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Gao Y, Ou L, Liu K, Guo Y, Li W, Xiong Z, Wu C, Wang J, Tang J, Li D. Template-Guided Silicon Micromotor Assembly for Enhanced Cell Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405895. [PMID: 38660927 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven micro/nanorobots (LMNRs) are tiny, untethered machines with great potential in fields like precision medicine, nano manufacturing, and various other domains. However, their practicality hinges on developing light-manipulation strategies that combine versatile functionalities, flexible design options, and precise controllability. Our study introduces an innovative approach to construct micro/nanorobots (MNRs) by utilizing micro/nanomotors as fundamental building blocks. Inspired by silicon Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) solar cell principles, we design a new type of optomagnetic hybrid micromotors (OHMs). These OHMs have been skillfully optimized with integrated magnetic constituent, resulting in efficient light propulsion, precise magnetic navigation, and the potential for controlled assembly. One of the key features of the OHMs is their ability to exhibit diverse motion modes influenced by fracture surfaces and interactions with the environment, streamlining cargo conveyance along "micro expressway"-the predesigned microchannels. Further enhancing their versatility, a template-guided assembly strategy facilitates the assembly of these micromotors into functional microrobots, encompassing various configurations such as "V-shaped", "N-shaped", and 3D structured microrobots. The heightened capabilities of these microrobots, underscore the innovative potential inherent in hybrid micromotor design and assembly, which provides a foundational platform for the realization of multi-component microrobots. Our work moves a step toward forthcoming microrobotic entities boasting advanced functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Leyan Ou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Kunfeng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Guo
- The Third People's Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Wanyuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ze Xiong
- Wireless and Smart Bioelectronics Lab, School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Changjin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jizhuang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P. R. China
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2
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Wang W, Fu R, Gao R, Luo L, Wang Z, Xue Y, Sun J, Pan M, Hong M, Qiao L, Qiao W, Mei Q, Wu J, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Liu J, Tong F. H 2S-Powered Nanomotors for Active Therapy of Tumors by Inducing Ferroptosis and Lactate-Pyruvate Axis Disorders. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3994-4008. [PMID: 38736179 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Disruption of the symbiosis of extra/intratumoral metabolism is a good strategy for treating tumors that shuttle resources from the tumor microenvironment. Here, we report a precision treatment strategy for enhancing pyruvic acid and intratumoral acidosis to destroy tumoral metabolic symbiosis to eliminate tumors; this approach is based on PEGylated gold and lactate oxidase-modified aminated dendritic mesoporous silica with lonidamine and ferrous sulfide loading (PEG-Au@DMSNs/FeS/LND@LOX). In the tumor microenvironment, LOX oxidizes lactic acid to produce pyruvate, which represses tumor cell proliferation by inhibiting histone gene expression and induces ferroptosis by partial histone monoubiquitination. In acidic tumor conditions, the nanoparticles release H2S gas and Fe2+ ions, which can inhibit catalase activity to promote the Fenton reaction of Fe2+, resulting in massive ·OH production and ferroptosis via Fe3+. More interestingly, the combination of H2S and LND (a monocarboxylic acid transporter inhibitor) can cause intracellular acidosis by lactate, and protons overaccumulate in cells. Multiple intracellular acidosis is caused by lactate-pyruvate axis disorders. Moreover, H2S provides motive power to intensify the shuttling of nanoparticles in the tumor region. The findings confirm that this nanomedicine system can enable precise antitumor effects by disrupting extra/intratumoral metabolic symbiosis and inducing ferroptosis and represents a promising active drug delivery system candidate for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Renquan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education and One Health Institute, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Lei Luo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongchao Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Yingli Xue
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, PR China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Miaofang Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Lingyan Qiao
- Clinical Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Weiwei Qiao
- Clinical Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Qibing Mei
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou; Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou; Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yini Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Yali Zhong
- Southwest University of Science and Technology, 621000 Mianyang, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education and One Health Institute, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou; Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310000 Hangzhou, China
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3
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Wang J, Wu H, Zhu X, Zwolsman R, Hofstraat SRJ, Li Y, Luo Y, Joosten RRM, Friedrich H, Cao S, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Shao J, van Hest JCM. Ultrafast light-activated polymeric nanomotors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4878. [PMID: 38849362 PMCID: PMC11161643 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic micro/nanomotors have been extensively exploited over the past decade to achieve active transportation. This interest is a result of their broad range of potential applications, from environmental remediation to nanomedicine. Nevertheless, it still remains a challenge to build a fast-moving biodegradable polymeric nanomotor. Here we present a light-propelled nanomotor by introducing gold nanoparticles (Au NP) onto biodegradable bowl-shaped polymersomes (stomatocytes) via electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions. These biodegradable nanomotors show controllable motion and remarkable velocities of up to 125 μm s-1. This unique behavior is explained via a thorough three-dimensional characterization of the nanomotor, particularly the size and the spatial distribution of Au NP, with cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). Our in-depth quantitative 3D analysis reveals that the motile features of these nanomotors are caused by the nonuniform distribution of Au NPs on the outer surface of the stomatocyte along the z-axial direction. Their excellent motile features are exploited for active cargo delivery into living cells. This study provides a new approach to develop robust, biodegradable soft nanomotors with application potential in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Wang
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Robby Zwolsman
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn R J Hofstraat
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yudong Li
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yingtong Luo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rick R M Joosten
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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4
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Ye Z, Che Y, Dai D, Jin D, Yang Y, Yan X, Ma X. Supramolecular Modular Assembly of Imaging-Trackable Enzymatic Nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401209. [PMID: 38400604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Self-propelled micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have shown great application potential in biomedicine, sensing, environmental remediation, etc. In the past decade, various strategies or technologies have been used to prepare and functionalize MNMs. However, the current preparation strategies of the MNMs were mainly following the pre-designed methods based on specific tasks to introduce expected functional parts on the various micro/nanocarriers, which lacks a universal platform and common features, making it difficult to apply to different application scenarios. Here, we have developed a modular assembly strategy based on host-guest chemistry, which enables the on-demand construction of imaging-trackable nanomotors mounted with suitable driving and imaging modules using a universal assembly platform, according to different application scenarios. These assembled nanomotors exhibited enhanced diffusion behavior driven by enzymatic reactions. The loaded imaging functions were used to dynamically trace the swarm motion behavior of assembled nanomotors with corresponding fuel conditions both in vitro and in vivo. The modular assembly strategy endowed with host-guest interaction provides a universal approach to producing multifunctional MNMs in a facile and controllable manner, which paves the way for the future development of MNMs systems with programmable functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Ye
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Dihua Dai
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yingwei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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5
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Xu J, Zhong Y, Wang W, Gao R, Wang Y, Tong F, Sun J, Hong M, Qiao L, Qiao W, Mei Q, Wu J. H 2O 2-stimulated Janus-shaped self-propelled nanomotors as an active treatment for acute renal injury. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1282-1290. [PMID: 38126775 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04808j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
As emerging nanosystems, nanomotors have been applied in the active treatment of many diseases. In this paper, Pt@chitosan-loaded melatonin asymmetrical nanomaterials embedded with L-serine (S, kidney injury molecule 1-targeting agent) were constructed to alleviate acute kidney injury (AKI). The Janus nanocarriers arrived at the renal injury site via the bloodstream and exhibited high permeability. Because of melatonin distribution in the kidneys combined with H2O2-stimulated O2 release, the administration of the Janus nanosystem resulted in active treatment through the motion of nanomotors by asymmetrical O2 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yali Zhong
- Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621000, China.
| | - Weixin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
| | - Yini Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
| | - Fei Tong
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, PR China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
| | - Miaofang Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
| | - Lingyan Qiao
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Qiao
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
| | - Qibing Mei
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Jianming Wu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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6
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Feng J, Li X, Xu T, Zhang X, Du X. Photothermal-driven micro/nanomotors: From structural design to potential applications. Acta Biomater 2024; 173:1-35. [PMID: 37967696 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) that accomplish autonomous movement by transforming external energy into mechanical work are attractive cargo delivery vehicles. Among various propulsion mechanisms of MNMs, photothermal propulsion has gained considerable attention because of their unique advantages, such as remote, flexible, accurate, biocompatible, short response time, etc. Moreover, besides as a propulsion source, the light has been extensively investigated as an excitation source in bioimaging, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and so on. Furthermore, the geometric topology and morphology of MNMs have a tremendous impact on improving their performance in motion behavior under NIR light propulsion, environmental suitability and functional versatility. Hence, this review article provides a comprehensive overview of structural design principles and construction strategies of photothermal-driven MNMs, and their emerging nanobiomedical applications. Finally, we further provide an outlook towards prospects and challenges during the development of photothermal-driven MNMs in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Photothermal-driven micro/nanomotors (MNMs) that are regarded as functional cargo delivery tools have gained considerable attention because of unique advantages in propulsion mechanisms, such as remote, flexible, accurate and fully biocompatible light manipulation and extremely short light response time. The geometric topology and morphology of MNMs have a tremendous impact on improving their performance in motion behavior under NIR light propulsion, environmental suitability and functional versatility of MNMs. There are no reports about the review focusing on photothermal-driven MNMs up to now. Herein, we systematically review the latest progress of photothermal-driven MNMs including design principle, fabrication strategy of various MNMs with different structures and nanobiomedical applications. Moreover, the summary and outlook on the development prospects and challenges of photothermal-driven MNMs are proposed, hoping to provide new ideas for the future design of photothermal-driven MNMs with efficient propulsion, multiple functions and high biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center of green recycling for strategic metal resources, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academic of Sciences, University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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7
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Mahkam N, Aghakhani A, Sheehan D, Gardi G, Katzschmann R, Sitti M. Acoustic Streaming-Induced Multimodal Locomotion of Bubble-Based Microrobots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304233. [PMID: 37884484 PMCID: PMC10724404 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Acoustically-driven bubbles at the micron scale can generate strong microstreaming flows in its surrounding fluidic medium. The tunable acoustic streaming strength of oscillating microbubbles and the diversity of the generated flow patterns enable the design of fast-moving microrobots with multimodal locomotion suitable for biomedical applications. The acoustic microrobots holding two coupled microbubbles inside a rigid body are presented; trapped bubbles inside the L-shaped structure with different orifices generate various streaming flows, thus allowing multiple degrees of freedom in locomotion. The streaming pattern and mean streaming speed depend on the intensity and frequency of the acoustic wave, which can trigger four dominant locomotion modes in the microrobot, denoted as translational and rotational, spinning, rotational, and translational modes. Next, the effect of various geometrical and actuation parameters on the control and navigation of the microrobot is investigated. Furthermore, the surface-slipping multimodal locomotion, flow mixing, particle manipulation capabilities, the effective interaction of high flow rates with cells, and subsequent cancerous cell lysing abilities of the proposed microrobot are demonstrated. Overall, these results introduce a design toolbox for the next generation of acoustic microrobots with higher degrees of freedom with multimodal locomotion in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mahkam
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems70569StuttgartGermany
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems70569StuttgartGermany
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular SystemsUniversity of Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Devin Sheehan
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Gaurav Gardi
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Robert Katzschmann
- Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems70569StuttgartGermany
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
- School of MedicineKoç UniversityIstanbul34450Turkey
- College of EngineeringKoç UniversityIstanbul34450Turkey
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8
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You Q, Shao X, Wang J, Chen X. Progress on Physical Field-Regulated Micro/Nanomotors for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Treatment. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300426. [PMID: 37391275 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) are two major vasculature-related diseases that seriously affect public health worldwide, which can cause serious death and disability. Lack of targeting effect of the traditional CCVD treatment drugs may damage other tissues and organs, thus more specific methods are needed to solve this dilemma. Micro/nanomotors are new materials that can convert external energy into driving force for autonomous movement, which can not only enhance the penetration depth and retention rates, but also increase the contact areas with the lesion sites (such as thrombus and inflammation sites of blood vessels). Physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors using the physical energy sources with deep tissue penetration and controllable performance, such as magnetic field, light, and ultrasound, etc. are considered as the emerging patient-friendly and effective therapeutic tools to overcome the limitations of conventional CCVD treatments. Recent efforts have suggested that physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors on CCVD treatments could simultaneously provide efficient therapeutic effect and intelligent control. In this review, various physical field-driven micro/nanomotors are mainly introduced and their latest advances for CCVDs are highlighted. Last, the remaining challenges and future perspectives regarding the physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors for CCVD treatments are discussed and outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Xinyue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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9
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Zheng Y, Wang B, Cai Y, Zhou X, Dong R. Five in One: Multi-Engine Highly Integrated Microrobot. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300390. [PMID: 37452173 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A multi-engine highly integrated microrobot, which is a Janus hemispherical shell structure composed of Pt and α-Fe2 O3 , is successfully developed. The microrobot can be efficiently driven and flexibly regulated by five stimuli, including an optical field, an acoustic field, magnetic field, an electric field, and chemical fuel. In addition, no matter which way it is driven by, the direction can be effectively controlled through the magnetic field regulation. Furthermore, this microrobot can also utilize magnetic or acoustic fields to achieve excellent aggregation control and swarm movement. Finally, this study demonstrates that the microrobots' propulsion can be effectively synergistically enhanced through the simultaneous action of two driving mechanisms, which can greatly improve the performance of the motor in applications, such as pollutant degradation. This multi-engine, highly integrated microrobot not only can adapt to more complex environments and has a wider application range, better application prospects, but also provides important ideas for designing future advanced micro/nanorobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zheng
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Department of chemistry and biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Yuepeng Cai
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials, Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, P. R. China
| | - Renfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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10
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Wang J, Luo Y, Wu H, Cao S, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Shao J, van Hest JCM. Inherently Fluorescent Peanut-Shaped Polymersomes for Active Cargo Transportation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1986. [PMID: 37514172 PMCID: PMC10385398 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomotors have been extensively explored for various applications in nanomedicine, especially in cargo transportation. Motile properties enable them to deliver pharmaceutical ingredients more efficiently to the targeted site. However, it still remains a challenge to design motor systems that are therapeutically active and can also be effectively traced when taken up by cells. Here, we designed a nanomotor with integrated fluorescence and therapeutic potential based on biodegradable polymersomes equipped with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) agents. The AIE segments provided the polymersomes with autofluorescence, facilitating the visualization of cell uptake. Furthermore, the membrane structure enabled the reshaping of the AIE polymersomes into asymmetric, peanut-shaped polymersomes. Upon laser irradiation, these peanut polymersomes not only displayed fluorescence, but also produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because of their specific shape, the ROS gradient induced motility in these particles. As ROS is also used for cancer cell treatment, the peanut polymersomes not only acted as delivery vehicles but also as therapeutic agents. As an integrated platform, these peanut polymersomes therefore represent an interesting delivery system with biomedical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Wang
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yingtong Luo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Medical micro- and nanomotors in the body. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:517-541. [PMID: 36873176 PMCID: PMC9979267 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attributed to the miniaturized body size and active mobility, micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) have demonstrated tremendous potential for medical applications. However, from bench to bedside, massive efforts are needed to address critical issues, such as cost-effective fabrication, on-demand integration of multiple functions, biocompatibility, biodegradability, controlled propulsion and in vivo navigation. Herein, we summarize the advances of biomedical MNMs reported in the past two decades, with particular emphasis on the design, fabrication, propulsion, navigation, and the abilities of biological barriers penetration, biosensing, diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery and targeted cargo delivery. Future perspectives and challenges are discussed as well. This review can lay the foundation for the future direction of medical MNMs, pushing one step forward on the road to achieving practical theranostics using MNMs.
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12
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Zheng Y, Zhao H, Cai Y, Jurado-Sánchez B, Dong R. Recent Advances in One-Dimensional Micro/Nanomotors: Fabrication, Propulsion and Application. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 15:20. [PMID: 36580129 PMCID: PMC9800686 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to their tiny size, autonomous motion and functionalize modifications, micro/nanomotors have shown great potential for environmental remediation, biomedicine and micro/nano-engineering. One-dimensional (1D) micro/nanomotors combine the characteristics of anisotropy and large aspect ratio of 1D materials with the advantages of functionalization and autonomous motion of micro/nanomotors for revolutionary applications. In this review, we discuss current research progress on 1D micro/nanomotors, including the fabrication methods, driving mechanisms, and recent advances in environmental remediation and biomedical applications, as well as discuss current challenges and possible solutions. With continuous attention and innovation, the advancement of 1D micro/nanomotors will pave the way for the continued development of the micro/nanomotor field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zheng
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuepeng Cai
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcala, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río", University of Alcala, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Renfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Zhang Q, Yan Y, Liu J, Wu Y, He Q. Supramolecular colloidal motors via chemical self-assembly. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Cao HX, Nguyen VD, Jung D, Choi E, Kim CS, Park JO, Kang B. Acoustically Driven Cell-Based Microrobots for Targeted Tumor Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102143. [PMID: 36297578 PMCID: PMC9609374 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery using microrobots manipulated by an external actuator has significant potential to be a practical approach for wireless delivery of therapeutic agents to the targeted tumor. This work aimed to develop a novel acoustic manipulation system and macrophage-based microrobots (Macbots) for a study in targeted tumor therapy. The Macbots containing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can serve as drug carriers. Under an acoustic field, a microrobot cluster of the Macbots is manipulated by following a predefined trajectory and can reach the target with a different contact angle. As a fundamental validation, we investigated an in vitro experiment for targeted tumor therapy. The microrobot cluster could be manipulated to any point in the 4 × 4 × 4 mm region of interest with a position error of less than 300 μm. Furthermore, the microrobot could rotate in the O-XY plane with an angle step of 45 degrees without limitation of total angle. Finally, we verified that the Macbots could penetrate a 3D tumor spheroid that mimics an in vivo solid tumor. The outcome of this study suggests that the Macbots manipulated by acoustic actuators have potential applications for targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep Xuan Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Van Du Nguyen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Daewon Jung
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Chang-Sei Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-S.K.); (J.-O.P.); (B.K.)
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-S.K.); (J.-O.P.); (B.K.)
| | - Byungjeon Kang
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Graduate School of Data Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-S.K.); (J.-O.P.); (B.K.)
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15
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Luo Y, Gao H, Zhou M, Xiao L, Xu T, Zhang X. Integrated Acoustic Chip for Culturing 3D Cell Arrays. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2654-2660. [PMID: 36049227 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell arrays provide an in vitro platform for clinical drug screening, but the bulky culture devices limit their application scenarios. Here, we demonstrate an integrated portable device that can realize contact-free construction of 3D cell spheroids. The interaction between the ultrasound generated by the portable device and the capillary results in periodic pressure nodes or anti-nodes, which lead to form a 3D cell array for cell culture. Such a 3D cell array pattern can be constructed in seconds and requires only 1 μL of cell samples. We further assessed the spheroids formed by the portable device and the impact of the acoustic field on spheroids and demonstrated the drug screening with assembled spheroids. More importantly, the integrated acoustic device can be further integrated with other components for more complex cell culture and all-round analysis. This portable and effective integrated device provides a new avenue for clinical biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hongxiao Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Mengyun Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Long Xiao
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
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16
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Zhao Z, Si T, Kozelskaya AI, Akimchenko IO, Tverdokhlebov SI, Rutkowski S, Frueh J. Biodegradable magnesium fuel-based Janus micromotors with surfactant induced motion direction reversal. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112780. [PMID: 35988310 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The speed and motion directionality of bubble-propelled micromotors is dependent on bubble lifetime, bubble formation frequency and bubble stabilization. Absence and presence of bubble stabilizing agents should significantly influence speed and propulsion pattern of a micromotor, especially for fast-diffusing molecules like hydrogen. This study demonstrates a fully biodegradable Janus structured micromotor, propelled by hydrogen bubbles generated by the chemical reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium. Six different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and five different concentrations of the surfactant Triton X-100 were tested, which also cover the critical micelle concentration at a pH corresponding to an empty stomach. The Janus micromotor reverses its propulsion direction depending on the availability and concentration of a surfactant. Upon surfactant-free condition, the Janus micromotor is propelled by bubble cavitation, causing the micromotor to be pulled at high speed for short time intervals into the direction of the imploding bubble and thus backwards. In case of available surfactant above the critical micelle concentration, the Janus micromotor is pushed forward by the generated bubbles, which emerge at high frequency and form a bubble trail. The finding of the propulsion direction reversal effect demonstrates the importance to investigate the motion properties of artificial micromotors in a variety of different environments prior to application, especially with surfactants, since biological media often contain large amounts of surface-active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Zhao
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, XiDaZhi Street 92, Mingde Building, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Tieyan Si
- School of Physics, Yikuang Street 2, 2H Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Anna I Kozelskaya
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation.
| | - Igor O Akimchenko
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | | | - Sven Rutkowski
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation.
| | - Johannes Frueh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, XiDaZhi Street 92, Mingde Building, Harbin 150001, PR China; Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation.
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17
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Wang W, Wu Z, Yang L, Si T, He Q. Rational Design of Polymer Conical Nanoswimmers with Upstream Motility. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9317-9328. [PMID: 35576530 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing bottom-up controllable molecular assembly, the bio-inspired polyelectrolyte multilayer conical nanoswimmers with gold-nanoshell functionalization on different segments are presented to achieve the optimal upstream propulsion performance. The experimental investigation reveals that the presence of the gold nanoshells on the big openings of the nanoswimmers could not only bestow efficient directional propulsion but could also minimize the impact from the external flow. The gold nanoshells at the big openings of nanoswimmers facilitate the acoustically powered propulsion against a flow velocity of up to 2.00 mm s-1, which is higher than the blood velocity in capillaries and thus provides a proof-of-concept design for upstream nanoswimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Tieyan Si
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qiang He
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150080, China
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18
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Li H, Li Y, Liu J, He Q, Wu Y. Asymmetric colloidal motors: from dissymmetric nanoarchitectural fabrication to efficient propulsion strategy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7444-7459. [PMID: 35546337 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00610c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Janus colloidal motors (JCMs) are versatile anisotropic particles that can effectively move autonomously based on their asymmetric structures, providing unlimited possibilities for various tasks. Developing novel JCMs with controllable size, engineered nanostructure and functionalized surface properties has always been a challenge for chemists. This review summarizes the recent progress in synthesized JCMs in terms of their fabrication method, propulsion strategy, and biomedical applications. The design options, construction methods, and typical examples of JCMs are presented. Common propulsion mechanisms of JCMs are reviewed, as well as the approaches to control their motion under complex microscopic conditions based on symmetry-breaking strategies. The precisely controlled motion enables JCMs to be used in biomedicine, environmental remediation, analytical sensing and nanoengineering. Finally, perspectives on future research and development are presented. Through ingenious design and multi-functionality, new JCM-based technologies could address more and more special needs in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
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19
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Luo Y, Fan C, Song Y, Xu T, Zhang X. Ultra-trace enriching biosensing in nanoliter sample. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114297. [PMID: 35472656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rapid detection and accurate analysis of trace samples is an important prerequisite for precision medicine. Here we integrated capillary with ultrasound to induce biomarkers enrichment in nanoliter samples, and developed a nanoliter sample enrichment analysis method for ultra-trace miRNA biosensing. The interaction between ultrasonic field and capillary provides a gradient ultrasound field, which is essential for the aggregation of functionalized microspheres along with the enrichment of specific biomarkers. The results indicated that the enrichment of the biomarkers effectively enhanced the fluorescence intensity, and the limit of detection reaches 7.8✕10-12 M in 100 nL. Such integrated device can realize ultrasonic enrichment and visual analysis of target samples, and provides a new idea for rapid and highly sensitive detection of ultra-trace biomarkers in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Chuan Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yongchao Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
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20
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Muñoz J, Urso M, Pumera M. Self-Propelled Multifunctional Microrobots Harboring Chiral Supramolecular Selectors for "Enantiorecognition-on-the-Fly". Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116090. [PMID: 35138049 PMCID: PMC9304198 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a general procedure for the synthesis of multifunctional MRs, which simultaneously exhibit i) chiral, ii) magnetic, and iii) fluorescent properties in combination with iv) self-propulsion, is reported. Self-propelled Ni@Pt superparamagnetic microrockets have been functionalized with fluorescent CdS quantum dots carrying a chiral host biomolecule as β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The "on-the-fly" chiral recognition potential of MRs has been interrogated by taking advantage of the β-CD affinity to supramolecularly accommodate different chiral biomolecules (i.e., amino acids). As a proof-of-concept, tryptophan enantiomers have been discriminated with a dual-mode (optical and electrochemical) readout. This approach paves the way to devise intelligent cargo micromachines with "built-in" chiral supramolecular recognition capabilities to elucidate the concept of "enantiorecognition-on-the-fly", which might be facilely customized by tailoring the supramolecular host-guest encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Muñoz
- Future Energy and Innovation LaboratoryCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of Technology61200BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Mario Urso
- Future Energy and Innovation LaboratoryCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of Technology61200BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation LaboratoryCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of Technology61200BrnoCzech Republic
- Center for Advanced Functional NanorobotsDept. of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and Technology16628PragueCzech Republic
- Department of Medical ResearchChina Medical University HospitalChina Medical UniversityTaichung40402Taiwan
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21
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Bjørge IM, Correia CR, Mano JF. Hipster microcarriers: exploring geometrical and topographical cues of non-spherical microcarriers in biomedical applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:908-933. [PMID: 34908074 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Structure and organisation are key aspects of the native tissue environment, which ultimately condition cell fate via a myriad of processes, including the activation of mechanotransduction pathways. By modulating the formation of integrin-mediated adhesions and consequently impacting cell contractility, engineered geometrical and topographical cues may be introduced to activate downstream signalling and ultimately control cell morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. Microcarriers appear as attractive vehicles for cell-based tissue engineering strategies aiming to modulate this 3D environment, but also as vehicles for cell-free applications, given the ease in tuning their chemical and physical properties. In this review, geometry and topography are highlighted as two preponderant features in actively regulating interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix. While most studies focus on the 2D environment, we focus on how the incorporation of these strategies in 3D systems could be beneficial. The techniques applied to design 3D microcarriers with unique geometries and surface topographical cues are covered, as well as specific tissue engineering approaches employing these microcarriers. In fact, successfully achieving a functional histoarchitecture may depend on a combination of fine-tuned geometrically shaped microcarriers presenting intricately tailored topographical cues. Lastly, we pinpoint microcarrier geometry as a key player in cell-free biomaterial-based strategies, and its impact on drug release kinetics, the production of steerable microcarriers to target tumour cells, and as protein or antibody biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Bjørge
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Clara R Correia
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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22
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Muñoz J, Urso M, Pumera M. Self‐Propelled Multifunctional Microrobots Harboring Chiral Supramolecular Selectors for “Enantiorecogniton‐on‐the‐Fly”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Muñoz
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Mario Urso
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology 61200 Brno Czech Republic
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots Dept. of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Chemistry and Technology 16628 Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung 40402 Taiwan
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23
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Hou K, Zhang Y, Bao M, Xin C, Wei Z, Lin G, Wang Z. A Multifunctional Magnetic Red Blood Cell-Mimetic Micromotor for Drug Delivery and Image-Guided Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3825-3837. [PMID: 35025195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by nature, innovative devices have been made to imitate the morphology and functions of natural red blood cells (RBCs). Here, we report a red blood cell-mimetic micromotor (RBCM), which was fabricated based on a layer-by-layer assembly method and precisely controlled by an external rotating uniform magnetic field. The main framework of the RBCM was constructed by the natural protein zein and finally camouflaged with the RBC membrane. Functional cargos such as Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin were loaded within the wall part of the RBCM for tumor therapy. Due to the massive loading of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the RBCM can be precisely navigated by an external rotating uniform magnetic field and be used as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent for tumor imaging. The RBCM has been proven to be biocompatible, biodegradable, magnetically manipulated, and imageable, which are key requisites to take micromotors from the chalkboard to clinics. We expect the RBC-inspired biohybrid device to achieve wide potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Meili Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Chao Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Zengyan Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Guochang Lin
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
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24
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Yang S, Ren J, Wang H. Injectable Micromotor@hydrogel system for antibacterial therapy. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103867. [PMID: 34890072 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The drug delivery system based on nano/micromotors has become a research hot spot in recent years. However, naked micromotors may be ruptured or passivated under the complex biological environment, which will result in the leakage of drugs in advance or limited self-propulsion performance. Here, we propose an injectable micromotor@hydrogel drug delivery system to protect micromotors from the external environment. The micromotors were prepared through layer-by-layer assembly technology. The asymmetric decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by the locally distributed platinum nanoparticles enabled efficient propulsion of the micromotors in low concentration of hydrogen peroxide. In order to protect micromotors, they were loaded into the Schiff base hydrogel. The micromotor@hydrogel system can be injected directly into the lesion to release micromotors in response to the environment, reducing external influence on micromotors and improving the sustained-release effect. Erythromycin (Ery) was loaded into the micromotors and the micromotor@hydrogel system demonstrated excellent antibacterial effect. Micromotors released from the hydrogel underwent enhanced diffusion in the surroundings of bacteria without addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide, which was manifested by their appearance in edge of the inhibition zone. The proposed micromotor@hydrogel drug delivery system offers a new strategy for the treatment of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1, Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Jiaoyu Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1, Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1, Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
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25
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Cao S, Wu H, Pijpers IAB, Shao J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Williams DS, van Hest JCM. Cucurbit-Like Polymersomes with Aggregation-Induced Emission Properties Show Enzyme-Mediated Motility. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18270-18278. [PMID: 34668368 PMCID: PMC8613902 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes that incorporate aggregation-induced emission (AIE) moieties are attractive inherently fluorescent nanoparticles with biomedical application potential for cell/tissue imaging and tracking, as well as phototherapeutics. An intriguing feature that has not been explored yet is their ability to adopt a range of asymmetric morphologies. Structural asymmetry allows nanoparticles to be exploited as active (motile) systems. Here, we present the design and preparation of AIE fluorophore integrated (AIEgenic) cucurbit-shaped polymersome nanomotors with enzyme-powered motility. The cucurbit scaffold was constructed via morphology engineering of biodegradable fluorescent AIE-polymersomes, followed by functionalization with enzymatic machinery via a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly process. Because of the enzyme-mediated decomposition of chemical fuel on the cucurbit-like nanomotor surface, enhanced directed motion was attained, when compared with the spherical counterparts. These cucurbit-shaped biodegradable AIE-nanomotors provide a promising platform for the development of active delivery systems with potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, University
Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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26
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Chen K, Peng X, Dang M, Tao J, Ma J, Li Z, Zheng L, Su X, Wang L, Teng Z. General Thermodynamic-Controlled Coating Method to Prepare Janus Mesoporous Nanomotors for Improving Tumor Penetration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51297-51311. [PMID: 34668372 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Artificial nanomotors are undergoing significant developments in several biomedical applications. However, current experimental strategies for producing nanomotors still have inherent drawbacks such as the requirement for expensive equipment, strict controlling of experimental conditions, and strenuous processes with several complex procedures. In this study, we describe for the first time a facile single-step thermodynamic-controlled coating method to prepare Janus mesoporous organosilica nanomotors. By controlling the total free energy of organosilica oligomers (G) from a low development level to a high level in the reaction system, the nonspontaneous nucleation on the platinum (Pt) nanosurface and the spontaneous nucleation in a solvent can be controlled, respectively. More importantly, we reveal that the molecular arrangement and contact angle of deposited organosilica on Pt cores vary with the total free energy of organosilica oligomers (G). Different values of θ would change the trend of detachment from Pt for organosilica nucleated cores and carry out diverse coating modes. These are indicated by the morphology evolution of platinum/organosilica hybrids, from naked platinum nanoparticles, evenly distributed organosilica shell/core, nonconcentric to typical Janus nanomotor. The prepared Janus mesoporous nanomotor (JMN) showed typical mesopore structures and active propelling behaviors under H2O2 stimulation. In addition, the JMN modified with hyaluronic acid exhibited excellent biocompatibility and improved tumor penetration under H2O2 stimulation. The successful construction of other nanomotor frameworks based on a gold-templated core proves the perfect applicability of the thermodynamic-coating method for the production of nanomotors. In conclusion, this work establishes a manufacturing methodology for nanomotors and drives nanomotors for promising biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Peng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Meng Dang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jun Tao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Liuhai Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Su
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhaogang Teng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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27
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Zhao Z, Wu Z, Rutkowski S, Tverdokhlebov SI, Frueh J. Influence of the pH value and the surfactant concentration on the pumping performance of magnesium fuel based Janus micropumps. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Uda M, Fujiwara J, Seike M, Segami S, Higashimoto S, Hirai T, Nakamura Y, Fujii S. Controllable Positive/Negative Phototaxis of Millimeter-Sized Objects with Sensing Function. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11093-11101. [PMID: 34473503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phototaxis, which is the directional motion toward or away from light, is common in nature and inspires development of artificial light-steered active objects. Most of the light-steered objects developed so far exhibit either positive or negative phototaxis, and there are few examples of research on objects that exhibit both positive and negative phototaxis. Herein, small objects showing both positive and negative phototaxis on the water surface upon near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, with the direction controlled by the position of light irradiation, are reported. The millimeter-sized tetrahedral liquid marble containing gelled water coated by one polymer plate with light-to-heat photothermal characteristic, which adsorbs onto the bottom of the liquid marble, and three polymer plates with highly transparent characteristic, which adsorb onto the upper part of the liquid marble, is utilized as a model small object. Light irradiation on the front side of the object induces negative phototaxis and that on the other side induces positive phototaxis, and the motion can be controlled to 360° arbitrary direction by precise control of the light irradiation position. Thermographic studies confirm that the motions are realized through Marangoni flow generated around the liquid marble, which is induced by position-selective NIR light irradiation. The object can move centimeter distances, and numerical analysis indicates that average velocity and acceleration are approximately 12 mm/s and 71 mm/s2, respectively, which are independent of the direction of motions. The generated force is estimated to be approximately 0.4 μN based on Newton's equation. Furthermore, functional cargo can be loaded into the inner phase of the small objects, which can be delivered and released on demand and endows them with environmental sensing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Uda
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Junya Fujiwara
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Musashi Seike
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Shinji Segami
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Shinya Higashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
- Nanomaterials Microdevices Research Center, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
- Nanomaterials Microdevices Research Center, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Syuji Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
- Nanomaterials Microdevices Research Center, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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29
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Mujtaba J, Liu J, Dey KK, Li T, Chakraborty R, Xu K, Makarov D, Barmin RA, Gorin DA, Tolstoy VP, Huang G, Solovev AA, Mei Y. Micro-Bio-Chemo-Mechanical-Systems: Micromotors, Microfluidics, and Nanozymes for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007465. [PMID: 33893682 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wireless nano-/micromotors powered by chemical reactions and/or external fields generate motive forces, perform tasks, and significantly extend short-range dynamic responses of passive biomedical microcarriers. However, before micromotors can be translated into clinical use, several major problems, including the biocompatibility of materials, the toxicity of chemical fuels, and deep tissue imaging methods, must be solved. Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (e.g., catalase, oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), that is, nanozymes, can significantly expand the scope of micromotors' chemical fuels. A convergence of nanozymes, micromotors, and microfluidics can lead to a paradigm shift in the fabrication of multifunctional micromotors in reasonable quantities, encapsulation of desired subsystems, and engineering of FDA-approved core-shell structures with tuneable biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Microfluidic methods are used to prepare stable bubbles/microbubbles and capsules integrating ultrasound, optoacoustic, fluorescent, and magnetic resonance imaging modalities. The aim here is to discuss an interdisciplinary approach of three independent emerging topics: micromotors, nanozymes, and microfluidics to creatively: 1) embrace new ideas, 2) think across boundaries, and 3) solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline toward the development of micro-bio-chemo-mechanical-systems for diverse bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawayria Mujtaba
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jinrun Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Krishna K Dey
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Rik Chakraborty
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Kailiang Xu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roman A Barmin
- Center of Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Center of Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Valeri P Tolstoy
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Prospect, Petergof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Alexander A Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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30
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Sun Y, Luo Y, Xu T, Cheng G, Cai H, Zhang X. Acoustic aggregation-induced separation for enhanced fluorescence detection of Alzheimer's biomarker. Talanta 2021; 233:122517. [PMID: 34215132 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
On-chip microparticle-based separation is a significant activity in analytical and biomedical field. Here, we reported an acoustic aggregation-induced microparticle separation for on-chip fluorescence detection of Alzheimer biomarkers. miRNA-101, an Alzheimer-related biomarker, was used as a model target to validate the performance of the acoustic aggregation-induced separation assay. Under the ultrasound filed, the microparticles would move toward the centre of chip by simply adjusting the frequency and voltage. Such particle aggregation further resulted in fluorescence enhancement comparing with single microparticle. This approach integrated acoustic aggregation-induced microparticle separation with fluorescence enhancement, holding great potential application for the development of lab-on-a-chip based trace biomarkers detection in diagnosis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Tailin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Guanzhi Cheng
- Institute of Railway Construction, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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31
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Lin G, Richardson JJ, Ahmed H, Besford QA, Christofferson AJ, Beyer S, Lin Z, Rezk AR, Savioli M, Zhou J, McConville CF, Cortez-Jugo C, Yeo LY, Caruso F. Programmable Phototaxis of Metal-Phenolic Particle Microswimmers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006177. [PMID: 33634513 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven directional motion is common in nature but remains a challenge for synthetic microparticles, particularly regarding collective motion on a macroscopic scale. Successfully engineering microparticles with light-driven collective motion could lead to breakthroughs in drug delivery, contaminant sensing, environmental remediation, and artificial life. Herein, metal-phenolic particle microswimmers capable of autonomously sensing and swimming toward an external light source are reported, with the speed regulated by the wavelength and intensity of illumination. These microswimmers can travel macroscopic distances (centimeters) and can remain illuminated for hours without degradation of motility. Experimental and theoretical analyses demonstrate that motion is generated through chemical transformations of the organic component of the metal-phenolic complex. Furthermore, cargos with specific spectral absorption profiles can be loaded into the particles and endow the particle microswimmers with activated motion corresponding to these spectral characteristics. The programmable nature of the light navigation, tunable size of the particles, and versatility of cargo loading demonstrate the versatility of these metal-phenolic particle microswimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph J Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Heba Ahmed
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Quinn A Besford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Sebastian Beyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhixing Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Marco Savioli
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Chris F McConville
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Christina Cortez-Jugo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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32
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Sindhu RK, Kaur H, Kumar M, Sofat M, Yapar EA, Esenturk I, Kara BA, Kumar P, Keshavarzi Z. The ameliorating approach of nanorobotics in the novel drug delivery systems: a mechanistic review. J Drug Target 2021; 29:822-833. [PMID: 33641551 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1892122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale robotics have the ability that it can productively transform multiple energy sources into motion and strength which reflects an expeditiously appearing and captivating area for research of robotics. In today's plethora, biomedical nanorobotics played an intricate character with numerous units of robots working at the pathological site in a coordinated manner. The synergistic action of the several nanorobotics has been employed for the fulfilment of the task such as large-scale detoxification, delivery of the large pharmacological/therapeutic efficacious payloads, etc. that is nearly unfeasible or unalterable practically by using single nanorobot. The collective intelligence of the nanorobot is advancing progressively at the nanoscale to reinforce their precision treatment potentially. Conclusively, after obtaining certain consideration regarding the nanorobotics sciences, many professionals are compendiously involving in the emerging highly efficacious therapeutic technology that encourages the scientist or designing of the tissues specific for the site-specific nanorobotic diagnostic devices. As a result, the closed and professional type between the field of Nanotechnology and Medical Sciences will provide another new highly oriented level to the domain of nanorobotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Sindhu
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Harnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Moksha Sofat
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Evren Algın Yapar
- Analysis and Control Laboratories Department, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, MoH, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Imren Esenturk
- Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zakieh Keshavarzi
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
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33
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Soto F, Karshalev E, Zhang F, Esteban Fernandez de Avila B, Nourhani A, Wang J. Smart Materials for Microrobots. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5365-5403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Berta Esteban Fernandez de Avila
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amir Nourhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mathematics, Biology, Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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34
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Gao C, Wang Y, Ye Z, Lin Z, Ma X, He Q. Biomedical Micro-/Nanomotors: From Overcoming Biological Barriers to In Vivo Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000512. [PMID: 32578282 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) have shown great potential for applications in the biomedical field, such as active targeted delivery, detoxification, minimally invasive diagnostics, and nanosurgery, owing to their tiny size, autonomous motion, and navigation capacities. To enter the clinic, biomedical MNMs request the biodegradability of their manufacturing materials, the biocompatibility of chemical fuels or externally physical fields, the capability of overcoming various biological barriers (e.g., biofouling, blood flow, blood-brain barrier, cell membrane), and the in vivo visual positioning for autonomous navigation. Herein, the recent advances of synthetic MNMs in overcoming biological barriers and in vivo motion-tracking imaging techniques are highlighted. The challenges and future research priorities are also addressed. With continued attention and innovation, it is believed that, in the future, biomedical MNMs will pave the way to improve the targeted drug delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (Shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zihan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (Shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (Shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, 150080, China
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Lin F, Shao Y, Wu Y, Zhang Y. NIR Light-Propelled Janus-Based Nanoplatform for Cytosolic-Fueled microRNA Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3713-3721. [PMID: 33430581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Various nanoplatforms have been developed to visualize intracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) because of their clinical significance in tumor progression and diagnosis. However, the diffusion-limited motion of the nanoplatforms penalizes the miRNA imaging efficiency in cells. Herein, we fabricated a near-infrared (NIR) light-propelled Janus-based nanoplatform to advance the imaging response. The Janus nanomotor covered with an Au half-shell was loaded by the endocytosis adjuvant of the MnO2 nanosheet for delivering a miRNA-responsive hQN (hairpin DNA quadrangular nanostructure) probe with a catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA). Once the nanoplatform entered into cells, the MnO2 nanosheet was degraded to Mn2+ by endogenous fuels (such as glutathione) to release the hQN probe. The NIR light irradiation of the nanoplatform generated a heat gradient and thus propelled motion of the nanoplatform. This process accelerated the intracellular reaction of the hQN probe with miRNAs to trigger the cascade CHA amplification with an enhanced fluorescence readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), State Laboratory of Robotics and System (HIT), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Wang Q, Zhang L. External Power-Driven Microrobotic Swarm: From Fundamental Understanding to Imaging-Guided Delivery. ACS NANO 2021; 15:149-174. [PMID: 33417764 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Untethered micro/nanorobots have been widely investigated owing to their potential in performing various tasks in different environments. The significant progress in this emerging interdisciplinary field has benefited from the distinctive features of those tiny active agents, such as wireless actuation, navigation under feedback control, and targeted delivery of small-scale objects. In recent studies, collective behaviors of these tiny machines have received tremendous attention because swarming agents can enhance the delivery capability and adaptability in complex environments and the contrast of medical imaging, thus benefiting the imaging-guided navigation and delivery. In this review, we summarize the recent research efforts on investigating collective behaviors of external power-driven micro/nanorobots, including the fundamental understanding of swarm formation, navigation, and pattern transformation. The fundamental understanding of swarming tiny machines provides the foundation for targeted delivery. We also summarize the swarm localization using different imaging techniques, including the imaging-guided delivery in biological environments. By highlighting the critical steps from understanding the fundamental interactions during swarm control to swarm localization and imaging-guided delivery applications, we envision that the microrobotic swarm provides a promising tool for delivering agents in an active, controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
- T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
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38
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Gao C, Lin Z, Zhou C, Wang D, He Q. Acoustophoretic Motion of Erythrocyte‐mimicking Hemoglobin Micromotors. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 China
| | - Daolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 China
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RF plasma-enhanced conducting Polymer/W5O14 based self-propelled micromotors for miRNA detection. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1138:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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40
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Shao J, Cao S, Williams DS, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Photoactivated Polymersome Nanomotors: Traversing Biological Barriers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16918-16925. [PMID: 32533754 PMCID: PMC7540338 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nanomotors are appealing delivery vehicles for the dynamic transport of functional cargo. Their translation toward biological applications is limited owing to the use of non-degradable components. Furthermore, size has been an impediment owing to the importance of achieving nanoscale (ca. 100 nm) dimensions, as opposed to microscale examples that are prevalent. Herein, we present a hybrid nanomotor that can be activated by near-infrared (NIR)-irradiation for the triggered delivery of internal cargo and facilitated transport of external agents to the cell. Utilizing biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactide) (PEG-PDLLA) block copolymers, with the two blocks connected via a pH sensitive imine bond, we generate nanoscopic polymersomes that are then modified with a hemispherical gold nanocoat. This Janus morphology allows such hybrid polymersomes to undergoing photothermal motility in response to thermal gradients generated by plasmonic absorbance of NIR irradiation, with velocities ranging up to 6.2±1.10 μm s-1 . These polymersome nanomotors (PNMs) are capable of traversing cellular membranes allowing intracellular delivery of molecular and macromolecular cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute of Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41)P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute of Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41)P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaSA2 8PPUK
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute of Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41)P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute of Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41)P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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Xu H, Medina‐Sánchez M, Schmidt OG. Magnetic Micromotors for Multiple Motile Sperm Cells Capture, Transport, and Enzymatic Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15029-15037. [PMID: 32392393 PMCID: PMC7496921 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An integrated system combining a magnetically-driven micromotor and a synthetized protein-based hyaluronic acid (HA) microflake is presented for the in situ selection and transport of multiple motile sperm cells (ca. 50). The system appeals for targeted sperm delivery in the reproductive system to assist fertilization or to deliver drugs. The binding mechanism between the HA microflake and sperm relies on the interactions between HA and the corresponding sperm HA receptors. Once sperm are captured within the HA microflake, the assembly is trapped and transported by a magnetically-driven helical microcarrier. The trapping of the sperm-microflake occurs by a local vortex induced by the microcarrier during rotation-translation under a rotating magnetic field. After transport, the microflake is enzymatically hydrolyzed by local proteases, allowing sperm to escape and finally reach the target location. This cargo-delivery system represents a new concept to transport not only multiple motile sperm but also other actively moving biological cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Xu
- Institute for Integrative NanosciencesLeibniz IFW DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Mariana Medina‐Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative NanosciencesLeibniz IFW DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative NanosciencesLeibniz IFW DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN)TU ChemnitzRosenbergstraße 609126ChemnitzGermany
- School of ScienceTU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
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42
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Tezel G, Timur SS, Kuralay F, Gürsoy RN, Ulubayram K, Öner L, Eroğlu H. Current status of micro/nanomotors in drug delivery. J Drug Target 2020; 29:29-45. [PMID: 32672079 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1797052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are novel, self-propelled nano or microscale devices that are widely used in drug transport, cell stimulation and isolation, bio-imaging, diagnostic and monitoring, sensing, photocatalysis and environmental remediation. Various preparation methods and propulsion mechanisms make MNMs "tailormade" nanosystems for the intended purpose or use. As the one of the newest members of nano carriers, MNMs open a new perspective especially for rapid drug transport and gene delivery. Although there exists limited number of in-vivo studies for drug delivery purposes, existence of in-vitro supportive data strongly encourages researchers to move on in this field and benefit from the manoeuvre capability of these novel systems. In this article, we reviewed the preparation and propulsion mechanisms of nanomotors in various fields with special attention to drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Tezel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selin Seda Timur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Kuralay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - R Neslihan Gürsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Öner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Eroğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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43
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Wu C, Cao T, Cao Y. Collective depinning of driven monolayer active colloidal particles with magnetic dipole and Mie-type interactions. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1718790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cange Wu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Cao
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yigang Cao
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
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44
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Shao J, Cao S, Williams DS, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Hest JCM. Photoactivated Polymersome Nanomotors: Traversing Biological Barriers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41) P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41) P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41) P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41) P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
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46
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Zhang S, Zhou S, Liu H, Xing M, Ding B, Li B. Pinecone-Inspired Nanoarchitectured Smart Microcages Enable Nano/Microparticle Drug Delivery. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2002434. [PMID: 32684911 PMCID: PMC7357249 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202002434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery plays a vital role in medicine and health, but the on-demand delivery of large-sized drugs using stimuli-triggered carriers is extremely challenging. Most present capsules consist of polymeric dense shells with nanosized pores (<10 nm), thus typically lack permeability for nano/microparticle drugs. Here, a pinecone-inspired smart microcage with open network shells, assembled from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), is reported for nano/microparticle drug delivery. The approach allows the nanoarchitectured, functionalized CNFs to assemble into mechanically robust, haystack-like network shells with tunable large-through pores and polypeptide-anchored points on a large scale. Such open network shells can intelligently open/close triggered by lesion stimuli, making the therapy "always on-demand." The resulting pinecone-inspired microcages exhibit integrated properties of superior structural stability, superhydrophilicity, and pH-triggered, smart across-shell transport of emerging antimicrobial silver nanoparticles and bioactive silicate nanoplatelets (sizes of >100 nm), which enable both extraordinary anti-infection and bone regeneration. This work provides new insights into the design and development of multifunctional encapsulation and delivery carriers for medical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsSchool of MedicineWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV26506USA
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Department of OrthopedicsSchool of MedicineWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV26506USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and TechnologyDonghua UniversityShanghai200051China
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBR3T 2N2Canada
- The Children's Hospital Research Institute of ManitobaWinnipegMBR3E 3P4Canada
| | - Bin Ding
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and TechnologyDonghua UniversityShanghai200051China
| | - Bingyun Li
- Department of OrthopedicsSchool of MedicineWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV26506USA
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47
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Wu Z, Chen Y, Mukasa D, Pak OS, Gao W. Medical micro/nanorobots in complex media. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8088-8112. [PMID: 32596700 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Medical micro/nanorobots have received tremendous attention over the past decades owing to their potential to be navigated into hard-to-reach tissues for a number of biomedical applications ranging from targeted drug/gene delivery, bio-isolation, detoxification, to nanosurgery. Despite the great promise, the majority of the past demonstrations are primarily under benchtop or in vitro conditions. Many developed micro/nanoscale propulsion mechanisms are based on the assumption of a homogeneous, Newtonian environment, while realistic biological environments are substantially more complex. Moving toward practical medical use, the field of micro/nanorobotics must overcome several major challenges including propulsion through complex media (such as blood, mucus, and vitreous) as well as deep tissue imaging and control in vivo. In this review article, we summarize the recent research efforts on investigating how various complexities in biological environments impact the propulsion of micro/nanoswimmers. We also highlight the emerging technological approaches to enhance the locomotion of micro/nanorobots in complex environments. The recent demonstrations of in vivo imaging, control and therapeutic medical applications of such micro/nanorobots are introduced. We envision that continuing materials and technological innovations through interdisciplinary collaborative efforts can bring us steps closer to the fantasy of "swallowing a surgeon".
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Wu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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48
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Yuan K, de la Asunción-Nadal V, Li Y, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Graphdiyne Micromotors in Living Biomedia. Chemistry 2020; 26:8471-8477. [PMID: 32293079 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Graphdiyne (GDY), a new kind of two-dimensional (2D) material, was combined with micromotor technology for "on-the-fly" operations in complex biomedia. Microtubular structures were prepared by template deposition on membrane templates, resulting in functional structures rich in sp and sp2 carbons with highly conjugated π networks. This resulted in a highly increased surface area for a higher loading of anticancer drugs or enhanced quenching ability over other 2D based micromotors, such as graphene oxide (GO) or smooth tubular micromotors. High biocompatibility with almost 100 % cell viability was observed in cytotoxicity assays with moving micromotors in the presence of HeLa cells. On a first example, GDY micromotors loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) were used for pH responsive release and HeLa cancer cells killing. The use of affinity peptide engineered GDY micromotors was also illustrated for highly sensitive and selective fluorescent OFF-ON detection of cholera toxin B through specific recognition of the subunit B region of the target toxin. The new developments illustrated here offer considerable promise for the use of GDY as part of micromotors in living biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisong Yuan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid (Spain), University of Alcala, 28807, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Victor de la Asunción-Nadal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid (Spain), University of Alcala, 28807, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yuliang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, CAS, Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid (Spain), University of Alcala, 28807, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. del Rio", University of Alcala, 28807, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid (Spain), University of Alcala, 28807, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. del Rio", University of Alcala, 28807, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Xu H, Medina‐Sánchez M, Schmidt OG. Magnetic Micromotors for Multiple Motile Sperm Cells Capture, Transport, and Enzymatic Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Xu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences Leibniz IFW Dresden Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Mariana Medina‐Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences Leibniz IFW Dresden Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences Leibniz IFW Dresden Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN) TU Chemnitz Rosenbergstraße 6 09126 Chemnitz Germany
- School of Science TU Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
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50
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Zhu Q, Xu T, Song Y, Luo Y, Xu L, Zhang X. Integrating modification and detection in acoustic microchip for in-situ analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 158:112185. [PMID: 32275208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound as a biocompatible and powerful approach has been advanced in biotechnology. Here we present an acoustic microchip integrating modification and detection for in-situ analysis. Such microchip employs two pairs of piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) for acoustic field generation and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microcavity on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate for producing microparticle array. The applying of acoustic field results in rapidly forming microparticle array by adjusting the inputting frequency and voltage. In-situ modification and detection are accelerated due to the dynamic ultrasonic streaming around the ultrasound induced microparticle array. Such array also benefits from reducing the detection errors by coupling of multiple points. With this strategy, biomarkers (e.g. miRNA) can be enriched, and achieve in-situ modification and detection via simple two steps with excellent specificity. After the detection, samples are regained from the output channel by releasing the acoustic field, which is benefit for further analysis. Such integrated modification and detection acoustic microchip shows great potential in visual in-situ analysis and enriching ultratrace biomarkers for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Yongchao Song
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yong Luo
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Liping Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
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