1
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Oerlemans RAJF, Cao S, Wang J, Li Y, Luo Y, Shao J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Positively Charged Biodegradable Polymersomes with Structure Inherent Fluorescence as Artificial Organelles. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3055-3062. [PMID: 38693874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Polymersomes, nanosized polymeric vesicles, have attracted significant interest in the areas of artificial cells and nanomedicine. Given their size, their visualization via confocal microscopy techniques is often achieved through the physical incorporation of fluorescent dyes, which however present challenges due to potential leaching. A promising alternative is the incorporation of molecules with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior that are capable of fluorescing exclusively in their assembled state. Here, we report on the use of AIE polymersomes as artificial organelles, which are capable of undertaking enzymatic reactions in vitro. The ability of our polymersome-based artificial organelles to provide additional functionality to living cells was evaluated by encapsulating catalytic enzymes such as a combination of glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase (GOx/HRP) or β-galactosidase (β-gal). Via the additional incorporation of a pyridinium functionality, not only the cellular uptake is improved at low concentrations but also our platform's potential to specifically target mitochondria expands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A J F Oerlemans
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yudong Li
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yingtong Luo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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2
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Ventura J, Llopis-Lorente A, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM, Martínez-Máñez R. Models of Chemical Communication for Micro/Nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:815-830. [PMID: 38427324 PMCID: PMC10956390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusEngineering chemical communication between micro/nanosystems (via the exchange of chemical messengers) is receiving increasing attention from the scientific community. Although a number of micro- and nanodevices (e.g., drug carriers, sensors, and artificial cells) have been developed in the last decades, engineering communication at the micro/nanoscale is a recent emergent topic. In fact, most of the studies in this research area have been published within the last 10 years. Inspired by nature─where information is exchanged by means of molecules─the development of chemical communication strategies holds wide implications as it may provide breakthroughs in many areas including nanotechnology, artificial cell research, biomedicine, biotechnology, and ICT. Published examples rely on nanotechnology and synthetic biology for the creation of micro- and nanodevices that can communicate. Communication enables the construction of new complex systems capable of performing advanced coordinated tasks that go beyond those carried out by individual entities. In addition, the possibility to communicate between synthetic and living systems can further advance our understanding of biochemical processes and provide completely new tailored therapeutic and diagnostic strategies, ways to tune cellular behavior, and new biotechnological tools. In this Account, we summarize advances by our laboratories (and others) in the engineering of chemical communication of micro- and nanoparticles. This Account is structured to provide researchers from different fields with general strategies and common ground for the rational design of future communication networks at the micro/nanoscale. First, we cover the basis of and describe enabling technologies to engineer particles with communication capabilities. Next, we rationalize general models of chemical communication. These models vary from simple linear communication (transmission of information between two points) to more complex pathways such as interactive communication and multicomponent communication (involving several entities). Using illustrative experimental designs, we demonstrate the realization of these models which involve communication not only between engineered micro/nanoparticles but also between particles and living systems. Finally, we discuss the current state of the topic and the future challenges to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ventura
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera
3, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Rikken RSM, Kleuskens S, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Engelkamp H, Nolte RJM, Maan JC, van Hest JCM, Wilson DA, Christianen PCM. The average magnetic anisotropy of polystyrene in polymersomes self-assembled from poly(ethylene glycol)- b-polystyrene. Soft Matter 2024; 20:730-737. [PMID: 38117161 PMCID: PMC10806999 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01333b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Using the diamagnetic anisotropy of polymers for the characterization of polymers and polymer aggregates is a relatively new approach in the field of soft-matter and polymer research. So far, a good and thorough quantitative description of these diamagnetic properties has been lacking. Using a simple equation that links the magnetic properties of an average polymer repeating unit to those of the polymer vesicle of any shape, we measured, using magnetic birefringence, the average diamagnetic anisotropy of a polystyrene (PS) repeating unit, ΔχPS, inside a poly(ethylene glycol)-polystyrene (PEG-PS) polymersome membrane as a function of the PS-length and as a function of the preparation method. All obtained values of ΔχPS have a negative sign which results in polymers tending to align perpendicular to an applied magnetic field. Combined, the same order of magnitude of ΔχPS (10-12 m3 mol-1) for all polymersome shapes proves that the individual polymers are organized similarly regardless of the PS length and polymersome shape. Furthermore, the value found is only a fraction (∼1%) of what it can maximally be due to the random coiling of the polymers. We, therefore, predict that further ordering of the polymers within the membrane could lead to similar responses at much lower magnetic fields, possibly obtainable with permanent magnets, which would be highly advantageous for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S M Rikken
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML - EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Kleuskens
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML - EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Engelkamp
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML - EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland J M Nolte
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Maan
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML - EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C M Christianen
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML - EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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4
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Llopis-Lorente A, Schotman MJG, Humeniuk HV, van Hest JCM, Dankers PYW, Abdelmohsen LKEA. Artificial cells with viscoadaptive behavior based on hydrogel-loaded giant unilamellar vesicles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:629-638. [PMID: 38179539 PMCID: PMC10763548 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04687g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Viscoadaptation is an essential process in natural cells, where supramolecular interactions between cytosolic components drive adaptation of the cellular mechanical features to regulate metabolic function. This important relationship between mechanical properties and function has until now been underexplored in artificial cell research. Here, we have created an artificial cell platform that exploits internal supramolecular interactions to display viscoadaptive behavior. As supramolecular material to mimic the cytosolic component of these artificial cells, we employed a pH-switchable hydrogelator based on poly(ethylene glycol) coupled to ureido-pyrimidinone units. The hydrogelator was membranized in its sol state in giant unilamellar lipid vesicles to include a cell-membrane mimetic component. The resulting hydrogelator-loaded giant unilamellar vesicles (designated as HL-GUVs) displayed reversible pH-switchable sol-gel behavior through multiple cycles. Furthermore, incorporation of the regulatory enzyme urease enabled us to increase the cytosolic pH upon conversion of its substrate urea. The system was able to switch between a high viscosity (at neutral pH) and a low viscosity (at basic pH) state upon addition of substrate. Finally, viscoadaptation was achieved via the incorporation of a second enzyme of which the activity was governed by the viscosity of the artificial cell. This work represents a new approach to install functional self-regulation in artificial cells, and opens new possibilities for the creation of complex artificial cells that mimic the structural and functional interplay found in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14, Eindhoven 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Maaike J G Schotman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14, Eindhoven 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Heorhii V Humeniuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14, Eindhoven 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14, Eindhoven 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Y W Dankers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14, Eindhoven 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14, Eindhoven 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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5
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Luo Y, Wu H, Zhou X, Wang J, Er S, Li Y, Welzen PLW, Oerlemans RAJF, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Shao J, van Hest JCM. Polymer Vesicles with Integrated Photothermal Responsiveness. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20073-20080. [PMID: 37664895 PMCID: PMC10510318 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized polymer vesicles have been proven to be highly promising in biomedical applications due to their good biocompatibility, easy processability, and multifunctional responsive capacities. However, photothermal-responsive polymer vesicles triggered by near-infrared (NIR) light have not been widely reported until now. Herein, we propose a new strategy for designing NIR light-mediated photothermal polymer vesicles. A small molecule (PTA) with NIR-triggered photothermal features was synthesized by combining a D-D'-A-D'-D configuration framework with a molecular rotor function (TPE). The feasibility of the design strategy was demonstrated through density functional theory calculations. PTA moieties were introduced in the hydrophobic segment of a poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(trimethylene carbonate) block copolymer, of which the carbonate monomers were modified in the side chain with an active ester group. The amphiphilic block copolymers (PEG44-PTA2) were then used as building blocks for the self-assembly of photothermal-responsive polymer vesicles. The new class of functionalized polymer vesicles inherited the NIR-mediated high photothermal performance of the photothermal agent (PTA). After NIR laser irradiation for 10 min, the temperature of the PTA-Ps aqueous solution was raised to 56 °C. The photothermal properties and bilayer structure of PTA-Ps after laser irradiation were still intact, which demonstrated that they could be applied as a robust platform in photothermal therapy. Besides their photothermal performance, the loading capacity of PTA-Ps was investigated as well. Hydrophobic cargo (Cy7) and hydrophilic cargo (Sulfo-Cy5) were successfully encapsulated in the PTA-Ps. These properties make this new class of functionalized polymer vesicles an interesting platform for synergistic therapy in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtong Luo
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular
Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular
Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xuan Zhou
- DIFFER
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular
Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Süleyman Er
- DIFFER
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yudong Li
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular
Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal L. W. Welzen
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular
Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roy A. J. F. Oerlemans
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular
Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular
Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular
Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular
Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Oerlemans RAF, Shao J, van Stevendaal MHME, Wu H, Patiño Padial T, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Biodegradable Grubbs-Loaded Artificial Organelles for Endosomal Ring-Closing Metathesis. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4148-4155. [PMID: 37589683 PMCID: PMC10498438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The application of transition-metal catalysts in living cells presents a promising approach to facilitate reactions that otherwise would not occur in nature. However, the usage of metal complexes is often restricted by their limited biocompatibility, toxicity, and susceptibility to inactivation and loss of activity by the cell's defensive mechanisms. This is especially relevant for ruthenium-mediated reactions, such as ring-closing metathesis. In order to address these issues, we have incorporated the second-generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst (HGII) into polymeric vesicles (polymersomes), which were composed of biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(caprolactone-g-trimethylene carbonate) [PEG-b-P(CL-g-TMC)] block copolymers. The catalyst was either covalently or non-covalently introduced into the polymersome membrane. These polymersomes were able to act as artificial organelles that promote endosomal ring-closing metathesis for the intracellular generation of a fluorescent dye. This is the first example of the use of a polymersome-based artificial organelle with an active ruthenium catalyst for carbon-carbon bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A.
J. F. Oerlemans
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen H. M. E. van Stevendaal
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tania Patiño Padial
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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7
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Oerlemans RAJF, Shao J, Huisman SGAM, Li Y, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Compartmentalized Intracellular Click Chemistry with Biodegradable Polymersomes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200904. [PMID: 36607841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymersome nanoreactors that can be employed as artificial organelles have gained much interest over the past decades. Such systems often include biological catalysts (i.e., enzymes) so that they can undertake chemical reactions in cellulo. Examples of nanoreactor artificial organelles that acquire metal catalysts in their structure are limited, and their application in living cells remains fairly restricted. In part, this shortfall is due to difficulties associated with constructing systems that maintain their stability in vitro, let alone the toxicity they impose on cells. This study demonstrates a biodegradable and biocompatible polymersome nanoreactor platform, which can be applied as an artificial organelle in living cells. The ability of the artificial organelles to covalently and non-covalently incorporate tris(triazolylmethyl)amine-Cu(I) complexes in their membrane is shown. Such artificial organelles are capable of effectively catalyzing a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition intracellularly, without compromising the cells' integrity. The platform represents a step forward in the application of polymersome-based nanoreactors as artificial organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A J F Oerlemans
- Department of Bio-medical engineering and Chemical engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Department of Bio-medical engineering and Chemical engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sander G A M Huisman
- Department of Bio-medical engineering and Chemical engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yudong Li
- Department of Bio-medical engineering and Chemical engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Bio-medical engineering and Chemical engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Bio-medical engineering and Chemical engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Wang J, Luo Y, Wu H, Cao S, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Shao J, van Hest JCM. Inherently Fluorescent Peanut-Shaped Polymersomes for Active Cargo Transportation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1986. [PMID: 37514172 PMCID: PMC10385398 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomotors have been extensively explored for various applications in nanomedicine, especially in cargo transportation. Motile properties enable them to deliver pharmaceutical ingredients more efficiently to the targeted site. However, it still remains a challenge to design motor systems that are therapeutically active and can also be effectively traced when taken up by cells. Here, we designed a nanomotor with integrated fluorescence and therapeutic potential based on biodegradable polymersomes equipped with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) agents. The AIE segments provided the polymersomes with autofluorescence, facilitating the visualization of cell uptake. Furthermore, the membrane structure enabled the reshaping of the AIE polymersomes into asymmetric, peanut-shaped polymersomes. Upon laser irradiation, these peanut polymersomes not only displayed fluorescence, but also produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because of their specific shape, the ROS gradient induced motility in these particles. As ROS is also used for cancer cell treatment, the peanut polymersomes not only acted as delivery vehicles but also as therapeutic agents. As an integrated platform, these peanut polymersomes therefore represent an interesting delivery system with biomedical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Wang
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yingtong Luo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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van den Akker WP, Wu H, Welzen PLW, Friedrich H, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Benthem RATM, Voets IK, van Hest JCM. Nonlinear Transient Permeability in pH-Responsive Bicontinuous Nanospheres. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 36995949 PMCID: PMC10119974 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the construction of pH-responsive bicontinuous nanospheres (BCNs) with nonlinear transient permeability and catalytic activity. The BCNs were assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers comprising pH-responsive groups and were loaded with the enzymes urease and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). A transient membrane permeability switch was introduced by employing the well-known pH-increasing effect of urease upon conversion of urea to ammonia. As expected, the coencapsulated HRP displayed a transiently regulated catalytic output profile upon addition of urea, with no significant product formation after the pH increase. This transient process displayed a nonlinear "dampening" behavior, induced by a decrease in membrane permeability as a result of significant local ammonia production. Furthermore, the catalytic output of HRP could be modulated by addition of different amounts of urea or by altering the buffer capacity of the system. Finally, this nonlinear dampening effect was not observed in spherical polymersomes, even though the membrane permeability could also be inhibited by addition of urea. The specific BCN morphology therefore allows to optimally control catalytic processes by pH changes in the nanoreactor microenvironment compared to bulk conditions due to its unique permeability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter P van den Akker
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal L W Welzen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A T M van Benthem
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K Voets
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Fusi AD, Li Y, Llopis-Lorente A, Patiño T, van Hest JCM, Abdelmohsen LKEA. Achieving Control in Micro-/Nanomotor Mobility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214754. [PMID: 36413146 PMCID: PMC10107182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented opportunities exist for the generation of advanced nanotechnologies based on synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs), such as active transport of medical agents or the removal of pollutants. In this regard, great efforts have been dedicated toward controlling MNM motion (e.g., speed, directionality). This was generally performed by precise engineering and optimizing of the motors' chassis, engine, powering mode (i.e., chemical or physical), and mechanism of motion. Recently, new insights have emerged to control motors mobility, mainly by the inclusion of different modes that drive propulsion. With high degree of synchronization, these modes work providing the required level of control. In this Minireview, we discuss the diverse factors that impact motion; these include MNM morphology, modes of mobility, and how control over motion was achieved. Moreover, we highlight the main limitations that need to be overcome so that such motion control can be translated into real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Fusi
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yudong Li
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Llopis-Lorente
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Wauters A, Scheerstra JF, Vermeijlen IG, Hammink R, Schluck M, Woythe L, Wu H, Albertazzi L, Figdor CG, Tel J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cell Topology Dictates T Cell Activation. ACS Nano 2022; 16:15072-15085. [PMID: 35969506 PMCID: PMC9527792 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs), synthetic immune cell mimics that aim to activate T cells ex or in vivo, offer an effective alternative to cellular immunotherapies. However, comprehensive studies that delineate the effect of nano-aAPC topology, including nanoparticle morphology and ligand density, are lacking. Here, we systematically studied the topological effects of polymersome-based aAPCs on T cell activation. We employed an aAPC library created from biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d,l-lactide) (PEG-PDLLA) polymersomes with spherical or tubular shape and variable sizes, which were functionalized with αCD3 and αCD28 antibodies at controlled densities. Our results indicate that high ligand density leads to enhancement in T cell activation, which can be further augmented by employing polymersomes with larger size. At low ligand density, the effect of both polymersome shape and size was more pronounced, showing that large elongated polymersomes better activate T cells compared to their spherical or smaller counterparts. This study demonstrates the capacity of polymersomes as aAPCs and highlights the role of topology for their rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies
C. Wauters
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jari F. Scheerstra
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Irma G. Vermeijlen
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Schluck
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Woythe
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems
(ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems
(ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems
(ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Song S, Llopis-Lorente A, Mason AF, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Confined Motion: Motility of Active Microparticles in Cell-Sized Lipid Vesicles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13831-13838. [PMID: 35867803 PMCID: PMC9354240 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Active materials can transduce external energy into kinetic
energy
at the nano and micron length scales. This unique feature has sparked
much research, which ranges from achieving fundamental understanding
of their motility to the assessment of potential applications. Traditionally,
motility is studied as a function of internal features such as particle
topology, while external parameters such as energy source are assessed
mainly in bulk. However, in real-life applications, confinement plays
a crucial role in determining the type of motion active particles
can adapt. This feature has been however surprisingly underexplored
experimentally. Here, we showcase a tunable experimental platform
to gain an insight into the dynamics of active particles in environments
with restricted 3D topology. Particularly, we examined the autonomous
motion of coacervate micromotors confined in giant unilamellar vesicles
(GUVs) spanning 10–50 μm in diameter and varied parameters
including fuel and micromotor concentration. We observed anomalous
diffusion upon confinement, leading to decreased motility, which was
more pronounced in smaller compartments. The results indicate that
the theoretically predicted hydrodynamic effect dominates the motion
mechanism within this platform. Our study provides a versatile approach
to understand the behavior of active matter under controlled, compartmentalized
conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherland
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherland.,Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM); CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexander F Mason
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherland
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherland
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherland
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13
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Shao J, Cao S, Che H, De Martino MT, Wu H, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Twin-Engine Janus Supramolecular Nanomotors with Counterbalanced Motion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11246-11252. [PMID: 35700477 PMCID: PMC9247982 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular nanomotors were created with two types of propelling forces that were able to counterbalance each other. The particles were based on bowl-shaped polymer vesicles, or stomatocytes, assembled from the amphiphilic block copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polystyrene. The first method of propulsion was installed by loading the nanocavity of the stomatocytes with the enzyme catalase, which enabled the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, leading to a chemically induced motion. The second method of propulsion was attained by applying a hemispherical gold coating on the stomatocytes, on the opposite side of the opening, making the particles susceptible to near-infrared laser light. By exposing these Janus-type twin engine nanomotors to both hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and near-infrared light, two competing driving forces were synchronously generated, resulting in a counterbalanced, "seesaw effect" motion. By precisely manipulating the incident laser power and concentration of H2O2, the supramolecular nanomotors could be halted in a standby mode. Furthermore, the fact that these Janus stomatocytes were equipped with opposing motile forces also provided a proof of the direction of motion of the enzyme-activated stomatocytes. Finally, the modulation of the "seesaw effect", by tuning the net outcome of the two coexisting driving forces, was used to attain switchable control of the motile behavior of the twin-engine nanomotors. Supramolecular nanomotors that can be steered by two orthogonal propulsion mechanisms hold considerable potential for being used in complex tasks, including active transportation and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hailong Che
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Teresa De Martino
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Song S, Mason AF, Post RAJ, De Corato M, Mestre R, Yewdall NA, Cao S, van der Hofstad RW, Sanchez S, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Author Correction: Engineering transient dynamics of artificial cells by stochastic distribution of enzymes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7351. [PMID: 34916509 PMCID: PMC8677841 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Song
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F Mason
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A J Post
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco De Corato
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Mestre
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Amy Yewdall
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Remco W van der Hofstad
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Samuel Sanchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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15
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Song S, Mason AF, Post RAJ, De Corato M, Mestre R, Yewdall NA, Cao S, van der Hofstad RW, Sanchez S, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Engineering transient dynamics of artificial cells by stochastic distribution of enzymes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6897. [PMID: 34824231 PMCID: PMC8617035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Random fluctuations are inherent to all complex molecular systems. Although nature has evolved mechanisms to control stochastic events to achieve the desired biological output, reproducing this in synthetic systems represents a significant challenge. Here we present an artificial platform that enables us to exploit stochasticity to direct motile behavior. We found that enzymes, when confined to the fluidic polymer membrane of a core-shell coacervate, were distributed stochastically in time and space. This resulted in a transient, asymmetric configuration of propulsive units, which imparted motility to such coacervates in presence of substrate. This mechanism was confirmed by stochastic modelling and simulations in silico. Furthermore, we showed that a deeper understanding of the mechanism of stochasticity could be utilized to modulate the motion output. Conceptually, this work represents a leap in design philosophy in the construction of synthetic systems with life-like behaviors. Here the authors develop a coacervate micromotor that can display autonomous motion as a result of stochastic distribution of propelling units. This stochastic-induced mobility is validated and explained through experiments and theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Song
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F Mason
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A J Post
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco De Corato
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Mestre
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Amy Yewdall
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Remco W van der Hofstad
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Samuel Sanchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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16
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Cao S, Wu H, Pijpers IAB, Shao J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Williams DS, van Hest JCM. Cucurbit-Like Polymersomes with Aggregation-Induced Emission Properties Show Enzyme-Mediated Motility. ACS Nano 2021; 15:18270-18278. [PMID: 34668368 PMCID: PMC8613902 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes that incorporate aggregation-induced emission (AIE) moieties are attractive inherently fluorescent nanoparticles with biomedical application potential for cell/tissue imaging and tracking, as well as phototherapeutics. An intriguing feature that has not been explored yet is their ability to adopt a range of asymmetric morphologies. Structural asymmetry allows nanoparticles to be exploited as active (motile) systems. Here, we present the design and preparation of AIE fluorophore integrated (AIEgenic) cucurbit-shaped polymersome nanomotors with enzyme-powered motility. The cucurbit scaffold was constructed via morphology engineering of biodegradable fluorescent AIE-polymersomes, followed by functionalization with enzymatic machinery via a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly process. Because of the enzyme-mediated decomposition of chemical fuel on the cucurbit-like nanomotor surface, enhanced directed motion was attained, when compared with the spherical counterparts. These cucurbit-shaped biodegradable AIE-nanomotors provide a promising platform for the development of active delivery systems with potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, University
Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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17
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Shao J, Cao S, Wu H, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Therapeutic Stomatocytes with Aggregation Induced Emission for Intracellular Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111833. [PMID: 34834248 PMCID: PMC8617661 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bowl-shaped biodegradable polymersomes, or stomatocytes, have much potential as drug delivery systems, due to their intriguing properties, such as controllable size, programmable morphology, and versatile cargo encapsulation capability. In this contribution, we developed well-defined therapeutically active stomatocytes with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) features by self-assembly of biodegradable amphiphilic block copolymers, comprising poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and AIEgenic poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) moieties. The presence of the AIEgens endowed the as-prepared stomatocytes with intrinsic fluorescence, which was employed for imaging of cellular uptake of the particles. It simultaneously enabled the photo-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for photodynamic therapy. The potential of the therapeutic stomatocytes as cargo carriers was demonstrated by loading enzymes (catalase and glucose oxidase) in the nanocavity, followed by a cross-linking reaction to achieve stable encapsulation. This provided the particles with a robust motile function, which further strengthened their therapeutic effect. With these unique features, enzyme-loaded AIEgenic stomatocytes are an attractive platform to be exploited in the field of nanomedicine.
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Cao S, Xia Y, Shao J, Guo B, Dong Y, Pijpers IAB, Zhong Z, Meng F, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Williams DS, van Hest JCM. Biodegradable Polymersomes with Structure Inherent Fluorescence and Targeting Capacity for Enhanced Photo-Dynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17629-17637. [PMID: 34036695 PMCID: PMC8361757 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable nanostructures displaying aggregation-induced emission (AIE) are desirable from a biomedical point of view, due to the advantageous features of loading capacity, emission brightness, and fluorescence stability. Herein, biodegradable polymers comprising poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly(caprolactone-gradient-trimethylene carbonate) (PEG-P(CLgTMC)), with tetraphenylethylene pyridinium-TMC (PAIE) side chains have been developed, which self-assembled into well-defined polymersomes. The resultant AIEgenic polymersomes are intrinsically fluorescent delivery vehicles. The presence of the pyridinium moiety endows the polymersomes with mitochondrial targeting ability, which improves the efficiency of co-encapsulated photosensitizers and improves therapeutic index against cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. This contribution showcases the ability to engineer AIEgenic polymersomes with structure inherent fluorescence and targeting capacity for enhanced photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationCollege of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Beibei Guo
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationCollege of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Dong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationCollege of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationCollege of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationCollege of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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Cao S, Xia Y, Shao J, Guo B, Dong Y, Pijpers IAB, Zhong Z, Meng F, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Williams DS, Hest JCM. Biodegradable Polymersomes with Structure Inherent Fluorescence and Targeting Capacity for Enhanced Photo‐Dynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Beibei Guo
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Dong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Jan C. M. Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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20
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Cao S, Shao J, Wu H, Song S, De Martino MT, Pijpers IAB, Friedrich H, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Williams DS, van Hest JCM. Photoactivated nanomotors via aggregation induced emission for enhanced phototherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2077. [PMID: 33824321 PMCID: PMC8024279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has, since its discovery, become a valuable tool in the field of nanoscience. AIEgenic molecules, which display highly stable fluorescence in an assembled state, have applications in various biomedical fields—including photodynamic therapy. Engineering structure-inherent, AIEgenic nanomaterials with motile properties is, however, still an unexplored frontier in the evolution of this potent technology. Here, we present phototactic/phototherapeutic nanomotors where biodegradable block copolymers decorated with AIE motifs can transduce radiant energy into motion and enhance thermophoretic motility driven by an asymmetric Au nanoshell. The hybrid nanomotors can harness two photon near-infrared radiation, triggering autonomous propulsion and simultaneous phototherapeutic generation of reactive oxygen species. The potential of these nanomotors to be applied in photodynamic therapy is demonstrated in vitro, where near-infrared light directed motion and reactive oxygen species induction synergistically enhance efficacy with a high level of spatial control. Induced motion has emerged as a method to increase the efficacy of delivery and therapeutic outcomes using nanomaterials. Here, the authors report on a Janus gold shell polymersome with aggregation-induced emission molecules for phototactic and photodynamic therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shidong Song
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Teresa De Martino
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Imke A B Pijpers
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy (CMEM) and Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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21
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Buddingh' BC, Llopis-Lorente A, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Dynamic spatial and structural organization in artificial cells regulates signal processing by protein scaffolding. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12829-12834. [PMID: 34094478 PMCID: PMC8163283 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03933k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and spatial organization are fundamental properties of biological systems that allow cells to regulate a wide range of biochemical processes. This organization is often transient and governed by external cues that initiate dynamic self-assembly processes. The construction of synthetic cell-like materials with similar properties requires the hierarchical and reversible organization of selected functional components on molecular scaffolds to dynamically regulate signaling pathways. The realization of such transient molecular programs in synthetic cells, however, remains underexplored due to the associated complexity of such hierarchical platforms. In this contribution, we effectuate dynamic spatial organization of effector protein subunits in a synthetic biomimetic compartment, a giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV), by associating in a reversible manner two fragments of a split luciferase to the membrane. This induces their structural dimerization, which consequently leads to the activation of enzymatic signaling. Importantly, such organization and activation are dynamic processes, and can be autonomously regulated - thus opening up avenues toward continuous spatiotemporal control over supramolecular organization and signaling in an artificial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan C Buddingh'
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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Abstract
Synthetic nanomotors are appealing delivery vehicles for the dynamic transport of functional cargo. Their translation toward biological applications is limited owing to the use of non-degradable components. Furthermore, size has been an impediment owing to the importance of achieving nanoscale (ca. 100 nm) dimensions, as opposed to microscale examples that are prevalent. Herein, we present a hybrid nanomotor that can be activated by near-infrared (NIR)-irradiation for the triggered delivery of internal cargo and facilitated transport of external agents to the cell. Utilizing biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactide) (PEG-PDLLA) block copolymers, with the two blocks connected via a pH sensitive imine bond, we generate nanoscopic polymersomes that are then modified with a hemispherical gold nanocoat. This Janus morphology allows such hybrid polymersomes to undergoing photothermal motility in response to thermal gradients generated by plasmonic absorbance of NIR irradiation, with velocities ranging up to 6.2±1.10 μm s-1 . These polymersome nanomotors (PNMs) are capable of traversing cellular membranes allowing intracellular delivery of molecular and macromolecular cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute of Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41)P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute of Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41)P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaSA2 8PPUK
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute of Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41)P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic ChemistryInstitute of Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41)P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41) P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41) P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41) P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix (STO 3.41) P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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24
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Wang L, Song S, van Hest J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Huang X, Sánchez S. Biomimicry of Cellular Motility and Communication Based on Synthetic Soft-Architectures. Small 2020; 16:e1907680. [PMID: 32250035 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cells, sophisticated membrane-bound units that contain the fundamental molecules of life, provide a precious library for inspiration and motivation for both society and academia. Scientists from various disciplines have made great endeavors toward the understanding of the cellular evolution by engineering artificial counterparts (protocells) that mimic or initiate structural or functional cellular aspects. In this regard, several works have discussed possible building blocks, designs, functions, or dynamics that can be applied to achieve this goal. Although great progress has been made, fundamental-yet complex-behaviors such as cellular communication, responsiveness to environmental cues, and motility remain a challenge, yet to be resolved. Herein, recent efforts toward utilizing soft systems for cellular mimicry are summarized-following the main outline of cellular evolution, from basic compartmentalization, and biological reactions for energy production, to motility and communicative behaviors between artificial cell communities or between artificial and natural cell communities. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives in the field are discussed, hoping to inspire more future research and to help the further advancement of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, China
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Shidong Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Hest
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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Pijpers IA, Cao S, Llopis-Lorente A, Zhu J, Song S, Joosten RRM, Meng F, Friedrich H, Williams DS, Sánchez S, van Hest JCM, Abdelmohsen LKEA. Hybrid Biodegradable Nanomotors through Compartmentalized Synthesis. Nano Lett 2020; 20:4472-4480. [PMID: 32427492 PMCID: PMC7291354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Designer particles that are embued with nanomachinery for autonomous motion have great potential for biomedical applications; however, their development is highly demanding with respect to biodegradability/compatibility. Previously, biodegradable propulsive machinery based on enzymes has been presented. However, enzymes are highly susceptible to proteolysis and deactivation in biological milieu. Biodegradable hybrid nanomotors powered by catalytic inorganic nanoparticles provide a proteolytically stable alternative to those based upon enzymes. Herein we describe the assembly of hybrid biodegradable nanomotors capable of transducing chemical energy into motion. Such nanomotors are constructed through a process of compartmentalized synthesis of inorganic MnO2 nanoparticles (MnPs) within the cavity of organic stomatocytes. We show that the nanomotors remain active in cellular environments and do not compromise cell viability. Effective tumor penetration of hybrid nanomotors is also demonstrated in proof-of-principle experiments. Overall, this work represents a new prospect for engineering of nanomotors that can retain their functionality within biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke A.
B. Pijpers
- Department
of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Department
of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Department
of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jianzhi Zhu
- Department
of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shidong Song
- Department
of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rick R. M. Joosten
- Center
for Multiscale Electron Microscopy (CMEM), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical
Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Center
for Multiscale Electron Microscopy (CMEM), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Institute
of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea
University, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K.
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department
of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- (J.C.M.v.H.)
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Department
of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- (L.K.E.A.A.)
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Altay
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems P.O. Box 513 (STO3.41) 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems P.O. Box 513 (STO3.41) 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems P.O. Box 513 (STO3.41) 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. Hest
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems P.O. Box 513 (STO3.41) 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
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27
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De Martino MT, Tonin F, Yewdall NA, Abdelghani M, Williams DS, Hanefeld U, Rutjes FPJT, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Compartmentalized cross-linked enzymatic nano-aggregates ( c-CLE nA) for efficient in-flow biocatalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2765-2769. [PMID: 34084336 PMCID: PMC8157641 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05420k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-sized enzyme aggregates, which preserve their catalytic activity are of great interest for flow processes, as these catalytic species show minimal diffusional issues, and are still sizeable enough to be effectively separated from the formed product. The realization of such catalysts is however far from trivial. The stable formation of a micro-to millimeter-sized enzyme aggregate is feasible via the formation of a cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA); however, such a process leads to a rather broad size distribution, which is not always compatible with microflow conditions. Here, we present the design of a compartmentalized templated CLEA (c-CLEnA), inside the nano-cavity of bowl-shaped polymer vesicles, coined stomatocytes. Due to the enzyme preorganization and concentration in the cavity, cross-linking could be performed with substantially lower amount of cross-linking agents, which was highly beneficial for the residual enzyme activity. Our methodology is generally applicable, as demonstrated by using two different cross-linkers (glutaraldehyde and genipin). Moreover, c-CLEnA nanoreactors were designed with Candida antarctica Lipase B (CalB) and Porcine Liver Esterase (PLE), as well as a mixture of glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Interestingly, when genipin was used as cross-linker, all enzymes preserved their initial activity. Furthermore, as proof of principle, we demonstrated the successful implementation of different c-CLEnAs in a flow reactor in which the c-CLEnA nanoreactors retained their full catalytic function even after ten runs. Such a c-CLEnA nanoreactor represents a significant step forward in the area of in-flow biocatalysis. c-CLEnA are obtained via cross-linking enzymes in the nanocavity of supramolecular stomatocytes. Such c-CLEnA can be recycled while retaining its activity – an excellent nanoreactors platform for in-flow bio-catalysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa De Martino
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Tonin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - N Amy Yewdall
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Mona Abdelghani
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld 14 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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Pijpers IAB, Meng F, van Hest JCM, Abdelmohsen LKEA. Investigating the self-assembly and shape transformation of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactide) (PEG-PDLLA) polymersomes by tailoring solvent-polymer interactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01089k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different ratios between THF and dioxane were used to study the effect of organic solvent composition on the self-assembly and subsequent shape-change of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactide) (PEG-PDLLA) polymersomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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29
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Che H, de Windt LNJ, Zhu J, Pijpers IAB, Mason AF, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Pathway dependent shape-transformation of azide-decorated polymersomes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2127-2130. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08944f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the shape transformation of poly(ethylene glycol)–polystyrene (PEG–PS) polymersomes into ordered inverse morphologies, directed by the salt concentration of the medium and the presence of azide groups on the polymersome surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Che
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- 5600MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Lafayette N. J. de Windt
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- 5600MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Jianzhi Zhu
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- 5600MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- 5600MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F. Mason
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- 5600MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- 5600MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- 5600MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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30
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Abstract
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Dynamic and adaptive
self-assembly systems are able to sense an
external or internal (energy or matter) input and respond via chemical
or physical property changes. Nanomaterials that show such transient
behavior have received increasing interest in the field of nanomedicine
due to improved spatiotemporal control of the nanocarrier function.
In this regard, much can be learned from the field of systems chemistry
and bottom-up synthetic biology, in which complex and intelligent
networks of nanomaterials are designed that show transient behavior
and function to advance our understanding of the complexity of living
systems. In this Perspective, we highlight the recent advancements
in adaptive nanomaterials used for nanomedicine and trends in transient
responsive self-assembly systems to envisage how these fields can
be integrated for the formation of next-generation adaptive stimuli-responsive
nanocarriers in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Altay
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Hailong Che
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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31
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Yewdall NA, Buddingh BC, Altenburg WJ, Timmermans SBPE, Vervoort DFM, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Mason AF, van Hest JCM. Physicochemical Characterization of Polymer-Stabilized Coacervate Protocells. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2643-2652. [PMID: 31012235 PMCID: PMC6851677 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The bottom-up construction of cell mimics has produced a range of membrane-bound protocells that have been endowed with functionality and biochemical processes reminiscent of living systems. The contents of these compartments, however, experience semidilute conditions, whereas macromolecules in the cytosol exist in protein-rich, crowded environments that affect their physicochemical properties, such as diffusion and catalytic activity. Recently, complex coacervates have emerged as attractive protocellular models because their condensed interiors would be expected to mimic this crowding better. Here we explore some relevant physicochemical properties of a recently developed polymer-stabilized coacervate system, such as the diffusion of macromolecules in the condensed coacervate phase, relative to in dilute solutions, the buffering capacity of the core, the molecular organization of the polymer membrane, the permeability characteristics of this membrane towards a wide range of compounds, and the behavior of a simple enzymatic reaction. In addition, either the coacervate charge or the cargo charge is engineered to allow the selective loading of protein cargo into the coacervate protocells. Our in-depth characterization has revealed that these polymer-stabilized coacervate protocells have many desirable properties, thus making them attractive candidates for the investigation of biochemical processes in stable, controlled, tunable, and increasingly cell-like environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Amy Yewdall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering andDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Bastiaan C. Buddingh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering andDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Wiggert J. Altenburg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering andDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Suzanne B. P. E. Timmermans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering andDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Daan F. M. Vervoort
- Department of Biomedical Engineering andDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering andDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Alexander F. Mason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering andDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department of Biomedical Engineering andDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenNetherlands
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32
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Li J, Liu X, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Williams DS, Huang X. Spatial Organization in Proteinaceous Membrane-Stabilized Coacervate Protocells. Small 2019; 15:e1902893. [PMID: 31298806 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a model protocell, the membrane-free coacervate microdroplet is widely utilized in functional studies to provide insights into the physicochemical properties of the cell and to engineer cytomimetic soft technologies; however, the lack of a discrete membrane contributes to its instability and limits further application. Herein, a strategy is developed to fabricate a hybrid protocell based on the self-assembly of a proteinaceous membrane at the surface of coacervate microdroplets driven by a combination of electrostatic adhesion and steric/hydrophilic surface buoyancy. The semipermeable proteinaceous membrane can enhance coacervate stability obviously without compromising sequestration behavior. Significantly, such hybrid protocells demonstrate spatial organization whereby various functional enzymes can be located in discrete regions, which facilitates an on/off modulation for a cascade enzymatic reaction along with enhanced chemical communication between subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.50) P. O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600, MB, The Netherlands
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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33
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Cao S, Shao J, Xia Y, Che H, Zhong Z, Meng F, van Hest JCM, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Williams DS. Molecular Programming of Biodegradable Nanoworms via Ionically Induced Morphology Switch toward Asymmetric Therapeutic Carriers. Small 2019; 15:e1901849. [PMID: 31379132 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Engineering biodegradable nanostructures with precise morphological characteristics is a key objective in nanomedicine. In particular, asymmetric (i.e., nonspherical) nanoparticles are desirable due to the advantageous effects of shape in a biomedical context. Using molecular engineering, it is possible to program unique morphological features into the self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs). However, the criteria of biocompatibility and scalability limit progress due to the prevalence of nondegradable components and the use of toxic solvents during fabrication. To address this shortfall, a robust strategy for the fabrication of morphologically asymmetric nanoworms, comprising biodegradable BCPs, has been developed. Modular BCPs comprising poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly(caprolactone-gradient-trimethylene carbonate) (PEG-PCLgTMC), with a terminal chain of quaternary ammonium-TMC (PTMC-Q), undergo self-assembly via direct hydration into well-defined nanostructures. By controlling the solution ionic strength during hydration, particle morphology switches from spherical micelles to nanoworms (of varying aspect ratio). This ionically-induced switch is driven by modulation of chain packing with salts screening interchain repulsions, leading to micelle elongation. Nanoworms can be loaded with cytotoxic cargo (e.g., doxorubicin) at high efficiency, preferentially interact with cancer cells, and increase tumor penetration. This work showcases the ability to program assembly of BCPs and the potential of asymmetric nanosystems in anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Institution, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Institution, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Che
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Institution, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Institution, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Institution, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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34
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Mason A, Yewdall NA, Welzen PLW, Shao J, van Stevendaal M, van Hest JCM, Williams DS, Abdelmohsen LKEA. Mimicking Cellular Compartmentalization in a Hierarchical Protocell through Spontaneous Spatial Organization. ACS Cent Sci 2019; 5:1360-1365. [PMID: 31482118 PMCID: PMC6716124 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A systemic feature of eukaryotic cells is the spatial organization of functional components through compartmentalization. Developing protocells with compartmentalized synthetic organelles is, therefore, a critical milestone toward emulating one of the core characteristics of cellular life. Here we demonstrate the bottom-up, multistep, noncovalent, assembly of rudimentary subcompartmentalized protocells through the spontaneous encapsulation of semipermeable, polymersome proto-organelles inside cell-sized coacervates. The coacervate microdroplets are membranized using tailor-made terpolymers, to complete the hierarchical self-assembly of protocells, a system that mimics both the condensed cytosol and the structure of a cell membrane. In this way, the spatial organization of enzymes can be finely tuned, leading to an enhancement of functionality. Moreover, incompatible components can be sequestered in the same microenvironments without detrimental effect. The robust stability of the subcompartmentalized coacervate protocells in biocompatible milieu, such as in PBS or cell culture media, makes it a versatile platform to be extended toward studies in vitro, and perhaps, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
F. Mason
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - N. Amy Yewdall
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal L. W. Welzen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen van Stevendaal
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea
University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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35
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Che H, Zhu J, Song S, Mason AF, Cao S, Pijpers IAB, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. ATP-Mediated Transient Behavior of Stomatocyte Nanosystems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13113-13118. [PMID: 31267638 PMCID: PMC7079195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In nature, dynamic processes are ubiquitous and often characterized by adaptive, transient behavior. Herein, we present the development of a transient bowl-shaped nanoreactor system, or stomatocyte, the properties of which are mediated by molecular interactions. In a stepwise fashion, we couple motility to a dynamic process, which is maintained by transient events; namely, binding and unbinding of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The surface of the nanosystem is decorated with polylysine (PLL), and regulation is achieved by addition of ATP. The dynamic interaction between PLL and ATP leads to an increase in the hydrophobicity of the PLL-ATP complex and subsequently to a collapse of the polymer; this causes a narrowing of the opening of the stomatocytes. The presence of the apyrase, which hydrolyzes ATP, leads to a decrease of the ATP concentration, decomplexation of PLL, and reopening of the stomatocyte. The competition between ATP input and consumption gives rise to a transient state that is controlled by the out-of-equilibrium process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Che
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jianzhi Zhu
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shidong Song
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F Mason
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Imke A B Pijpers
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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36
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Shao J, Pijpers IAB, Cao S, Williams DS, Yan X, Li J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Biomorphic Engineering of Multifunctional Polylactide Stomatocytes toward Therapeutic Nano-Red Blood Cells. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1801678. [PMID: 30886797 PMCID: PMC6402394 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Morphologically discrete nanoarchitectures, which mimic the structural complexity of biological systems, are an increasingly popular design paradigm in the development of new nanomedical technologies. Herein, engineered polymeric stomatocytes are presented as a structural and functional mimic of red blood cells (RBCs) with multifunctional therapeutic features. Stomatocytes, comprising biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactide), possess an oblate-like morphology reminiscent of RBCs. This unique dual-compartmentalized structure is augmented via encapsulation of multifunctional cargo (oxygen-binding hemoglobin and the photosensitizer chlorin e6). Furthermore, stomatocytes are decorated with a cell membrane isolated from erythrocytes to ensure that the surface characteristics matched those of RBCs. In vivo biodistribution data reveal that both the uncoated and coated nano-RBCs have long circulation times in mice, with the membrane-coated ones outperforming the uncoated stomatoctyes. The capacity of nano-RBCs to transport oxygen and create oxygen radicals upon exposure to light is effectively explored toward photodynamic therapy, using 2D and 3D tumor models; addressing the challenge presented by cancer-induced hypoxia. The morphological and functional control demonstrated by this synthetic nanosystem, coupled with indications of therapeutic efficacy, constitutes a highly promising platform for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Shao
- Bio‐Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyHelix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.41), P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Bio‐Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyHelix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.41), P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Bio‐Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyHelix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.41), P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaSA2 8PPUK
| | - Xuehai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMs)CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio‐Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyHelix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.41), P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio‐Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyHelix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.41), P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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37
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Cao S, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Shao J, van den Dikkenberg J, Mastrobattista E, Williams DS, van Hest JCM. pH-Induced Transformation of Biodegradable Multilamellar Nanovectors for Enhanced Tumor Penetration. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1394-1399. [PMID: 30533279 PMCID: PMC6281313 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Herein
we describe biodegradable nanovectors comprised of block
copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(trimethylene carbonate)
(PEG–PTMC) that change their morphology and surface charge
when exposed to tumor environment conditions. Well-defined, drug-loaded
nanovectors were prepared via direct hydration using liquid oligo(ethylene
glycol) as a dispersant. Systematic introduction of basic imidazole-functional
TMC derivatives, through modular polymerization, resulted in polymers
that self-assembled in multilamellar nanoparticles (at neutral pH)
and that were loaded with hydrophobic drugs. The resultant multilamellar
nanovectors demonstrated a significant size reduction and charge reversal
at pH ≈ 6.5, which yielded cationic nanovectors that were tailored
for tumor penetration. Invitro studies
using 3D heterospheroids demonstrate that this platform has excellent
potential to promote enhanced tumor penetration under physiological
conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoupeng Cao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joep van den Dikkenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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38
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Wauters AC, Pijpers IAB, Mason AF, Williams DS, Tel J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Development of Morphologically Discrete PEG-PDLLA Nanotubes for Precision Nanomedicine. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:177-183. [PMID: 30265794 PMCID: PMC6335608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Precise
control over the morphological features of nanoparticles
is an important requisite for their application in nanomedical research.
Parameters such as size and shape have been identified as critical
features for effective nanotherapeutic technologies due to their role
in circulation, distribution, and internalization in vivo. Tubular
PEG–PDLLA polymersomes (nanotubes) exhibit an interesting morphology
with potential for immunotherapeutics, as the elongated shape can
affect cell–particle interactions. Developing methodologies
that permit control over the precise form of such nanotubes is important
for their biomedical implementation due to the stringent physicochemical
constraints for efficacious performance. Through careful control over
the engineering process, we demonstrate the generation of well-defined
nanotubes based on polymersomes as small as 250 and 100 nm, which
can be successfully shape transformed. The quality of the resulting
nanostructures was established by physical characterization using
AF4-MALS and cryo-TEM. Moreover, we show the successful loading of
such nanotubes with model payloads (proteins and drugs). These findings
provide a promising platform for implementation in biomedical applications
in which discrete structure and functionality are essential features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies C Wauters
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Immunoengineering , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Imke A B Pijpers
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F Mason
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science , Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Immunoengineering , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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Pijpers IAB, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Xia Y, Cao S, Williams DS, Meng F, Hest JCM, Zhong Z. Adaptive Polymersome and Micelle Morphologies in Anticancer Nanomedicine: From Design Rationale to Fabrication and Proof‐of‐Concept Studies. Adv Therap 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31) 5600MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | | | - Yifeng Xia
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31) 5600MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | | | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jan C. M. Hest
- Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31) 5600MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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De Martino MT, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Rutjes FPJT, van Hest JCM. Nanoreactors for green catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:716-733. [PMID: 29719570 PMCID: PMC5905268 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable and environmentally benign production are key drivers for developments in the chemical industrial sector, as protecting our planet has become a significant element that should be considered for every industrial breakthrough or technological advancement. As a result, the concept of green chemistry has been recently defined to guide chemists towards minimizing any harmful outcome of chemical processes in either industry or research. Towards greener reactions, scientists have developed various approaches in order to decrease environmental risks while attaining chemical sustainability and elegancy. Utilizing catalytic nanoreactors for greener reactions, for facilitating multistep synthetic pathways in one-pot procedures, is imperative with far-reaching implications in the field. This review is focused on the applications of some of the most used nanoreactors in catalysis, namely: (polymer) vesicles, micelles, dendrimers and nanogels. The ability and efficiency of catalytic nanoreactors to carry out organic reactions in water, to perform cascade reaction and their ability to be recycled will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa De Martino
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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41
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Abstract
Self-assembling a biodegradable nanomotor through the functionalization of tubular shaped polymersomes with catalase, showing enhanced diffusion in presence of fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Jelle Toebes
- Systems Chemistry Department
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Systems Chemistry Department
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Systems Chemistry Department
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- Netherlands
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Pijpers IAB, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Williams DS, van Hest JCM. Morphology Under Control: Engineering Biodegradable Stomatocytes. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1217-1222. [PMID: 29214115 PMCID: PMC5708263 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable nanoarchitectures, with well-defined morphological features, are of great importance for nanomedical research; however, understanding (and thereby engineering) their formation is a substantial challenge. Herein, we uncover the supramolecular potential of PEG-PDLLA copolymers by exploring the physicochemical determinants that result in the transformation of spherical polymersomes into stomatocytes. To this end, we have engineered blended polymersomes (comprising copolymers with varying lengths of PEG), which undergo solvent-dependent reorganization inducing negative spontaneous membrane curvature. Under conditions of anisotropic solvent composition across the PDLLA membrane, facilitated by the dialysis methodology, we demonstrate osmotically induced stomatocyte formation as a consequence of changes in PEG solvation, inducing negative spontaneous membrane curvature. Controlled formation of unprecedented, biodegradable stomatocytes represents the unification of supramolecular engineering with the theoretical understanding of shape transformation phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513
(STO 3.31), 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - David S. Williams
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513
(STO 3.31), 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513
(STO 3.31), 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Nijemeisland M, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Huck WTS, Wilson DA, van Hest JCM. A Compartmentalized Out-of-Equilibrium Enzymatic Reaction Network for Sustained Autonomous Movement. ACS Cent Sci 2016; 2:843-849. [PMID: 27924313 PMCID: PMC5126709 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Every living cell is a compartmentalized out-of-equilibrium system exquisitely able to convert chemical energy into function. In order to maintain homeostasis, the flux of metabolites is tightly controlled by regulatory enzymatic networks. A crucial prerequisite for the development of lifelike materials is the construction of synthetic systems with compartmentalized reaction networks that maintain out-of-equilibrium function. Here, we aim for autonomous movement as an example of the conversion of feedstock molecules into function. The flux of the conversion is regulated by a rationally designed enzymatic reaction network with multiple feedforward loops. By compartmentalizing the network into bowl-shaped nanocapsules the output of the network is harvested as kinetic energy. The entire system shows sustained and tunable microscopic motion resulting from the conversion of multiple external substrates. The successful compartmentalization of an out-of-equilibrium reaction network is a major first step in harnessing the design principles of life for construction of adaptive and internally regulated lifelike systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Nijemeisland
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- E-mail: ,
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Abdelmohsen LKEA, Nijemeisland M, Pawar GM, Janssen GJA, Nolte RJM, van Hest JCM, Wilson DA. Dynamic Loading and Unloading of Proteins in Polymeric Stomatocytes: Formation of an Enzyme-Loaded Supramolecular Nanomotor. ACS Nano 2016; 10:2652-60. [PMID: 26811982 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered artificial nanomotors are currently attracting increased interest as mimics of biological motors but also as potential components of nanomachinery, robotics, and sensing devices. We have recently described the controlled shape transformation of polymersomes into bowl-shaped stomatocytes and the assembly of platinum-driven nanomotors. However, the platinum encapsulation inside the structures was low; only 50% of the structures contained the catalyst and required both high fuel concentrations for the propelling of the nanomotors and harsh conditions for the shape transformation. Application of the nanomotors in a biological setting requires the nanomotors to be efficiently propelled by a naturally available energy source and at biological relevant concentrations. Here we report a strategy for enzyme entrapment and nanomotor assembly via controlled and reversible folding of polymersomes into stomatocytes under mild conditions, allowing the encapsulation of the proteins inside the stomach with almost 100% efficiency and retention of activity. The resulting enzyme-driven nanomotors are capable of propelling these structures at low fuel concentrations (hydrogen peroxide or glucose) via a one-enzyme or two-enzyme system. The confinement of the enzymes inside the stomach does not hinder their activity and in fact facilitates the transfer of the substrates, while protecting them from the deactivating influences of the media. This is particularly important for future applications of nanomotors in biological settings especially for systems where fast autonomous movement occurs at physiological concentrations of fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Nijemeisland
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gajanan M Pawar
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan A Janssen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland J M Nolte
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fei Peng
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alaa Adawy
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yongjun Men
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Oers MCM, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Rutjes FPJT, van Hest JCM. Aqueous asymmetric cyclopropanation reactions in polymersome membranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4040-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48865a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper-bis(oxazoline) functionalised polymersomes have been developed for asymmetric cyclopropanation reactions in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs C. M. van Oers
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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