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Akbarishandiz S, Khani S, Maia J. Adhesion dynamics of Janus nanocarriers to endothelial cells: A dissipative particle dynamics study. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:064408. [PMID: 39020963 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.064408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Janus nanocarriers (NCs) provide promising features in interfacial applications such as targeted drug delivery. Herein, we use dissipative particle dynamics simulations to study the adhesion dynamics of NCs with Janus ligand compositions to the endothelial cell as a function of a series of effects, such as the initial orientation, ligand density, shape, and size of Janus NCs. The Janus NCs, with its long axis parallel to the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) layer, has the best penetration depth due to its lower potential energy and the lowest shell entropy loss. Among different shapes of Janus NCs, both the potential energy and the EG entropy loss control the penetration. In fact, at the parallel orientations, Janus shapes with a robust mechanical strength and larger surface area at the EG/water interface can rotate and penetrate more efficiently. An increase in the ligand density of Janus NCs increases entropy losses of both the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic ligands and decreases the potential energy. Thus, for a specific Janus NCs, functionalizing with an appropriate ligand density would help driving forces prevail over barriers of penetration into the EG layer. For a particular ligand density, once the radius of the Janus NCs exceeds the appropriate size, barriers such as hydrophobic ligands and shell entropy losses are also reinforced significantly and surpass driving forces. Our observations reveal that entropy losses for hydrophobic ligands of Janus NCs and for the shell of NCs are decisive for the adhesion and penetration of Janus NCs to endothelial cells.
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Steinmetz NF, Lim S, Sainsbury F. Protein cages and virus-like particles: from fundamental insight to biomimetic therapeutics. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:2771-2777. [PMID: 32352101 PMCID: PMC8085892 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages (viral and non-viral) found in nature have evolved for a variety of purposes and are found in all kingdoms of life. The main functions of these nanoscale compartments are the protection and delivery of nucleic acids e.g. virus capsids, or the enrichment and sequestration of metabolons e.g. bacterial microcompartments. This review focuses on recent developments of protein cages for use in immunotherapy and therapeutic delivery. In doing so, we highlight the unique ways in which protein cages have informed on fundamental principles governing bio-nano interactions. With the enormous existing design space among naturally occurring protein cages, there is still much to learn from studying them as biomimetic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sierin Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore and NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia. and Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Modica
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Yao Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
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Riccò R, Liang W, Li S, Gassensmith JJ, Caruso F, Doonan C, Falcaro P. Metal-Organic Frameworks for Cell and Virus Biology: A Perspective. ACS NANO 2018; 12:13-23. [PMID: 29309146 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of coordination polymers, consisting of metal ions or clusters linked together by chemically mutable organic groups. In contrast to zeolites and porous carbons, MOFs are constructed from a building block strategy that enables molecular level control of pore size/shape and functionality. An area of growing interest in MOF chemistry is the synthesis of MOF-based composite materials. Recent studies have shown that MOFs can be combined with biomacromolecules to generate novel biocomposites. In such materials, the MOF acts as a porous matrix that can encapsulate enzymes, oligonucleotides, or even more complex structures that are capable of replication/reproduction (i.e., viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells). The synthetic approach for the preparation of these materials has been termed "biomimetic mineralization", as it mimics natural biomineralization processes that afford protective shells around living systems. In this Perspective, we focus on the preparation of MOF biocomposites that are composed of complex biological moieties such as viruses and cells and canvass the potential applications of this encapsulation strategy to cell biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Riccò
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Weibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Shaobo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christian Doonan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Wen AM, Steinmetz NF. Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4074-126. [PMID: 27152673 PMCID: PMC5068136 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent developments in "chemical virology." Viruses, as materials, provide unique nanoscale scaffolds that have relevance in chemical biology and nanotechnology, with diverse areas of applications. Some fundamental advantages of viruses, compared to synthetically programmed materials, include the highly precise spatial arrangement of their subunits into a diverse array of shapes and sizes and many available avenues for easy and reproducible modification. Here, we will first survey the broad distribution of viruses and various methods for producing virus-based nanoparticles, as well as engineering principles used to impart new functionalities. We will then examine the broad range of applications and implications of virus-based materials, focusing on the medical, biotechnology, and energy sectors. We anticipate that this field will continue to evolve and grow, with exciting new possibilities stemming from advancements in the rational design of virus-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. and Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Ganguly R, Wen AM, Myer AB, Czech T, Sahu S, Steinmetz NF, Raman P. Anti-atherogenic effect of trivalent chromium-loaded CPMV nanoparticles in human aortic smooth muscle cells under hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6542-6554. [PMID: 26935414 PMCID: PMC5136293 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00398b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a major macrovascular complication associated with diabetes, poses a tremendous burden on national health care expenditure. Despite extensive efforts, cost-effective remedies are unknown. Therapies for atherosclerosis are challenged by a lack of targeted drug delivery approaches. Toward this goal, we turn to a biology-derived drug delivery system utilizing nanoparticles formed by the plant virus, Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). The aim herein is to investigate the anti-atherogenic potential of the beneficial mineral nutrient, trivalent chromium, loaded CPMV nanoparticles in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) under hyperglycemic conditions. A non-covalent loading protocol is established yielding CrCl3-loaded CPMV (CPMV-Cr) carrying 2000 drug molecules per particle. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we show that CPMV-Cr is readily taken up by HASMC in vitro. In glucose (25 mM)-stimulated cells, 100 nM CPMV-Cr inhibits HASMC proliferation concomitant to attenuated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, proliferation marker) expression. This is accompanied by attenuation in high glucose-induced phospho-p38 and pAkt expression. Moreover, CPMV-Cr inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), in glucose-stimulated HASMCs. Finally glucose-stimulated lipid uptake is remarkably abrogated by CPMV-Cr, revealed by Oil Red O staining. Together, these data provide key cellular evidence for an atheroprotective effect of CPMV-Cr in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) under hyperglycemic conditions that may promote novel therapeutic ventures for diabetic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Ganguly
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA. and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ashley B Myer
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA.
| | - Tori Czech
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA.
| | - Soumyadip Sahu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA. and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Department of Radiology, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Priya Raman
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA. and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Abstract
The VLPNPV 2014 Conference that was convened at the Salk institute was the second conference of its kind to focus on advances in production, purification, and delivery of virus-like particles (VLPs) and nanoparticles. Many exciting developments were reported and discussed in this interdisciplinary arena, but here we report specifically on the contributions of plant-based platforms to VLP vaccine technology as reported in the section of the conference devoted to the topic as well in additional presentations throughout the meeting. The increasing popularity of plant production platforms is due to their lower cost, scalability, and lack of contaminating animal pathogens seen with other systems. Reports include production of complex VLPs consisting of 4 proteins expressed at finely-tuned expression levels, a prime-boost strategy for HIV vaccination using plant-made VLPs and a live viral vector, and the characterization and development of plant viral nanoparticles for use in cancer vaccines, drug delivery, and bioimaging.
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Key Words
- Ab, antibody
- BPV, bovine papillomavirus
- BTV, Bluetongue virus
- CPMV, cowpea mosaic virus
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HBV, Hepatitis B virus
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (also called c-ErbB-2)
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HIV-1
- HT, HyperTrans
- Hepatitis B core antigen
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- MPR, membrane proximal region
- NPV, nano-particle vaccine
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PVX, potato virus X
- SNP, spherical nanoparticle
- TMV, tobacco mosaic virus
- UTR, untranslated region
- VLP, virus-like particle
- VNP, viral nanoparticle
- bluetongue virus
- c-Erbb-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)
- cowpea mosaic virus
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- live viral vectors
- potato virus X
- tobacco mosaic virus
- viral nanoparticles
- virus-like particles
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia R Meador
- a School of Life Sciences and The Biodesign Institute ; Arizona State University ; Tempe , AZ USA
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Shukla S, Steinmetz NF. Virus-based nanomaterials as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance contrast agents: from technology development to translational medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:708-21. [PMID: 25683790 PMCID: PMC4620044 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have recently emerged as ideal protein scaffolds for a new class of contrast agents that can be used in medical imaging procedures such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Whereas synthetic nanoparticles are difficult to produce as homogeneous formulations due to the inherently stochastic nature of the synthesis process, virus-based nanoparticles are genetically encoded and are therefore produced as homogeneous and monodisperse preparations with a high degree of quality control. Because the virus capsids have a defined chemical structure that has evolved to carry cargoes of nucleic acids, they can be modified to carry precisely defined cargoes of contrast agents and can be decorated with spatially defined contrast reagents on the internal or external surfaces. Viral nanoparticles can also be genetically programed or conjugated with targeting ligands to deliver contrast agents to specific cells, and the natural biocompatibility of viruses means that they are cleared rapidly from the body. Nanoparticles based on bacteriophages and plant viruses are safe for use in humans and can be produced inexpensively in large quantities as self-assembling recombinant proteins. Based on these considerations, a new generation of contrast agents has been developed using bacteriophages and plant viruses as scaffolds to carry positron-emitting radioisotopes such as [(18) F] fluorodeoxyglucose for PET imaging and iron oxide or Gd(3+) for MRI. Although challenges such as immunogenicity, loading efficiency, and regulatory compliance remain to be address, virus-based nanoparticles represent a promising new enabling technology for a new generation of highly biocompatible and biodegradable targeted imaging reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland OH 44106
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland OH 44106
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland OH 44106
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland OH 44106
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland OH 44106
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Wen AM, Podgornik R, Strangi G, Steinmetz NF. Photonics and plasmonics go viral: self-assembly of hierarchical metamaterials. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2015; 26:129-141. [PMID: 28713533 PMCID: PMC5509229 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-015-0396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sizing and shaping of mesoscale architectures with nanoscale features is a key opportunity to produce the next generation of higher-performing products and at the same time unveil completely new phenomena. This review article discusses recent advances in the design of novel photonic and plasmonic structures using a biology-inspired design. The proteinaceous capsids from viruses have long been discovered as platform technologies enabling unique applications in nanotechnology, materials, bioengineering, and medicine. In the context of materials applications, the highly organized structures formed by viral capsid proteins provide a 3D scaffold for the precise placement of plasmon and gain materials. Based on their highly symmetrical structures, virus-based nanoparticles have a high propensity to self-assemble into higher-order crystalline structures, yielding hierarchical hybrid materials. Recent advances in the field have led to the development of virus-based light harvesting systems, plasmonic structures for application in high-performance metamaterials, binary nanoparticle lattices, and liquid crystalline arrays for sensing or display technologies. There is still much that could be explored in this area, and we foresee that this is only the beginning of great technological advances in virus-based materials for plasmonics and photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Giuseppe Strangi
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Wen AM, Wang Y, Jiang K, Hsu GC, Gao H, Lee KL, Yang AC, Yu X, Simon DI, Steinmetz NF. Shaping bio-inspired nanotechnologies to target thrombosis for dual optical-magnetic resonance imaging. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6037-6045. [PMID: 26509036 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00879d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arterial and venous thrombosis are among the most common causes of death and hospitalization worldwide. Nanotechnology approaches hold great promise for molecular imaging and diagnosis as well as tissue-targeted delivery of therapeutics. In this study, we developed and investigated bioengineered nanoprobes for identifying thrombus formation; the design parameters of nanoparticle shape and surface chemistry, i.e. incorporation of fibrin-binding peptides CREKA and GPRPP, were investigated. Two nanoparticle platforms based on plant viruses were studied - icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and elongated rod-shaped tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). These particles were loaded to carry contrast agents for dual-modality magnetic resonance (MR) and optical imaging, and both modalities demonstrated specificity of fibrin binding in vitro with the presence of targeting peptides. Preclinical studies in a carotid artery photochemical injury model of thrombosis confirmed thrombus homing of the nanoprobes, with the elongated TMV rods exhibiting significantly greater attachment to thrombi than icosahedral (sphere-like) CPMV. While in vitro studies confirmed fibrin-specificity conferred by the peptide ligands, in vivo studies indicated the nanoparticle shape had the greatest contribution toward thrombus targeting, with no significant contribution from either targeting ligand. These results demonstrate that nanoparticle shape plays a critical role in particle deposition at the site of vascular injury. Shaping nanotechnologies opens the door for the development of novel targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies (i.e., theranostics) for arterial and venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Yunmei Wang
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Greg C Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Huiyun Gao
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Karin L Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Alice C Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Daniel I Simon
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106. ; Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106. ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106. ; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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