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Parmeggiani M, Ballesio A, Battistoni S, Carcione R, Cocuzza M, D’Angelo P, Erokhin VV, Marasso SL, Rinaldi G, Tarabella G, Vurro D, Pirri CF. Organic Bioelectronics Development in Italy: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:460. [PMID: 36838160 PMCID: PMC9966652 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, studies concerning Organic Bioelectronics have had a constant growth due to the interest in disciplines such as medicine, biology and food safety in connecting the digital world with the biological one. Specific interests can be found in organic neuromorphic devices and organic transistor sensors, which are rapidly growing due to their low cost, high sensitivity and biocompatibility. This trend is evident in the literature produced in Italy, which is full of breakthrough papers concerning organic transistors-based sensors and organic neuromorphic devices. Therefore, this review focuses on analyzing the Italian production in this field, its trend and possible future evolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Parmeggiani
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Ballesio
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Battistoni
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Rocco Carcione
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Pasquale D’Angelo
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Victor V. Erokhin
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rinaldi
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tarabella
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Vurro
- Camlin Italy Srl, Via Budellungo 2, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
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He Y, Kukhta NA, Marks A, Luscombe CK. The effect of side chain engineering on conjugated polymers in organic electrochemical transistors for bioelectronic applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:2314-2332. [PMID: 35310858 PMCID: PMC8852261 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05229b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics focuses on the establishment of the connection between the ion-driven biosystems and readable electronic signals. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) offer a viable solution for this task. Organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs) rest at the heart of OECTs. The balance between the ionic and electronic conductivities of OMIECs is closely connected to the OECT device performance. While modification of the OMIECs' electronic properties is largely related to the development of conjugated scaffolds, properties such as ion permeability, solubility, flexibility, morphology, and sensitivity can be altered by side chain moieties. In this review, we uncover the influence of side chain molecular design on the properties and performance of OECTs. We summarise current understanding of OECT performance and focus specifically on the knowledge of ionic-electronic coupling, shedding light on the significance of side chain development of OMIECs. We show how the versatile synthetic toolbox of side chains can be successfully employed to tune OECT parameters via controlling the material properties. As the field continues to mature, more detailed investigations into the crucial role side chain engineering plays on the resultant OMIEC properties will allow for side chain alternatives to be developed and will ultimately lead to further enhancements within the field of OECT channel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei He
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
| | - Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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3
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Nawaz A, Liu Q, Leong WL, Fairfull-Smith KE, Sonar P. Organic Electrochemical Transistors for In Vivo Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101874. [PMID: 34606146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are presently a focus of intense research and hold great potential in expanding the horizons of the bioelectronics industry. The notable characteristics of OECTs, including their electrolyte-gating, which offers intimate interfacing with biological environments, and aqueous stability, make them particularly suitable to be operated within a living organism (in vivo). Unlike the existing in vivo bioelectronic devices, mostly based on rigid metal electrodes, OECTs form a soft mechanical contact with the biological milieu and ensure a high signal-to-noise ratio because of their powerful amplification capability. Such features make OECTs particularly desirable for a wide range of in vivo applications, including electrophysiological recordings, neuron stimulation, and neurotransmitter detection, and regulation of plant processes in vivo. In this review, a systematic compilation of the in vivo applications is presented that are addressed by the OECT technology. First, the operating mechanisms, and the device design and materials design principles of OECTs are examined, and then multiple examples are provided from the literature while identifying the unique device properties that enable the application progress. Finally, one critically looks at the future of the OECT technology for in vivo bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19044, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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Mello HJNPD, Faleiros MC, Mulato M. Electrochemically activated polyaniline based ambipolar organic electrochemical transistor. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo José Nogueira Pedroza Dias Mello
- Institute of Physics Federal University of Goiás (UFG) Goiânia Goiás Brazil
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP) University of Sao Paulo (USP) Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Murilo Calil Faleiros
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP) University of Sao Paulo (USP) Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mulato
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP) University of Sao Paulo (USP) Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
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Peltekoff A, Brixi S, Niskanen J, Lessard BH. Ionic Liquid Containing Block Copolymer Dielectrics: Designing for High-Frequency Capacitance, Low-Voltage Operation, and Fast Switching Speeds. JACS AU 2021; 1:1044-1056. [PMID: 34467348 PMCID: PMC8395628 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) are a potential solution to the large-scale production of low-power consuming organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). When used as the device gating medium in OTFTs, PILs experience a double-layer capacitance that enables thickness independent, low-voltage operation. PIL microstructure, polymer composition, and choice of anion have all been reported to have an effect on device performance, but a better structure property relationship is still required. A library of 27 well-defined, poly(styrene)-b-poly(1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3-butylimidazolium-random-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (poly(S)-b-poly(VBBI+[X]-r-PEGMA)) block copolymers, with varying PEGMA/VBBI+ ratios and three different mobile anions (where X = TFSI-, PF6 - or BF4 -), were synthesized, characterized and integrated into OTFTs. The fraction of VBBI+ in the poly(VBBI+[X]-r-PEGMA) block ranged from to 100 mol % and led to glass transition temperatures (T g) between -7 and 55 °C for that block. When VBBI+ composition was equal or above 50 mol %, the block copolymer self-assembled into well-ordered domains with sizes between 22 and 52 nm, depending on the composition and choice of anion. The block copolymers double-layer capacitance (C DL) and ionic conductivity (σ) were found to correlate to the polymer self-assembly and the T g of the poly(VBBI+[X]-r-PEGMA) block. Finally, the block copolymers were integrated into OTFTs as the gating medium that led to n-type devices with threshold voltages of 0.5-1.5 V while maintaining good electron mobilities. We also found that the greater the σ of the PIL, the greater the OTFT operating frequency could reach. However, we also found that C DL is not strictly proportional to OTFT output currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
J. Peltekoff
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Samantha Brixi
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Jukka Niskanen
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Benoît H. Lessard
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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Kim D, Jang H, Lee S, Kim BJ, Kim FS. Solid-State Organic Electrolyte-Gated Transistors Based on Doping-Controlled Polymer Composites with a Confined Two-Dimensional Channel in Dry Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1065-1075. [PMID: 33351584 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report comprehensive and comparative studies on chemical and electrochemical controls of doping characteristics of various poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) composites complexed with sulfonates. Chemical treatment of PEDOT composites was conducted with a dedoping agent, tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE), resulting in the changes in conformation and bulk charge-carrier density. Electrochemical control of doping states was done with a solid-state ionogel based on an ionic liquid dispersed in a polymer matrix. With this approach, we can fabricate solid-state organic electrolyte-gated transistors (OEGTs) with a large current modulation, a high mobility of holes, and a low driving voltage. Our OEGTs are operational in a dry environment and, surprisingly, form the two-dimensional channel of the interfacial charge carriers modulating the conductance under gate bias, unlike conventional liquid-based OEGTs. The charge-carrier mobility and the on-to-off current ratio reach up to ∼7 cm2 V-1 s-1 and over 104, respectively, from the chemically dedoped PEDOT composites. The ionogel-based gating of the layer of TDAE-treated PEDOT composites induces a reversible transition between a highly doped bipolaronic state and neutral/polaronic states, as revealed by the absorption profiles under gate bias. We also demonstrate in-plane OEGTs, in which the dedoped channel and the conductive source/drain electrodes are made of a single PEDOT composite layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donguk Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Sunjoo Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Kim JH, Kim SM, Kim G, Yoon MH. Designing Polymeric Mixed Conductors and Their Application to Electrochemical-Transistor-Based Biosensors. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000211. [PMID: 32851795 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors that employ polymeric mixed conductors as their active channels are one of the most prominent biosensor platforms because of their signal amplification capability, low fabrication cost, mechanical flexibility, and various properties tunable through molecular design. For application to biomedical devices, polymeric mixed conductors should fulfill several requirements, such as excellent conductivities of both holes/electrons and ions, long-term operation stability, and decent biocompatibility. However, trade-offs may exist, for instance, one between ionic conduction and overall device stability. In this report, the fundamental understanding of polymeric mixed conductors, the recent advance in enhancing their ionic and electrical conductivity, and their practical applications as biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors are reviewed. Finally, key strategies are suggested for developing novel polymeric mixed conductors that may exceed the trade-off between device performance and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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Zhang X, Wang B, Huang L, Huang W, Wang Z, Zhu W, Chen Y, Mao Y, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Breath figure-derived porous semiconducting films for organic electronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1042. [PMID: 32232157 PMCID: PMC7096165 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Porous semiconductor film morphologies facilitate fluid diffusion and mass transport into the charge-carrying layers of diverse electronic devices. Here, we report the nature-inspired fabrication of several porous organic semiconductor-insulator blend films [semiconductor: P3HT (p-type polymer), C8BTBT (p-type small-molecule), and N2200 (n-type polymer); insulator: PS] by a breath figure patterning method and their broad and general applicability in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), gas sensors, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), and chemically doped conducting films. Detailed morphological analysis of these films demonstrates formation of textured layers with uniform nanopores reaching the bottom substrate with an unchanged solid-state packing structure. Device data gathered with both porous and dense control semiconductor films demonstrate that the former films are efficient TFT semiconductors but with added advantage of enhanced sensitivity to gases (e.g., 48.2%/ppm for NO2 using P3HT/PS), faster switching speeds (4.7 s for P3HT/PS OECTs), and more efficient molecular doping (conductivity, 0.13 S/m for N2200/PS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Weigang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - YanLi Mao
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (Y.M.); (A.F.); (T.J.M.)
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Flexterra Inc., 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL 60077, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.M.); (A.F.); (T.J.M.)
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.M.); (A.F.); (T.J.M.)
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Schweicher G, Garbay G, Jouclas R, Vibert F, Devaux F, Geerts YH. Molecular Semiconductors for Logic Operations: Dead-End or Bright Future? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905909. [PMID: 31965662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic electronics has been prolific in the last couple of years, leading to the design and synthesis of several molecular semiconductors presenting a mobility in excess of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 . However, it is also started to recently falter, as a result of doubtful mobility extractions and reduced industrial interest. This critical review addresses the community of chemists and materials scientists to share with it a critical analysis of the best performing molecular semiconductors and of the inherent charge transport physics that takes place in them. The goal is to inspire chemists and materials scientists and to give them hope that the field of molecular semiconductors for logic operations is not engaged into a dead end. To the contrary, it offers plenty of research opportunities in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Garbay
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - François Vibert
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Félix Devaux
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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10
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Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Jonsson MP, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Ion Electron-Coupled Functionality in Materials and Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805813. [PMID: 30620417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between charge accumulation in a conjugated polymer and the ionic charge compensation, provided from an electrolyte, defines the mode of operation in a vast array of different organic electrochemical devices. The most explored mixed organic ion-electron conductor, serving as the active electrode in these devices, is poly(3,4-ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrelensulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In this progress report, scientists of the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University review some of the achievements derived over the last two decades in the field of organic electrochemical devices, in particular including PEDOT:PSS as the active material. The recently established understanding of the volumetric capacitance and the mixed ion-electron charge transport properties of PEDOT are described along with examples of various devices and phenomena utilizing this ion-electron coupling, such as the organic electrochemical transistor, ionic-electronic thermodiffusion, electrochromic devices, surface switches, and more. One of the pioneers in this exciting research field is Prof. Olle Inganäs and the authors of this progress report wish to celebrate and acknowledge all the fantastic achievements and inspiration accomplished by Prof. Inganäs all since 1981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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11
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Cho KG, Kim HJ, Yang HM, Seol KH, Lee SJ, Lee KH. Sub-2 V, Transfer-Stamped Organic/Inorganic Complementary Inverters Based on Electrolyte-Gated Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40672-40680. [PMID: 30277059 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic/inorganic hybrid complementary inverters operating at low voltages (1 V or less) were fabricated by transfer-stamping organic p-type poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and inorganic n-type zinc oxide (ZnO) electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs). A semicrystalline homopolymer-based gel electrolyte, or an ionogel, was also transfer-stamped on the semiconductors for use as a high-capacitance gate insulator. For the ionogel stamping, the thermoreversible crystallization of phase-separated homopolymer crystals, which act as network cross-links, was employed to improve the contact between the gel and the semiconductor channel. The homopolymer ionogel-gated P3HT transistor exhibited a high hole mobility of 2.81 cm2/(V s), and the ionogel-gated n-type ZnO transistors also showed a high electron mobility of 2.06 cm2/(V s). The transfer-stamped hybrid complementary inverter based on the P3HT and ZnO EGTs showed a low-voltage operation with appropriate inversion characteristics including a high voltage gain of ∼18. These results demonstrate that the transfer-stamping strategy provides a facile and reliable processing route for fabricating electrolyte-gated transistors and logic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 22212 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 22212 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 22212 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwan Seol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 22212 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ju Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 22212 , Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 22212 , Republic of Korea
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12
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Doris SE, Pierre A, Street RA. Dynamic and Tunable Threshold Voltage in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706757. [PMID: 29498110 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have found applications in chemical and biological sensing and interfacing, neuromorphic computing, digital logic, and printed electronics. However, the incorporation of OECTs in practical electronic circuits is limited by the relative lack of control over their threshold voltage, which is important for controlling the power consumption and noise margin in complementary and unipolar circuits. Here, the threshold voltage of OECTs is precisely tuned over a range of more than 1 V by chemically controlling the electrochemical potential at the gate electrode. This threshold voltage tunability is exploited to prepare inverters and amplifiers with improved noise margin and gain, respectively. By coupling the gate electrode with an electrochemical oscillator, single-transistor oscillators based on OECTs with dynamic time-varying threshold voltages are prepared. This work highlights the importance of electrochemistry at the gate electrode in determining the electrical properties of OECTs, and opens a path toward the system-level design of low-power OECT-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Doris
- Palo Alto Research Center-a Xerox Company, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Adrien Pierre
- Palo Alto Research Center-a Xerox Company, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Robert A Street
- Palo Alto Research Center-a Xerox Company, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
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Fabiano S, Sani N, Kawahara J, Kergoat L, Nissa J, Engquist I, Crispin X, Berggren M. Ferroelectric polarization induces electronic nonlinearity in ion-doped conducting polymers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700345. [PMID: 28695197 PMCID: PMC5493413 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is an organic mixed ion-electron conducting polymer. The PEDOT phase transports holes and is redox-active, whereas the PSS phase transports ions. When PEDOT is redox-switched between its semiconducting and conducting state, the electronic and optical properties of its bulk are controlled. Therefore, it is appealing to use this transition in electrochemical devices and to integrate those into large-scale circuits, such as display or memory matrices. Addressability and memory functionality of individual devices, within these matrices, are typically achieved by nonlinear current-voltage characteristics and bistability-functions that can potentially be offered by the semiconductor-conductor transition of redox polymers. However, low conductivity of the semiconducting state and poor bistability, due to self-discharge, make fast operation and memory retention impossible. We report that a ferroelectric polymer layer, coated along the counter electrode, can control the redox state of PEDOT. The polarization switching characteristics of the ferroelectric polymer, which take place as the coercive field is overcome, introduce desired nonlinearity and bistability in devices that maintain PEDOT in its highly conducting and fast-operating regime. Memory functionality and addressability are demonstrated in ferro-electrochromic display pixels and ferro-electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Negar Sani
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jun Kawahara
- RISE Acreo, Printed Electronics, Bredgatan 33, Box 787, SE-60117 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Loïg Kergoat
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Josefin Nissa
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
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Controlling the mode of operation of organic transistors through side-chain engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12017-12022. [PMID: 27790983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608780113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated organic transistors offer low bias operation facilitated by direct contact of the transistor channel with an electrolyte. Their operation mode is generally defined by the dimensionality of charge transport, where a field-effect transistor allows for electrostatic charge accumulation at the electrolyte/semiconductor interface, whereas an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) facilitates penetration of ions into the bulk of the channel, considered a slow process, leading to volumetric doping and electronic transport. Conducting polymer OECTs allow for fast switching and high currents through incorporation of excess, hygroscopic ionic phases, but operate in depletion mode. Here, we show that the use of glycolated side chains on a thiophene backbone can result in accumulation mode OECTs with high currents, transconductance, and sharp subthreshold switching, while maintaining fast switching speeds. Compared with alkylated analogs of the same backbone, the triethylene glycol side chains shift the mode of operation of aqueous electrolyte-gated transistors from interfacial to bulk doping/transport and show complete and reversible electrochromism and high volumetric capacitance at low operating biases. We propose that the glycol side chains facilitate hydration and ion penetration, without compromising electronic mobility, and suggest that this synthetic approach can be used to guide the design of organic mixed conductors.
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Tarabella G, D'Angelo P, Cifarelli A, Dimonte A, Romeo A, Berzina T, Erokhin V, Iannotta S. A hybrid living/organic electrochemical transistor based on the Physarum polycephalum cell endowed with both sensing and memristive properties. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2859-2868. [PMID: 28706673 PMCID: PMC5489029 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03425b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A hybrid bio-organic electrochemical transistor was developed by interfacing an organic semiconductor, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate), with the Physarum polycephalum cell. The system shows unprecedented performances since it could be operated both as a transistor, in a three-terminal configuration, and as a memristive device in a two terminal configuration mode. This is quite a remarkable achievement since, in the transistor mode, it can be used as a very sensitive bio-sensor directly monitoring biochemical processes occurring in the cell, while, as a memristive device, it represents one of the very first examples of a bio-hybrid system demonstrating such a property. Our system combines memory and sensing in the same system, possibly interfacing unconventional computing. The system was studied by a full electrical characterization using a series of different gate electrodes, namely made of Ag, Au and Pt, which typically show different operation modes in organic electrochemical transistors. Our experiment demonstrates that a remarkable sensing capability could potentially be implemented. We envisage that this system could be classified as a Bio-Organic Sensing/Memristive Device (BOSMD), where the dual functionality allows merging of the sensing and memory properties, paving the way to new and unexplored opportunities in bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tarabella
- IMEM-CNR , Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism - National Research Council , Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A - 43124 , Parma , Italy . ;
| | - P D'Angelo
- IMEM-CNR , Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism - National Research Council , Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A - 43124 , Parma , Italy . ;
| | - A Cifarelli
- IMEM-CNR , Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism - National Research Council , Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A - 43124 , Parma , Italy . ;
| | - A Dimonte
- IMEM-CNR , Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism - National Research Council , Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A - 43124 , Parma , Italy . ;
| | - A Romeo
- IMEM-CNR , Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism - National Research Council , Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A - 43124 , Parma , Italy . ;
| | - T Berzina
- IMEM-CNR , Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism - National Research Council , Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A - 43124 , Parma , Italy . ;
| | - V Erokhin
- IMEM-CNR , Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism - National Research Council , Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A - 43124 , Parma , Italy . ;
| | - S Iannotta
- IMEM-CNR , Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism - National Research Council , Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A - 43124 , Parma , Italy . ;
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Pettersson F, Remonen T, Adekanye D, Zhang Y, Wilén CE, Österbacka R. Environmentally Friendly Transistors and Circuits on Paper. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1286-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Inal S, Rivnay J, Leleux P, Ferro M, Ramuz M, Brendel JC, Schmidt MM, Thelakkat M, Malliaras GG. A high transconductance accumulation mode electrochemical transistor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:7450-5. [PMID: 25312252 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An organic electrochemical transistor operates in accumulation mode with high transconductance. The channel comprises a thiophene-based conjugated polyelectrolyte, which is p-type doped by anions injected from a liquid electrolyte upon the application of a gate voltage. The use of ethylene glycol as a co-solvent dramatically improves the transconductance and the temporal response of the transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahika Inal
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne, 13541, France
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Hong K, Kim YH, Kim SH, Xie W, Xu WD, Kim CH, Frisbie CD. Aerosol jet printed, sub-2 V complementary circuits constructed from P- and N-type electrolyte gated transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:7032-7037. [PMID: 24975133 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Printed low-voltage complementary inverters based on electrolyte gated transistors are demonstrated. The printed complementary inverters showed gain of 18 and power dissipation below 10 nW. 5-stage ring oscillators operate at 2 V with an oscillation frequency of 2.2 kHz, corresponding to stage delays of less than 50 μs. The printed circuits exhibit good stability under continuous dynamic operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyon Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE. Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Schweicher G, Olivier Y, Lemaur V, Geerts YH. What Currently Limits Charge Carrier Mobility in Crystals of Molecular Semiconductors? Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Patel SN, Javier AE, Balsara NP. Electrochemically oxidized electronic and ionic conducting nanostructured block copolymers for lithium battery electrodes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6056-6068. [PMID: 23789816 DOI: 10.1021/nn4018685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers that can simultaneously conduct electronic and ionic charges on the nanometer length scale can serve as innovative conductive binder material for solid-state battery electrodes. The purpose of this work is to study the electronic charge transport of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (P3HT-PEO) copolymers electrochemically oxidized with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) salt in the context of a lithium battery charge/discharge cycle. We use a solid-state three-terminal electrochemical cell that enables simultaneous conductivity measurements and control over electrochemical doping of P3HT. At low oxidation levels (ratio of moles of electrons removed to moles of 3-hexylthiophene moieties in the electrode), the electronic conductivity (σe,ox) increases from 10(-7) S/cm to 10(-4) S/cm. At high oxidation levels, σe,ox approaches 10(-2) S/cm. When P3HT-PEO is used as a conductive binder in a positive electrode with LiFePO4 active material, P3HT is electrochemically active within the voltage window of a charge/discharge cycle. The electronic conductivity of the P3HT-PEO binder is in the 10(-4) to 10(-2) S/cm range over most of the potential window of the charge/discharge cycle. This allows for efficient electronic conduction, and observed charge/discharge capacities approach the theoretical limit of LiFePO4. However, at the end of the discharge cycle, the electronic conductivity decreases sharply to 10(-7) S/cm, which means the "conductive" binder is now electronically insulating. The ability of our conductive binder to switch between electronically conducting and insulating states in the positive electrode provides an unprecedented route for automatic overdischarge protection in rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrayesh N Patel
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Laiho A, Nguyen HT, Sinno H, Engquist I, Berggren M, Dubois P, Coulembier O, Crispin X. Amphiphilic Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-Based Semiconducting Copolymers for Printing of Polyelectrolyte-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400527z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Laiho
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
| | - Ha Tran Nguyen
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials
and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons—UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Hiam Sinno
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials
and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons—UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials
and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons—UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
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Tarabella G, Mahvash Mohammadi F, Coppedè N, Barbero F, Iannotta S, Santato C, Cicoira F. New opportunities for organic electronics and bioelectronics: ions in action. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21740f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Cramer T, Campana A, Leonardi F, Casalini S, Kyndiah A, Murgia M, Biscarini F. Water-gated organic field effect transistors – opportunities for biochemical sensing and extracellular signal transduction. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3728-3741. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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