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Cegiełka D, Frey M, Kozieł K, Neumann C, Turchanin A, Cyganik P. Electron-Beam-Induced Modification of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Carbon Nanomembrane Formation. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:8196-8204. [PMID: 39094029 PMCID: PMC11331524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Electron irradiation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is a versatile tool for lithographic methods and the formation of new 2D materials such as carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). While the interaction between the electron beam and standard thiolate SAMs has been well studied, the effect of electron irradiation for chemically and thermally ultrastable N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) remains unknown. Here we analyze electron irradiation of NHC SAMs featuring different numbers of benzene moieties and different sizes of the nitrogen side groups to modify their structure. Our results provide design rules to optimize NHC SAMs for effective electron-beam modification that includes the formation of sulfur-free CNMs, which are more suitable for ultrafiltration applications. Considering that NHC monolayers exhibit up to 100 times higher stability of their bonding with the metal substrate toward electron-irradiation compared to standard SAMs, they offer a new alternative for chemical lithography where structural modification of SAMs should be limited to the functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria
M. Cegiełka
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics,
Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of
Physics, Łojasiewicza
11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian
University, Doctoral School of Exact and
Natural Sciences, Łojasiewicza
11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Martha Frey
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Kozieł
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Piotr Cyganik
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics,
Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of
Physics, Łojasiewicza
11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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2
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Yadav P, Thakur P, Maity D, Narayanan TN. High Rate, Dendrite Free Lithium Metal Batteries of Extended Cyclability via a Scalable Separator Modification Approach. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308344. [PMID: 38085138 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their great promise of high energy density, the development of safer lithium metal batteries (LMBs) has become the necessity of the hour. Herein, a scalable method based on conventional Celgard membrane (CM) separator modification is adopted to develop high-rate (10 mA cm‒2) dendrite-free LMBs of extended cyclability (>1000 hours, >1500 cycles with 3 mA cm‒2, the bare fails within 50 cycles) with low over potential losses. The CM modification method entails the deposition of thin coatings of (≈6.6 µm) graphitic fluorocarbon (FG) via a large area electrophoretic deposition, where it helps for the formation of a stable LiF and carbon rich solid electrolyte interface (SEI) aiding a uniform lithium deposition even in higher fluxes. The FG@CM delivers a high transport number for Li ion (0.74) in comparison to the bare CM (0.31), indicating a facile Li ion transport through the membrane. A mechanistic insight into the role of artificial SEI formation with such membrane modification is provided here with a series of electrochemical as well as spectroscopic in situ/ex situ and postmortem analyses. The simplicity and scalability of the technique make this approach unique among other reported ones towards the advancement of safer LMBs of high energy and power density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Yadav
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Pallavi Thakur
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Dipak Maity
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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3
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Zhang C, Das S, Sakurai N, Imaizumi T, Sanjayan S, Shoji Y, Fukushima T, Zharnikov M. Phosphonic acid anchored tripodal molecular films on indium tin oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11360-11369. [PMID: 38567399 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00892h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Whereas monopodal self-assembling monolayers (SAMs) are most frequently used for surface and interface engineering, tripodal SAMs are less popular due to the difficulty in achieving a reliable and homogeneous bonding configuration. In this context, in the present study, the potential of phosphonic acid (PA) decorated triptycene (TripPA) for formation of SAMs on oxide substrates was studied, using indium tin oxide (ITO) as a representative and application-relevant test support. A combination of several complementary experimental techniques was applied and a suitable monopodal reference system, benzylphosphonic acid (PPA), was used. The resulting data consistently show that TripPA forms well-defined, densely packed, and nearly contamination-free tripodal SAMs on ITO, with the similar parameters and properties as the monopodal reference system. Modification of wetting properties and work function of ITO by non-substituted and cyano-decorated TripPA SAMs was demonstrated, showing a potential of this tripodal system for surface engineering of oxide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Zhang
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Saunak Das
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Naoya Sakurai
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Takaki Imaizumi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Sajisha Sanjayan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Shoji
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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He M, Ding Y, Liu X. Nanoporous Amorphous Carbon Monolayer Derived from Fullerene Film. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308187. [PMID: 38155485 PMCID: PMC10933613 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon materials derived from fullerene are reported recently with unique structures and properties. However, only micrometer size samples can be obtained that limits the studying and exploration for membrane applications. Here, the preparation of a centimeter-size nanoporous amorphous carbon monolayer is reported by rapid pyrolyzing a Langmuir-Blodgett film of fullerene. The sample is fully characterized and the results indicate that the amorphous carbon monolayer derived from fullerene is metastable and insulating. The ionic transmembrane transport study demonstrates that the membrane is porous and cation selective with a selectivity of 26%. This work provides new insights into the controlled synthesis of large-size metastable amorphous carbon monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- College of New EnergyXi'an Shiyou UniversityXi'an710065China
| | - Yehui Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
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5
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Azzam W, Subaihi A, Rohwerder M, Bashir A, Terfort A, Zharnikov M. Odd-even effects in aryl-substituted alkanethiolate SAMs: nonsymmetrical attachment of aryl unit and its impact on the SAM structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7563-7572. [PMID: 38362712 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00311j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Aryl-substituted alkanethiolate (AT) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) exhibit typically so-called odd-even effects, viz. systematic variations in the film structure, packing density, and molecular inclination depending on the parity of the number of the methylene units in the alkyl linker, n. As an exception to this rule, ATs carrying an anthracen-2-yl group (Ant-n) as tail group were reported to have different behavior due the non-symmetric attachment of the anthracene unit to the AT linker, providing additional degree of freedom for the molecular organization and allowing for partial compensation of the odd-even effects. In this context, the structure of SAMs formed by adsorption of anthracene-substituted ATs (Ant-n; n = 1-6) at room temperature on Au(111) substrate was investigated by high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Most of these SAMs exhibit a coexistence of two different ordered phases, some of which are common for either n = odd or n = even while other vary over the series, showing a broad variety of different structures. The average packing density of the Ant-n SAMs, derived from the analysis of the STM data, varies by 7.5-10% depending on the parity of n, being, as expected, higher for n = odd. The respective extent of the odd-even effects is noticeably lower than that usually observed for other aryl-substituted monolayers (∼25%), which goes in line with the previous findings and emphasizes the impact of the non-symmetric attachment of the aromatic unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Azzam
- Department of Chemistry, Tafila Technical University, P.O. Box 179, Tafila-66110, Jordan.
| | - Abdu Subaihi
- Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Qunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, 1109 Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Rohwerder
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Asif Bashir
- Thyssenkrupp Bilstein GmbH, Thyssenkrupp Allee 1, 45143 Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Günder D, Axt M, Witte G. Heteroepitaxy in Organic/TMD Hybrids and Challenge to Achieve it for TMD Monolayers: The Case of Pentacene on WS 2 and WSe 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1911-1920. [PMID: 38154080 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The intriguing photophysical properties of monolayer stacks of different transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), revealing rich exciton physics including interfacial and moiré excitons, have recently prompted an extension of similar investigations to hybrid systems of TMDs and organic films, as the latter combine large photoabsorption cross sections with the ability to tailor energy levels by targeted synthesis. To go beyond single-molecule photoexcitations and exploit the excitonic signatures of organic solids, crystalline molecular films are required. Moreover, a defined registry on the substrate, ideally an epitaxy, is desirable to also achieve an excitonic coupling in momentum space. This poses a certain challenge as excitonic dipole moments of organic films are closely related to the molecular orientation and film structure, which critically depend on the support roughness. Using X-ray diffraction, optical polarization, and atomic force microscopy, we analyzed the structure of pentacene (PEN) multilayer films grown on WSe2(001) and WS2(001) and identified an epitaxial alignment. While (022)-oriented PEN films are formed on both substrates, their azimuthal orientations are quite different, showing an alignment of the molecular L-axis along the ⟨ 110 ⟩ WSe 2 and ⟨ 100 ⟩ WS 2 directions. This intrinsic epitaxial PEN growth depends, however, sensitively on the substrates surface quality. While it occurs on exfoliated TMD single crystals and multilayer flakes, it is hardly found on exfoliated monolayers, which often exhibit bubbles and wrinkles. This enhances the surface roughness and results in (001)-oriented PEN films with upright molecular orientation but without any azimuthal alignment. However, monolayer flakes can be smoothed by AFM operated in contact mode or by transferring to ultrasmooth substrates such as hBN, which again yields epitaxial PEN films. As different PEN orientations result in different characteristic film morphologies (elongated mesa islands vs pyramidal dendrites), which can be easily distinguished by AFM or optical microscopy, this provides a simple means to judge the roughness of the used TMD surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Günder
- Molekulare Festkörperphysik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Marleen Axt
- Oberflächenphysik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Molekulare Festkörperphysik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
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7
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Tian H, Yao Z, Li Z, Guo J, Liu L. Unlocking More Potentials in Two-Dimensional Space: Disorder Engineering in Two-Dimensional Amorphous Carbon. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24468-24478. [PMID: 38015075 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The theory of the nature of glass has been described as the deepest but unsolved problem in solid state theory. The fundamental understanding of the structural characteristics of glassy materials and disorder-property correspondence remains incomplete due to difficulties in fully characterizing disordered structures in three-dimensional materials. Recently, two-dimensional amorphous materials were treated as an atomic-level playground to uncover previously unknown structure-property relationships in vitreous materials. Here, we summarize recent research on one prototypical material, two-dimensional amorphous carbon, including atomic structural characterizations, controllable synthesis, exotic properties, and application potentials. Fundamental discrepancies only induced by the amorphous nature, when compared with crystalline materials, will be highlighted. Finally, we discuss the restricted definition of two-dimensional amorphous carbon, existing challenges, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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8
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Rajendran S, George A, Tang Z, Neumann C, Turchanin A, Arava LMR. Regulating Li-Ion Transport through Ultrathin Molecular Membrane to Enable High-Performance All-Solid-State-Battery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303625. [PMID: 37381623 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state lithium metal batteries with garnet-type electrolyte provide several advantages over conventional lithium-ion batteries, especially for safety and energy density. However, a few grand challenges such as the propagation of Li dendrites, poor interfacial contact between the solid electrolyte and the electrodes, and formation of lithium carbonate during ambient exposure over the solid-state electrolyte prevent the viability of such batteries. Herein, an ultrathin sub-nanometer porous carbon nanomembrane (CNM) is employed on the surface of solid-state electrolyte (SSE) that increases the adhesion of SSE with electrodes, prevents lithium carbonate formation over the surface, regulates the flow of Li-ions, and blocks any electronic leakage. The sub-nanometer scale pores in CNM allow rapid permeation of Li-ions across the electrode-electrolyte interface without the presence of any liquid medium. Additionally, CNM suppresses the propagation of Li dendrites by over sevenfold up to a current density of 0.7 mA cm-2 and enables the cycling of all-solid-state batteries at low stack pressure of 2 MPa using LiFePO4 cathode and Li metal anode. The CNM provides chemical stability to the solid electrolyte for over 4 weeks of ambient exposure with less than a 4% increase in surface impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Rajendran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Antony George
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Zian Tang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), 07743, Jena, Germany
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9
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Kim IS, Shim CE, Kim SW, Lee CS, Kwon J, Byun KE, Jeong U. Amorphous Carbon Films for Electronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204912. [PMID: 36408886 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While various crystalline carbon allotropes, including graphene, have been actively investigated, amorphous carbon (a-C) thin films have received relatively little attention. The a-C is a disordered form of carbon bonding with a broad range of the CC bond length and bond angle. Although accurate structural analysis and theoretical approaches are still insufficient, reproducible structure-property relationships have been accumulated. As the a-C thin film is now adapted as a hardmask in the semiconductor industry and new properties are reported continuously, expectations are growing that it can be practically used as active materials beyond as a simple sacrificial layer. In this perspective review article, after a brief introduction to the synthesis and properties of the a-C thin films, their potential practical applications are proposed, including hardmasks, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pellicles, diffusion barriers, deformable electrodes and interconnects, sensors, active layers, electrodes for energy, micro-supercapacitors, batteries, nanogenerators, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and nanomembranes. The article ends with a discussion on the technological challenges in a-C thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Chengam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Eun Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Chengam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Kim
- New Material Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggido, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Lee
- New Material Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggido, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Kwon
- New Material Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggido, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Eun Byun
- New Material Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggido, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Chengam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Yao Z, Meyerbröker N, Qi Y, Cremer J, Westphal M, Anselmetti D, Yang Y, Gölzhäuser A. Scalable Synthesis of Carbon Nanomembranes from Amorphous Molecular Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41101-41108. [PMID: 37587014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) created by self-assembled monolayers ideally combine a high water flux and precise ion selectivity for molecular separation and water desalination. However, their practical implementation is often challenged by the availability of large epitaxial substrates, limiting the membrane up-scaling. Here, we report a scalable synthesis of CNMs from poly(4-vinylbiphenyl) (PVBP) spin-coated on SiO2/Si wafers. Electron irradiation of the amorphous PVBP molecular layers induces the formation of a continuous membrane with a thickness of 15 nm and a high density of subnanometer pores, providing a water permeance as high as 530 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, while repelling ions and molecules larger than 1 nm in size. A further introduction of a reinforced porous block copolymer layer enables the fabrication of centimeter-scale CNM composites that efficiently separate organic dyes from water. These results suggest a feasible route for large-scale nanomembrane fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yao
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Yubo Qi
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julian Cremer
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Westphal
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Haibin Road 1119, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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11
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Tripathy DB, Gupta A. Nanomembranes-Affiliated Water Remediation: Chronology, Properties, Classification, Challenges and Future Prospects. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:713. [PMID: 37623773 PMCID: PMC10456521 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination has become a global crisis, affecting millions of people worldwide and causing diseases and illnesses, including cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A. Conventional water remediation methods have several challenges, including their inability to remove emerging contaminants and their high cost and environmental impact. Nanomembranes offer a promising solution to these challenges. Nanomembranes are thin, selectively permeable membranes that can remove contaminants from water based on size, charge, and other properties. They offer several advantages over conventional methods, including their ability to remove evolving pollutants, low functioning price, and reduced ecological influence. However, there are numerous limitations linked with the applications of nanomembranes in water remediation, including fouling and scaling, cost-effectiveness, and potential environmental impact. Researchers are working to reduce the cost of nanomembranes through the development of more cost-effective manufacturing methods and the use of alternative materials such as graphene. Additionally, there are concerns about the release of nanomaterials into the environment during the manufacturing and disposal of the membranes, and further research is needed to understand their potential impact. Despite these challenges, nanomembranes offer a promising solution for the global water crisis and could have a significant impact on public health and the environment. The current article delivers an overview on the exploitation of various engineered nanoscale substances, encompassing the carbonaceous nanomaterials, metallic, metal oxide and metal-organic frameworks, polymeric nano-adsorbents and nanomembranes, for water remediation. The article emphasizes the mechanisms involved in adsorption and nanomembrane filtration. Additionally, the authors aim to deliver an all-inclusive review on the chronology, technical execution, challenges, restrictions, reusability, and future prospects of these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bajpai Tripathy
- Division of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 201312, India;
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12
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Stroganov V, Hüger D, Neumann C, Noethel T, Steinert M, Hübner U, Turchanin A. Gas Transport Mechanisms through Molecular Thin Carbon Nanomembranes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300282. [PMID: 37026659 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular thin carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) synthesized by electron irradiation induced cross-linking of aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are promising 2D materials for the next generation of filtration technologies. Their unique properties including ultimately low thickness of ≈1 nm, sub-nanometer porosity, mechanical and chemical stability are attractive for the development of innovative filters with low energy consumption, improved selectivity, and robustness. However, the permeation mechanisms through CNMs resulting in, e.g., an ≈1000 times higher fluxes of water in comparison to helium have not been yet understood. Here, a study of the permeation of He, Ne, D2 , CO2 , Ar, O2 and D2 O using mass spectrometry in the temperature range from room temperature to ≈120 °C is studied. As a model system, CNMs made from [1″,4',1',1]-terphenyl-4-thiol SAMs are investigated. It is found out that all studied gases experience an activation energy barrier upon the permeation which scales with their kinetic diameters. Moreover, their permeation rates are dependent on the adsorption on the nanomembrane surface. These findings enable to rationalize the permeation mechanisms and establish a model, which paves the way toward the rational design not only of CNMs but also of other organic and inorganic 2D materials for energy-efficient and highly selective filtration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Stroganov
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Hüger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tabata Noethel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institute of Applied Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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13
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Dimitropoulos M, Trakakis G, Meyerbröker N, Gehra R, Angelova P, Schnieders A, Pavlou C, Kostaras C, Galiotis C, Dassios K. Nanomechanics of Ultrathin Carbon Nanomembranes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:267. [PMID: 36678021 PMCID: PMC9863011 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) are two-dimensional materials (2DM) of a few nm thickness with sub-nm intrinsic pores that mimic the biofiltration membranes found in nature. They enable highly selective, permeable, and energy-efficient water separation and can be produced at large scales on porous substrates with tuned properties. The present work reports the mechanical performance of such CNMs produced by p-nitrobiphenyl phosphonic acid (NBPS) or polyvinylbiphenyl (PVBP) and their composite membranes of microporous supporting substrates, which constitute indispensable information for ensuring their mechanical stability during operation. Measuring the nanomechanical properties of the ultrathin material was achieved by atomic force microscopy (AFM) on membranes both supported on flat substrates and suspended on patterned substrates ("composite membrane"). The AFM analysis showed that the CNMs presented Young's modulus in the range of 2.5-8 GPa. The composite membranes' responses were investigated by tensile testing in a micro-tensile stage as a function of substrate thickness and substrate pore density and diameter, which were found to affect the mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to investigate the thermal stability of composite membranes at high temperatures. The results revealed the structural integrity of CNMs, while critical parameters governing their mechanical response were identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Dimitropoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George Trakakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Raphael Gehra
- CNM Technologies GmbH, Morgenbreede 1, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Polina Angelova
- CNM Technologies GmbH, Morgenbreede 1, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Christos Pavlou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Kostaras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dassios
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE–HT), Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
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14
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Karak S, Dey K, Banerjee R. Maneuvering Applications of Covalent Organic Frameworks via Framework-Morphology Modulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202751. [PMID: 35760553 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Translating the performance of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) from laboratory to macroscopic reality demands specific morphologies. Thus, the advancement in morphological modulation has recently gained some momentum. A clear understanding of nano- to macroscopic architecture is critical to determine, optimize, and improve performances of this atomically precise porous material. Along with their chemical compositions and molecular frameworks, the prospect of morphology in various applications should be discussed and highlighted. A thorough insight into morphology versus application will help produce better-engineered COFs for practical implications. 2D and 3D frameworks can be transformed into various solids such as nanospheres, thin films, membranes, monoliths, foams, etc., for numerous applications in adsorption, separation photocatalysis, the carbon dioxide reduction, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. However, the research on COF chemistry mainly focuses on correlating structure to property, structure to morphology, and structure to applications. Here, critical insights on various morphological evolution and associated applications are provided. In each case, the underlying role of morphology is unveiled. Toward the end, a correlation between morphology and application is provided for the future development of COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Karak
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kaushik Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
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15
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Spontaneous formation of a self-healing carbon nanoskin at the liquid-liquid interface. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4950. [PMID: 35999197 PMCID: PMC9399178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes exhibit the ability to self-repair and dynamically change their shape while remaining impermeable. Yet, these defining features are difficult to reconcile with mechanical robustness. Here, we report on the spontaneous formation of a carbon nanoskin at the oil-water interface that uniquely combines self-healing attributes with high stiffness. Upon the diffusion-controlled self-assembly of a reactive molecular surfactant at the interface, a solid elastic membrane forms within seconds and evolves into a continuous carbon monolayer with a thickness of a few nanometers. This nanoskin has a stiffness typical for a 2D carbon material with an elastic modulus in bending of more than 40-100 GPa; while brittle, it shows the ability to self-heal upon rupture, can be reversibly reshaped, and sustains complex shapes. We anticipate such an unusual 2D carbon nanomaterial to inspire novel approaches towards the formation of synthetic cells with rigid shells, additive manufacturing of composites, and compartmentalization in industrial catalysis.
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16
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Yuan Z, He G, Li SX, Misra RP, Strano MS, Blankschtein D. Gas Separations using Nanoporous Atomically Thin Membranes: Recent Theoretical, Simulation, and Experimental Advances. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201472. [PMID: 35389537 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Porous graphene and other atomically thin 2D materials are regarded as highly promising membrane materials for high-performance gas separations due to their atomic thickness, large-scale synthesizability, excellent mechanical strength, and chemical stability. When these atomically thin materials contain a high areal density of gas-sieving nanoscale pores, they can exhibit both high gas permeances and high selectivities, which is beneficial for reducing the cost of gas-separation processes. Here, recent modeling and experimental advances in nanoporous atomically thin membranes for gas separations is discussed. The major challenges involved, including controlling pore size distributions, scaling up the membrane area, and matching theory with experimental results, are also highlighted. Finally, important future directions are proposed for real gas-separation applications of nanoporous atomically thin membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guangwei He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sylvia Xin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rahul Prasanna Misra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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17
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Azzam W, Subaihi A, Rohwerder M, Zharnikov M, Bashir A. Polymorphism and Building-Block-Resolved STM Imaging of Self-Assembled Monolayers of 4-Fluorobenzenemethanethiol on Au(111). Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200347. [PMID: 35856831 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 4-fluorobenzenemethanethiol (p-FBMT) on Au(111), prepared by immersion procedure (1 mM ethanolic solution; 60 °C; 18 h), were characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The data suggest the formation of highly ordered monolayer with a commensurate structure, described by the 2 3 × 13 R 13 ∘ unit cell. The STM appearance of this cell occurs, however, in two different forms, with either well-localized individual spots or splitting of these spots in two components. These components are assigned to the tunneling through the entire molecule or sulfur docking group only. The respective spots correspond then to the terminal fluorine atom and sulfur docking group, manifesting, thus, building-block-resolving STM imaging. The accessibility of the docking group for direct tunneling is most likely related to a specific molecular organization for one of the two possible internal structures of the unit cell. The above results represent a showcase for potential of STM for imaging of upright-arranged and densely packed molecular assemblies, such as SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Azzam
- Department of Chemistry, Tafila Technical University, P.O. Box 179, Tafila, 66110, Jordan.,Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Qunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, 1109, Makkah, Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdu Subaihi
- Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Qunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, 1109, Makkah, Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Rohwerder
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asif Bashir
- Thyssenkrupp Bilstein GmbH, Herner Str. 299, 44809, Bochum, Germany
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18
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Küllmer M, Herrmann‐Westendorf F, Endres P, Götz S, Reza Rasouli H, Najafidehaghani E, Neumann C, Gläßner R, Kaiser D, Weimann T, Winter A, Schubert US, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Turchanin A. Two‐Dimensional Photosensitizer Nanosheets via Low‐Energy Electron Beam Induced Cross‐Linking of Self‐Assembled Ru
II
Polypyridine Monolayers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204953. [PMID: 35416399 PMCID: PMC9401006 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis for hydrogen production is an important element in the search for green energy sources. The incorporation of photoactive units into mechanically stable 2D materials paves the way toward the realization of ultrathin membranes as mimics for leaves. Here we present and compare two concepts to introduce a photoactive RuII polypyridine complex into ≈1 nm thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) generated by low‐energy electron irradiation induced cross‐linking of aromatic self‐assembled monolayers. The photoactive units are either directly incorporated into the CNM scaffold or covalently grafted to its surface. We characterize RuII CNMs using X‐ray photoelectron, surface‐enhanced Raman, photothermal deflection spectroscopy, atomic force, scanning electron microscopy, and study their photoactivity in graphene field‐effect devices. Therewith, we explore the applicability of low‐energy electron irradiation of metal complexes for photosensitizer nanosheet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Felix Herrmann‐Westendorf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e. V. (IPHT) Research Department Functional Interfaces 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Patrick Endres
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Stefan Götz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Hamid Reza Rasouli
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Emad Najafidehaghani
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Rebecka Gläßner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - David Kaiser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Thomas Weimann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 38116 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e. V. (IPHT) Research Department Functional Interfaces 07745 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
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19
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Strunge K, Hoinkis N, Lutz H, Alamdari S, Roeters SJ, Lu H, Pfaendtner J, Weidner T. Peptide Mimic of the Marine Sponge Protein Silicatein Fabricates Ultrathin Nanosheets of Silicon Dioxide and Titanium Dioxide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8087-8093. [PMID: 35727216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted attention for potential applications in light harvesting, catalysis, and molecular electronics. Mineral proteins involved in hard tissue biogenesis can produce 2D structures with high fidelity by using sustainable production routes. This study shows that a peptide mimic based on the catalytic triad of the marine sponge protein silicatein catalyzes the formation of nanometer thin and stable sheets of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Strunge
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nina Hoinkis
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Helmut Lutz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Alamdari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Steven J Roeters
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hao Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
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20
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Stohmann P, Koch S, Yang Y, Kaiser CD, Ehrens J, Schnack J, Biere N, Anselmetti D, Gölzhäuser A, Zhang X. Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:462-471. [PMID: 35673603 PMCID: PMC9152271 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin membranes with subnanometer pores enabling molecular size-selective separation were generated on surfaces via electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The evolution of p-terphenylthiol (TPT) SAMs on Au(111) surfaces into cross-linked monolayers was observed with a scanning tunneling microscope. As the irradiation dose was increased, the cross-linked regions continued to grow and a large number of subnanometer voids appeared. Their equivalent diameter is 0.5 ± 0.2 nm and the areal density is ≈1.7 × 1017 m-2. Supported by classical molecular dynamics simulations, we propose that these voids may correspond to free volumes inside a cross-linked monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Stohmann
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sascha Koch
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher David Kaiser
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julian Ehrens
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnack
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Niklas Biere
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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21
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Funahashi Y, Yoshinaka Y, Takada K, Kaneko T. Self-Standing Nanomembranes of Super-Tough Plastics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5128-5134. [PMID: 34918512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanomembranes are effective coating materials for protecting substrates from external stimuli; however, they are generally not self-standing owing to their low mechanical toughness. Self-standing nanomembranes would be an innovative development in the field of nanotechnology including miniaturized devices. In this study, self-standing nanomembranes were developed by spin-casting supertough polyamides over dimethylformamide solution. The polyamides were synthesized by the polycondensation of two derivatives of 4,4'-diamino-α-truxillic acid (4ATA) with slightly bent diphenylcyclobutane in the core. Mechanical evaluation of the 4ATA polyamides having an appropriate composition of aliphatic diacids revealed a high strain-energy density of 231 MJ m-3 at its maximum, which is significantly tougher than spider silk. The nanocoats with a thickness of several hundred nanometers showing interference fringes were able to be peeled off the glass substrate without breaking, owing to its ultrahigh toughness. The self-standing nanomembrane would be applied to flexible devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Funahashi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923 1292, Japan
| | - Yohei Yoshinaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923 1292, Japan
- The George and Josephine Butler Laboratory for Polymer Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kenji Takada
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923 1292, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923 1292, Japan
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22
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Utke I, Swiderek P, Höflich K, Madajska K, Jurczyk J, Martinović P, Szymańska I. Coordination and organometallic precursors of group 10 and 11: Focused electron beam induced deposition of metals and insight gained from chemical vapour deposition, atomic layer deposition, and fundamental surface and gas phase studies. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Küllmer M, Herrmann-Westendorf F, Endres P, Götz S, Rasouli HR, Najafidehaghani E, Neumann C, Gläßner R, Kaiser D, Weimann T, Winter A, Schubert US, Dietzek B, Turchanin A. Two‐Dimensional Photosensitizer Nanosheets via Low‐Energy Electron Beam Induced Cross‐Linking of Self‐Assembled Ru(II) Polypyridine Monolayers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Küllmer
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Felix Herrmann-Westendorf
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Patrick Endres
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Stefan Götz
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Hamid Reza Rasouli
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Emad Najafidehaghani
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christof Neumann
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Rebecka Gläßner
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - David Kaiser
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Thomas Weimann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Abt. 2 Elektrizität GERMANY
| | - Andreas Winter
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry Lessingstr. 10 D-07743 Jena GERMANY
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24
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Kund J, Romer J, Oswald E, Gaus AL, Küllmer M, Turchanin A, von Delius M, Kranz C. Pd‐Modified De‐alloyed Au‐Ni‐Microelectrodes for In Situ / Operando Mapping of Hydrogen Evolution. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kund
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Jan Romer
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Eva Oswald
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institut of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Max von Delius
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christine Kranz
- University of Ulm Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm GERMANY
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25
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Tang Z, Chulanova E, Küllmer M, Winter A, Picker J, Neumann C, Schreyer K, Herrmann-Westendorf F, Arnlind A, Dietzek B, Schubert US, Turchanin A. Photoactive ultrathin molecular nanosheets with reversible lanthanide binding terpyridine centers. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:20583-20591. [PMID: 34874038 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, functional molecular nanosheets have attracted much attention in the fields of sensors and energy storage. Here, we present an approach for the synthesis of photoactive metal-organic nanosheets with ultimate molecular thickness. To this end, we apply low-energy electron irradiation induced cross-linking of 4'-(2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-4'-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol self-assembled monolayers on gold to convert them into functional ∼1 nm thick carbon nanomembranes possessing the ability to reversibly complex lanthanide ions (Ln-CNMs). The obtained Ln-CNMs can be prepared on a large-scale (>10 cm2) and inherit the photoactivity of the pristine terpyridine lanthanide complex (Ln(III)-tpy). Moreover, they possess mechanical stability as free-standing sheets over micrometer sized openings. The presented methodology paves a simple and robust way for the preparation of ultrathin nanosheets with tailored photoactive properties for application in photocatalytic and energy conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Tang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Elena Chulanova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Picker
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Kristin Schreyer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Herrmann-Westendorf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Research Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Arnlind
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Research Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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26
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Tebyani A, Baalbergen FB, Tromp RM, van der Molen SJ. Low-Energy Electron Irradiation Damage in Few-Monolayer Pentacene Films. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:26150-26156. [PMID: 34887975 PMCID: PMC8647077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c06749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline films of pentacene molecules, two to four monolayers in thickness, are grown via in situ sublimation on silicon substrates in the ultrahigh vacuum chamber of a low-energy electron microscope. It is observed that the diffraction pattern of the pentacene layers fades upon irradiation with low-energy electrons. The damage cross section is found to increase by more than an order of magnitude for electron energies from 0 to 10 eV and by another order of magnitude from 10 to 40 eV. Close to 0 eV, damage is virtually nil. Creation of chemically reactive atomic centers after electron attachment or impact ionization is thought to trigger chemical reactions between neighboring molecules that gradually transform the layer into a disordered carbon nanomembrane. Additionally, diminishing spectroscopic features related to the unoccupied band structure of the layers, accompanied by loss of definition in real-space images, and an increase in the background intensity of diffraction images during irradiation point to chemical changes and formation of a disordered layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Tebyani
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden Institute of
Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, P.O. Box 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F. B. Baalbergen
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden Institute of
Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, P.O. Box 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R. M. Tromp
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden Institute of
Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, P.O. Box 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- IBM
T. J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York, New York 10598, United States
| | - S. J. van der Molen
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden Institute of
Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, P.O. Box 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Dakhchoune M, Duan X, Villalobos LF, Hsu KJ, Zhao J, Micari M, Agrawal KV. Rapid Gas Transport from Block-Copolymer Templated Nanoporous Carbon Films. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostapha Dakhchoune
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1951, Switzerland
| | - Xuekui Duan
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1951, Switzerland
| | - Luis F. Villalobos
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1951, Switzerland
| | - Kuang-Jung Hsu
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1951, Switzerland
| | - Jing Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1951, Switzerland
| | - Marina Micari
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1951, Switzerland
| | - Kumar Varoon Agrawal
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1951, Switzerland
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28
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Oswald E, Gaus AL, Kund J, Küllmer M, Romer J, Weizenegger S, Ullrich T, Mengele AK, Petermann L, Leiter R, Unwin PR, Kaiser U, Rau S, Kahnt A, Turchanin A, von Delius M, Kranz C. Cobaloxime Complex Salts: Synthesis, Patterning on Carbon Nanomembranes and Heterogeneous Hydrogen Evolution Studies. Chemistry 2021; 27:16896-16903. [PMID: 34713512 PMCID: PMC9299159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cobaloximes are promising, earth‐abundant catalysts for the light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Typically, these cobalt(III) complexes are prepared in situ or employed in their neutral form, for example, [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl], even though related complex salts have been reported previously and could, in principle, offer improved catalytic activity as well as more efficient immobilization on solid support. Herein, we report an interdisciplinary investigation into complex salts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+BArF−. We describe their strategic syntheses from the commercially available complex [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] and demonstrate that these double and single complex salts are potent catalysts for the light‐driven HER. We also show that scanning electrochemical cell microscopy can be used to deposit arrays of catalysts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] on supported and free‐standing amino‐terminated ∼1‐nm‐thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). Photocatalytic H2 evolution at such arrays was quantified with Pd microsensors by scanning electrochemical microscopy, thus providing a new approach for catalytic evaluation and opening up novel routes for the creation and analysis of “designer catalyst arrays”, nanoprinted in a desired pattern on a solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Oswald
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Kund
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Romer
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Weizenegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lydia Petermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Leiter
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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29
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Bottom-up synthesis of graphene films hosting atom-thick molecular-sieving apertures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022201118. [PMID: 34493654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022201118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of a high density of molecular-sieving nanopores in the graphene lattice by the bottom-up synthesis is highly attractive for high-performance membranes. Herein, we achieve this by a controlled synthesis of nanocrystalline graphene where incomplete growth of a few nanometer-sized, misoriented grains generates molecular-sized pores in the lattice. The density of pores is comparable to that obtained by the state-of-the-art postsynthetic etching (1012 cm-2) and is up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of molecular-sieving intrinsic vacancy defects in single-layer graphene (SLG) prepared by chemical vapor deposition. The porous nanocrystalline graphene (PNG) films are synthesized by precipitation of C dissolved in the Ni matrix where the C concentration is regulated by controlled pyrolysis of precursors (polymers and/or sugar). The PNG film is made of few-layered graphene except near the grain edge where the grains taper down to a single layer and eventually terminate into vacancy defects at a node where three or more grains meet. This unique nanostructure is highly attractive for the membranes because the layered domains improve the mechanical robustness of the film while the atom-thick molecular-sized apertures allow the realization of large gas transport. The combination of gas permeance and gas pair selectivity is comparable to that from the nanoporous SLG membranes prepared by state-of-the-art postsynthetic lattice etching. Overall, the method reported here improves the scale-up potential of graphene membranes by cutting down the processing steps.
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30
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Wolff A. Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation? BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:965-983. [PMID: 34621610 PMCID: PMC8450971 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a powerful characterization technique which allows the study of microstructure, grain size, and orientation as well as strain of a crystallographic sample. In addition, the technique can be used for phase analysis. A mirror-flat sample surface is required for this analysis technique and different polishing approaches have been used over the years. A commonly used approach is the focused ion beam (FIB) polishing. Unfortunately, artefacts that can be easily induced by Ga FIB polishing approaches are seldom published. This work aims to provide a better understanding of the underlying causes for artefact formation and to assess if the helium ion microscope is better suited to achieve the required mirror-flat sample surface when operating the ion source with Ne instead of He. Copper was chosen as a test material and polished using Ga and Ne ions with different ion energies as well as incident angles. The results show that crystal structure alterations and, in some instances, phase transformation of Cu to Cu3Ga occurred when polishing with Ga ions. Polishing with high-energy Ne ions at a glancing angle maintains the crystal structure and significantly improves indexing in EBSD measurements. By milling down to a depth equaling the depth of the interaction volume, a steady-state condition of ion impurity concentration and number of induced defects is reached. The EBSD measurements and Monte Carlo simulations indicate that when this steady-state condition is reached more quickly, which can be achieved using high-energy Ne ions at a glancing incidence, then the overall damage to the specimen is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalena Wolff
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
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31
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Paripović D, Hartmann L, Steinrück HG, Magerl A, Li-Destri G, Fontana Y, Fontcuberta I Morral A, Oveisi E, Bomal E, Frauenrath H. Lamellar carbon-aluminosilicate nanocomposites with macroscopic orientation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:13650-13657. [PMID: 34477640 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00807b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel preparative approaches towards lamellar nanocomposites of carbon and inorganic materials are relevant for a broad range of technological applications. Here, we describe how to utilize the co-assembly of a liquid-crystalline hexaphenylene amphiphile and an aluminosilicate precursor to prepare carbon-aluminosilicate nanocomposites with controlled lamellar orientation and macroscopic order. To this end, the shear-induced alignment of a precursor phase of the two components resulted in thin films comprising lamellae with periodicities on the order of the molecular length scale, an "edge-on" orientation relative to the substrate and parallel to the shearing direction with order on the centimeter length scale. The lamellar structure, orientation, and macroscopic alignment were preserved in the subsequent pyrolysis that yielded the corresponding carbon-aluminosilicate nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Paripović
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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32
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Hoinkis N, Lutz H, Lu H, Golbek TW, Bregnhøj M, Jakob G, Bonn M, Weidner T. Assembly of iron oxide nanosheets at the air-water interface by leucine-histidine peptides. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27965-27968. [PMID: 35480727 PMCID: PMC9038006 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04733g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of inorganic nanomaterials is important for a wide range of disciplines. While many purely inorganic synthetic routes have enabled a manifold of nanostructures under well-controlled conditions, organisms have the ability to synthesize structures under ambient conditions. For example, magnetotactic bacteria, can synthesize tiny 'compass needles' of magnetite (Fe3O4). Here, we demonstrate the bio-inspired synthesis of extended, self-supporting, nanometer-thin sheets of iron oxide at the water-air interface through self-assembly using small histidine-rich peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hoinkis
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Helmut Lutz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Hao Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Thaddeus W Golbek
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bregnhøj
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Gerhard Jakob
- University of Mainz, Institute of Physics Staudinger Weg 7 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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33
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Das S, Nascimbeni G, de la Morena RO, Ishiwari F, Shoji Y, Fukushima T, Buck M, Zojer E, Zharnikov M. Porous Honeycomb Self-Assembled Monolayers: Tripodal Adsorption and Hidden Chirality of Carboxylate Anchored Triptycenes on Ag. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11168-11179. [PMID: 34125529 PMCID: PMC8320238 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with tripodal anchoring to substrates represent a versatile platform for the fabrication of robust self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), complementing the conventional monopodal approach. In this context, we studied the adsorption of 1,8,13-tricarboxytriptycene (Trip-CA) on Ag(111), mimicked by a bilayer of silver atoms underpotentially deposited on Au. While tripodal SAMs frequently suffer from poor structural quality and inhomogeneous bonding configurations, the triptycene scaffold featuring three carboxylic acid anchoring groups yields highly crystalline SAM structures. A pronounced polymorphism is observed, with the formation of distinctly different structures depending on preparation conditions. Besides hexagonal molecular arrangements, the occurrence of a honeycomb structure is particularly intriguing as such an open structure is unusual for SAMs consisting of upright-standing molecules. Advanced spectroscopic tools reveal an equivalent bonding of all carboxylic acid anchoring groups. Notably, density functional theory calculations predict a chiral arrangement of the molecules in the honeycomb network, which, surprisingly, is not apparent in experimental scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images. This seeming discrepancy between theory and experiment can be resolved by considering the details of the actual electronic structure of the adsorbate layer. The presented results represent an exemplary showcase for the intricacy of interpreting STM images of complex molecular films. They are also further evidence for the potential of triptycenes as basic building blocks for generating well-defined layers with unusual structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saunak Das
- Angewandte
Physikalische Chemie, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia Nascimbeni
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Fumitaka Ishiwari
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shoji
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Manfred Buck
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte
Physikalische Chemie, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Neumann C, Wilhelm RA, Küllmer M, Turchanin A. Low-energy electron irradiation induced synthesis of molecular nanosheets: influence of the electron beam energy. Faraday Discuss 2021; 227:61-79. [PMID: 33295359 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00119k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be cross-linked into molecular nanosheets - carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) -via low-energy electron irradiation. Due to their favorable mechanical stability and tunable functional properties, they possess a high potential for various applications including nanosensors and separation membranes for osmosis or energy conversion devices. Despite this potential, the mechanistic details of the electron irradiation induced cross-linking process still need to be understood in more detail. Here, we studied the cross-linking of 4'-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol SAM on gold. The SAM samples were irradiated with different electron energies ranging from 2.5 to 100 eV in ultra-high vacuum and subsequently analysed by complementary techniques. We present results obtained via spectroscopy and microscopy characterization by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low-energy electron diffraction with micrometre sized electron beams (μLEED) and low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). To demonstrate the formation of CNMs, the formed two-dimensional molecular materials were transferred onto grids and oxidized wafer and analyzed by optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We found a strong energy dependence for the cross section for the cross-linking process, the rate of which decreases exponentially towards lower electron energies by about four orders of magnitude. We conduct a comparative analysis of the cross sections for the C-H bond scission via electron impact ionization and dissociative electron attachment and find that these different ionization mechanisms are responsible for the variation of the cross-linking cross section with electron energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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35
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Bookhold J, Dirksen M, Wiehemeier L, Knust S, Anselmetti D, Paneff F, Zhang X, Gölzhäuser A, Kottke T, Hellweg T. Smart membranes by electron beam cross-linking of copolymer microgels. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2205-2214. [PMID: 33459755 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) based copolymer microgels were used to create free-standing, transferable, thermoresponsive membranes. The microgels were synthesized by copolymerization of NIPAM with N-benzylhydrylacrylamide (NBHAM). Monolayers of these colloidal gels were subsequently cross-linked using an electron gun leading to the formation of a connected monolayer. Furthermore, the cross-linked microgel layer is detached from the supporting material by dissolving the substrate. These unique systems can be used as transferable, thermoresponsive coatings and as thermoresponsive membranes. As a proof of principle for the use of such membranes we studied the ion transport through them at different temperatures revealing drastic changes when the lower critical solution temperature of the copolymer microgels is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bookhold
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Maxim Dirksen
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Lars Wiehemeier
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Knust
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Paneff
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Physics of Supermolecular Systems and Surfaces, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Physics of Supermolecular Systems and Surfaces, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Physics of Supermolecular Systems and Surfaces, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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36
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Zhigunov DM, Shilkin DA, Kokareva NG, Bessonov VO, Dyakov SA, Chermoshentsev DA, Mkrtchyan AA, Gladush YG, Fedyanin AA, Nasibulin AG. Single-walled carbon nanotube membranes as non-reflective substrates for nanophotonic applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:095206. [PMID: 33197904 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abcacc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) membranes can be successfully utilized as nanometer-thick substrates for enhanced visualization and facilitated study of individual nanoparticles. As model objects, we transfer optically resonant 200 nm silicon nanoparticles onto pristine and ethanol-densified SWCNT membranes by the femtosecond laser printing method. We image nanoparticles by scanning electron and bright-field optical microscopy, and characterize by linear and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The use of a pristine SWCNT membrane allows to achieve an order-of-magnitude enhancement of the optical contrast of the nanoparticle bright field image over the results shown in the case of the glass substrate use. The observed optical contrast enhancement is in agreement with the spectrophotometric measurements showing an extremely low specular reflectance of the pristine membrane (≤0.1%). Owing to the high transparency, negligibly small reflectance and thickness, SWCNT membranes offer a variety of perspective applications in nanophotonics, bioimaging and synchrotron radiation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis M Zhigunov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil A Shilkin
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia G Kokareva
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir O Bessonov
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sergey A Dyakov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Chermoshentsev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Aram A Mkrtchyan
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury G Gladush
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Fedyanin
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Albert G Nasibulin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, PO Box 16100, FI-00076, Finland
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37
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Emmrich D, Wolff A, Meyerbröker N, Lindner JKN, Beyer A, Gölzhäuser A. Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:222-231. [PMID: 33728240 PMCID: PMC7934706 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A dark-field scanning transmission ion microscopy detector was designed for the helium ion microscope. The detection principle is based on a secondary electron conversion holder with an exchangeable aperture strip allowing its acceptance angle to be tuned from 3 to 98 mrad. The contrast mechanism and performance were investigated using freestanding nanometer-thin carbon membranes. The results demonstrate that the detector can be optimized either for most efficient signal collection or for maximum image contrast. The designed setup allows for the imaging of thin low-density materials that otherwise provide little signal or contrast and for a clear end-point detection in the fabrication of nanopores. In addition, the detector is able to determine the thickness of membranes with sub-nanometer precision by quantitatively evaluating the image signal and comparing the results with Monte Carlo simulations. The thickness determined by the dark-field transmission detector is compared to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Emmrich
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Annalena Wolff
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - André Beyer
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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38
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Saif B, Yang P. Metal-Protein Hybrid Materials with Desired Functions and Potential Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1156-1177. [PMID: 35014472 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanohybrids are fast emerging functional nanomaterials with advanced structures, intriguing physicochemical properties, and a broad range of important applications in current nanoscience research. Significant efforts have been devoted toward design and develop versatile metal nanohybrid systems. Among numerous biological components, diverse proteins offer avenues for making advanced multifunctional systems with unusual properties, desired functions, and potential applications. This review discusses the rational design, properties, and applications of metal-protein nanohybrid materials fabricated from proteins and inorganic components. The construction of functional biomimetic nanohybrid materials is first briefly introduced. The properties and functions of these hybrid materials are then discussed. After that, an overview of promising application of biomimetic metal-protein nanohybrid materials is provided. Finally, the key challenges and outlooks related to this fascinating research area are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Saif
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P.R. China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P.R. China
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39
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Zhang X, Beyer A. Mechanics of free-standing inorganic and molecular 2D materials. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1443-1484. [PMID: 33434243 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07606f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of graphene has triggered a great interest in inorganic as well as molecular two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the mechanical characterization of free-standing 2D materials, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), transition metal-dichalcogenides, MXenes, black phosphor, carbon nanomembranes (CNMs), 2D polymers, 2D metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Elastic, fracture, bending and interfacial properties of these materials have been determined using a variety of experimental techniques including atomic force microscopy based nanoindentation, in situ tensile/fracture testing, bulge testing, Raman spectroscopy, Brillouin light scattering and buckling-based metrology. Additionally, we address recent advances of 2D materials in a variety of mechanical applications, including resonators, microphones and nanoelectromechanical sensors. With the emphasis on progress and challenges in the mechanical characterization of inorganic and molecular 2D materials, we expect a continuous growth of interest and more systematic experimental work on the mechanics of such ultrathin nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Zhang
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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40
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Dirksen M, Brändel T, Großkopf S, Knust S, Bookhold J, Anselmetti D, Hellweg T. UV cross-linked smart microgel membranes as free-standing diffusion barriers and nanoparticle bearing catalytic films. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22014-22024. [PMID: 35480797 PMCID: PMC9036384 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we use poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) based copolymer microgels to create free-standing, transferable, thermoresponsive membranes. The microgels are synthesized by copolymerization of NIPAM with 2-hydroxy-4-(methacryloyloxy)–benzophenone (HMABP) and spin-coated on Si wafers. After subsequent cross-linking by UV-irradiation, the formed layers easily detach from the supporting material. We obtain free standing microgel membranes with lateral extensions of several millimetres and an average layer thickness of a few hundred nanometres. They can be transferred to other substrates. As one example for potential applications we investigate the temperature dependent ion transport through the membranes via resistance measurements revealing a sharp reversible increase in resistance when the lower critical solution temperature of the copolymer microgels is reached. In addition, prior to cross-linking, the microgels can be decorated with silver nanoparticles and cross-linked afterwards. Such free-standing nanoparticle hybrid membranes are then used as catalytic systems for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, which is monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Cross-linkable microgels are synthesized by copolymerization of NIPAM with 2-hydroxy-4-(methacryloyloxy)–benzophenone (HMABP) and are subsequently UV-cross-linked to obtain smart membranes exhibiting switchable resistance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Dirksen
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Timo Brändel
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Sören Großkopf
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Knust
- Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Johannes Bookhold
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
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41
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Shapira B, Penki TR, Cohen I, Elias Y, Dalpke R, Beyer A, Gölzhäuser A, Avraham E, Aurbach D. Combined nanofiltration and advanced oxidation processes with bifunctional carbon nanomembranes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14777-14786. [PMID: 35424019 PMCID: PMC8697847 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A proof of concept of bi-functional membrane, for wastewater treatment, consisting of partially reduced graphene oxide and CNM is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Shapira
- Chemistry Department
- Bar Ilan University
- Ramat Gan 592002
- Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
| | - Tirupathi Rao Penki
- Chemistry Department
- Bar Ilan University
- Ramat Gan 592002
- Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
| | - Izaak Cohen
- Chemistry Department
- Bar Ilan University
- Ramat Gan 592002
- Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
| | - Yuval Elias
- Chemistry Department
- Bar Ilan University
- Ramat Gan 592002
- Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
| | - Raphael Dalpke
- Fakultät für Physik
- Bielefeld University
- Bielefeld D-33615
- Germany
| | - André Beyer
- Fakultät für Physik
- Bielefeld University
- Bielefeld D-33615
- Germany
| | | | - Eran Avraham
- Chemistry Department
- Bar Ilan University
- Ramat Gan 592002
- Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Chemistry Department
- Bar Ilan University
- Ramat Gan 592002
- Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
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42
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Preischl C, Le LH, Bilgilisoy E, Vollnhals F, Gölzhäuser A, Marbach H. Controlled Electron-Induced Fabrication of Metallic Nanostructures on 1 nm Thick Membranes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003947. [PMID: 33078580 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functional hybrids comprising metallic nanostructures connected and protected by nonmetallic 2D materials are envisioned as miniaturized components for applications in optics, electronics, and magnetics. A promising strategy to build such elements is the direct writing of metallic nanostructures by focused electron beam induced processing (FEBIP) onto insulating 2D materials. Carbon nanomembranes (CNMs), produced via electron-induced crosslinking of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), are ultrathin and flexible films; their thickness as well as their mechanical and electrical properties are determined by the specific choice of self-assembling molecules. In this work, functionalized CNMs are produced via electron beam induced deposition of Fe(CO)5 onto terphenylthiol SAMs. Clean iron nanostructures of arbitrary size and shape are deposited on the SAMs, and the SAMs are then crosslinked into CNMs. The functionalized CNMs are then transferred onto either solid substrates or onto grids to obtain freestanding metal/CNM hybrid structures. Iron nanostructures with predefined shapes on top of 1 nm thin freestanding CNMs are realized; they stay intact during the fabrication procedures and remain mechanically stable. Combining the ease and versatility of SAMs with the flexibility of FEBIP thus leads to a route for the fabrication of functional hybrid nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Preischl
- Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Linh Hoang Le
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Elif Bilgilisoy
- Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Florian Vollnhals
- Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Hubertus Marbach
- Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
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43
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Hartl T, Will M, Čapeta D, Singh R, Scheinecker D, Boix de la Cruz V, Dellmann S, Lacovig P, Lizzit S, Senkovskiy BV, Grüneis A, Kralj M, Knudsen J, Kotakoski J, Michely T, Bampoulis P. Cluster Superlattice Membranes. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13629-13637. [PMID: 32910634 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cluster superlattice membranes consist of a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of similar-sized nanoclusters sandwiched between single-crystal graphene and an amorphous carbon matrix. The fabrication process involves three main steps, the templated self-organization of a metal cluster superlattice on epitaxial graphene on Ir(111), conformal embedding in an amorphous carbon matrix, and subsequent lift-off from the Ir(111) substrate. The mechanical stability provided by the carbon-graphene matrix makes the membrane stable as a free-standing material and enables transfer to other substrates. The fabrication procedure can be applied to a wide variety of cluster materials and cluster sizes from the single-atom limit to clusters of a few hundred atoms, as well as other two-dimensional layer/host matrix combinations. The versatility of the membrane composition, its mechanical stability, and the simplicity of the transfer procedure make cluster superlattice membranes a promising material in catalysis, magnetism, energy conversion, and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hartl
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, D-50937, Germany
| | - Moritz Will
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, D-50937, Germany
| | - Davor Čapeta
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Faculty of Physics, Vienna University, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Scheinecker
- Faculty of Physics, Vienna University, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Virginia Boix de la Cruz
- MAX IV Laboratory and Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sophia Dellmann
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, D-50937, Germany
| | - Paolo Lacovig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvano Lizzit
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Boris V Senkovskiy
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, D-50937, Germany
| | - Alexander Grüneis
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, D-50937, Germany
| | - Marko Kralj
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jan Knudsen
- MAX IV Laboratory and Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- Faculty of Physics, Vienna University, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Michely
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, D-50937, Germany
| | - Pantelis Bampoulis
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, D-50937, Germany
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44
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Scherr J, Tang Z, Küllmer M, Balser S, Scholz AS, Winter A, Parey K, Rittner A, Grininger M, Zickermann V, Rhinow D, Terfort A, Turchanin A. Smart Molecular Nanosheets for Advanced Preparation of Biological Samples in Electron Cryo-Microscopy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9972-9978. [PMID: 32589396 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron cryo-microscopy (cryoEM) of vitrified biological specimens is a powerful tool for structural biology. Current preparation of vitrified biological samples starts off with sample isolation and purification, followed by the fixation in a freestanding layer of amorphous ice. Here, we demonstrate that ultrathin (∼10 nm) smart molecular nanosheets having specific biorecognition sites embedded in a biorepulsive layer covalently bound to a mechanically stable carbon nanomembrane allow for a much simpler isolation and structural analysis. We characterize in detail the engineering of these nanosheets and their biorecognition properties employing complementary methods such as X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy as well as surface plasmon resonance measurements. The desired functionality of the developed nanosheets is demonstrated by in situ selection of a His-tagged protein from a mixture and its subsequent structural analysis by cryoEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Scherr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Zian Tang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Balser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Stefan Scholz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kristian Parey
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Rittner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Grininger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Zickermann
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical School, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Rhinow
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Department of Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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45
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Dalpke R, Dreyer A, Korzetz R, Dietz KJ, Beyer A. Selective Diffusion of CO 2 and H 2O through Carbon Nanomembranes in Aqueous Solution as Studied with Radioactive Tracers. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6737-6741. [PMID: 32787217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-thin carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) are promising candidates for efficient separation processes due to their thinness and intrinsic well-defined pore structure. This work used radioactive tracer molecules to characterize diffusion of [3H]H2O, [14C]NaHCO3, and [32P]H3PO4 through a p-[1,1',4',1″]-terphenyl-4-thiol (TPT) CNM in aqueous solution. The experimental setup consisted of two microcompartments separated by a CNM-covered micropore. Tracers were added to one compartment and their time-dependent increase in the other compartment was monitored. Occurring concentration polarization and outgassing effects were fully considered using a newly developed mathematical model. Our findings are consistent with previous gas/vapor permeation measurements. The high sensitivity toward a small molecule flow rate enables quantification of diffusion through micron-sized CNMs in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the results allow unambiguous distinction between intact and defective membranes. Even for extremely small membrane areas, this method allows detailed insight into the transmembrane transport properties, which is crucial for the design of 2D-separation membranes.
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46
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Griffin E, Mogg L, Hao GP, Kalon G, Bacaksiz C, Lopez-Polin G, Zhou TY, Guarochico V, Cai J, Neumann C, Winter A, Mohn M, Lee JH, Lin J, Kaiser U, Grigorieva IV, Suenaga K, Özyilmaz B, Cheng HM, Ren W, Turchanin A, Peeters FM, Geim AK, Lozada-Hidalgo M. Proton and Li-Ion Permeation through Graphene with Eight-Atom-Ring Defects. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7280-7286. [PMID: 32427466 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Defect-free graphene is impermeable to gases and liquids but highly permeable to thermal protons. Atomic-scale defects such as vacancies, grain boundaries, and Stone-Wales defects are predicted to enhance graphene's proton permeability and may even allow small ions through, whereas larger species such as gas molecules should remain blocked. These expectations have so far remained untested in experiment. Here, we show that atomically thin carbon films with a high density of atomic-scale defects continue blocking all molecular transport, but their proton permeability becomes ∼1000 times higher than that of defect-free graphene. Lithium ions can also permeate through such disordered graphene. The enhanced proton and ion permeability is attributed to a high density of eight-carbon-atom rings. The latter pose approximately twice lower energy barriers for incoming protons compared to that of the six-atom rings of graphene and a relatively low barrier of ∼0.6 eV for Li ions. Our findings suggest that disordered graphene could be of interest as membranes and protective barriers in various Li-ion and hydrogen technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Griffin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Mogg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Guang-Ping Hao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Gopinadhan Kalon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Cihan Bacaksiz
- Departement Fysica, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guillermo Lopez-Polin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Y Zhou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Victor Guarochico
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Junhao Cai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Mohn
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Jong Hak Lee
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
| | - Junhao Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan & Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 100-8921, Japan
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Irina V Grigorieva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan & Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 100-8921, Japan
| | - Barbaros Özyilmaz
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
| | - Hui-Min Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenzhen Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wencai Ren
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Francois M Peeters
- Departement Fysica, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andre K Geim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo Lozada-Hidalgo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy & National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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47
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Jakšić Z, Jakšić O. Biomimetic Nanomembranes: An Overview. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:E24. [PMID: 32485897 PMCID: PMC7345464 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomembranes are the principal building block of basically all living organisms, and without them life as we know it would not be possible. Yet in spite of their ubiquity, for a long time their artificial counterparts have mostly been overlooked in mainstream microsystem and nanosystem technologies, being a niche topic at best, instead of holding their rightful position as one of the basic structures in such systems. Synthetic biomimetic nanomembranes are essential in a vast number of seemingly disparate fields, including separation science and technology, sensing technology, environmental protection, renewable energy, process industry, life sciences and biomedicine. In this study, we review the possibilities for the synthesis of inorganic, organic and hybrid nanomembranes mimicking and in some way surpassing living structures, consider their main properties of interest, give a short overview of possible pathways for their enhancement through multifunctionalization, and summarize some of their numerous applications reported to date, with a focus on recent findings. It is our aim to stress the role of functionalized synthetic biomimetic nanomembranes within the context of modern nanoscience and nanotechnologies. We hope to highlight the importance of the topic, as well as to stress its great applicability potentials in many facets of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Jakšić
- Center of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Tang Z, George A, Winter A, Kaiser D, Neumann C, Weimann T, Turchanin A. Optically Triggered Control of the Charge Carrier Density in Chemically Functionalized Graphene Field Effect Transistors. Chemistry 2020; 26:6473-6478. [PMID: 32150652 PMCID: PMC7318135 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Field effect transistors (FETs) based on 2D materials are of great interest for applications in ultrathin electronic and sensing devices. Here we demonstrate the possibility to add optical switchability to graphene FETs (GFET) by functionalizing the graphene channel with optically switchable azobenzene molecules. The azobenzene molecules were incorporated to the GFET channel by building a van der Waals heterostructure with a carbon nanomembrane (CNM), which is used as a molecular interposer to attach the azobenzene molecules. Under exposure with 365 nm and 455 nm light, azobenzene molecules transition between cis and trans molecular conformations, respectively, resulting in a switching of the molecular dipole moment. Thus, the effective electric field acting on the GFET channel is tuned by optical stimulation and the carrier density is modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Tang
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
| | - Antony George
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
| | - David Kaiser
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
| | - Thomas Weimann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)Bundesallee 10038116BraunschweigGermany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft MatterPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
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Dementyev P, Naberezhnyi D, Westphal M, Buck M, Gölzhäuser A. Carbon Nanomembranes from Aromatic Carboxylate Precursors. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1006-1011. [PMID: 32202365 PMCID: PMC7317367 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) serve as convenient platform for fabricating carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) of extended lateral dimensions. Highly porous CNMs are emerging as interesting materials for membrane technologies as they exhibit selectivity for water permeation and, owing to their reduced dimensionality, promise increased energy efficiency compared to established systems. In the present study terphenylcarboxylate SAMs, prepared on silver underpotential deposited on Au and irradiated by 100 eV electrons, were successfully converted into free-standing CNMs. Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal pronounced chemical changes both of the anchoring carboxylate moiety and the aromatic backbone upon electron irradiation. Permeation studies showed high specificity for water as demonstrated by the separation from tetrahydrofuran. Compared to thiols on gold, the standard CNM precursor system, the carboxylic acid based SAM exhibits equivalent characteristics. This suggests that electron-induced carbonization is insensitive to the particular choice of the anchor moiety and, therefore, the choice of precursor molecules can be extended to the versatile class of aromatic carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dementyev
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and SurfacesBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Daniil Naberezhnyi
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and SurfacesBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Michael Westphal
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and SurfacesBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Manfred Buck
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STU.K.
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and SurfacesBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
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Hu Y, Li Y, Cheng J, Chen MS, Fu W, Liu B, Zhang M, Shen Z. Intercalation of Carbon Nanosheet into Layered TiO 2 Grain for Highly Interfacial Lithium Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:21709-21719. [PMID: 32320203 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial energy storage contributes a new mechanism to the emergence of energy storage devices with not only a high-energy density of batteries but also a high-power density of capacitors. In this study, success was achieved in preparing a highly ordered two-dimensional (2D) carbon/TiO2 (C/TiO2) nanosheet composite using commercially available organic molecules with multifunctional groups and taking advantage of the wedge effects, oxidative polymerization, and carbonization. An experiment was conducted to validate the excellent performance of this 2D composite with respect to interfacial energy storage. The coin cell with 2D C/TiO2 nanosheet composite demonstrates a specific capacity of as high as 510 mAh g-1 and a high specific energy of 390.9 Wh kg-1 at a specific power of 75.9 W kg-1 with a current density of 0.1 A g-1, and it also remains 39.0 Wh kg-1 at a specific power of 8.2 kW kg-1 with a high current density of 12.8 A g-1. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the superior artificial interface capacitive Li+ storage capability, which would bridge the energy and power density gap between batteries and capacitors. Meanwhile, there are two varieties of carbon derivatives, 2D carbon nanosheet stacks and exfoliated carbon nanosheets, which can be obtained by wet-chemical etching and mechanical peeling. The experimental route is simple from commercially available raw materials, and it could be scalable at a low cost and large scale, which makes it suitable for application in various fields such as energy storage, nanocatalysis, sensors, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
- The Laboratory of Rare-Earth Functional Materials and Green Energy, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoting Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
- The Laboratory of Rare-Earth Functional Materials and Green Energy, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfang Cheng
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mao-Sung Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
- The Laboratory of Rare-Earth Functional Materials and Green Energy, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
- The Laboratory of Rare-Earth Functional Materials and Green Energy, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingheng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
- The Laboratory of Rare-Earth Functional Materials and Green Energy, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
- The Laboratory of Rare-Earth Functional Materials and Green Energy, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongrong Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
- The Laboratory of Rare-Earth Functional Materials and Green Energy, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
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