral defect repair. The results of this article also highlight that the choice of the used laboratory model can affect the outcome. Testing hydrogels in different models is thus advised for successful translation of laboratory results to the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schwab
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- AO Research Institute Davos, AO Foundation, Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Marinus A. Wesdorp
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jietao Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Florencia Abinzano
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc Falandt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David Eglin
- Mines Saint-Etienne, University Jean Monnet, INSERM, UMR 1059, Saint-Etienne, France
- Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Roberto Narcisi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matteo D'Este
- AO Research Institute Davos, AO Foundation, Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Gerjo J.V.M. van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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7
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Locke RC, Zlotnick HM, Stoeckl BD, Fryhofer GW, Galarraga JH, Dhand AP, Zgonis MH, Carey JL, Burdick JA, Mauck RL. Linguistic Analysis Identifies Emergent Biomaterial Fabrication Trends for Orthopaedic Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202591. [PMID: 36657736 PMCID: PMC10121863 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The expanse of publications in tissue engineering (TE) and orthopedic TE (OTE) over the past 20 years presents an opportunity to probe emergent trends in the field to better guide future technologies that can make an impact on musculoskeletal therapies. Leveraging this trove of knowledge, a hierarchical systematic search method and trend analysis using connected network mapping of key terms is developed. Within discrete time intervals, an accelerated publication rate for anatomic orthopedic tissue engineering (AOTE) of osteochondral defects, tendons, menisci, and entheses is identified. Within these growing fields, the top-listed key terms are extracted and stratified into evident categories, such as biomaterials, delivery method, or 3D printing and biofabrication. It is then identified which categories decreased, remained constant, increased, or emerged over time, identifying the specific emergent categories currently driving innovation in orthopedic repair technologies. Together, these data demonstrate a significant convergence of material types and descriptors used across tissue types. From this convergence, design criteria to support future research of anatomic constructs that mimic both the form and function of native tissues are formulated. In summary, this review identifies large-scale trends and predicts new directions in orthopedics that will define future materials and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Locke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, CMCVAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Zlotnick
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, CMCVAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brendan D. Stoeckl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, CMCVAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George W. Fryhofer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Abhishek P. Dhand
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Miltiadis H. Zgonis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James L. Carey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, CMCVAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Kahle ER, Patel N, Sreenivasappa HB, Marcolongo MS, Han L. Targeting cell-matrix interface mechanobiology by integrating AFM with fluorescence microscopy. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 176:67-81. [PMID: 36055517 PMCID: PMC9691605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensing at the interface of a cell and its surrounding microenvironment is an essential driving force of physiological processes. Understanding molecular activities at the cell-matrix interface has the potential to provide novel targets for improving tissue regeneration and early disease intervention. In the past few decades, the advancement of atomic force microscopy (AFM) has offered a unique platform for probing mechanobiology at this crucial microdomain. In this review, we describe key advances under this topic through the use of an integrated system of AFM (as a biomechanical testing tool) with complementary immunofluorescence (IF) imaging (as an in situ navigation system). We first describe the body of work investigating the micromechanics of the pericellular matrix (PCM), the immediate cell micro-niche, in healthy, diseased, and genetically modified tissues, with a focus on articular cartilage. We then summarize the key findings in understanding cellular biomechanics and mechanotransduction, in which, molecular mechanisms governing transmembrane ion channel-mediated mechanosensing, cytoskeleton remodeling, and nucleus remodeling have been studied in various cell and tissue types. Lastly, we provide an overview of major technical advances that have enabled more in-depth studies of mechanobiology, including the integration of AFM with a side-view microscope, multiple optomicroscopy, a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) module, and a tensile stretching device. The innovations described here have contributed greatly to advancing the fundamental knowledge of extracellular matrix biomechanics and cell mechanobiology for improved understanding, detection, and intervention of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Kahle
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Neil Patel
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Harini B Sreenivasappa
- Cell Imaging Center, Office of Research and Innovation, Drexel University, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michele S Marcolongo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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9
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Fischer NG, Aparicio C. Junctional epithelium and hemidesmosomes: Tape and rivets for solving the "percutaneous device dilemma" in dental and other permanent implants. Bioact Mater 2022; 18:178-198. [PMID: 35387164 PMCID: PMC8961425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The percutaneous device dilemma describes etiological factors, centered around the disrupted epithelial tissue surrounding non-remodelable devices, that contribute to rampant percutaneous device infection. Natural percutaneous organs, in particular their extracellular matrix mediating the "device"/epithelium interface, serve as exquisite examples to inspire longer lasting long-term percutaneous device design. For example, the tooth's imperviousness to infection is mediated by the epithelium directly surrounding it, the junctional epithelium (JE). The hallmark feature of JE is formation of hemidesmosomes, cell/matrix adhesive structures that attach surrounding oral gingiva to the tooth's enamel through a basement membrane. Here, the authors survey the multifaceted functions of the JE, emphasizing the role of the matrix, with a particular focus on hemidesmosomes and their five main components. The authors highlight the known (and unknown) effects dental implant - as a model percutaneous device - placement has on JE regeneration and synthesize this information for application to other percutaneous devices. The authors conclude with a summary of bioengineering strategies aimed at solving the percutaneous device dilemma and invigorating greater collaboration between clinicians, bioengineers, and matrix biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Fischer
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Conrado Aparicio
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Division of Basic Research, Faculty of Odontology, UIC Barcelona – Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, C/. Josep Trueta s/n, 08195, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), C/. Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Kowalski MA, Fernandes LM, Hammond KE, Labib S, Drissi H, Patel JM. Cartilage-penetrating hyaluronic acid hydrogel preserves tissue content and reduces chondrocyte catabolism. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:1138-1148. [PMID: 36178309 DOI: 10.1002/term.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage injuries have a limited healing capacity and, due to inflammatory and catabolic activities, often experience progressive degeneration towards osteoarthritis. Current repair techniques generally provide short-term symptomatic relief; however, the regeneration of hyaline cartilage remains elusive, leaving both the repair tissue and surrounding healthy tissue susceptible to long-term wear. Therefore, methods to preserve cartilage following injury, especially from matrix loss and catabolism, are needed to delay, or even prevent, the deteriorative process. The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate a cartilage-penetrating hyaluronic-acid (HA) hydrogel to improve damaged cartilage biomechanics and prevent tissue degeneration. At time zero, the HA-based hydrogel provided a 46.5% increase in compressive modulus and a decrease in permeability after simulated degeneration of explants (collagenase application). Next, in a degenerative culture model (interleukin-1β [IL-1β] for 2 weeks), hydrogel application prior to or midway through the culture mitigated detrimental changes to compressive modulus and permeability observed in non-treated explants. Furthermore, localized loss of proteoglycan was observed in degenerative culture conditions alone (non-treated), but hydrogel administration significantly improved the retention of matrix elements. Finally, NITEGE staining and gene expression analysis showed the ability of the HA gel to decrease chondrocyte catabolic activity. These results highlight the importance of reinforcing damaged cartilage with a biomaterial system to both preserve tissue content and reduce catabolism associated with injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kowalski
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lorenzo M Fernandes
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kyle E Hammond
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sameh Labib
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jay M Patel
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Tiffany AS, Harley BA. Growing Pains: The Need for Engineered Platforms to Study Growth Plate Biology. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200471. [PMID: 35905390 PMCID: PMC9547842 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Growth plates, or physis, are highly specialized cartilage tissues responsible for longitudinal bone growth in children and adolescents. Chondrocytes that reside in growth plates are organized into three distinct zones essential for proper function. Modeling key features of growth plates may provide an avenue to develop advanced tissue engineering strategies and perspectives for cartilage and bone regenerative medicine applications and a platform to study processes linked to disease progression. In this review, a brief introduction of the growth plates and their role in skeletal development is first provided. Injuries and diseases of the growth plates as well as physiological and pathological mechanisms associated with remodeling and disease progression are discussed. Growth plate biology, namely, its architecture and extracellular matrix organization, resident cell types, and growth factor signaling are then focused. Next, opportunities and challenges for developing 3D biomaterial models to study aspects of growth plate biology and disease in vitro are discussed. Finally, opportunities for increasingly sophisticated in vitro biomaterial models of the growth plate to study spatiotemporal aspects of growth plate remodeling, to investigate multicellular signaling underlying growth plate biology, and to develop platforms that address key roadblocks to in vivo musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleczandria S. Tiffany
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Brendan A.C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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12
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Zambuto SG, Jain I, Clancy KBH, Underhill GH, Harley BAC. Role of Extracellular Matrix Biomolecules on Endometrial Epithelial Cell Attachment and Cytokeratin 18 Expression on Gelatin Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3819-3830. [PMID: 35994527 PMCID: PMC9581737 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The endometrium undergoes profound changes in tissue architecture and composition, both during the menstrual cycle as well as in the context of pregnancy. Dynamic remodeling processes of the endometrial extracellular matrix (ECM) are a major element of endometrial homeostasis, including changes across the menstrual cycle. A critical element of this tissue microenvironment is the endometrial basement membrane, a specialized layer of proteins that separates the endometrial epithelium from the underlying endometrial ECM. Bioengineering models of the endometrial microenvironment that present an appropriate endometrial ECM and basement membrane may provide an improved environment to study endometrial epithelial cell (EEC) function. Here, we exploit a tiered approach using two-dimensional high-throughput microarrays and three-dimensional gelatin hydrogels to define patterns of EEC attachment and cytokeratin 18 (CK18) expression in response to combinations of endometrial basement membrane proteins. We identify combinations (collagen IV + tenascin C; collagen I + collagen III; hyaluronic acid + tenascin C; collagen V; collagen V + hyaluronic acid; collagen III; and collagen I) that facilitate increased EEC attachment, increased CK18 intensity, or both. We also identify significant EEC mediated remodeling of the methacrylamide-functionalized gelatin matrix environment via analysis of nascent protein deposition. Together, we report efforts to tailor the localization of basement membrane-associated proteins and proteoglycans in order to investigate tissue-engineered models of the endometrial microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Zambuto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ishita Jain
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kathryn B H Clancy
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gregory H Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brendan A C Harley
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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13
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Liu D, Zhang H, Dong X, Sang L, Qi M. Effect of viscoelastic properties of cellulose nanocrystal/collagen hydrogels on chondrocyte behaviors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:959409. [PMID: 36032700 PMCID: PMC9403537 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.959409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering technology provides a solution for treating osteoarthritis. Based on the viscoelastic nature of articular cartilage, many viscoelastic hydrogel scaffolds have been developed for investigating the effects on chondrocyte behaviors. However, cellulose nanocrystal/collagen (CNC/COL) hydrogels have not been used as a viscoelastic microenvironment to study chondrocyte growth. Here, we prepared CNC/COL hydrogels with tunable viscoelastic properties and investigated their influences on chondrocyte behaviors. The results showed that CNC and COL within the hydrogels are bonded by hydrogen bonds. The hydrogels had a microporous structure, and the viscoelastic properties were enhanced by increasing the concentration of CNC. Moreover, enhancing the hydrogel viscoelastic properties, including stress relaxation, creep, storage modulus, and loss modulus, promoted the cell shape change, proliferation, and matrix deposition and reduced the IL-1β level. Using a principal component analysis (PCA), stress relaxation was assessed to have the strongest correlation with chondrocytes behaviors, with an authority weight value of 62.547%. More importantly, FAK and YAP were involved in the chondrocytes’ response to the rapid relaxing hydrogel by immunofluorescence staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Changchun SinoBiomaterials Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Zhang, ; Xufeng Dong,
| | - Xufeng Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Zhang, ; Xufeng Dong,
| | - Lin Sang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Min Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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14
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Cell mediated remodeling of stiffness matched collagen and fibrin scaffolds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11736. [PMID: 35817812 PMCID: PMC9273755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14953-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are known to continuously remodel their local extracellular matrix (ECM) and in a reciprocal way, they can also respond to mechanical and biochemical properties of their fibrous environment. In this study, we measured how stiffness around dermal fibroblasts (DFs) and human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells differs with concentration of rat tail type 1 collagen (T1C) and type of ECM. Peri-cellular stiffness was probed in four directions using multi-axes optical tweezers active microrheology (AMR). First, we found that neither cell type significantly altered local stiffness landscape at different concentrations of T1C. Next, rat tail T1C, bovine skin T1C and fibrin cell-free hydrogels were polymerized at concentrations formulated to match median stiffness value. Each of these hydrogels exhibited distinct fiber architecture. Stiffness landscape and fibronectin secretion, but not nuclear/cytoplasmic YAP ratio differed with ECM type. Further, cell response to Y27632 or BB94 treatments, inhibiting cell contractility and activity of matrix metalloproteinases, respectively, was also dependent on ECM type. Given differential effect of tested ECMs on peri-cellular stiffness landscape, treatment effect and cell properties, this study underscores the need for peri-cellular and not bulk stiffness measurements in studies on cellular mechanotransduction.
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15
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Importance of Matrix Cues on Intervertebral Disc Development, Degeneration, and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136915. [PMID: 35805921 PMCID: PMC9266338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Back pain is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and is frequently caused by degeneration of the intervertebral discs. The discs’ development, homeostasis, and degeneration are driven by a complex series of biochemical and physical extracellular matrix cues produced by and transmitted to native cells. Thus, understanding the roles of different cues is essential for designing effective cellular and regenerative therapies. Omics technologies have helped identify many new matrix cues; however, comparatively few matrix molecules have thus far been incorporated into tissue engineered models. These include collagen type I and type II, laminins, glycosaminoglycans, and their biomimetic analogues. Modern biofabrication techniques, such as 3D bioprinting, are also enabling the spatial patterning of matrix molecules and growth factors to direct regional effects. These techniques should now be applied to biochemically, physically, and structurally relevant disc models incorporating disc and stem cells to investigate the drivers of healthy cell phenotype and differentiation. Such research will inform the development of efficacious regenerative therapies and improved clinical outcomes.
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16
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Hu M, Ling Z, Ren X. Extracellular matrix dynamics: tracking in biological systems and their implications. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:13. [PMID: 35637526 PMCID: PMC9153193 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes the main acellular microenvironment of cells in almost all tissues and organs. The ECM not only provides mechanical support, but also mediates numerous biochemical interactions to guide cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Thus, better understanding the everchanging temporal and spatial shifts in ECM composition and structure - the ECM dynamics - will provide fundamental insight regarding extracellular regulation of tissue homeostasis and how tissue states transition from one to another during diverse pathophysiological processes. This review outlines the mechanisms mediating ECM-cell interactions and highlights how changes in the ECM modulate tissue development and disease progression, using the lung as the primary model organ. We then discuss existing methodologies for revealing ECM compositional dynamics, with a particular focus on tracking newly synthesized ECM proteins. Finally, we discuss the ramifications ECM dynamics have on tissue engineering and how to implement spatial and temporal specific extracellular microenvironments into bioengineered tissues. Overall, this review communicates the current capabilities for studying native ECM dynamics and delineates new research directions in discovering and implementing ECM dynamics to push the frontier forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zihan Ling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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17
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Babayekhorasani F, Hosseini M, Spicer PT. Molecular and Colloidal Transport in Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2404-2414. [PMID: 35544686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose biofilms are complex networks of strong interwoven nanofibers that control transport and protect bacterial colonies in the film. The design of diverse applications of these bacterial cellulose films also relies on understanding and controlling transport through the fiber mesh, and transport simulations of the films are most accurate when guided by experimental characterization of the structures and the resultant diffusion inside. Diffusion through such films is a function of their key microstructural length scales, determining how molecules, as well as particles and microorganisms, permeate them. We use microscopy to study the unique bacterial cellulose film via its pore structure and quantify the mobility dynamics of various sizes of tracer particles and macromolecules. Mobility is hindered within the films, as confinement and local movement strongly depend on the void size relative to diffusing tracers. The biofilms have a naturally periodic structure of alternating dense and porous layers of nanofiber mesh, and we tune the magnitude of the spacing via fermentation conditions. Micron-sized particles can diffuse through the porous layers but cannot penetrate the dense layers. Tracer mobility in the porous layers is isotropic, indicating a largely random pore structure there. Molecular diffusion through the whole film is only slightly reduced by the structural tortuosity. Knowledge of transport variations within bacterial cellulose networks can be used to guide the design of symbiotic cultures in these structures and enhance their use in applications like biomedical implants, wound dressings, lab-grown meat, clothing textiles, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Patrick T Spicer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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18
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Qazi TH, Blatchley MR, Davidson MD, Yavitt FM, Cooke ME, Anseth KS, Burdick JA. Programming hydrogels to probe spatiotemporal cell biology. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:678-691. [PMID: 35413278 PMCID: PMC9081204 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recapitulation of complex microenvironments that regulate cell behavior during development, disease, and wound healing is key to understanding fundamental biological processes. In vitro, multicellular morphogenesis, organoid maturation, and disease modeling have traditionally been studied using either non-physiological 2D substrates or 3D biological matrices, neither of which replicate the spatiotemporal biochemical and biophysical complexity of biology. Here, we provide a guided overview of the recent advances in the programming of synthetic hydrogels that offer precise control over the spatiotemporal properties within cellular microenvironments, such as advances in the control of cell-driven remodeling, bioprinting, or user-defined manipulation of properties (e.g., via light irradiation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor H Qazi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Blatchley
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Matthew D Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - F Max Yavitt
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Megan E Cooke
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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19
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Wang Z, Le H, Wang Y, Liu H, Li Z, Yang X, Wang C, Ding J, Chen X. Instructive cartilage regeneration modalities with advanced therapeutic implantations under abnormal conditions. Bioact Mater 2022; 11:317-338. [PMID: 34977434 PMCID: PMC8671106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of interdisciplinary biomedical engineering brings significant breakthroughs to the field of cartilage regeneration. However, cartilage defects are considerably more complicated in clinical conditions, especially when injuries occur at specific sites (e.g., osteochondral tissue, growth plate, and weight-bearing area) or under inflammatory microenvironments (e.g., osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis). Therapeutic implantations, including advanced scaffolds, developed growth factors, and various cells alone or in combination currently used to treat cartilage lesions, address cartilage regeneration under abnormal conditions. This review summarizes the strategies for cartilage regeneration at particular sites and pathological microenvironment regulation and discusses the challenges and opportunities for clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghan Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruct Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, PR China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Hanxiang Le
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Zuhao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruct Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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20
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Long H, Vos BE, Betz T, Baker BM, Trappmann B. Nonswelling and Hydrolytically Stable Hydrogels Uncover Cellular Mechanosensing in 3D. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105325. [PMID: 35187856 PMCID: PMC9036035 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While matrix stiffness regulates cell behavior on 2D substrates, recent studies using synthetic hydrogels have suggested that in 3D environments, cell behavior is primarily impacted by matrix degradability, independent of stiffness. However, these studies did not consider the potential impact of other confounding matrix parameters that typically covary with changes in stiffness, particularly, hydrogel swelling and hydrolytic stability, which may explain the previously observed distinctions in cell response in 2D versus 3D settings. To investigate how cells sense matrix stiffness in 3D environments, a nonswelling, hydrolytically stable, linearly elastic synthetic hydrogel model is developed in which matrix stiffness and degradability can be tuned independently. It is found that matrix degradability regulates cell spreading kinetics, while matrix stiffness dictates the final spread area once cells achieve equilibrium spreading. Importantly, the differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells toward adipocytes or osteoblasts is regulated by the spread state of progenitor cells upon initiating differentiation. These studies uncover matrix stiffness as a major regulator of cell function not just in 2D, but also in 3D environments, and identify matrix degradability as a critical microenvironmental feature in 3D that in conjunction with matrix stiffness dictates cell spreading, cytoskeletal state, and stem cell differentiation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Long
- Bioactive Materials LaboratoryMax Planck Institute for Molecular BiomedicineRöntgenstraße 20Münster48149Germany
| | - Bart E. Vos
- Third Institute of Physics – BiophysicsGeorg August University GöttingenGöttingen37077Germany
| | - Timo Betz
- Third Institute of Physics – BiophysicsGeorg August University GöttingenGöttingen37077Germany
| | - Brendon M. Baker
- Engineered Microenvironments and Mechanobiology LabDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Britta Trappmann
- Bioactive Materials LaboratoryMax Planck Institute for Molecular BiomedicineRöntgenstraße 20Münster48149Germany
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21
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Wiley KL, Sutherland BP, Ogunnaike BA, Kloxin AM. Rational Design of Hydrogel Networks with Dynamic Mechanical Properties to Mimic Matrix Remodeling. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101947. [PMID: 34936227 PMCID: PMC8986572 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Engineered hydrogels are increasingly used as extracellular matrix (ECM) surrogates for probing cell function in response to ECM remodeling events related to injury or disease (e.g., degradation followed by deposition/crosslinking). Inspired by these events, this work establishes an approach for pseudo-reversible mechanical property modulation in synthetic hydrogels by integrating orthogonal, enzymatically triggered crosslink degradation, and light-triggered photopolymerization stiffening. Hydrogels are formed by a photo-initiated thiol-ene reaction between multiarm polyethylene glycol and a dually enzymatically degradable peptide linker, which incorporates a thrombin-degradable sequence for triggered softening and a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable sequence for cell-driven remodeling. Hydrogels are stiffened by photopolymerization using a flexible, MMP-degradable polymer-peptide conjugate and multiarm macromers, increasing the synthetic matrix crosslink density while retaining degradability. Integration of these tools enables sequential softening and stiffening inspired by matrix remodeling events within loose connective tissues (Young's modulus (E) ≈5 to 1.5 to 6 kPa with >3x ΔE). The cytocompatibility and utility of this approach is examined with breast cancer cells, where cell proliferation shows a dependence on the timing of triggered softening. This work provides innovative tools for 3D dynamic property modulation that are synthetically accessible and cell compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Wiley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Bryan P. Sutherland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Babatunde A. Ogunnaike
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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22
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Chen JWE, Leary S, Barnhouse V, Sarkaria JN, Harley BA. Matrix Hyaluronic Acid and Hypoxia Influence a CD133 + Subset of Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:330-340. [PMID: 34435883 PMCID: PMC9057908 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) displays diffusive invasion throughout the brain microenvironment, which is partially responsible for its short median survival rate (<15 months). Stem-like subpopulations (GBM stem-like cells, GSCs) are believed to play a central role in therapeutic resistance and poor patient prognosis. Given the extensive tissue remodeling and processes such as vessel co-option and regression that occur in the tumor microenvironment, it is essential to understand the role of metabolic constraint such as hypoxia on GBM cell populations. This work describes the use of a multidimensional gelatin hydrogel to culture patient-derived GBM cells, to evaluate the influence of hypoxia and the inclusion brain-mimetic hyaluronic acid on the relative activity of GSCs versus overall GBM cells. Notably, CD133+ GBM cell fraction is crucial for robust formation of tumor spheroids in multidimensional cultures. In addition, while the relative size of the CD133+ GBM subpopulation increased in response to both hypoxia and matrix-bound hyaluronan, we did not observe cell subtype-specific changes in invasion signaling pathway activation. Taken together, this study highlights the potential of biomimetic culture systems for resolving changes in the population dynamics and behavior of subsets of GBM specimens for the future development of precision medicine applications. Impact Statement This study describes a gelatin hydrogel platform to investigate the role of extracellular hyaluronic acid and hypoxia on the behavior of a CD133+ subset of cells within patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) specimens. We report that the relative expansion of the CD133+ GBM stem cell-like population is strongly responsive to extracellular cues, highlighting the significance of biomimetic hydrogel models of the tumor microenvironment to investigate invasion and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Wei Emily Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Leary
- Department of Chemistry, and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Victoria Barnhouse
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brendan A.C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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23
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Metabolic labeling of secreted matrix to investigate cell-material interactions in tissue engineering and mechanobiology. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:618-648. [PMID: 35140408 PMCID: PMC8985381 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Re-creating features of the native extracellular matrix (ECM) with engineered biomaterials has become a valuable tool to probe the influence of ECM properties on cellular functions (e.g., differentiation) and toward the engineering of tissues. However, characterization of newly secreted (nascent) matrix and turnover, which are important in the context of cells interacting with these biomaterials, has been limited by a lack of tools. We developed a protocol to visualize and quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of newly synthesized and deposited matrix by cells that are either cultured atop (2D) or embedded within (3D) biomaterial systems (e.g., hydrogels, fibrous matrices). This technique relies on the incorporation of a noncanonical amino acid (azidohomoalanine) into proteins as they are synthesized. Deposited nascent ECM components are then visualized with fluorescent cyclooctynes via copper-free cycloaddition for spatiotemporal analysis or modified with cleavable biotin probes for identification. Here we describe the preparation of hyaluronic acid hydrogels through ultraviolet or visible light induced cross-linking for 2D and 3D cell culture, as well as the fluorescent labeling of nascent ECM deposited by cells during culture. We also provide protocols for secondary immunofluorescence of specific ECM components and ImageJ-based ECM quantification methods. Hyaluronic acid polymer synthesis takes 2 weeks to complete, and hydrogel formation for 2D or 3D cell culture is performed in 2-3 h. Lastly, we detail the identification of nascent proteins, including enrichment, preparation and analysis with mass spectrometry, which can be completed in 10 d.
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24
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Zambuto SG, Rattila S, Dveksler G, Harley BAC. Effects of Pregnancy-Specific Glycoproteins on Trophoblast Motility in Three-Dimensional Gelatin Hydrogels. Cell Mol Bioeng 2022; 15:175-191. [PMID: 35401843 PMCID: PMC8938592 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trophoblast invasion is a complex biological process necessary for establishment of pregnancy; however, much remains unknown regarding what signaling factors coordinate the extent of invasion. Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are some of the most abundant circulating trophoblastic proteins in maternal blood during human pregnancy, with maternal serum concentrations rising to as high as 200-400 μg/mL at term. Methods Here, we employ three-dimensional (3D) trophoblast motility assays consisting of trophoblast spheroids encapsulated in 3D gelatin hydrogels to quantify trophoblast outgrowth area, viability, and cytotoxicity in the presence of PSG1 and PSG9 as well as epidermal growth factor and Nodal. Results We show PSG9 reduces trophoblast motility whereas PSG1 increases motility. Further, we assess bulk nascent protein production by encapsulated spheroids to highlight the potential of this approach to assess trophoblast response (motility, remodeling) to soluble factors and extracellular matrix cues. Conclusions Such models provide an important platform to develop a deeper understanding of early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G. Zambuto
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Shemona Rattila
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Gabriela Dveksler
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Brendan A. C. Harley
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 110 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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25
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Muntz I, Fenu M, van Osch GJVM, Koenderink G. The role of cell-matrix interactions in connective tissue mechanics. Phys Biol 2021; 19. [PMID: 34902848 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac42b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Living tissue is able to withstand large stresses in everyday life, yet it also actively adapts to dynamic loads. This remarkable mechanical behaviour emerges from the interplay between living cells and their non-living extracellular environment. Here we review recent insights into the biophysical mechanisms involved in the reciprocal interplay between cells and the extracellular matrix and how this interplay determines tissue mechanics, with a focus on connective tissues. We first describe the roles of the main macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix in regards to tissue mechanics. We then proceed to highlight the main routes via which cells sense and respond to their biochemical and mechanical extracellular environment. Next we introduce the three main routes via which cells can modify their extracellular environment: exertion of contractile forces, secretion and deposition of matrix components, and matrix degradation. Finally we discuss how recent insights in the mechanobiology of cell-matrix interactions are furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of connective tissue diseases and cancer, and facilitating the design of novel strategies for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Muntz
- Bionanoscience, TU Delft, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, Zuid-Holland, 2629 HC, NETHERLANDS
| | - Michele Fenu
- Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, 3000 CA, NETHERLANDS
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Orthopaedics; Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, 3000 CA, NETHERLANDS
| | - Gijsje Koenderink
- Bionanoscience, TU Delft, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, Zuid-Holland, 2629 HZ, NETHERLANDS
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26
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Galarraga JH, Locke RC, Witherel CE, Stoeckl BD, Castilho M, Mauck RL, Malda J, Levato R, Burdick JA. Fabrication of MSC-laden composites of hyaluronic acid hydrogels reinforced with MEW scaffolds for cartilage repair. Biofabrication 2021; 14. [PMID: 34788748 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac3acb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are of interest in cartilage tissue engineering due to their ability to support the encapsulation and chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). However, features such as hydrogel crosslink density, which can influence nutrient transport, nascent matrix distribution, and the stability of constructs during and after implantation must be considered in hydrogel design. Here, we first demonstrate that more loosely crosslinked (i.e. softer, ∼2 kPa) norbornene-modified hyaluronic acid (NorHA) hydrogels support enhanced cartilage formation and maturation when compared to more densely crosslinked (i.e. stiffer, ∼6-60 kPa) hydrogels, with a >100-fold increase in compressive modulus after 56 d of culture. While soft NorHA hydrogels mature into neocartilage suitable for the repair of articular cartilage, their initial moduli are too low for handling and they do not exhibit the requisite stability needed to withstand the loading environments of articulating joints. To address this, we reinforced NorHA hydrogels with polycaprolactone (PCL) microfibers produced via melt-electrowriting (MEW). Importantly, composites fabricated with MEW meshes of 400µm spacing increased the moduli of soft NorHA hydrogels by ∼50-fold while preserving the chondrogenic potential of the hydrogels. There were minimal differences in chondrogenic gene expression and biochemical content (e.g. DNA, GAG, collagen) between hydrogels alone and composites, whereas the composites increased in compressive modulus to ∼350 kPa after 56 d of culture. Lastly, integration of composites with native tissue was assessedex vivo; MSC-laden composites implanted after 28 d of pre-culture exhibited increased integration strengths and contact areas compared to acellular composites. This approach has great potential towards the design of cell-laden implants that possess both initial mechanical integrity and the ability to support neocartilage formation and integration for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Galarraga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ryan C Locke
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Claire E Witherel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Brendan D Stoeckl
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center-Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert L Mauck
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center-Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center-Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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27
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Fryhofer GW, Zlotnick HM, Stoeckl BD, Farrell MJ, Steinberg DR, Mauck RL. Fabrication and maturation of integrated biphasic anatomic mesenchymal stromal cell-laden composite scaffolds for osteochondral repair and joint resurfacing. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2323-2332. [PMID: 33368606 PMCID: PMC8222412 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury can lead to joint-wide erosion and the early onset of osteoarthritis. To address this, we recently developed a rapid fabrication method to produce patient-specific engineered cartilage tissues to replace an entire articular surface. Here, we extended that work by coupling a mesenchymal stromal cell-laden hydrogel (methacrylated hyaluronic acid) with the porous polycaprolactone (PCL) bone integrating phase and assessed the composition and mechanical performance of these constructs over time. To improve initial construct stability, PCL/hydrogel interface parameters were first optimized by varying PCL pretreatment (with sodium hydroxide before ethanol) before hydrogel infusion. Next, cylindrical osteochondral constructs were formed and cultured in media containing transforming growth factor β3 for up to 8 weeks, with constructs evaluated for viability, histological features, and biochemical content. Mechanical properties were also assessed in axial compression and via an interface shear strength assay. Results showed that the fabrication process was compatible with cell viability, and that construct biochemical content and mechanical properties increased with time. Interestingly, compressive properties peaked at 5 weeks, while interfacial shear properties continued to improve beyond this time point. Finally, these fabrication methods were combined with a custom mold developed from limb-specific computed tomography imaging data to create an anatomic implantable cell-seeded biologic joint surface, which showedmaturation similar to the osteochondral cylinders. Future work will apply these advances in large animal models of critically sized osteochondral defects to study repair and whole joint resurfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Fryhofer
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Zlotnick
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brendan D. Stoeckl
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan J. Farrell
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R. Steinberg
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Madl AC, Myung D. Supramolecular Host-Guest Hydrogels for Corneal Regeneration. Gels 2021; 7:163. [PMID: 34698163 PMCID: PMC8544529 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 6.2 million people worldwide suffer from moderate to severe vision loss due to corneal disease. While transplantation with allogenic donor tissue is sight-restoring for many patients with corneal blindness, this treatment modality is limited by long waiting lists and high rejection rates, particularly in patients with severe tissue damage and ocular surface pathologies. Hydrogel biomaterials represent a promising alternative to donor tissue for scalable, nonimmunogenic corneal reconstruction. However, implanted hydrogel materials require invasive surgeries and do not precisely conform to tissue defects, increasing the risk of patient discomfort, infection, and visual distortions. Moreover, most hydrogel crosslinking chemistries for the in situ formation of hydrogels exhibit off-target effects such as cross-reactivity with biological structures and/or result in extractable solutes that can have an impact on wound-healing and inflammation. To address the need for cytocompatible, minimally invasive, injectable tissue substitutes, host-guest interactions have emerged as an important crosslinking strategy. This review provides an overview of host-guest hydrogels as injectable therapeutics and highlights the potential application of host-guest interactions in the design of corneal stromal tissue substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Madl
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - David Myung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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29
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Matera DL, Lee AT, Hiraki HL, Baker BM. The Role of Rho GTPases During Fibroblast Spreading, Migration, and Myofibroblast Differentiation in 3D Synthetic Fibrous Matrices. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:381-396. [PMID: 34777599 PMCID: PMC8548490 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Connective tissue repair and mechanosensing are tightly entwined in vivo and occur within a complex three-dimensional (3D), fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically driven by activated fibroblasts, wound repair involves well-defined steps of cell spreading, migration, proliferation, and fibrous ECM deposition. While the role of Rho GTPases in regulating these processes has been explored extensively in two-dimensional cell culture models, much less is known about their role in more physiologic, 3D environments. METHODS We employed a 3D, fibrous and protease-sensitive hydrogel model of interstitial ECM to study the interplay between Rho GTPases and fibrous matrix cues in fibroblasts during wound healing. RESULTS Modulating fiber density within protease-sensitive hydrogels, we confirmed previous findings that heightened fiber density promotes fibroblast spreading and proliferation. The presence of matrix fibers furthermore corresponded to increased cell migration speeds and macroscopic hydrogel contraction arising from fibroblast generated forces. During fibroblast spreading, Rac1 and RhoA GTPase activity proved crucial for fiber-mediated cell spreading and contact guidance along matrix fibers, while Cdc42 was dispensable. In contrast, interplay between RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 contributed to fiber-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and matrix contraction over longer time scales. CONCLUSION These observations may provide insights into tissue repair processes in vivo and motivate the incorporation of cell-adhesive fibers within synthetic hydrogels for material-guided wound repair strategies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00698-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Matera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Alexander T. Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Harrison L. Hiraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Brendon M. Baker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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30
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Vernerey FJ, Lalitha Sridhar S, Muralidharan A, Bryant SJ. Mechanics of 3D Cell-Hydrogel Interactions: Experiments, Models, and Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11085-11148. [PMID: 34473466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are highly water-swollen molecular networks that are ideal platforms to create tissue mimetics owing to their vast and tunable properties. As such, hydrogels are promising cell-delivery vehicles for applications in tissue engineering and have also emerged as an important base for ex vivo models to study healthy and pathophysiological events in a carefully controlled three-dimensional environment. Cells are readily encapsulated in hydrogels resulting in a plethora of biochemical and mechanical communication mechanisms, which recapitulates the natural cell and extracellular matrix interaction in tissues. These interactions are complex, with multiple events that are invariably coupled and spanning multiple length and time scales. To study and identify the underlying mechanisms involved, an integrated experimental and computational approach is ideally needed. This review discusses the state of our knowledge on cell-hydrogel interactions, with a focus on mechanics and transport, and in this context, highlights recent advancements in experiments, mathematical and computational modeling. The review begins with a background on the thermodynamics and physics fundamentals that govern hydrogel mechanics and transport. The review focuses on two main classes of hydrogels, described as semiflexible polymer networks that represent physically cross-linked fibrous hydrogels and flexible polymer networks representing the chemically cross-linked synthetic and natural hydrogels. In this review, we highlight five main cell-hydrogel interactions that involve key cellular functions related to communication, mechanosensing, migration, growth, and tissue deposition and elaboration. For each of these cellular functions, recent experiments and the most up to date modeling strategies are discussed and then followed by a summary of how to tune hydrogel properties to achieve a desired functional cellular outcome. We conclude with a summary linking these advancements and make the case for the need to integrate experiments and modeling to advance our fundamental understanding of cell-matrix interactions that will ultimately help identify new therapeutic approaches and enable successful tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck J Vernerey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-613, United States
| | - Shankar Lalitha Sridhar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Archish Muralidharan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-613, United States
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-613, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
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31
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Maciej-Hulme ML, Dubaissi E, Shao C, Zaia J, Amaya E, Flitsch SL, Merry CLR. Selective Inhibition of Heparan Sulphate and Not Chondroitin Sulphate Biosynthesis by a Small, Soluble Competitive Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136988. [PMID: 34209670 PMCID: PMC8269443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan, heparan sulphate (HS), orchestrates many developmental processes. Yet its biological role has not yet fully been elucidated. Small molecule chemical inhibitors can be used to perturb HS function and these compounds provide cheap alternatives to genetic manipulation methods. However, existing chemical inhibition methods for HS also interfere with chondroitin sulphate (CS), complicating data interpretation of HS function. Herein, a simple method for the selective inhibition of HS biosynthesis is described. Using endogenous metabolic sugar pathways, Ac4GalNAz produces UDP-GlcNAz, which can target HS synthesis. Cell treatment with Ac4GalNAz resulted in defective chain elongation of the polymer and decreased HS expression. Conversely, no adverse effect on CS production was observed. The inhibition was transient and dose-dependent, affording rescue of HS expression after removal of the unnatural azido sugar. The utility of inhibition is demonstrated in cell culture and in whole organisms, demonstrating that this small molecule can be used as a tool for HS inhibition in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L. Maciej-Hulme
- Materials Science Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor St., Manchester M1 7HS, UK
- Correspondence: (M.L.M.-H.); (C.L.R.M.)
| | - Eamon Dubaissi
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Chun Shao
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK;
| | - Catherine L. R. Merry
- Materials Science Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor St., Manchester M1 7HS, UK
- Correspondence: (M.L.M.-H.); (C.L.R.M.)
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32
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Norman MDA, Ferreira SA, Jowett GM, Bozec L, Gentleman E. Measuring the elastic modulus of soft culture surfaces and three-dimensional hydrogels using atomic force microscopy. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:2418-2449. [PMID: 33854255 PMCID: PMC7615740 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Growing interest in exploring mechanically mediated biological phenomena has resulted in cell culture substrates and 3D matrices with variable stiffnesses becoming standard tools in biology labs. However, correlating stiffness with biological outcomes and comparing results between research groups is hampered by variability in the methods used to determine Young's (elastic) modulus, E, and by the inaccessibility of relevant mechanical engineering protocols to most biology labs. Here, we describe a protocol for measuring E of soft 2D surfaces and 3D hydrogels using atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy. We provide instructions for preparing hydrogels with and without encapsulated live cells, and provide a method for mounting samples within the AFM. We also provide details on how to calibrate the instrument, and give step-by-step instructions for collecting force-displacement curves in both manual and automatic modes (stiffness mapping). We then provide details on how to apply either the Hertz or the Oliver-Pharr model to calculate E, and give additional instructions to aid the user in plotting data distributions and carrying out statistical analyses. We also provide instructions for inferring differential matrix remodeling activity in hydrogels containing encapsulated single cells or organoids. Our protocol is suitable for probing a range of synthetic and naturally derived polymeric hydrogels such as polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, hyaluronic acid, collagen, or Matrigel. Although sample preparation timings will vary, a user with introductory training to AFM will be able to use this protocol to characterize the mechanical properties of two to six soft surfaces or 3D hydrogels in a single day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. A. Norman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Silvia A. Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Geraldine M. Jowett
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, London WC1H 0AH, UK
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Realizing tissue integration with supramolecular hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2021; 124:1-14. [PMID: 33508507 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial matrices must permit tissue growth and maturation for the success of tissue regeneration strategies. Naturally, this accommodation is achieved via the dynamic remodeling of a cell's extracellular matrix (ECM). Synthetically, hydrolytic or enzymatic degradation are often engineered into materials for this purpose. More recently, supramolecular interactions have been used to provide a biomimetic and tunable mechanism to facilitate tissue formation via their dynamic and reversible non-covalent interactions. By engineering the mechanical and bioactive properties of a material, supramolecular chemists are able to design permissivity into the construct and facilitate tissue integration in-vivo. Furthermore, via the reversibility of non-covalent interactions, injectability and responsiveness can be designed for enhanced delivery and spatio-temporal control. In this review, we delineate the basic considerations needed when designing permissive supramolecular hydrogels for tissue engineering with an eye toward tissue growth and integration. We highlight three archetypal hydrogel systems that have shown well-documented tissue integration in vivo, and provide avenues to assess tissue in-growth. Careful design and assessment of the biomedical potential of a supramolecular hydrogels can inspire the creation of robust and dynamic implants for new tissue engineering applications.
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Cosgrove BD, Loebel C, Driscoll TP, Tsinman TK, Dai EN, Heo SJ, Dyment NA, Burdick JA, Mauck RL. Nuclear envelope wrinkling predicts mesenchymal progenitor cell mechano-response in 2D and 3D microenvironments. Biomaterials 2021; 270:120662. [PMID: 33540172 PMCID: PMC7936657 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous mechanical cues are transmitted from the extracellular matrix to the nuclear envelope (NE), where mechanical stress on the NE mediates shuttling of transcription factors and other signaling cascades that dictate downstream cellular behavior and fate decisions. To systematically study how nuclear morphology can change across various physiologic microenvironmental contexts, we cultured mesenchymal progenitor cells (MSCs) in engineered 2D and 3D hyaluronic acid hydrogel systems. Across multiple contexts we observed highly 'wrinkled' nuclear envelopes, and subsequently developed a quantitative single-cell imaging metric to better evaluate how wrinkles in the nuclear envelope relate to progenitor cell mechanotransduction. We determined that in soft 2D environments the NE is predominately wrinkled, and that increases in cellular mechanosensing (indicated by cellular spreading, adhesion complex growth, and nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ) occurred only in absence of nuclear envelope wrinkling. Conversely, in 3D hydrogel and tissue contexts, we found NE wrinkling occurred along with increased YAP/TAZ nuclear localization. We further determined that these NE wrinkles in 3D were largely generated by actin impingement, and compared to other nuclear morphometrics, the degree of nuclear wrinkling showed the greatest correlation with nuclear YAP/TAZ localization. These findings suggest that the degree of nuclear envelope wrinkling can predict mechanotransduction state in mesenchymal progenitor cells and highlights the differential mechanisms of NE stress generation operative in 2D and 3D microenvironmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Cosgrove
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tristan P Driscoll
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tonia K Tsinman
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eric N Dai
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Su-Jin Heo
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Narasimhan BN, Ting MS, Kollmetz T, Horrocks MS, Chalard AE, Malmström J. Mechanical Characterization for Cellular Mechanobiology: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:595978. [PMID: 33282852 PMCID: PMC7689259 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.595978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate mechanical characterization of adherent cells and their substrates is important for understanding the influence of mechanical properties on cells themselves. Recent mechanobiology studies outline the importance of mechanical parameters, such as stress relaxation and strain stiffening on the behavior of cells. Numerous techniques exist for probing mechanical properties and it is vital to understand the benefits of each technique and how they relate to each other. This mini review aims to guide the reader through the toolbox of mechanical characterization techniques by presenting well-established and emerging methods currently used to assess mechanical properties of substrates and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Narayanan Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew S. Ting
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tarek Kollmetz
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew S. Horrocks
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anaïs E. Chalard
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Malmström
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
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Ziadlou R, Rotman S, Teuschl A, Salzer E, Barbero A, Martin I, Alini M, Eglin D, Grad S. Optimization of hyaluronic acid-tyramine/silk-fibroin composite hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering and delivery of anti-inflammatory and anabolic drugs. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 120:111701. [PMID: 33545860 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Injury of articular cartilage leads to an imbalance in tissue homeostasis, and due to the poor self-healing capacity of cartilage the affected tissue often exhibits osteoarthritic changes. In recent years, injectable and highly tunable composite hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering and drug delivery have been introduced as a desirable alternative to invasive treatments. In this study, we aimed to formulate injectable hydrogels for drug delivery and cartilage tissue engineering by combining different concentrations of hyaluronic acid-tyramine (HA-Tyr) with regenerated silk-fibroin (SF) solutions. Upon enzymatic crosslinking, the gelation and mechanical properties were characterized over time. To evaluate the effect of the hydrogel compositions and properties on extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, bovine chondrocytes were embedded in enzymatically crosslinked HA-Tyr/SF composites (in further work abbreviated as HA/SF) or HA-Tyr hydrogels. We demonstrated that all hydrogel formulations were cytocompatible and could promote the expression of cartilage matrix proteins allowing chondrocytes to produce ECM, while the most prominent chondrogenic effects were observed in hydrogels with HA20/SF80 polymeric ratios. Unconfined mechanical testing showed that the compressive modulus for HA20/SF80 chondrocyte-laden constructs was increased almost 10-fold over 28 days of culture in chondrogenic medium which confirmed the superior production of ECM in this hydrogel compared to other hydrogels in this study. Furthermore, in hydrogels loaded with anabolic and anti-inflammatory drugs, HA20/SF80 hydrogel showed the longest and the most sustained release profile over time which is desirable for the long treatment duration typically necessary for osteoarthritic joints. In conclusion, HA20/SF80 hydrogel was successfully established as a suitable injectable biomaterial for cartilage tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihane Ziadlou
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz 7270, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
| | - Stijn Rotman
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz 7270, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Teuschl
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elias Salzer
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz 7270, Switzerland
| | - David Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz 7270, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz 7270, Switzerland; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
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37
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Locke RC, Ford EM, Silbernagel KG, Kloxin AM, Killian ML. Success Criteria and Preclinical Testing of Multifunctional Hydrogels for Tendon Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:506-518. [PMID: 32988293 PMCID: PMC7869878 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries are difficult to heal, in part, because intrinsic tendon healing, which is dominated by scar tissue formation, does not effectively regenerate the native structure and function of healthy tendon. Further, many current treatment strategies also fall short of producing regenerated tendon with the native properties of healthy tendon. There is increasing interest in the use of cell-instructive strategies to limit the intrinsic fibrotic response following injury and improve the regenerative capacity of tendon in vivo. We have established multifunctional, cell-instructive hydrogels for treating injured tendon that afford tunable control over the biomechanical, biochemical, and structural properties of the cell microenvironment. Specifically, we incorporated integrin-binding domains (RGDS) and assembled multifunctional collagen mimetic peptides that enable cell adhesion and elongation of stem cells within synthetic hydrogels of designed biomechanical properties and evaluated these materials using targeted success criteria developed for testing in mechanically demanding environments such as tendon healing. The in vitro and in situ success criteria were determined based on systematic reviews of the most commonly reported outcome measures of hydrogels for tendon repair and established standards for testing of biomaterials. We then showed, using validation experiments, that multifunctional and synthetic hydrogels meet these criteria. Specifically, these hydrogels have mechanical properties comparable to developing tendon; are noncytotoxic both in two-dimensional bolus exposure (hydrogel components) and three-dimensional encapsulation (full hydrogel); are formed, retained, and visualized within tendon defects over time (2-weeks); and provide mechanical support to tendon defects at the time of in situ gel crosslinking. Ultimately, the in vitro and in situ success criteria evaluated in this study were designed for preclinical research to rigorously test the potential to achieve successful tendon repair before in vivo testing and indicate the promise of multifunctional and synthetic hydrogels for continued translation. Impact statement Tendon healing results in a weak scar that forms due to poor cell-mediated repair of the injured tissue. Treatments that tailor the instructions experienced by cells during healing afford opportunities to regenerate the healthy tendon. Engineered cell-instructive cues, including the biomechanical, biochemical, and structural properties of the cell microenvironment, within multifunctional synthetic hydrogels are promising therapeutic strategies for tissue regeneration. In this article, the preclinical efficacy of multifunctional synthetic hydrogels for tendon repair is tested against rigorous in vitro and in situ success criteria. This study indicates the promise for continued preclinical translation of synthetic hydrogels for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Locke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Eden M. Ford
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Megan L. Killian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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38
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Daviran M, Catalano J, Schultz KM. Determining How Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Change Their Degradation Strategy in Response to Microenvironmental Stiffness. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3056-3068. [PMID: 32559386 PMCID: PMC7429327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During the wound healing process, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are recruited to the injury where they regulate inflammation and initiate healing and tissue regeneration. To aid in healing, synthetic cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds are being designed to deliver additional hMSCs to wounds to enhance or restart the healing process. These scaffolds are being designed to mimic native tissue environments, which include physical cues, such as scaffold stiffness. In this work, we focus on how the initial scaffold stiffness hMSCs are encapsulated in changes cell-mediated remodeling and degradation and motility. To do this, we encapsulate hMSCs in a well-defined synthetic hydrogel scaffold that recapitulates aspects of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). We then characterize cell-mediated degradation in the pericellular region as a function of initial microenvironmental stiffness. Our hydrogel consists of a 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) end-functionalized with norbornene which is chemically cross-linked with a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) degradable peptide sequence. This peptide sequence is cleaved by hMSC-secreted MMPs. The hydrogel elastic modulus is varied from 80 to 2400 Pa by changing the concentration of the peptide cross-linker. We use multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT) to characterize the spatiotemporal cell-mediated degradation in the pericellular region. In MPT, fluorescently labeled particles are embedded in the material, and their Brownian motion is measured. We measure an increase in cell-mediated degradation and remodeling as the post-encapsulation time increases. MPT also measures changes in the degradation profile in the pericellular region as hydrogel stiffness is increased. We hypothesize that the change in the degradation profile is due to a change in the amount and type of molecules secreted by hMSCs. We also measure a significant decrease in cell speed as hydrogel stiffness increases due to the increased physical barrier that needs to be degraded to enable motility. These measurements increase our understanding of the rheological changes in the pericellular region in different physical microenvironments which could lead to better design of implantable biomaterials for cell delivery to wounded areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Daviran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Jenna Catalano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Kelly M Schultz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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Richardson BM, Walker CJ, Macdougall LJ, Hoye JW, Randolph MA, Bryant SJ, Anseth KS. Viscoelasticity of hydrazone crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels directs chondrocyte morphology during mechanical deformation. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3804-3811. [PMID: 32602512 PMCID: PMC8908465 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00860e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Chondrocyte deformation influences disease progression and tissue regeneration in load-bearing joints. In this work, we found that viscoelasticity of dynamic covalent crosslinks temporally modulates the biophysical transmission of physiologically relevant compressive strains to encapsulated chondrocytes. Chondrocytes in viscoelastic alky-hydrazone hydrogels demonstrated (91.4 ± 4.5%) recovery of native rounded morphologies during mechanical deformation, whereas primarily elastic benzyl-hydrazone hydrogels significantly limited morphological recovery (21.2 ± 1.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Richardson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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