1
|
Xiang L, He Z, Yan C, Zhao Y, Li Z, Jia L, Jiang Z, Dai X, Lemaur V, Ma Y, Liu L, Meng Q, Zou Y, Beljonne D, Zhang F, Zhang D, Di CA, Zhu D. Nanoscale doping of polymeric semiconductors with confined electrochemical ion implantation. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01653-x. [PMID: 38649746 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanoresolved doping of polymeric semiconductors can overcome scaling limitations to create highly integrated flexible electronics, but remains a fundamental challenge due to isotropic diffusion of the dopants. Here we report a general methodology for achieving nanoscale ion-implantation-like electrochemical doping of polymeric semiconductors. This approach involves confining counterion electromigration within a glassy electrolyte composed of room-temperature ionic liquids and high-glass-transition-temperature insulating polymers. By precisely adjusting the electrolyte glass transition temperature (Tg) and the operating temperature (T), we create a highly localized electric field distribution and achieve anisotropic ion migration that is nearly vertical to the nanotip electrodes. The confined doping produces an excellent resolution of 56 nm with a lateral-extended doping length down to as little as 9.3 nm. We reveal a universal exponential dependence of the doping resolution on the temperature difference (Tg - T) that can be used to depict the doping resolution for almost infinite polymeric semiconductors. Moreover, we demonstrate its implications in a range of polymer electronic devices, including a 200% performance-enhanced organic transistor and a lateral p-n diode with seamless junction widths of <100 nm. Combined with a further demonstration in the scalability of the nanoscale doping, this concept may open up new opportunities for polymer-based nanoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanyi Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyi Yan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxuan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziling Jiang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yingqiao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Narasimha K, Albert SK, Kim J, Kang H, Kang S, Park J, Park J, Park SJ. Charge-Transfer-Induced Self-Assembly of Doped Conjugated Block Copolymer Nanofibers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:382-388. [PMID: 36866815 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report charge-transfer-driven self-assembly of conjugated block copolymers (BCP) into highly doped conjugated polymer nanofibers. The ground-state integer charge transfer (ICT) between a BCP composed of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(ethylene oxide) (P3HT-b-PEO) and electron-deficient 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) induced spontaneous self-assembly of the donor and the acceptor into well-defined one-dimensional nanofibers. The presence of the PEO block plays an important role for the self-assembly by providing a polar environment that can stabilize nanoscale charge transfer (CT) assemblies. The doped nanofibers were responsive to various external stimuli such as heat, chemical, and light and exhibited efficient photothermal properties in the near-IR region. The CT-driven BCP self-assembly reported here provides a new platform for the fabrication of highly doped semiconductor nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karnati Narasimha
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Shine K Albert
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hyojung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - JaeHong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao C, Shi D, Li C, Yu X, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zhang G, Zhang D. A Dual Functional Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymer as Single Component Semiconducting Photoresist by Appending Azide Groups in the Side Chains. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106087. [PMID: 35318828 PMCID: PMC9130897 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular systems that can function as photoresists are essential for the fabrication of flexible electronics through all-photolithographic processes. Most of the reported molecular systems for photo-patterning of polymeric semiconductors contain binary or multi-components. In comparison, single component semiconducting photoresist is advantageous since it will circumvent the optimization of phase separation and ensure the patterned semiconducting thin films to be more uniform. In this paper, a single component semiconducting photoresist (PDPP4T-N3 ) by incorporating azide groups into the branching alkyl chains of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated polymer is reported. The results reveal that i) the azide groups make the side chains to be photo-cross-linkable; ii) uniform patterns with size as small as 5 µm form under mild UV irradiation (365 nm, 85 mW cm-2 ) at ambient conditions; iii) such photo-induced cross-linking does not affect the inter-chain packing; iv) benefiting from the single component feature, field-effect transistors (FETs) with the individual patterned thin films display satisfactorily uniform performances with average charge mobility of 0.61 ± 0.10 cm2 V-1 s-1 and threshold voltage of 3.49 ± 1.43 V. These results offer a simple yet effective design strategy for high-performance single component semiconducting photoresists, which hold great potentials for flexible electronics processed by all-photolithography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesOrganic Solids LaboratoryInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Dandan Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesOrganic Solids LaboratoryInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesOrganic Solids LaboratoryInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesOrganic Solids LaboratoryInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesOrganic Solids LaboratoryInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesOrganic Solids LaboratoryInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesOrganic Solids LaboratoryInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Foundry-compatible high-resolution patterning of vertically phase-separated semiconducting films for ultraflexible organic electronics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4937. [PMID: 34400644 PMCID: PMC8367968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution processability of polymer semiconductors becomes an unfavorable factor during the fabrication of pixelated films since the underlying layer is vulnerable to subsequent solvent exposure. A foundry-compatible patterning process must meet requirements including high-throughput and high-resolution patternability, broad generality, ambient processability, environmentally benign solvents, and, minimal device performance degradation. However, known methodologies can only meet very few of these requirements. Here, a facile photolithographic approach is demonstrated for foundry-compatible high-resolution patterning of known p- and n-type semiconducting polymers. This process involves crosslinking a vertically phase-separated blend of the semiconducting polymer and a UV photocurable additive, and enables ambient processable photopatterning at resolutions as high as 0.5 μm in only three steps with environmentally benign solvents. The patterned semiconducting films can be integrated into thin-film transistors having excellent transport characteristics, low off-currents, and high thermal (up to 175 °C) and chemical (24 h immersion in chloroform) stability. Moreover, these patterned organic structures can also be integrated on 1.5 μm-thick parylene substrates to yield highly flexible (1 mm radius) and mechanically robust (5,000 bending cycles) thin-film transistors. Though shape-changing devices are promising for future haptic displays, existing designs fail to provide smooth surfaces for the user during tactile exploration. Here, the authors utilize flexible auxetic structures to realize shape displays with smooth surfaces and different Gaussian curvatures.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen R, Wang X, Li X, Wang H, He M, Yang L, Guo Q, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Wei D. A comprehensive nano-interpenetrating semiconducting photoresist toward all-photolithography organic electronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/25/eabg0659. [PMID: 34144989 PMCID: PMC8213218 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to high resolution, reliability, and industrial compatibility, all-photolithography is a promising strategy for industrial manufacture of organic electronics. However, it receives limited success due to the absence of a semiconducting photoresist with high patterning resolution, mobility, and performance stability against photolithography solution processes. Here, we develop a comprehensive semiconducting photoresist with nano-interpenetrating structure. After photolithography, nanostructured cross-linking networks interpenetrate with continuous phases of semiconducting polymers, enabling submicrometer patterning accuracy and compact molecular stacking with high thermodynamic stability. The mobility reaches the highest values of photocrosslinkable organic semiconductors and maintains almost 100% after soaking in developer and stripper for 1000 min. Owing to the comprehensive performance, all-photolithography is achieved, which fabricates organic inverters and high-density transistor arrays with densities up to 1.1 × 105 units cm-2 and 1 to 4 orders larger than conventional printing processes, opening up a new approach toward manufacturing highly integrated organic circuits and systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renzhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Li
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, USA
| | | | - Mingqian He
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, USA
| | - Longfei Yang
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yang Li
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, USA.
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jacobs IE, Bedolla-Valdez ZI, Rotondo BT, Bilsky DJ, Lewis R, Ayala Oviedo AN, Gonel G, Armitage J, Li J, Moulé AJ. Super-Resolution Photothermal Patterning in Conductive Polymers Enabled by Thermally Activated Solubility. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7006-7020. [PMID: 33733736 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Doping-induced solubility control (DISC) patterning is a recently developed technique that uses the change in polymer solubility upon doping, along with an optical dedoping process, to achieve high-resolution optical patterning. DISC patterning can produce features smaller than predicted by the diffraction limit; however, no mechanism has been proposed to explain such high resolution. Here, we use diffraction to spatially modulate the light intensity and determine the dissolution rate, revealing a superlinear dependence on light intensity. This rate law is independent of wavelength, indicating that patterning resolution is not dominated by an optical dedoping reaction, as was previously proposed. Instead we show here that the optical patterning mechanism is primarily controlled by the thermal profile generated by the laser. To quantify this effect, the thermal profile and dissolution rate are modeled using a finite-element model and compared against patterned line cross sections as a function of wavelength, laser intensity, and dwell time. Our model reveals that although the laser-generated thermal profile is broadened considerably beyond the profile of the laser, the highly temperature dependent dissolution rate results in selective dissolution near the peak of the thermal profile. Therefore, the key factor in achieving super-resolution patterning is a strongly temperature dependent dissolution rate, a common feature of many polymers. In addition to suggesting several routes to improved resolution, our model also demonstrates that doping is not required for optical patterning of conjugated polymers, as was previously believed. Instead, we demonstrate that superlinear resolution optical patterning should be attainable in any conjugated polymer simply by tuning the solvent quality during patterning, thus extending the applicability of our method to a wide class of materials. We demonstrate the generality of photothermal patterning by writing sub-400 nm features into undoped PffBT4T-2OD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Zaira I Bedolla-Valdez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brandon T Rotondo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - David J Bilsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ryan Lewis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alejandra N Ayala Oviedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Goktug Gonel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - John Armitage
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Handrea-Dragan M, Botiz I. Multifunctional Structured Platforms: From Patterning of Polymer-Based Films to Their Subsequent Filling with Various Nanomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:445. [PMID: 33573248 PMCID: PMC7866561 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an astonishing number of optoelectronic, photonic, biological, sensing, or storage media devices, just to name a few, that rely on a variety of extraordinary periodic surface relief miniaturized patterns fabricated on polymer-covered rigid or flexible substrates. Even more extraordinary is that these surface relief patterns can be further filled, in a more or less ordered fashion, with various functional nanomaterials and thus can lead to the realization of more complex structured architectures. These architectures can serve as multifunctional platforms for the design and the development of a multitude of novel, better performing nanotechnological applications. In this work, we aim to provide an extensive overview on how multifunctional structured platforms can be fabricated by outlining not only the main polymer patterning methodologies but also by emphasizing various deposition methods that can guide different structures of functional nanomaterials into periodic surface relief patterns. Our aim is to provide the readers with a toolbox of the most suitable patterning and deposition methodologies that could be easily identified and further combined when the fabrication of novel structured platforms exhibiting interesting properties is targeted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Handrea-Dragan
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Str. 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogalniceanu Str. 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Botiz
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Str. 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wong HC, Wang Q, Speller EM, Li Z, Cabral JT, Low HY. Photoswitchable Solubility of Fullerene-Doped Polymer Thin Films. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11352-11362. [PMID: 32815708 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlling polymer film solubility is of fundamental and practical interest and is typically achieved by synthetically modifying the polymer structure to insert reactive groups. Here, we demonstrate that the addition of fullerenes or its derivatives (C60 or phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, PCBM) to polymers, followed by ultraviolet (UV) illumination can change the film solubility. Contrary to most synthetic polymers, which dissolve in organic solvents but not in water, the fullerene-doped polymer films (such as polystyrene) can dissolve in water yet remain stable in organic solvents. This photoswitchable solubility effect is not observed in either film constituents individually and is derived from a synergy of photochemistries. First, polymer photooxidation generates macroradicals which cross-link with radical-scavenging PCBM, thereby contributing to the films' insolubility in organic solvents. Second, light exposure enhances polymer photooxidation in the presence of PCBM via the singlet oxygen pathway. This results in polymer backbone scission and formation of photooxidized products which can form hydrogen bonds with water, both contributing to water solubility. Nevertheless, the illuminated doped polymer thin films are mechanically robust, exhibiting significantly increased modulus and density compared to their pristine counterpart, such that they can remain intact even upon sonication in conventional organic solvents. We further demonstrate the application of this solubility-switching effect in dual tone photolithography, via a facile, economical, and environmentally benign solution-processing route made possible by the photoactive nature of polymer-PCBM thin films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Him Cheng Wong
- SUTD-MIT International Design Centre (IDC), Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Qiang Wang
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre (DManD), Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Emily M Speller
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - João T Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Yee Low
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre (DManD), Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rapid and high-resolution patterning of microstructure and composition in organic semiconductors using 'molecular gates'. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3610. [PMID: 32680991 PMCID: PMC7367850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Photolithography has been a major enabling tool for miniaturisation of silicon devices that underpinned the electronics revolution. Rapid, high-resolution patterning of key material characteristics would, similarly, accelerate the advent of molecular electronics and photonics. Here we advance a versatile approach employing local diffusion of functional small-molecular compounds through a solution-processed ‘molecular gate’ interlayer. Diffusion is activated using laser light or solvent vapour jets―a process that can be finely modulated down to molecule-on-demand deposition precision with almost photolithographic resolution (<5 μm) and speeds (3 mm s–1). Examples of principal pattern types are presented including molecular conformation for integrated photonics; chain orientation for polarised security features and micro-engineered electronics; and doping with local conductivity values >3 S cm–1 for improved electronic devices. Finally, we demonstrate the unique capability for one-step patterning of multiple functionalities by spatially modulating composition in ternary blends, leading to locally tunable photoluminescence from blue to red. Although high‐resolution methods such as photolithography allow for organic semiconductor patterning, they are often limited by their high complexity. Here, the authors report a versatile “molecular gate”‐based method for micro‐patterning organic semiconductor films.
Collapse
|
11
|
Universal three-dimensional crosslinker for all-photopatterned electronics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1520. [PMID: 32251285 PMCID: PMC7089981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
All-solution processing of large-area organic electronics requires multiple steps of patterning and stacking of various device components. Here, we report the fabrication of highly integrated arrays of polymer thin-film transistors and logic gates entirely through a series of solution processes. The fabrication is done using a three-dimensional crosslinker in tetrahedral geometry containing four photocrosslinkable azide moieties, referred to as 4Bx. 4Bx can be mixed with a variety of solution-processable electronic materials (polymer semiconductors, polymer insulators, and metal nanoparticles) and generate crosslinked network under exposure to UV. Fully crosslinked network film can be formed even at an unprecedentedly small loading, which enables preserving the inherent electrical and structural characteristics of host material. Because the crosslinked electronic component layers are strongly resistant to chemical solvents, micropatterning the layers at high resolution as well as stacking the layers on top of each other by series of solution processing steps is possible. To enable the large-area manufacture of solution-processed organic electronics, direct photocrosslinking processes has emerged as a promising technology solution. Here, the authors report an efficient universal crosslinking agent for micropatterning of stacked multi-layered organic electronics.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zapata-Arteaga O, Dörling B, Perevedentsev A, Martín J, Reparaz JS, Campoy-Quiles M. Closing the Stability-Performance Gap in Organic Thermoelectrics by Adjusting the Partial to Integer Charge Transfer Ratio. Macromolecules 2020; 53:609-620. [PMID: 32089566 PMCID: PMC7032849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two doping mechanisms are known for the well-studied materials poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT), namely, integer charge transfer (ICT) and charge transfer complex (CTC) formation. Yet, there is poor understanding of the effect of doping mechanism on thermal stability and the thermoelectric properties. In this work, we present a method to finely adjust the ICT to CTC ratio. Using it, we characterize electrical and thermal conductivities as well as the Seebeck coefficient and the long-term stability under thermal stress of P3HT and PBTTT of different ICT/CTC ratios. We establish that doping through the CTC results in more stable, yet lower conductivity samples compared to ICT doped films. Importantly, moderate CTC fractions of ∼33% are found to improve the long-term stability without a significant sacrifice in electrical conductivity. Through visible and IR spectroscopies, polarized optical microscopy, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, we find that the CTC dopant molecule access sites within the polymer network are less prone to dedoping upon thermal exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aleksandr Perevedentsev
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT
and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - J. Sebastian Reparaz
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Su Z, Bedolla-Valdez ZI, Wang L, Rho Y, Chen S, Gonel G, Taurone EN, Moulé AJ, Grigoropoulos CP. High-Speed Photothermal Patterning of Doped Polymer Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41717-41725. [PMID: 31619041 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) offer a new avenue to the next-generation electronics, but the lack of a scalable and inexpensive nanoscale patterning/deposition technique still limits their use in electronic applications. Recently, a new lithographic etching technique has been introduced that uses molecular dopants to reduce semiconducting polymer solubility in solvents and a direct-write laser to remove dopants locally, enabling rapid OSC etching with diffraction limited resolution. Previous publications postulated that the reaction that enables patterning is a photochemical reaction between photoexcited dopants with neutral solvent molecules. In this work, we analyze the photoinduced dissolution kinetics of F4TCNQ doped P3HT films using time-resolved in situ optical probing. We find two competing mechanisms that control de-doping and dissolution: the first is the photochemical reaction posited in the literature, and the second involves direct heating of the polymer by the laser, inducing increased solubility for both the polymer and dopant. We show that the wavelength-specific photochemical effect is dominant in low photon doses while the photothermal effect is dominant with high excitation rates regardless of laser wavelength. With sufficiently high optical intensity input, the photothermal mechanism can in principle achieve a high writing speed up to 1 m/s. Our findings bring new insights into the mechanisms behind laser direct writing of OSCs based on dopant induced solubility control and enable ultraprecise fabrications of various device configurations in large-scale manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengliang Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| | - Zaira I Bedolla-Valdez
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , 95616 California , United States
| | - Letian Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| | - Sunny Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| | - Goktug Gonel
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , 95616 California , United States
| | - Eric N Taurone
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , 95616 California , United States
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , 95616 California , United States
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Campoy-Quiles M. Will organic thermoelectrics get hot? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180352. [PMID: 31280716 PMCID: PMC6635632 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The generally low energy density from most heat sources-the Sun, Earth as well as most human activities-implies that solid-state thermoelectric devices are the most versatile heat harvesters since, unlike steam engines, they can be used on a small scale and at small temperature differences. In this opinion piece, we first discuss the materials requirements for the widespread use of thermoelectrics. We argue that carbon-based materials, such as conducting polymers and carbon nanotubes, are particularly suited for large area and low-temperature operation applications, as they are abundant, low-toxicity and easy to process. We combine experimentally observed macro-trends and basic thermoelectric relations to evaluate the major performance limitations of this technology thus far and propose a number of avenues to take the thermoelectric efficiency of organic materials beyond the state of the art. First, we emphasize how charge carrier mobility, rather than charge density, is currently limiting performance, and discuss how to improve mobility by exploiting anisotropy, high persistence length materials and composites with long and well-dispersed carbon nanotubes. We also show that reducing thermal conductivity could double efficiency while reducing doping requirements. Finally, we discuss several ways in which composites could further boost performance, introducing the concept of interface engineering to produce phonon stack-electron tunnel composites. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Energy materials for a low carbon future'.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim J, Kang M, Cho J, Yu SH, Chung DS. Doping-Dedoping Interplay to Realize Patterned/Stacked All-Polymer Optoelectronic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:18580-18589. [PMID: 31058481 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the remaining keys to the success of polymer electronics is the ability to systematically pattern/stack polymer semiconductors with high precision. This paper reports the precise patterning and stacking of various polymer semiconductors with the assistance of a molecular oxidizing agent and reducing agent for donor and acceptor semiconductors, respectively. Such doping-induced solubility control methods have been previously well developed; however, practical applications to various optoelectronic devices have been limited. To pattern/stack various polymers in various dimensions, it is important to carefully design not only the doping method for desolubilizing polymer semiconductors but also the dedoping method for recovering the genuine characteristics of each polymer semiconductor. Based on a systematic approach for such a doping-dedoping interplay, various high-performance optoelectronic devices are demonstrated: (1) all-polymer complementary inverter pattern with a high gain of 176, (2) all-polymer planar heterojunction photodiode with green-selective nature and high specific detectivity over 1012 Jones, and (3) all-polymer ambipolar transistor pattern with balanced hole and electron mobilities. The results of the study indicate the potential of practical application of the doping-dedoping interplay to lateral/vertical patterning of different polymer semiconductors with high precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Kim
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyun Kang
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwhan Cho
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Yu
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jacobs IE, Moulé AJ. Controlling Molecular Doping in Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703063. [PMID: 28921668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic electronics thrives on the hope of enabling low-cost, solution-processed electronic devices with mechanical, optoelectronic, and chemical properties not available from inorganic semiconductors. A key to the success of these aspirations is the ability to controllably dope organic semiconductors with high spatial resolution. Here, recent progress in molecular doping of organic semiconductors is summarized, with an emphasis on solution-processed p-type doped polymeric semiconductors. Highlighted topics include how solution-processing techniques can control the distribution, diffusion, and density of dopants within the organic semiconductor, and, in turn, affect the electronic properties of the material. Research in these areas has recently intensified, thanks to advances in chemical synthesis, improved understanding of charged states in organic materials, and a focus on relating fabrication techniques to morphology. Significant disorder in these systems, along with complex interactions between doping and film morphology, is often responsible for charge trapping and low doping efficiency. However, the strong coupling between doping, solubility, and morphology can be harnessed to control crystallinity, create doping gradients, and pattern polymers. These breakthroughs suggest a role for molecular doping not only in device function but also in fabrication-applications beyond those directly analogous to inorganic doping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Department of Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hynynen J, Kiefer D, Yu L, Kroon R, Munir R, Amassian A, Kemerink M, Müller C. Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Molecularly p-Doped Poly(3-hexylthiophene) through Understanding the Correlation with Solid-State Order. Macromolecules 2017; 50:8140-8148. [PMID: 29093606 PMCID: PMC5656978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular p-doping of the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) is a widely studied model system. Underlying structure-property relationships are poorly understood because processing and doping are often carried out simultaneously. Here, we exploit doping from the vapor phase, which allows us to disentangle the influence of processing and doping. Through this approach, we are able to establish how the electrical conductivity varies with regard to a series of predefined structural parameters. We demonstrate that improving the degree of solid-state order, which we control through the choice of processing solvent and regioregularity, strongly increases the electrical conductivity. As a result, we achieve a value of up to 12.7 S cm-1 for P3HT:F4TCNQ. We determine the F4TCNQ anion concentration and find that the number of (bound + mobile) charge carriers of about 10-4 mol cm-3 is not influenced by the degree of solid-state order. Thus, the observed increase in electrical conductivity by almost 2 orders of magnitude can be attributed to an increase in charge-carrier mobility to more than 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1. Surprisingly, in contrast to charge transport in undoped P3HT, we find that the molecular weight of the polymer does not strongly influence the electrical conductivity, which highlights the need for studies that elucidate structure-property relationships of strongly doped conjugated polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - David Kiefer
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rahim Munir
- Division
of Physical Sciences & Engineering and KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aram Amassian
- Division
of Physical Sciences & Engineering and KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex
Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology
(IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hu X, Lawrence JA, Mullahoo J, Smith ZC, Wilson DJ, Mace CR, Thomas SW. Directly Photopatternable Polythiophene as Dual-Tone Photoresist. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - John A. Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - James Mullahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Zachary C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Daniel J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Charles R. Mace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Samuel W. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spectroelectrochemistry of poly(3-hexylthiophenes) in solution. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017; 72:251-259. [PMID: 29367801 PMCID: PMC5760595 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The first comprehensive spectroelectrochemical account of the behaviour of regioregular (RR-P3HT) and statistical (ST-P3HT) poly(3-hexylthiophenes) in solution is presented, in contrast to the many reports dealing with P3HT films merely deposited from solution. The conducted experiments revealed that the two types of P3HTs behave in sharply different ways upon the application of electrochemical stimuli: ST-P3HT readily precipitates at mildly oxidative potentials, while the precipitation of the RR-P3HT takes place to a much lesser extent, even at higher potentials. The two polymers, studied via UV–Vis–NIR–EPR spectroelectrochemistry, exhibited properties mostly in line with earlier reports. Further study revealed that RR-P3HT largely remains in solution, even in its doped form, whereas only traces of the doped ST-P3HT are observed in solution in identical conditions. The high concentration of the doped RR-P3HT in solution can be explained by its ability to form soluble polymer agglomerates, in which the positive charge of the p-doped chains is stabilised by and delocalised over neighbouring, interacting undoped chains. These conclusions are consistent with SEM micrographs, which show that after cycling the potential of the electrode in a solution of ST-P3HT, a uniform layer is formed, covering most of the surface of the electrode, whereas in the case of RR-P3HT surface coverage is marginal and formed layer has the appearance of veined blotches. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
|
21
|
Li J, Koshnick C, Diallo SO, Ackling S, Huang DM, Jacobs IE, Harrelson TF, Hong K, Zhang G, Beckett J, Mascal M, Moulé AJ. Quantitative Measurements of the Temperature-Dependent Microscopic and Macroscopic Dynamics of a Molecular Dopant in a Conjugated Polymer. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sophia Ackling
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - David M. Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kroon R, Kiefer D, Stegerer D, Yu L, Sommer M, Müller C. Polar Side Chains Enhance Processability, Electrical Conductivity, and Thermal Stability of a Molecularly p-Doped Polythiophene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700930. [PMID: 28437018 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping of organic semiconductors is critical for optimizing a range of optoelectronic devices such as field-effect transistors, solar cells, and thermoelectric generators. However, many dopant:polymer pairs suffer from poor solubility in common organic solvents, which leads to a suboptimal solid-state nanostructure and hence low electrical conductivity. A further drawback is the poor thermal stability through sublimation of the dopant. The use of oligo ethylene glycol side chains is demonstrated to significantly improve the processability of the conjugated polymer p(g4 2T-T)-a polythiophene-in polar aprotic solvents, which facilitates coprocessing of dopant:polymer pairs from the same solution at room temperature. The use of common molecular dopants such as 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is explored. Doping of p(g4 2T-T) with F4TCNQ results in an electrical conductivity of up to 100 S cm-1 . Moreover, the increased compatibility of the polar dopant F4TCNQ with the oligo ethylene glycol functionalized polythiophene results in a high degree of thermal stability at up to 150 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - David Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dominik Stegerer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Freiburg University, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Sommer
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Freiburg University, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fuzell J, Jacobs IE, Ackling S, Harrelson TF, Huang DM, Larsen D, Moulé AJ. Optical Dedoping Mechanism for P3HT:F4TCNQ Mixtures. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4297-4303. [PMID: 27731993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Doping-induced solubility control (DISC) is a recently introduced photolithographic technique for semiconducting polymers, which utilizes reversible changes in polymer solubility upon doping to allow the polymer to function as its own photoresist. Central to this process is a wavelength sensitive optical dedoping reaction, which is poorly understood but generates subdiffraction-limited topographic features and provides optical control of the polymer doping level. Here, we examine the mechanism of optical dedoping in the semiconducting polymer poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) doped by 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), via a combination of ultrafast and steady-state spectroscopy, ab initio calculations, and multidimensional NMR. A simple photoinduced back electron transfer mechanism from reduced F4TCNQ to oxidized P3HT does not explain the observed photophysics. Instead, photoexcited F4TCNQ* reacts with THF solvent molecules to form a neutral, nondoping, and highly soluble F4TCNQ-THF complex. Hence, ionized F4TCNQ is removed from the P3HT indirectly by depletion of the neutral F4TCNQ. Because the reaction involves only the dopant and similar photoreactivity would expected for most other dopant molecules, we expect optical DISC patterning should be generalizable to a wide range of polymer:dopant systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Fuzell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ian E Jacobs
- Department of Materials Science, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sophia Ackling
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Thomas F Harrelson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - David M Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Delmar Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|