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Liu H, Zhao J, Ly TH. Clean Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials: A Comprehensive Review. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11573-11597. [PMID: 38655635 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The growth of two-dimensional (2D) materials through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has sparked a growing interest among both the industrial and academic communities. The interest stems from several key advantages associated with CVD, including high yield, high quality, and high tunability. In order to harness the application potentials of 2D materials, it is often necessary to transfer them from their growth substrates to their desired target substrates. However, conventional transfer methods introduce contamination that can adversely affect the quality and properties of the transferred 2D materials, thus limiting their overall application performance. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the current clean transfer methods for 2D materials with a specific focus on the understanding of interaction between supporting layers and 2D materials. The review encompasses various aspects, including clean transfer methods, post-transfer cleaning techniques, and cleanliness assessment. Furthermore, it analyzes and compares the advances and limitations of these clean transfer techniques. Finally, the review highlights the primary challenges associated with current clean transfer methods and provides an outlook on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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2
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Park IJ, Kim TI, Choi SY. Charge Transfer Dynamics of Doped Graphene Electrodes for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43907-43916. [PMID: 36123321 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin graphene has attracted immense attention as a future transparent electrode for flat-panel displays owing to its excellent conductivity, optical transparency, and flexibility. In particular, a graphene doping process is essential for implementing graphene-based high-performance devices, and the development of a transparent cathode with a low work function is required to simplify the integration process of thin-film transistors and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) into active matrix displays. In this study, a transparent n-doped graphene cathode is proposed for implementing inverted OLEDs through two types of cesium (Cs)-based doping techniques: a dipping method using wet chemicals and an evaporation method under a vacuum atmosphere. The changes in the chemical structures and work functions of the n-doped graphene electrodes, as well as their surface morphologies and transmittances, were systematically investigated. The n-type doping mechanism of graphene was investigated, and a close relationship between the electrical charge transfer characteristics of graphene transistors and the formation of C-O-Cs complexes was revealed. Finally, an effective Cs-doped graphene electrode was developed, exhibiting a dramatically decreased work function while maintaining high transmittance; therefore, the Cs-doped graphene cathode was successfully integrated with inverted OLEDs with a bottom-light emission structure that exhibited enhanced external quantum efficiency of graphene cathode-based OLEDs. Thus, our findings provide a better understanding of the doping strategies and potential of n-doped graphene as a transparent cathode for developing high-performance future displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ick-Joon Park
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joongbu University, Goyang 10279, Korea
| | - Tae In Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sung-Yool Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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3
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Lin YT, Huang DW, Huang PF, Chang LC, Lai YT, Tai NH. A Green Approach for High Oxidation Resistance, Flexible Transparent Conductive Films Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Copper Nanowires. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:79. [PMID: 36001189 PMCID: PMC9402884 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanowires (CuNWs)-based thin film is one of the potential alternatives to tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) in terms of transparent conductive films (TCFs). However, the severe problem of atmospheric oxidation restricts their practical applications. In this work, we develop a simple approach to fabricate highly stable TCFs through the dip-coating method using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and CuNWs as the primary materials. Compared with previous works using toxic reduction agents, herein, the CuNWs are synthesized via a green aqueous process using glucose and lactic acid as the reductants, and rGO is prepared through the modified Hummers' method followed by a hydrogen-annealing process to form hydrogen-annealing-reduced graphene oxide (h-rGO). In the rGO/CuNWs films, the dip-coated graphene oxide layer can increase the adhesion of the CuNWs on the substrate, and the fabricated h-rGO/CuNWs can exhibit high atmospheric oxidation resistance and excellent flexibility. The sheet resistance of the h-rGO/CuNWs film only increased from 25.1 to 42.2 Ω/sq after exposure to ambient atmosphere for 30 days and remained almost unchanged after the dynamic bending test for 2500 cycles at a constant radius of 5.3 mm. The h-rGO/CuNWs TCF can be not only fabricated via a route with a superior inexpensive and safe method but also possessed competitive optoelectronic properties with high electrical stability and flexibility, demonstrating great opportunities for future optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wei Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Feng Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chun Chang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Lai
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan.
- Center for Plasma and Thin Film Technologies, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Biochemical Technology R&D Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Nyan-Hwa Tai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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4
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Rehman H, Golubewa L, Basharin A, Urbanovic A, Lahderanta E, Soboleva E, Matulaitiene I, Jankunec M, Svirko Y, Kuzhir P. Fragmented graphene synthesized on a dielectric substrate for THz applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:395703. [PMID: 35623324 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fragmented multi-layered graphene films were directly synthesized via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on dielectric substrates with a pre-deposited copper catalyst. We demonstrate that the thickness of the sacrificial copper film, process temperature, and growth time essentially influence the integrity, quality, and disorder of the synthesized graphene. Atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements revealed the presence of nano-agglomerates and charge puddles. The potential gradients measured over the sample surface confirmed that the deposited graphene film possessed a multilayered structure, which was modelled as an ensemble of randomly oriented conductive prolate ellipsoids. THz time domain spectroscopy measurements gave theacconductivity of the graphene flakes and homogenized graphitic films as being around 1200 S cm-1and 1000 S cm-1, respectively. Our approach offers a scalable fabrication of graphene structures composed of graphene flakes, which have effective conductivity sufficient for a wide variety of THz applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Rehman
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Lena Golubewa
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexey Basharin
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Andzej Urbanovic
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Erkki Lahderanta
- Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Soboleva
- Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Ieva Matulaitiene
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marija Jankunec
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Yuri Svirko
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Zhang D, Zhang Q, Liang X, Pang X, Zhao Y. Defects Produced during Wet Transfer Affect the Electrical Properties of Graphene. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020227. [PMID: 35208351 PMCID: PMC8877764 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene has been widely used due to its excellent electrical, mechanical and chemical properties. Defects produced during its transfer process will seriously affect the performance of graphene devices. In this paper, single-layer graphene was transferred onto glass and silicon dioxide (SiO2) substrates by wet transfer technology, and the square resistances thereof were tested. Due to the different binding forces of the transferred graphene surfaces, there may have been pollutants present. PMMA residues, graphene laminations and other defects that occurred in the wet transfer process were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. These defects influenced the square resistance of the produced graphene films, and of these defects, PMMA residue was the most influential; square resistance increased with increasing PMMA residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoya Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xing Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yulong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
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6
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Gao Y, Chen J, Chen G, Fan C, Liu X. Recent Progress in the Transfer of Graphene Films and Nanostructures. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100771. [PMID: 34928026 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The one-atom-thick graphene has excellent electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Currently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene has received a great deal of attention because it provides access to large-area and uniform films with high-quality. This allows the fabrication of graphene based-electronics, sensors, photonics, and optoelectronics for practical applications. Zero bandgap, however, limits the application of a graphene film as electronic transistor. The most commonly used bottom-up approaches have achieved efficient tuning of the electronic bandgap by customizing well-defined graphene nanostructures. The postgrowth transfer of graphene films/nanostructures to a certain substrate is crucial in utilizing graphene in applicable devices. In this review, the basic growth mechanism of CVD graphene is first introduced. Then, recent advances in various transfer methods of as-grown graphene to target substrates are presented. The fabrication and transfer methods of graphene nanostructures are also provided, and then the transfer-related applications are summarized. At last, the challenging issues and the potential transfer-free approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jielin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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7
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Song Y, Zou W, Lu Q, Lin L, Liu Z. Graphene Transfer: Paving the Road for Applications of Chemical Vapor Deposition Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007600. [PMID: 33661572 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the fascinating properties of graphene, fulfilling the promising characteristics of graphene in applications has ignited enormous scientific and industrial interest. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of graphene on metal substrates provides tantalizing opportunities for the large-area synthesis of graphene in a controllable manner. However, the tedious transfer of graphene from metal substrates onto desired substrates remains inevitable, and cracks of graphene membrane, transfer-induced doping, wrinkles as well as surface contamination can be incurred during the transfer, which highly degrade the performance of graphene. Furthermore, new issues can arise when moving to large-scale transfer at an industrial scale, thus cost-efficient and environment-friendly transfer techniques also become imperative. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of transfer-related issues and the corresponding experimental solutions and to provide an outlook for future transfer techniques of CVD graphene films on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Song
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zou
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Science, China, University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, P. R. China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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8
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Jang Y, Seo YM, Jang HS, Heo K, Whang D. Performance Improvement of Residue-Free Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Using Au-Assisted Transfer Method. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217262. [PMID: 34770570 PMCID: PMC8587746 DOI: 10.3390/s21217262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel graphene transfer technique for fabricating graphene field-effect transistors (FETs) that avoids detrimental organic contamination on a graphene surface. Instead of using an organic supporting film like poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for graphene transfer, Au film is directly deposited on the as-grown graphene substrate. Graphene FETs fabricated using the established organic film transfer method are easily contaminated by organic residues, while Au film protects graphene channels from these contaminants. In addition, this method can also simplify the device fabrication process, as the Au film acts as an electrode. We successfully fabricated graphene FETs with a clean surface and improved electrical properties using this Au-assisted transfer method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamujin Jang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Young-Min Seo
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonju 55324, Korea; (Y.-M.S.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Hyeon-Sik Jang
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonju 55324, Korea; (Y.-M.S.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Keun Heo
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Dongmok Whang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-2907399; Fax: +82-31-2907410
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9
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Nam KB, Yeo JH, Hu Q, Kim MJ, Oh B, Yoo JB. Fabrication of extreme ultraviolet lithography pellicle with nanometer-thick graphite film by sublimation of camphor supporting layer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:465301. [PMID: 34340219 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac19d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pellicle consists of freestanding thin films on a frame; these films are tens of nanometers in thickness and can include Si, SiNX, or graphite. Nanometer-thick graphite films (NGFs), synthesized via chemical vapor deposition on a metal catalyst, are used as a pellicle material. The most common method to transfer NGFs onto a substrate or a frame is to use polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a supporting layer. However, this PMMA-mediated technique involves several disadvantages in term of manufacturing NGF EUV pellicles. When removing the PMMA using acetone or O2plasma, defects or deflections can occur in the NGFs. Furthermore, PMMA residues are generally present on large-area NGFs. In this study, a transfer method using camphor instead of PMMA as the supporting layer was developed to overcome these problems. After the camphor/NGF was formed on the frame, camphor was removed via sublimation in an atmosphere of ethanol vapor. This study investigated the deposition and sublimation of camphor, and confirmed that no residue was present and no deflection or defects were observed in the NGFs. Thus, a large-area NGF pellicle was successfully fabricated using the camphor transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Bong Nam
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Yeo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Qicheng Hu
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Ja Kim
- Mask Development Team, Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Hwaseong, 445-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungdu Oh
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Beom Yoo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering (BK21), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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10
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Zhang R, Li M, Li L, Fan Y, Zhang Q, Yu G, Geng D, Hu W. The way towards for ultraflat and superclean graphene. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Menghan Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Faculty of Science Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Dechao Geng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin P. R. China
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11
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Shishir MIR, Tabarraei A. Traction-separation laws of graphene grain boundaries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14284-14295. [PMID: 34160495 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to extract the traction-separation laws (TSLs) of symmetric grain boundaries of graphene. Grain boundaries with realistic atomic structures are constructed using different types of dislocations. The TSLs of grain boundaries are extracted by using cohesive zone volume elements (CZVEs) ahead of the crack tip. The traction and separation of each cohesive zone volume element are calculated during the crack growth. The traction and separation values obtained for the cohesive elements predict that the TSLs of grain boundaries have a bilinear form. The areas under the traction-separation curves are used to calculate the separation energy of the grain boundaries. The results show that as the grain boundary misorientation angle increases the separation energy of the grain boundaries decreases. The impact of temperature on the traction separation laws is studied. The results show that, with an increase of the temperature from 0.1 K to 300 K, the separation energy first increases to reach its peak at around 25 K and then slightly decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imrul Reza Shishir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| | - Alireza Tabarraei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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12
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Wang Q, Liu Y, Xu F, Zheng X, Wang G, Zhang Y, Qiu J, Liu G. Large-Size Suspended Mono-Layer Graphene Film Transfer Based on the Inverted Floating Method. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12050525. [PMID: 34066617 PMCID: PMC8148557 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Suspended graphene can perfectly present the excellent material properties of graphene, which has a good application prospect in graphene sensors. The existing suspended graphene pressure sensor has several problems that need to be solved, one of which is the fabrication of a suspended sample. It is still very difficult to obtain large-size suspended graphene films with a high integrity that are defect-free. Based on the simulation and analysis of the kinetic process of the traditional suspended graphene release process, a novel setup for large-size suspended graphene release was designed based on the inverted floating method (IFM). The success rate of the single-layer suspended graphene with a diameter of 200 μm transferred on a stainless-steel substrate was close to 50%, which is greatly improved compared with the traditional impregnation method. The effects of the defects and burrs around the substrate cavity on the stress concentration of graphene transfer explain why the transfer success rate of large-size suspended graphene is not high. This research lays the foundation for providing large-size suspended graphene films in the area of graphene high-precision sensors.
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13
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Xia Y, Sun Y, Li H, Chen S, Zhu T, Wang G, Man B, Pan J, Yang C. Plasma treated graphene FET sensor for the DNA hybridization detection. Talanta 2021; 223:121766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Yang J, Tang L, Luo W, Feng S, Leng C, Shi H, Wei X. Interface Engineering of a Silicon/Graphene Heterojunction Photodetector via a Diamond-Like Carbon Interlayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:4692-4702. [PMID: 33427453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon/graphene nanowalls (Si/GNWs) heterojunctions with excellent integrability and sensitivity show an increasing potential in optoelectronic devices. However, the performance is greatly limited by inferior interfacial adhesion and week electronic transport caused by the horizontal buffer layer. Herein, a diamond-like carbon (DLC) interlayer is first introduced to construct Si/DLC/GNWs heterojunctions, which can significantly change the growth behavior of the GNWs film, avoiding the formation of horizontal buffer layers. Accordingly, a robust diamond-like covalent bond with a remarkable enhancement of the interfacial adhesion is yielded, which notably improves the complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatibility for photodetector fabrication. Importantly, the DLC interlayer is verified to undergo a graphitization transition during the high-temperature growth process, which is beneficial to pave a vertical conductive path and facilitate the transport of photogenerated carriers in the visible and near-infrared regions. As a result, the Si/DLC/GNWs heterojunction detectors can simultaneously exhibit improved photoresponsivity and response speed, compared with the counterparts without DLC interlayers. The introduction of the DLC interlayer might provide a universal strategy to construct hybrid interfaces with high performance in next-generation optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Linlong Tang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China
| | - Shuanglong Feng
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China
| | - Chongqian Leng
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China
| | - Haofei Shi
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhan Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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15
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Nipane A, Choi MS, Sebastian PJ, Yao K, Borah A, Deshmukh P, Jung Y, Kim B, Rajendran A, Kwock KWC, Zangiabadi A, Menon VM, Schuck PJ, Yoo WJ, Hone J, Teherani JT. Damage-Free Atomic Layer Etch of WSe 2: A Platform for Fabricating Clean Two-Dimensional Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1930-1942. [PMID: 33351577 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of a controllable, selective, and repeatable etch process is crucial for controlling the layer thickness and patterning of two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, the atomically thin dimensions and high structural similarity of different 2D materials make it difficult to adapt conventional thin-film etch processes. In this work, we propose a selective, damage-free atomic layer etch (ALE) that enables layer-by-layer removal of monolayer WSe2 without altering the physical, optical, and electronic properties of the underlying layers. The etch uses a top-down approach where the topmost layer is oxidized in a self-limited manner and then removed using a selective etch. Using a comprehensive set of material, optical, and electrical characterization, we show that the quality of our ALE processed layers is comparable to that of pristine layers of similar thickness. The ALE processed WSe2 layers preserve their bright photoluminescence characteristics and possess high room-temperature hole mobilities of 515 cm2/V·s, essential for fabricating high-performance 2D devices. Further, using graphene as a testbed, we demonstrate the fabrication of ultra-clean 2D devices using a sacrificial monolayer WSe2 layer to protect the channel during processing, which is etched in the final process step in a technique we call sacrificial WSe2 with ALE processing (SWAP). The graphene transistors made using the SWAP technique demonstrate high room-temperature field-effect mobilities, up to 200,000 cm2/V·s, better than previously reported unencapsulated graphene devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Nipane
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Min Sup Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Punnu Jose Sebastian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Kaiyuan Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Abhinandan Borah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Prathmesh Deshmukh
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9101, United States
| | - Younghun Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Bumho Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Anjaly Rajendran
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Kevin W C Kwock
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Amirali Zangiabadi
- Department of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9101, United States
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Won Jong Yoo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - James T Teherani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
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16
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Zhang K, Liu Y, Xia F, Li S, Kong W. Tuning of the polariton modes induced by longitudinal strong coupling in the graphene hybridized DBR cavity. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3669-3672. [PMID: 32630926 DOI: 10.1364/ol.397342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we construct a graphene hybridized distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) cavity, where spatially longitudinal strong coupling occurs between the Tamm plasmon polaritons (TPPs) existing around the graphene layer and the cavity mode (CM) existing in the DBR cavity. As a result, two hybrid polariton modes emerge, which contain both the TPP and the CM components. In the simulation, we demonstrate that the resonant frequencies and the damping rates of the polariton modes can be actively tuned by the graphene Fermi level and the incident angle of light. Besides, the coupling strength and the damping rates are also passively tuned by the pair number of the layers in the DBR. Theoretically, we analyze the TPP-CM strong coupling by the coupled harmonic oscillator equations, which help to explain the regulation process. The controllable TPP-CM longitudinal strong coupling with two absorption bands may achieve potential applications in developing graphene-based active optoelectronic and polaritonic devices in terahertz waves.
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17
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Qing F, Zhang Y, Niu Y, Stehle R, Chen Y, Li X. Towards large-scale graphene transfer. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10890-10911. [PMID: 32400813 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01198c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transfer process is crucial for obtaining high-quality graphene for its large-scale industrial application. In this review, graphene transfer methods are systematically classified along with an analysis of the contamination or impurity of graphene that is introduced during the transfer process. Two key processes are emphasized, the substrate removal process and the direct/indirect transfer of graphene. Based on the efficiency and cost factors of industrial scale production, various transfer methods are summarized and evaluated. Potential transfer technologies and future research directions for industrial application are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhu Qing
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
| | - Yuting Niu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
| | - Richard Stehle
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Sichuan University - Pittsburgh Institute, Sichuan University, Jiang'an Campus, Chengdu 610207, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanfu Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
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18
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Sinha SK, Alamer FA, Woltornist SJ, Noh Y, Chen F, McDannald A, Allen C, Daniels R, Deshmukh A, Jain M, Chon K, Adamson DH, Sotzing GA. Graphene and Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):Poly(4-styrenesulfonate) on Nonwoven Fabric as a Room Temperature Metal and Its Application as Dry Electrodes for Electrocardiography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32339-32345. [PMID: 31408317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly conductive, metal-like poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nonwoven fabric was prepared by coating poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) onto PET nonwoven fabric previously coated with graphene/graphite. The sheet resistance of the original nonwoven fabric decreases from >80 MΩ□-1 to 1.1 Ω□-1 after coating with 10.7 wt % graphene and 5.48 wt % PEDOT:PSS with a maximum current at breakdown of 4 A. This sheet resistance is lower than previously reported sheet resistances of fabrics coated with graphene films, PEDOT:PSS films, or PEDOT:PSS coated fabrics from the literature. The effect of temperature on the resistance of graphene/PEDOT:PSS coated fabric has revealed that the resistance decreases with increasing temperature, analogous to semiconductors, with a clear semiconductor-metal transition occurring at 290 K. Finally, a coating of 18 wt % graphene/graphite and 2.5 wt % PEDOT:PSS (Rs = 5.5 Ω□-1) screen printed on the nonwoven fabric was shown to function as an electrode for electrocardiography without any hydrogel and with dry skin conditions. This composite coating finds application in wearable electronics for military and consumer sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh K Sinha
- Polymer Program , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticu t 06269 , United States
| | - Fahad A Alamer
- Polymer Program , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticu t 06269 , United States
- Department of Physics , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Steven J Woltornist
- Polymer Program , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticu t 06269 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Yeonsik Noh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Connecticut , 260 Glenbrook Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Feiyang Chen
- Polymer Program , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticu t 06269 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Austin McDannald
- Department of Physics , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Christopher Allen
- Polymer Program , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticu t 06269 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Robert Daniels
- Polymer Program , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticu t 06269 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Ajinkya Deshmukh
- Polymer Program , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticu t 06269 , United States
| | - Menka Jain
- Department of Physics , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Ki Chon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Connecticut , 260 Glenbrook Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Douglas H Adamson
- Polymer Program , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticu t 06269 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Gregory A Sotzing
- Polymer Program , University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticu t 06269 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
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19
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A Strategy to Synthesize Multilayer Graphene in Arc-Discharge Plasma in a Semi-Opened Environment. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142279. [PMID: 31315197 PMCID: PMC6678627 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, as the earliest discovered two-dimensional (2D) material, possesses excellently physical and chemical properties. Vast synthetic strategies, including chemical vapor deposition, mechanical exfoliation, and chemical reduction, are proposed. In this paper, a method to synthesize multilayer graphene in a semi-opened environment is presented by introducing arc-discharge plasma technology. Compared with previous technologies, the toxic gases and hazardous chemical components are not generated in the whole process. The synthesized carbon materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectra technologies. The paper offers an idea to synthesize multilayer graphene in a semi-opened environment, which is a development to produce graphene with arc-discharge plasma.
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20
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Nagai Y, Sugime H, Noda S. 1.5 Minute-synthesis of continuous graphene films by chemical vapor deposition on Cu foils rolled in three dimensions. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Yeh NC, Hsu CC, Bagley J, Tseng WS. Single-step growth of graphene and graphene-based nanostructures by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:162001. [PMID: 30634178 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aafdbf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The realization of many promising technological applications of graphene and graphene-based nanostructures depends on the availability of reliable, scalable, high-yield and low-cost synthesis methods. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has been a versatile technique for synthesizing many carbon-based materials, because PECVD provides a rich chemical environment, including a mixture of radicals, molecules and ions from hydrocarbon precursors, which enables graphene growth on a variety of material surfaces at lower temperatures and faster growth than typical thermal chemical vapor deposition. Here we review recent advances in the PECVD techniques for synthesis of various graphene and graphene-based nanostructures, including horizontal growth of monolayer and multilayer graphene sheets, vertical growth of graphene nanostructures such as graphene nanostripes with large aspect ratios, direct and selective deposition of monolayer and multi-layer graphene on nanostructured substrates, and growth of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. By properly controlling the gas environment of the plasma, it is found that no active heating is necessary for the PECVD growth processes, and that high-yield growth can take place in a single step on a variety of surfaces, including metallic, semiconducting and insulating materials. Phenomenological understanding of the growth mechanisms are described. Finally, challenges and promising outlook for further development in the PECVD techniques for graphene-based applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Chang Yeh
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America. Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America
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22
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Chandrashekar BN, Smitha AS, Wu Y, Cai N, Li Y, Huang Z, Wang W, Shi R, Wang J, Liu S, Krishnaveni S, Wang F, Cheng C. A Universal Stamping Method of Graphene Transfer for Conducting Flexible and Transparent Polymers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3999. [PMID: 30850663 PMCID: PMC6408549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40408-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer method of chemically vapor deposition graphene is an appealing issue to realize its application as flexible and transparent electrodes. A universal stamping method to transfer as grown graphene from copper onto different flexible and transparent polymers (FTPs) reported here ensures simple, robust, rapid, clean and low-cost. This method relies on coating ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) onto the as grown graphene, binding EVA coated graphene/Cu with FTPs and delamination by hydrogen bubbling process, which is analogous to the method used by stamping process where ink carries the imprint of the object onto any materials. The fate of the stamping method depends on how strongly the adhesion of EVA coated graphene/Cu with target FTPs. Interestingly, we have found that the thin film of EVA/graphene/Cu can only bind strongly with the FTPs of less than 25 µm in thickness and lower glass transition temperature value to the EVA while wide range of other FTPs are considered upon surface engineering to enhance the binding strength between FTPs and EVA. What’s more, the electrical performance was investigated with a demonstration of triboelectric nanogenerators which confirmed the reliability of graphene transfer onto the FTPs and prospect for the development of flexible and transparent electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bananakere Nanjegowda Chandrashekar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ankanahalli Shankaregowda Smitha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Department of Electronics, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - Yingchun Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Nianduo Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Run Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Department of Physics and Center for 1D/2D Quantum Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Department of Physics and Center for 1D/2D Quantum Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - S Krishnaveni
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Chun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
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23
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Liu J, Fu L. Controllable Growth of Graphene on Liquid Surfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1800690. [PMID: 30536644 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controllable fabrication of graphene is necessary for its practical application. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approaches based on solid metal substrates with morphology-rich surfaces, such as copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), suffer from the drawbacks of inhomogeneous nucleation and uncontrollable carbon precipitation. Liquid substrates offer a quasiatomically smooth surface, which enables the growth of uniform graphene layers. The fast surface diffusion rates also lead to unique growth and etching kinetics for achieving graphene grains with novel morphologies. The rheological surface endows the graphene grains with self-adjusted rotation, alignment, and movement that are driven by specific interactions. The intermediary-free transfer or the direct growth of graphene on insulated substrates is demonstrated using liquid metals. Here, the controllable growth process of graphene on a liquid surface to promote the development of attractive liquid CVD strategies is in focus. The exciting progress in controlled growth, etching, self-assembly, and delivery of graphene on a liquid surface is presented and discussed in depth. In addition, prospects and further developments in these exciting fields of graphene growth on a liquid surface are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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24
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Transparent Conductive Electrodes Based on Graphene-Related Materials. MICROMACHINES 2018; 10:mi10010013. [PMID: 30587828 PMCID: PMC6356588 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are the most important key component in photovoltaic and display technology. In particular, graphene has been considered as a viable substitute for indium tin oxide (ITO) due to its optical transparency, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. The outstanding mechanical strength of graphene also provides an opportunity to apply it as a flexible electrode in wearable electronic devices. At the early stage of the development, TCE films that were produced only with graphene or graphene oxide (GO) were mainly reported. However, since then, the hybrid structure of graphene or GO mixed with other TCE materials has been investigated to further improve TCE performance by complementing the shortcomings of each material. This review provides a summary of the fabrication technology and the performance of various TCE films prepared with graphene-related materials, including graphene that is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and GO or reduced GO (rGO) dispersed solution and their composite with other TCE materials, such as carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and other conductive organic/inorganic material. Finally, several representative applications of the graphene-based TCE films are introduced, including solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and electrochromic devices.
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25
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Prozorovska L, Kidambi PR. State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects for Atomically Thin Membranes from 2D Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801179. [PMID: 30085371 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin 2D materials, such as graphene, hexagonal boron-nitride, and others, offer new possibilities for ultrathin barrier and membrane applications. While the impermeability of pristine 2D materials to gas molecules, such as He, allows the realization of the thinnest physical barrier, nanoscale vacancy defects in the 2D material lattice manifest as nanopores in an atomically thin membrane. Such nanoporous atomically thin membranes (NATMs) present potential for enabling ultrahigh permeance and selectivity in a wide range of novel separation processes. Herein, the transport properties observed in NATMs are described and recent experimental progress achieved in their fabrication is summarized. Some of the challenges in NATM scale-up for practical applications are highlighted and several opportunities are identified, including the possibility of blending traditional membrane-processing approaches. Finally, a technological roadmap is presented with a contextual discussion for NATMs to progress from research to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmyla Prozorovska
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1826, USA
| | - Piran R Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1826, USA
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26
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Macedo LJA, Iost RM, Hassan A, Balasubramanian K, Crespilho FN. Bioelectronics and Interfaces Using Monolayer Graphene. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucyano J. A. Macedo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Iost
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin 10099 Germany
| | - Ayaz Hassan
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin 10099 Germany
| | - Frank N. Crespilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
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27
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Lin L, Deng B, Sun J, Peng H, Liu Z. Bridging the Gap between Reality and Ideal in Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9281-9343. [PMID: 30207458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, in its ideal form, is a two-dimensional (2D) material consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The richness in morphological, physical, mechanical, and optical properties of ideal graphene has stimulated enormous scientific and industrial interest, since its first exfoliation in 2004. In turn, the production of graphene in a reliable, controllable, and scalable manner has become significantly important to bring us closer to practical applications of graphene. To this end, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) offers tantalizing opportunities for the synthesis of large-area, uniform, and high-quality graphene films. However, quite different from the ideal 2D structure of graphene, in reality, the currently available CVD-grown graphene films are still suffering from intrinsic defective grain boundaries, surface contaminations, and wrinkles, together with low growth rate and the requirement of inevitable transfer. Clearly, a gap still exits between the reality of CVD-derived graphene, especially in industrial production, and ideal graphene with outstanding properties. This Review will emphasize the recent advances and strategies in CVD production of graphene for settling these issues to bridge the giant gap. We begin with brief background information about the synthesis of nanoscale carbon allotropes, followed by the discussion of fundamental growth mechanism and kinetics of CVD growth of graphene. We then discuss the strategies for perfecting the quality of CVD-derived graphene with regard to domain size, cleanness, flatness, growth rate, scalability, and direct growth of graphene on functional substrate. Finally, a perspective on future development in the research relevant to scalable growth of high-quality graphene is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Deng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , P. R. China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , P. R. China
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China.,Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI) , Beijing 100095 , P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China.,Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI) , Beijing 100095 , P. R. China
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28
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Lee HC, Bong H, Yoo MS, Jo M, Cho K. Copper-Vapor-Assisted Growth and Defect-Healing of Graphene on Copper Surfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801181. [PMID: 29966039 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although there is significant progress in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of graphene on Cu surfaces, the industrial application of graphene is not realized yet. One of the most critical obstacles that limit the commercialization of graphene is that CVD graphene contains too many vacancies or sp3 -type defects. Therefore, further investigation of the growth mechanism is still required to control the defects of graphene. During the growth of graphene, sublimation of the Cu catalyst to produce Cu vapor occurs inevitably because the process temperature is close to the melting point of Cu. However, to date few studies have investigated the effects of Cu vapor on graphene growth. In this study, how the Cu vapor produced by sublimation affects the chemical vapor deposition of graphene on Cu surfaces is investigated. It is found that the presence of Cu vapor enlarges the graphene grains and enhances the efficiency of the defect-healing of graphene by CH4 . It is elucidated that these effects are due to the removal by Cu vapor of carbon adatoms from the Cu surface and oxygen-functionalized carbons from graphene. Finally, these insights are used to develop a method for the synthesis of uniform and high-quality graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Chan Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyojin Bong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Min Seok Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Mankyu Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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29
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Lee E, Lee SG, Lee HC, Jo M, Yoo MS, Cho K. Direct Growth of Highly Stable Patterned Graphene on Dielectric Insulators using a Surface-Adhered Solid Carbon Source. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706569. [PMID: 29473234 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel method is described for the direct growth of patterned graphene on dielectric substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in the presence of Cu vapor and using a solid aromatic carbon source, 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnapthalene (TPN), as the precursor. The UV/O3 treatment of the TPN film both crosslinks TPN and results in a strong interaction between the substrate and the TPN that prevents complete sublimation of the carbon source from the substrate during CVD. Substrate-adhered crosslinked TPN is successfully converted to graphene on the substrate without any organic contamination. The graphene synthesized by this method shows excellent mechanical and chemical stability. This process also enables the simultaneous patterning of graphene materials, which can thus be used as transparent electrodes for electronic devices. The proposed method for the synthesis directly on substrates of patterned graphene is expected to have wide applications in organic and soft hybrid electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyo Chan Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Mankyu Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Min Seok Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
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30
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Tseng WS, Jao MH, Hsu CC, Huang JS, Wu CI, Yeh NC. Stabilization of hybrid perovskite CH 3NH 3PbI 3 thin films by graphene passivation. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:19227-19235. [PMID: 29188264 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06510h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the long-term stability of water-sensitive hybrid perovskites CH3NH3PbI3 that were protected with monolayer graphene. This successful passivation was enabled by our development of a new water-free and polymer-free graphene transfer method. Monolayer graphene samples grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and transferred onto different substrates with the water/polymer-free method were found to preserve their high-quality characteristics after the transfer, as manifested by the studies of Raman, X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (XPS and UPS), optical absorption, and sheet resistance. Additionally, XPS, UPS and optical absorption studies of fully graphene-covered CH3NH3PbI3 thin films showed spectral invariance even after 3 months, which was in sharp contrast to the drastic spectral changes after merely one week in control CH3NH3PbI3 samples without graphene protection. This successful demonstration of the graphene-enabled passivation and long-term stability of CH3NH3PbI3 thin films therefore opens up a new pathway towards realistic photovoltaic applications of hybrid perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shiuan Tseng
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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31
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Chen M, Stekovic D, Li W, Arkook B, Haddon RC, Bekyarova E. Sublimation-assisted graphene transfer technique based on small polyaromatic hydrocarbons. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:255701. [PMID: 28498824 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa72d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of graphene have made this material a very attractive candidate for a number of applications including transparent conductors, electronics, optoeletronics, biomedical devices and energy storage. The CVD method requires transfer of graphene on a desired substrate and this is most commonly accomplished with polymers. The removal of polymer carriers is achieved with organic solvents or thermal treatment which makes this approach inappropriate for application to plastic thin films such as polyethylene terephthalate substrates. An ultraclean graphene transfer method under mild conditions is highly desired. In this article, we report a naphthalene-assisted graphene transfer technique which provides a reliable route to residue-free transfer of graphene to both hard and flexible substrates. The quality of the transferred graphene was characterized with atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Field effect transistors, based on the naphthalene-transfered graphene, were fabricated and characterized. This work has the potential to broaden the applications of CVD graphene in fields where ultraclean graphene and mild graphene transfer conditions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States of America. Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States of America
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32
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Zhu Y, Ji H, Cheng HM, Ruoff RS. Mass production and industrial applications of graphene materials. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Graphene is considered a promising material for industrial application based on the intensive laboratory-scale research in the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science and engineering, and biology over the last decade. Many companies have thus started to pursue graphene materials on a scale of tons (for the flake material) or hundreds of thousands of square meters (for the film material) for industrial applications. Though the graphene industry is still in its early stages, very significant progress in mass production and certain industrial applications has become obvious. In this report, we aim to give a brief review of the mass production of graphene materials for some industrial applications and summarize some features or challenges for graphene in the marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, & iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hengxing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, & iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Department of Chemistry and School of Materials Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
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33
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Jung W, Kim J, Kim S, Park HG, Jung Y, Han CS. A Novel Fabrication of 3.6 nm High Graphene Nanochannels for Ultrafast Ion Transport. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605854. [PMID: 28220978 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In an experiment based on electroosmotic ion transport, 3.6 nm high graphene nanochannels with a clean, smooth and hydrophobic surface and large slip length have 115 times greater ionic conductivity than SiO2 nanochannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Jung
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea, Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chungnam National University Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangheon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Gyu Park
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Yousung Jung
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Waste, and Sustainability (EEWS), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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34
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Ning J, Hao L, Jin M, Qiu X, Shen Y, Liang J, Zhang X, Wang B, Li X, Zhi L. A Facile Reduction Method for Roll-to-Roll Production of High Performance Graphene-Based Transparent Conductive Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605028. [PMID: 28042881 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A facile roll-to-roll method is developed for fabricating reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based flexible transparent conductive films. A Sn2+ /ethanol reduction system and a rationally designed fast coating-drying-washing technique are proven to be highly efficient for low-cost continuous production of large-area rGO films and patterned rGO films, extremely beneficial toward the manufacture of flexible photoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ning
- CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Long Hao
- CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Meihua Jin
- CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiongying Qiu
- CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yudi Shen
- CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxu Liang
- CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xinghao Zhang
- CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xianglong Li
- CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Linjie Zhi
- CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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35
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Su CC, Chen TX, Chang SH. Compressive Strength Enhancement of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Forests by Constraint of Graphene Sheets. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10020206. [PMID: 28772567 PMCID: PMC5459159 DOI: 10.3390/ma10020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We fabricated a 3D sandwich hybrid material composed of graphene and vertically aligned carbon nanotube forests (VACNTs) using chemical vapor deposition. The graphene was first synthesized on Cu foil. Then it was transferred to a substrate which had a pre-deposited catalyst Fe film and a buffer film of Al2O3 for the growth of VACNTs. The VACNTs were grown underneath the graphene and lifted up the graphene. The graphene, with its edges anchored on the Al2O3, provided a constrained boundary condition for the VACNTs and hence affected the growth height and mechanical strength of the VACNTs. We prepared three groups of samples: VACNTs without graphene, VACNTs with graphene transferred once (1-Gr/VACNTs), and VACNTs with graphene transferred twice (2-Gr/VACNTs). A nano-indentation system was used to measure the reduced compressive modulus (Er) and hardness (H). The Er and H of Gr/VACNTs increased with the number of transfers of the anchored graphene. The 2-Gr/VACNTs had the largest Er and H, 23.8 MPa and 912 KPa, which are 6.6 times and 5.2 times those of VACNTs without the anchored graphene, respectively. In this work, we have demonstrated a simple method to increase the mechanical properties and suppress the height of VACNTs with the anchored graphene and number of transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Xu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Shuo-Hung Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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36
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Zhao G, Li X, Huang M, Zhen Z, Zhong Y, Chen Q, Zhao X, He Y, Hu R, Yang T, Zhang R, Li C, Kong J, Xu JB, Ruoff RS, Zhu H. The physics and chemistry of graphene-on-surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4417-4449. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00256d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the major “graphene-on-surface” structures and examines the roles of their properties in governing the overall performance for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoke Zhao
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- China
| | - Meirong Huang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Zhen Zhen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yujia Zhong
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Qiao Chen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Xuanliang Zhao
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yijia He
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Tingting Yang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Rujing Zhang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Changli Li
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Jian-Bin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- China
| | - Rodney S. Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), and Department of Chemistry
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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37
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Cai S, Liu X, Huang J, Liu Z. Feasibility of polyethylene film as both supporting material for transfer and target substrate for flexible strain sensor of CVD graphene grown on Cu foil. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09492b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Facile utilization of polyethylene (PE) film as both the supporting material for graphene transfer from copper foil and the target substrate for flexible strain sensor preparation in a single route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Cai
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients
- Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha
- China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TEA Science
| | - Xingfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TEA Science
- Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients
- Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha
- China
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38
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Hwang WT, Min M, Jeong H, Kim D, Jang J, Yoo D, Jang Y, Kim JW, Yoon J, Chung S, Yi GC, Lee H, Wang G, Lee T. Gate-dependent asymmetric transport characteristics in pentacene barristors with graphene electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:475201. [PMID: 27767016 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/47/475201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the electrical characteristics and the charge transport mechanism of pentacene vertical hetero-structures with graphene electrodes. The devices are composed of vertical stacks of silicon, silicon dioxide, graphene, pentacene, and gold. These vertical heterojunctions exhibited distinct transport characteristics depending on the applied bias direction, which originates from different electrode contacts (graphene and gold contacts) to the pentacene layer. These asymmetric contacts cause a current rectification and current modulation induced by the gate field-dependent bias direction. We observed a change in the charge injection barrier during variable-temperature current-voltage characterization, and we also observed that two distinct charge transport channels (thermionic emission and Poole-Frenkel effect) worked in the junctions, which was dependent on the bias magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Taek Hwang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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39
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Kim J, Kim GG, Kim S, Jung W. Highly Enhanced Electromechanical Stability of Large-Area Graphene with Increased Interfacial Adhesion Energy by Electrothermal-Direct Transfer for Transparent Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23396-23403. [PMID: 27564120 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice structure, has been extensively investigated for research and industrial applications as a promising material with outstanding electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. To fabricate graphene-based devices, graphene transfer to the target substrate with a clean and minimally defective surface is the first step. However, graphene transfer technologies require improvement in terms of uniform transfer with a clean, nonfolded and nontorn area, amount of defects, and electromechanical reliability of the transferred graphene. More specifically, uniform transfer of a large area is a key challenge when graphene is repetitively transferred onto pretransferred layers because the adhesion energy between graphene layers is too low to ensure uniform transfer, although uniform multilayers of graphene have exhibited enhanced electrical and optical properties. In this work, we developed a newly suggested electrothermal-direct (ETD) transfer method for large-area high quality monolayer graphene with less defects and an absence of folding or tearing of the area at the surface. This method delivers uniform multilayer transfer of graphene by repetitive monolayer transfer steps based on high adhesion energy between graphene layers and the target substrate. To investigate the highly enhanced electromechanical stability, we conducted mechanical elastic bending experiments and reliability tests in a highly humid environment. This ETD-transferred graphene is expected to replace commercial transparent electrodes with ETD graphene-based transparent electrodes and devices such as a touch panels with outstanding electromechanical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangheon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Gi Gyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Wonkwang University , Iksan 570-749, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Wonsuk Jung
- Department of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Wonkwang University , Iksan 570-749, South Korea
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40
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Turchanin A, Gölzhäuser A. Carbon Nanomembranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6075-6103. [PMID: 27281234 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) are synthetic 2D carbon sheets with tailored physical or chemical properties. These depend on the structure, molecular composition, and surroundings on either side. Due to their molecular thickness, they can be regarded as "interfaces without bulk" separating regions of different gaseous, liquid, or solid components and controlling the materials exchange between them. Here, a universal scheme for the fabrication of 1 nm-thick, mechanically stable, functional CNMs is presented. CNMs can be further modified, for example perforated by ion bombardment or chemically functionalized by the binding of other molecules onto the surfaces. The underlying physical and chemical mechanisms are described, and examples are presented for the engineering of complex surface architectures, e.g., nanopatterns of proteins, fluorescent dyes, or polymer brushes. A simple transfer procedure allows CNMs to be placed on various support structures, which makes them available for diverse applications: supports for electron and X-ray microscopy, nanolithography, nanosieves, Janus nanomembranes, polymer carpets, complex layered structures, functionalization of graphene, novel nanoelectronic and nanomechanical devices. To close, the potential of CNMs in filtration and sensorics is discussed. Based on tests for the separation of gas molecules, it is argued that ballistic membranes may play a prominent role in future efforts of materials separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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41
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Chen Y, Gong XL, Gai JG. Progress and Challenges in Transfer of Large-Area Graphene Films. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1500343. [PMID: 27812479 PMCID: PMC5067701 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, the thinnest, strongest, and stiffest material with exceptional thermal conductivity and electron mobility, has increasingly received world-wide attention in the past few years. These unique properties may lead to novel or improved technologies to address the pressing global challenges in many applications including transparent conducting electrodes, field effect transistors, flexible touch screen, single-molecule gas detection, desalination, DNA sequencing, osmotic energy production, etc. To realize these applications, it is necessary to transfer graphene films from growth substrate to target substrate with large-area, clean, and low defect surface, which are crucial to the performances of large-area graphene devices. This critical review assesses the recent development in transferring large-area graphene grown on Fe, Ru, Co, Ir, Ni, Pt, Au, Cu, and some nonmetal substrates by using various synthesized methods. Among them, the transfers of the most attention kinds of graphene synthesized on Cu and SiC substrates are discussed emphatically. The advances and the main challenges of each wet and dry transfer method for obtaining the transferred graphene film with large-area, clean, and low defect surface are also reviewed. Finally, the article concludes the most promising methods and the further prospects of graphene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Xiao-Lei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Jing-Gang Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
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42
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Lee HC, Jo SB, Lee E, Yoo MS, Kim HH, Lee SK, Lee WH, Cho K. Facet-Mediated Growth of High-Quality Monolayer Graphene on Arbitrarily Rough Copper Surfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2010-2017. [PMID: 26766210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic approach for high-quality graphene on rough Cu surfaces via chemical vapor deposition is proposed. High-quality graphene is synthesized on rough Cu surfaces by inducing surface faceting of Cu surfaces prior to graphene growth. The electron mobility of synthesized graphene on the rough Cu surfaces is enhanced to 10 335 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Chan Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sae Byeok Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Eunho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Min Seok Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Wi Hyoung Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
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Weber NE, Wundrack S, Stosch R, Turchanin A. Direct Growth of Patterned Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1440-1445. [PMID: 26765943 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The direct growth of single-layer graphene patterns via electron irradiation of aromatic self-assembled monolayers and subsequent annealing is demonstrated. In this way, a reduction in the number of necessary manufacturing steps is achieved. The formed micro- and nanostructures can be arbitrarily shaped and eventually implemented in a manifold of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Eike Weber
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefan Wundrack
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer Stosch
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
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Lee J, Lee SC, Kim Y, Heo J, Lee K, Lee D, Kim J, Lee S, Lee CS, Nam MS, Jun SC. Tension assisted metal transfer of graphene for Schottky diodes onto wafer scale substrates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:075303. [PMID: 26789103 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/7/075303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We developed an effective graphene transfer method for graphene/silicon Schottky diodes on a wafer as large as 6 inches. Graphene grown on a large scale substrate was passivated and sealed with a gold layer, protecting graphene from any possible contaminant and keeping good electrical contact. The Au/graphene was transferred by the tension-assisted transfer process without polymer residues. The gold film itself was used directly as the electrodes of a Schottky diode. We demonstrated wafer-scale integration of graphene/silicon Schottky diode using the proposed transfer process. The transmission electron microscopy analysis and relatively low ideality factor of the diodes indicated fewer defects on the interface than those obtained using the conventional poly(methyl methacrylate)-assisted transfer method. We further demonstrated gas sensors as an application of graphene Schottky diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooho Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-577, Korea. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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45
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Whitener KE, Lee WK, Bassim ND, Stroud RM, Robinson JT, Sheehan PE. Transfer of Chemically Modified Graphene with Retention of Functionality for Surface Engineering. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:1455-1461. [PMID: 26784372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-layer graphene chemically reduced by the Birch process delaminates from a Si/SiOx substrate when exposed to an ethanol/water mixture, enabling transfer of chemically functionalized graphene to arbitrary substrates such as metals, dielectrics, and polymers. Unlike in previous reports, the graphene retains hydrogen, methyl, and aryl functional groups during the transfer process. This enables one to functionalize the receiving substrate with the properties of the chemically modified graphene (CMG). For instance, magnetic force microscopy shows that the previously reported magnetic properties of partially hydrogenated graphene remain after transfer. We also transfer hydrogenated graphene from its copper growth substrate to a Si/SiOx wafer and thermally dehydrogenate it to demonstrate a polymer- and etchant-free graphene transfer for potential use in transmission electron microscopy. Finally, we show that the Birch reduction facilitates delamination of CMG by weakening van der Waals forces between graphene and its substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Whitener
- Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Science and Technology Division, and §Electronic Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Woo-Kyung Lee
- Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Science and Technology Division, and §Electronic Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Nabil D Bassim
- Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Science and Technology Division, and §Electronic Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Rhonda M Stroud
- Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Science and Technology Division, and §Electronic Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jeremy T Robinson
- Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Science and Technology Division, and §Electronic Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Paul E Sheehan
- Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Science and Technology Division, and §Electronic Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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Boscá A, Pedrós J, Martínez J, Palacios T, Calle F. Automatic graphene transfer system for improved material quality and efficiency. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21676. [PMID: 26860260 PMCID: PMC4748278 DOI: 10.1038/srep21676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In most applications based on chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene, the transfer from the growth to the target substrate is a critical step for the final device performance. Manual procedures are time consuming and depend on handling skills, whereas existing automatic roll-to-roll methods work well for flexible substrates but tend to induce mechanical damage in rigid ones. A new system that automatically transfers CVD graphene to an arbitrary target substrate has been developed. The process is based on the all-fluidic manipulation of the graphene to avoid mechanical damage, strain and contamination, and on the combination of capillary action and electrostatic repulsion between the graphene and its container to ensure a centered sample on top of the target substrate. The improved carrier mobility and yield of the automatically transferred graphene, as compared to that manually transferred, is demonstrated by the optical and electrical characterization of field-effect transistors fabricated on both materials. In particular, 70% higher mobility values, with a 30% decrease in the unintentional doping and a 10% strain reduction are achieved. The system has been developed for lab-scale transfer and proved to be scalable for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Boscá
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Dpto. de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Jorge Pedrós
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Dpto. de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Campus de Excelencia Internacional, Campus Moncloa UCM-UPM, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Dpto. de Ciencia de Materiales, E.T.S.I de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Tomás Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Fernando Calle
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Dpto. de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Campus de Excelencia Internacional, Campus Moncloa UCM-UPM, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Yoon T, Kim JH, Choi JH, Jung DY, Park IJ, Choi SY, Cho NS, Lee JI, Kwon YD, Cho S, Kim TS. Healing Graphene Defects Using Selective Electrochemical Deposition: Toward Flexible and Stretchable Devices. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1539-45. [PMID: 26715053 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene produced by chemical-vapor-deposition inevitably has defects such as grain boundaries, pinholes, wrinkles, and cracks, which are the most significant obstacles for the realization of superior properties of pristine graphene. Despite efforts to reduce these defects during synthesis, significant damages are further induced during integration and operation of flexible and stretchable applications. Therefore, defect healing is required in order to recover the ideal properties of graphene. Here, the electrical and mechanical properties of graphene are healed on the basis of selective electrochemical deposition on graphene defects. By exploiting the high current density on the defects during the electrodeposition, metal ions such as silver and gold can be selectively reduced. The process is universally applicable to conductive and insulating substrates because graphene can serve as a conducting channel of electrons. The physically filled metal on the defects improves the electrical conductivity and mechanical stretchability by means of reducing contact resistance and crack density. The healing of graphene defects is enabled by the solution-based room temperature electrodeposition process, which broadens the use of graphene as an engineering material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nam Sung Cho
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , Daejeon 34129, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ik Lee
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , Daejeon 34129, Korea
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Wang B, Huang M, Tao L, Lee SH, Jang AR, Li BW, Shin HS, Akinwande D, Ruoff RS. Support-Free Transfer of Ultrasmooth Graphene Films Facilitated by Self-Assembled Monolayers for Electronic Devices and Patterns. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1404-10. [PMID: 26701198 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We explored a support-free method for transferring large area graphene films grown by chemical vapor deposition to various fluoric self-assembled monolayer (F-SAM) modified substrates including SiO2/Si wafers, polyethylene terephthalate films, and glass. This method yields clean, ultrasmooth, and high-quality graphene films for promising applications such as transparent, conductive, and flexible films due to the absence of residues and limited structural defects such as cracks. The F-SAM introduced in the transfer process can also lead to graphene transistors with enhanced field-effect mobility (up to 10,663 cm(2)/Vs) and resistance modulation (up to 12×) on a standard silicon dioxide dielectric. Clean graphene patterns can be realized by transfer of graphene onto only the F-SAM modified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Huang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Li Tao
- Microelectronics Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Sun Hwa Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Bao-Wen Li
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Deji Akinwande
- Microelectronics Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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Hu Y, Lee S, Kumar P, Nian Q, Wang W, Irudayaraj J, Cheng GJ. Water flattens graphene wrinkles: laser shock wrapping of graphene onto substrate-supported crystalline plasmonic nanoparticle arrays. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:19885-93. [PMID: 26394237 PMCID: PMC5790182 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04810a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hot electron injection into an exceptionally high mobility material can be realized in graphene-plasmonic nanoantenna hybrid nanosystems, which can be exploited for several front-edge applications including photovoltaics, plasmonic waveguiding and molecular sensing at trace levels. Wrinkling instabilities of graphene on these plasmonic nanostructures, however, would cause reactive oxygen or sulfur species to diffuse and react with the materials, decrease charge transfer rates and block intense hot-spots. No ex situ graphene wrapping technique has been explored so far to control these wrinkles. Here, we present a method to generate seamless integration by using water as a flyer to transfer the laser shock pressure to wrap graphene onto plasmonic nanocrystals. This technique decreases the interfacial gap between graphene and the covered substrate-supported plasmonic nanoparticle arrays by exploiting a shock pressure generated by the laser ablation of graphite and the water impermeable nature of graphene. Graphene wrapping of chemically synthesized crystalline gold nanospheres, nanorods and bipyramids with different field confinement capabilities is investigated. A combined experimental and computational method, including SEM and AFM morphological investigation, molecular dynamics simulation, and Raman spectroscopy characterization, is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique. Graphene covered gold bipyramid exhibits the best result among the hybrid nanosystems studied. We have shown that the hybrid system fabricated by laser shock can be used for enhanced molecular sensing. The technique developed has the characteristics of tight integration, and chemical/thermal stability, is instantaneous in nature, possesses a large scale and room temperature processing capability, and can be further extended to integrate other 2D materials with various 0-3D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowu Hu
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Agriculture & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
- Bindley Bioscience Centre, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA-47907
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea 445-743
| | - Prashant Kumar
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India-800013
| | - Qiong Nian
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
| | - Wenqi Wang
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Agriculture & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
- Bindley Bioscience Centre, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA-47907
| | - Gary J. Cheng
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907
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Chandrashekar BN, Deng B, Smitha AS, Chen Y, Tan C, Zhang H, Peng H, Liu Z. Roll-to-Roll Green Transfer of CVD Graphene onto Plastic for a Transparent and Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5210-6. [PMID: 26256002 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel roll-to-roll, etching-free, clean transfer of CVD-grown graphene from copper to plastic using surface-energy-assisted delamination in hot deionized water is reported. The delamination process is realized by water penetration between the hydrophobic graphene and a hydrophilic native oxide layer on a copper foil.The transferred graphene on plastic is used as a high-output flexible and transparent triboelectric nanogenerator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bananakere Nanjegowda Chandrashekar
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bing Deng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | | | - Yubin Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Congwei Tan
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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