1
|
Liu Y, Tai G, Hou C, Wu Z, Liang X. Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Few-Layer β 12-Borophane on Copper Foils toward Broadband Photodetection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36897961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Borophene has drawn tremendous attention in the past decade for a wide range of potential applications owing to its unique structural, optical, and electronic properties. However, applications of borophene toward next-generation nanodevices are mostly theoretical predictions, while experimental realization is still lacking due to rapid oxidation of intrinsic borophene in an air environment. Here, we have successfully prepared structurally stable and transferrable few-layer β12-borophane on copper foils by a typical two-zone chemical vapor deposition method, where bis(triphenylphosphine)copper tetrahydroborate was used as the boron source in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere to stabilize its structure through hydrogenation. The crystal structure of the as-prepared β12-borophane is in good agreement with previous reports. A fabricated photodetector based on β12-borophane-silicon (n-type) Schottky junction shows good photoelectric responses to light excitations in a wide wavelength range from 365 to 850 nm. Especially, the photodetector exhibits a good photoresponsivity of around 0.48 A W-1, a high specific detectivity of 4.39 × 1011 jones, a high external quantum efficiency of 162%, and short response and recovery times of 115 and 121 ms under an ultraviolet light with the wavelength of 365 nm at a reverse bias of 5 V. The results show great potential applications of borophane in next-generation nanophotonic and nanoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Guoan Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Chuang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zitong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Xinchao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiong Z, Zhong L, Wang H, Li X. Structural Defects, Mechanical Behaviors, and Properties of Two-Dimensional Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1192. [PMID: 33802523 PMCID: PMC7961825 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the success of monolayer graphene exfoliation, two-dimensional (2D) materials have been extensively studied due to their unique structures and unprecedented properties. Among these fascinating studies, the most predominant focus has been on their atomic structures, defects, and mechanical behaviors and properties, which serve as the basis for the practical applications of 2D materials. In this review, we first highlight the atomic structures of various 2D materials and the structural and energy features of some common defects. We then summarize the recent advances made in experimental, computational, and theoretical studies on the mechanical properties and behaviors of 2D materials. We mainly emphasized the underlying deformation and fracture mechanisms and the influences of various defects on mechanical behaviors and properties, which boost the emergence and development of topological design and defect engineering. We also further introduce the piezoelectric and flexoelectric behaviors of specific 2D materials to address the coupling between mechanical and electronic properties in 2D materials and the interactions between 2D crystals and substrates or between different 2D monolayers in heterostructures. Finally, we provide a perspective and outlook for future studies on the mechanical behaviors and properties of 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Xiong
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.X.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Lei Zhong
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.X.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
- Midea Group, Foshan 528311, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.X.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.X.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duo Y, Xie Z, Wang L, Mahmood Abbasi N, Yang T, Li Z, Hu G, Zhang H. Borophene-based biomedical applications: Status and future challenges. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
4
|
Hou C, Tai G, Wu Z, Hao J. Borophene: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2186-2196. [PMID: 32989917 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Borophenes (2D boron sheets) have triggered a surge of interest both theoretically and experimentally because of its distinct structural, optical and electronic properties for extensive potential applications. Although theoretical efforts have guided the research directions of borophene, only few synthetic borophene sheets have been demonstrated experimentally. Borophene sheets have been successfully synthesized experimentally on metal substrates until 2015. Afterwards, more efforts were put on the controlled synthesis of crystalline and semiconducting borophene sheets as well as on the investigation of their novel and fascinating physical properties. This report provides a brief review on theoretical and experimental progress in borophene research. Some typical structures and properties of borophenes have been reviewed. The focus is laid on summarizing the experimental synthesis of borophene in recent years, and on showing some ultrastable and semiconducting borophenes which have been applied in electronic information devices. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities regarding experimental realization and practical applications of borophenes are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Guoan Tai
- The State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Jinqian Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khan K, Tareen AK, Aslam M, Khan MF, Shi Z, Ma C, Shams SS, Khatoon R, mahmood N, Zhang H, Guo Z. Synthesis, properties and novel electrocatalytic applications of the 2D-borophene Xenes. PROG SOLID STATE CH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2020.100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
6
|
Abstract
In two-dimensional (2D) borophene, the structural transition from triangular lattice to hexagonal lattice with an increase in vacancy concentration is a basic principle of constructing various borophene isomers. Here, by performing an extensive structural search of 4239 borophene isomers with both hexagonal holes (HHs) and large holes (LHs), we show that the structural transformation from triangular lattice to borophene with large holes is energetically more favorable. Borophene isomers with LHs are more stable than those with only HHs at high vacancy concentrations (>20%) and are just slightly less stable than those with only HHs at low vacancy concentrations. This discovery greatly expands the family of 2D borophene and opens a route for synthesizing new borophene isomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China
| | - Yunjae Park
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Lu Qiu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Izaac Mitchell
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xie SY, Wang Y, Li XB. Flat Boron: A New Cousin of Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900392. [PMID: 31206929 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical exfoliation of graphene from graphite provides the cornerstone for the synthesis of other 2D materials with layered bulk structures, such as hexagonal boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, and so on. However, the experimental production of 2D flat boron is challenging because bulk boron has very complex spatial structures and a rich variety of chemical properties. Therefore, the realization of 2D flat boron marks a milestone for the synthesis of 2D materials without layered bulk structures. The historical efforts in this field, particularly the most recent experimental progress, such as the growth of 2D flat boron on a metal substrate by chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy, or liquid exfoliation from bulk boron, are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Xie
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yeliang Wang
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xian-Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Z, Mannix AJ, Liu X, Hu Z, Guisinger NP, Hersam MC, Yakobson BI. Near-equilibrium growth from borophene edges on silver. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax0246. [PMID: 31598552 PMCID: PMC6764835 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional boron, borophene, was realized in recent experiments but still lacks an adequate growth theory for guiding its controlled synthesis. Combining ab initio calculations and experimental characterization, we study edges and growth kinetics of borophene on Ag(111). In equilibrium, the borophene edges are distinctly reconstructed with exceptionally low energies, in contrast to those of other two-dimensional materials. Away from equilibrium, sequential docking of boron feeding species to the reconstructed edges tends to extend the given lattice out of numerous polymorphic structures. Furthermore, each edge can grow via multiple energy pathways of atomic row assembly due to variable boron-boron coordination. These pathways reveal different degrees of anisotropic growth kinetics, shaping borophene into diverse elongated hexagonal islands in agreement with experimental observations in terms of morphology as well as edge orientation and periodicity. These results further suggest that ultrathin borophene ribbons can be grown at low temperature and low boron chemical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Andrew J. Mannix
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 440, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhili Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Nathan P. Guisinger
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 440, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Boris I. Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei Y, Yang R. Nanomechanics of graphene. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:324-348. [PMID: 34691872 PMCID: PMC8291593 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The super-high strength of single-layer graphene has attracted great interest. In practice, defects resulting from thermodynamics or introduced by fabrication, naturally or artificially, play a pivotal role in the mechanical behaviors of graphene. More importantly, high strength is just one aspect of the magnificent mechanical properties of graphene: its atomic-thin geometry not only leads to ultra-low bending rigidity, but also brings in many other unique properties of graphene in terms of mechanics in contrast to other carbon allotropes, including fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. The out-of-plane deformation is of a 'soft' nature, which gives rise to rich morphology and is crucial for morphology control. In this review article, we aim to summarize current theoretical advances in describing the mechanics of defects in graphene and the theory to capture the out-of-plane deformation. The structure-mechanical property relationship in graphene, in terms of its elasticity, strength, bending and wrinkling, with or without the influence of imperfections, is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ronggui Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rao R, Pint CL, Islam AE, Weatherup RS, Hofmann S, Meshot ER, Wu F, Zhou C, Dee N, Amama PB, Carpena-Nuñez J, Shi W, Plata DL, Penev ES, Yakobson BI, Balbuena PB, Bichara C, Futaba DN, Noda S, Shin H, Kim KS, Simard B, Mirri F, Pasquali M, Fornasiero F, Kauppinen EI, Arnold M, Cola BA, Nikolaev P, Arepalli S, Cheng HM, Zakharov DN, Stach EA, Zhang J, Wei F, Terrones M, Geohegan DB, Maruyama B, Maruyama S, Li Y, Adams WW, Hart AJ. Carbon Nanotubes and Related Nanomaterials: Critical Advances and Challenges for Synthesis toward Mainstream Commercial Applications. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11756-11784. [PMID: 30516055 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the synthesis and scalable manufacturing of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) remain critical to realizing many important commercial applications. Here we review recent breakthroughs in the synthesis of SWCNTs and highlight key ongoing research areas and challenges. A few key applications that capitalize on the properties of SWCNTs are also reviewed with respect to the recent synthesis breakthroughs and ways in which synthesis science can enable advances in these applications. While the primary focus of this review is on the science framework of SWCNT growth, we draw connections to mechanisms underlying the synthesis of other 1D and 2D materials such as boron nitride nanotubes and graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rao
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Cary L Pint
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 United States
| | - Ahmad E Islam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
- University of Manchester at Harwell, Diamond Light Source, Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , U.K
| | - Eric R Meshot
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 United States
| | - Fanqi Wu
- Ming-Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Ming-Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Nicholas Dee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Placidus B Amama
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Jennifer Carpena-Nuñez
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Wenbo Shi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Desiree L Plata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Evgeni S Penev
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Perla B Balbuena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Christophe Bichara
- Aix-Marseille University and CNRS , CINaM UMR 7325 , 13288 Marseille , France
| | - Don N Futaba
- Nanotube Research Center , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Suguru Noda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
| | - Homin Shin
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Keun Su Kim
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Benoit Simard
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Francesca Mirri
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Francesco Fornasiero
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 United States
| | - Esko I Kauppinen
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University School of Science , P.O. Box 15100 , FI-00076 Espoo , Finland
| | - Michael Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Baratunde A Cola
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Pavel Nikolaev
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Sivaram Arepalli
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Dmitri N Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics and Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - David B Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - W Wade Adams
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mannix AJ, Zhang Z, Guisinger NP, Yakobson BI, Hersam MC. Borophene as a prototype for synthetic 2D materials development. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:444-450. [PMID: 29875501 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 2D materials with no analogous bulk layered allotropes promises a substantial breadth of physical and chemical properties through the diverse structural options afforded by substrate-dependent epitaxy. However, despite the joint theoretical and experimental efforts to guide materials discovery, successful demonstrations of synthetic 2D materials have been rare. The recent synthesis of 2D boron polymorphs (that is, borophene) provides a notable example of such success. In this Perspective, we discuss recent progress and future opportunities for borophene research. Borophene combines unique mechanical properties with anisotropic metallicity, which complements the canon of conventional 2D materials. The multi-centre characteristics of boron-boron bonding lead to the formation of configurationally varied, vacancy-mediated structural motifs, providing unprecedented diversity in a mono-elemental 2D system with potential for electronic applications, chemical functionalization, materials synthesis and complex heterostructures. With its foundations in computationally guided synthesis, borophene can serve as a prototype for ongoing efforts to discover and exploit synthetic 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Mannix
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Nathan P Guisinger
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Z, Penev ES, Yakobson BI. Two-dimensional boron: structures, properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:6746-6763. [PMID: 29085946 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00261k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Situated between metals and non-metals in the periodic table, boron is one of the most chemically versatile elements, forming at least sixteen bulk polymorphs composed of interlinked boron polyhedra. In low-dimensionality, boron chemistry remains or becomes even more intriguing since boron clusters with several to tens of atoms favor planar or cage-like structures, which are similar to their carbon counterparts in terms of conformation and electronic structure. The similarity between boron and carbon has raised a question of whether there exists stable two-dimensional (2D) boron, as a conceptual precursor, from which other boron nanostructures may be built. Here, we review the current theoretical and experimental progress in realizing boron atomic layers. Starting by describing a decade-long effort towards understanding the size-dependent structures of boron clusters, we present how theory plays a role in extrapolating boron clusters into 2D form, from a freestanding state to that on substrates, as well as in exploring practical routes for their synthesis that recently culminated in experimental realization. While 2D boron has been revealed to have unusual mechanical, electronic and chemical properties, materializing its potential in practical applications remains largely impeded by lack of routes towards transfer from substrates and controlled synthesis of quality samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang Y, Zhang Z, Penev ES, Yakobson BI. B 40 cluster stability, reactivity, and its planar structural precursor. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:1805-1810. [PMID: 28098282 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09385j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a comprehensive first-principles study of the structural and chemical properties of the recently discovered B40 cage. It is found to be highly reactive and can exothermically dimerize, regardless of the orientation, by overcoming a small energy barrier ≃0.06 eV. The energy gap of the system varies widely with the aggregation of the increasing number of B40 cages, from 3.14 eV in a single B40, to 1.54 eV in the dimer, to 1.25 eV in the trimer. We also explore a recipe for protecting the B40 cage by sheathing it within a carbon shell and identify carbon nanotubes with a radius of ∼6 Å as optimal hosts for an isolated cage. It is demonstrated that B40 can be unfolded into a planar 'molecule' that tessellates the plane. The corresponding 2D boron sheet constitutes a structural precursor foldable into this unique boron cage structure of current interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA. and State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Evgeni S Penev
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu M, Artyukhov VI, Yakobson BI. Mechanochemistry of One-Dimensional Boron: Structural and Electronic Transitions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2111-2117. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Liu
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Vasilii I. Artyukhov
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Boris I. Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gupta N, Artyukhov VI, Penev ES, Yakobson BI. Carbonization with Misfusion: Fundamental Limits of Carbon-Fiber Strength Revisited. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10317-10322. [PMID: 27748534 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
D-loops, a new type of structural defect in carbon fibers, are presented, which have highly detrimental effect on their mechanical properties and can define a new fundamental upper limit to their strength. These defects form exclusively during polyacrylonitrile carbonization, act as stress concentrators in the graphitic basal plane, and cannot be removed by local annealing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitant Gupta
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Vasilii I Artyukhov
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Evgeni S Penev
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sorkin V, Zhang YW. Mechanical properties of phosphorene nanotubes: a density functional tight-binding study. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:395701. [PMID: 27535543 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/39/395701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using the density functional tight-binding method, we studied the elastic properties, deformation and failure of armchair (AC) and zigzag (ZZ) phosphorene nanotubes (PNTs) under uniaxial tensile strain. We found that the deformation and failure of PNTs are very much anisotropic. For ZZ PNTs, three deformation phases are recognized: the primary linear elastic phase-which is associated with interactions between neighboring puckers, succeeded by the bond rotation phase-where the puckered configuration of phosphorene is smoothed via bond rotation, and lastly the bond elongation phase-where the P-P bonds are directly stretched up to the maximally allowed limit and failure is initiated by the rupture of the most stretched bonds. For AC PNTs, the applied strain stretches the bonds up to the maximally allowed limit, causing their ultimate failure. For both AC and ZZ PNTs, their failure strain and failure stress are sensitive- while the Young's modulus, flexural rigidity, radial Poisson's ratio and thickness Poisson's ratio are relatively insensitive-to the tube diameter. More specifically, for AC PNTs, the failure strain decreases from 0.40 to 0.25 and the failure stress increases from 13 GPa to 21 GPa when the tube diameter increases from 13.3 Å to 32.8 Å; while for ZZ PNTs, the failure strain decreases from 0.66 to 0.55 and the failure stress increases from 4 GPa to 9 GPa when the tube diameter increases from 13.2 Å to 31.1 Å. The Young's modulus, flexural rigidity, radial and thickness Poisson ratios are 114.2 GPa, 0.019 eV · nm(2), 0.47 and 0.11 for AC PNTs, and 49.2 GPa, 0.071 eV · nm(2), 0.07 and 0.21 for ZZ PNTs, respectively. The present findings provide valuable references for the design and application of PNTs as device elements.
Collapse
|
17
|
Avramopoulos A, Otero N, Karamanis P, Pouchan C, Papadopoulos MG. A Computational Study of the Interaction and Polarization Effects of Complexes Involving Molecular Graphene and C60 or a Nucleobases. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:284-98. [PMID: 26690053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of the molecular structure, energetics, electronic (hyper)polarizabilities and their interaction-induced counterparts of C60 with a series of molecular graphene (MG) models, CmHn, where m = 24, 84, 114, 222, 366, 546 and n = 12, 24, 30, 42, 54, 66, was performed. All the reported data were computed by employing density functional theory and a series of basis sets. The main goal of the study is to investigate how alteration of the size of the MG model affects the strength of the interaction, charge rearrangement, and polarization and interaction-induced polarization of the complex, C60-MG. A Hirshfeld-based scheme has been employed in order to provide information on the intrinsic polarizability density representations of the reported complexes. It was found that the interaction energy increases approaching a limit of -26.98 kcal/mol for m = 366 and 546; the polarizability and second hyperpolarizability increase with increasing the size of MG. An opposite trend was observed for the dipole moment. Interestingly, the variation of the first hyperpolarizability is relatively small with m. Since polarizability is a key factor for the stability of molecular graphene with nucleobases (NB), a study of the magnitude of the interaction-induced polarizability of C84H24-NB complexes is also reported, aiming to reveal changes of its magnitude with the type of NB. The binding strength of C84H24-NB complexes is also computed and found to be in agreement with available theoretical and experimental data. The interaction involved in C60 B12N12H24-NB complexes has also been considered, featuring the effect of contamination on the binding strength between MG and NBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aggelos Avramopoulos
- Institute of Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation , 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Nicolás Otero
- Equipe de Chimie Théorique, ECP Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM) UMR 5254 , Hélioparc Pau Pyrénées 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, Pau, France
| | - Panaghiotis Karamanis
- Equipe de Chimie Théorique, ECP Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM) UMR 5254 , Hélioparc Pau Pyrénées 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, Pau, France
| | - Claude Pouchan
- Equipe de Chimie Théorique, ECP Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM) UMR 5254 , Hélioparc Pau Pyrénées 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, Pau, France
| | - Manthos G Papadopoulos
- Institute of Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation , 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tatti R, Aversa L, Verucchi R, Cavaliere E, Garberoglio G, Pugno NM, Speranza G, Taioli S. Synthesis of single layer graphene on Cu(111) by C60 supersonic molecular beam epitaxy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02274j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High kinetic energy impacts between inorganic surfaces and molecular beams seeded by organics represent a fundamental tool in materials science, particularly when they activate chemical–physical processes leading to nanocrystals' growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Tatti
- CNR
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM)
- Sede di Trento
- Italy
| | - Lucrezia Aversa
- CNR
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM)
- Sede di Trento
- Italy
| | - Roberto Verucchi
- CNR
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM)
- Sede di Trento
- Italy
| | - Emanuele Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica Nicola Tartaglia & Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
- Brescia
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Garberoglio
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*)
- Bruno Kessler Foundation & Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA-INFN)
- Trento
- Italy
| | - Nicola M. Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering
- University of Trento
- Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Giorgio Speranza
- Center for Materials and Microsystems
- Bruno Kessler Foundation
- Trento
- Italy
| | - Simone Taioli
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*)
- Bruno Kessler Foundation & Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA-INFN)
- Trento
- Italy
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Z, Yang Y, Gao G, Yakobson BI. Two‐Dimensional Boron Monolayers Mediated by Metal Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhua Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Chemistry, and the Smalley Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 (USA)
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Chemistry, and the Smalley Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 (USA)
| | - Guoying Gao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Chemistry, and the Smalley Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 (USA)
| | - Boris I. Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Chemistry, and the Smalley Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Z, Yang Y, Gao G, Yakobson BI. Two‐Dimensional Boron Monolayers Mediated by Metal Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13022-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhua Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Chemistry, and the Smalley Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 (USA)
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Chemistry, and the Smalley Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 (USA)
| | - Guoying Gao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Chemistry, and the Smalley Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 (USA)
| | - Boris I. Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Chemistry, and the Smalley Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yu J, Li J, Zhang W, Chang H. Synthesis of high quality two-dimensional materials via chemical vapor deposition. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6705-6716. [PMID: 29861920 PMCID: PMC5950838 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01941a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of high quality two-dimensional materials such as graphene, BN, and transition metal dichalcogenides by CVD provides a new opportunity for large scale applications.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted much attention due to their unique properties and great potential in various applications. Controllable synthesis of 2D materials with high quality and high efficiency is essential for their large scale applications. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been one of the most important and reliable techniques for the synthesis of 2D materials. In this perspective, the recent advances in the CVD growth of three typical types of two-dimensional materials, graphene, boron nitride and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are briefly introduced. Large area preparation, single crystal growth and some mechanistic insight are discussed with details. Finally we give a brief comment on the challenges of CVD growth of 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Yu
- Center for Joining and Electronic Packaging , State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China .
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Joining and Electronic Packaging , State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China .
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Center for Joining and Electronic Packaging , State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China .
| | - Haixin Chang
- Center for Joining and Electronic Packaging , State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China .
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sorkin V, Zhang YW. The structure and elastic properties of phosphorene edges. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:235707. [PMID: 25994387 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/23/235707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the edge atomic structures and elastic properties of defect-free phosphorene nanoribbons (PNRs). Density functional tight binding simulations were used to optimize two main edge configurations: armchair (AC) and zigzag (ZZ). It was found that the energy relaxation of PNRs leads to the noticeable changes in edge atomic configurations. The effective width of the edge region, which includes all the atoms involved in the edge relaxation, was found to contain approximately three atomic rows near the edge for both AC and ZZ PNRs. We further extracted the edge stress and modulus for the ZZ and AC edges. Both the AC and ZZ edge stresses of PNRs are positive, indicating tensile stress at the edges. In addition, both the AC and ZZ edge moduli are positive. However, the edge elastic modulus and edge stress of ZZ PNRs are about three times larger than those of AC PNRs. Furthermore, we showed that the tensile edge stresses along ZZ and AC edges are able to cause distortion in freestanding phosphorene nanoribbons. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for edge stresses in the design and fabrication of PNRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Sorkin
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*Star, 138632, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang H, Yam CY, Zhang A, Xu Z, Luo J, Zhu J. Discriminative modulation of the highest occupied molecular orbital energies of graphene and carbon nanotubes induced by charging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:7248-54. [PMID: 25692228 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05418k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are crucial in fundamental and applied research of carbon nanomaterials, and so their modulation is desired. Our first-principles calculations reveal that the HOMO energies of CNTs and graphene can both be raised by negatively charging, and that the rate of increase of the HOMO energy of a CNT is much greater and faster than that of graphene with the same number of C atoms. This discriminative modulation holds true regardless of the number of C atoms and the CNT type, and so is universal. This work provides a new opportunity to develop all-carbon devices with CNTs and graphene as different functional elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Yang
- National Center for Electron Microscopy in Beijing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zou X, Yakobson BI. An open canvas--2D materials with defects, disorder, and functionality. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:73-80. [PMID: 25514190 DOI: 10.1021/ar500302q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: While some exceptional properties are unique to graphene only (its signature Dirac-cone gapless dispersion, carrier mobility, record strength), other features are common to other two-dimensional materials. The broader family "beyond graphene" offers greater choices to be explored and tailored for various applications. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and 2D layers of pure elements, like phosphorus or boron, can complement or even surpass graphene in many ways and uses, ranging from electronics and optoelectronics to catalysis and energy storage. Their availability greatly relies on chemical vapor deposition growth of large samples, which are highly polycrystalline and include interfaces such as edges, heterostructures, and grain boundaries, as well as dislocations and point defects. These imperfections do not always degrade the material properties, but they often bring new physics and even useful functionality. It turns particularly interesting in combination with the sheer openness of all 2D sheets, fully exposed to the environment, which, as we show herein, can change and tune the defect structures and consequently all their qualities, from electronic levels, conductivity, magnetism, and optics to structural mobility of dislocations and catalytic activities. In this Account, we review our progress in understanding of various defects. We begin by expressing the energy of an arbitrary graphene edge analytically, so that the environment is regarded by "chemical phase shift". This has profound implications for graphene and carbon nanotube growth. Generalization of this equation to heteroelemental BN gives a method to determine the energy for arbitrary edges of BN, depending on the partial chemical potentials. This facilitates the tuning of the morphology and electronic and magnetic properties of pure BN or hybrid BN|C systems. Applying a similar method to three-atomic-layer TMDCs reveals more diverse edge structures for thermodynamically stable flakes. Moreover, CVD samples show new types of edge reconstruction, providing insight into the nonequilibrium growth process. Combining dislocation theory with first-principles computations, we could predict the dislocation cores for BN and TMDC and reveal their variable chemical makeup. This lays the foundation for the unique sensitivity to ambient conditions. For example, partial occupation of the defect states for dislocations in TMDCs renders them intrinsically magnetic. The exchange coupling between electrons from neighboring dislocations in grain boundaries further makes them half-metallic, which may find its applications in spintronics. Finally, brief discussion of monoelemental 2D-layer phosphorus and especially the structures and growth routes of 2D boron shows how theoretical assessment can help the quest for new synthetic routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zou
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Chemistry, and Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Boris I. Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Chemistry, and Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Artyukhov VI, Penev ES, Yakobson BI. Why nanotubes grow chiral. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4892. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
26
|
Penev ES, Artyukhov VI, Yakobson BI. Extensive energy landscape sampling of nanotube end-caps reveals no chiral-angle bias for their nucleation. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1899-1906. [PMID: 24456193 DOI: 10.1021/nn406462e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the formation of a carbon nanotube (CNT) nucleus, a hemispherical fullerene end-cap, a specific pattern of six pentagons encodes what unique (n,m) chirality a nascent CNT would inherit, with many possible pentagon patterns corresponding to a single chirality. This configurational variety and its potential role in the initial stages of CNT catalytic growth remain essentially unexplored. Here we present large-scale calculations designed to evaluate the intrinsic energies of all possible CNT caps for selected chiralities corresponding to tube diameters d ≲ 1 nm. Our quantitative analysis reveals that for all chiral angles χ the energy scale variability associated with the CNT caps is small, compared to that of the CNT/catalyst interface. Such a flat energy landscape cannot therefore be a dominant factor for chiral distribution and lends further credibility to interface-controlled scenarios for selective growth of single-walled CNT of desired chirality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni S Penev
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Galué HÁ. Decoding the infrared signatures of pyramidal carbons in graphenic molecular nanostructures of interstellar origin. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00890a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
28
|
Graphene–Environmental and Sensor Applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06578-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
29
|
Liu B, Liu J, Tu X, Zhang J, Zheng M, Zhou C. Chirality-dependent vapor-phase epitaxial growth and termination of single-wall carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4416-21. [PMID: 23937554 DOI: 10.1021/nl402259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Structurally uniform and chirality-pure single-wall carbon nanotubes are highly desired for both fundamental study and many of their technological applications, such as electronics, optoelectronics, and biomedical imaging. Considerable efforts have been invested in the synthesis of nanotubes with defined chiralities by tuning the growth recipes but the approach has only limited success. Recently, we have shown that chirality-pure short nanotubes can be used as seeds for vapor-phase epitaxial cloning growth, opening up a new route toward chirality-controlled carbon nanotube synthesis. Nevertheless, the yield of vapor-phase epitaxial growth is rather limited at the present stage, due in large part to the lack of mechanistic understanding of the process. Here we report chirality-dependent growth kinetics and termination mechanism for the vapor-phase epitaxial growth of seven single-chirality nanotubes of (9, 1), (6, 5), (8, 3), (7, 6), (10, 2), (6, 6), and (7, 7), covering near zigzag, medium chiral angle, and near armchair semiconductors, as well as armchair metallic nanotubes. Our results reveal that the growth rates of nanotubes increase with their chiral angles while the active lifetimes of the growth hold opposite trend. Consequently, the chirality distribution of a nanotube ensemble is jointly determined by both growth rates and lifetimes. These results correlate nanotube structures and properties with their growth behaviors and deepen our understanding of chirality-controlled growth of nanotubes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilu Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Manna AK, Pati SK. Computational Studies on Non-covalent Interactions of Carbon and Boron Fullerenes with Graphene. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1844-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
31
|
Pryzhkova MV. Concise review: carbon nanotechnology: perspectives in stem cell research. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:376-83. [PMID: 23572053 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotechnology has developed rapidly during the last decade, and carbon allotropes, especially graphene and carbon nanotubes, have already found a wide variety of applications in industry, high-tech fields, biomedicine, and basic science. Electroconductive nanomaterials have attracted great attention from tissue engineers in the design of remotely controlled cell-substrate interfaces. Carbon nanoconstructs are also under extensive investigation by clinical scientists as potential agents in anticancer therapies. Despite the recent progress in human pluripotent stem cell research, only a few attempts to use carbon nanotechnology in the stem cell field have been reported. However, acquired experience with and knowledge of carbon nanomaterials may be efficiently used in the development of future personalized medicine and in tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu Y, Penev ES, Yakobson BI. Probing the Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Boron by First-Principles Computations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3156-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
33
|
Liu Y, Penev ES, Yakobson BI. Probing the Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Boron by First-Principles Computations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|