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Dong H, Mu J, Peng J, Zheng X, Chu L. Mechanism of local electric oxidation on two-dimensional MoS 2 for resistive memory application. iScience 2024; 27:110819. [PMID: 39319275 PMCID: PMC11417336 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The manipulation and mechanism of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) by external electric field are significant to the photoelectric properties. Herein, the 2D MoS2 nanosheets were oxidized to form MoS2-MoO3 local heterojunctions by an electric field, applied in multistable memristors for the proposal of NanoQR code. A modified thermal oxidation model was derived to reveal the mechanism of local electric oxidation on 2D MoS2. From current-voltage curves, the barrier height of the MoS2 device showed an increase of 0.39 eV due to local oxidation after applying voltage for 480 s. Based on density-functional theory, the increase of barrier height was calculated as 0.38 eV between MoS2-MoS2 and MoS2-MoO3 supercells. The 2D MoS2-MoO3 local heterojunctions were further applied as multistable memory storage at the nanoscale. The findings suggest a novel strategy for controlling local electric oxidation on 2D TMDs to manipulate the properties for the application of photoelectric memory nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- School of Electro-mechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junzheng Mu
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Engineering Research Center of Complex Tracks Processing Technology and Equipment of MoE & Key Laboratory of Welding Robot and Application Technology of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Jinfeng Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Engineering Research Center of Complex Tracks Processing Technology and Equipment of MoE & Key Laboratory of Welding Robot and Application Technology of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Xuejun Zheng
- School of Electro-mechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang Chu
- School of Electronics and Information & Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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2
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Xu N, Pei X, Qiu L, Zhan L, Wang P, Shi Y, Li S. Noninvasive Photodelamination of van der Waals Semiconductors for High-Performance Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300618. [PMID: 37016540 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin 2D van der Waals semiconductors are promising candidate materials for post-silicon electronics. However, it remains challenging to attain completely uniform monolayer semiconductor wafers free of over-grown islands. Here, the observation of the energy-funneling effect and ambient photodelamination phenomenon in inhomogeneous few-layer WS2 flakes under low-illumination fluencies down to several nW µm-2 and its potential as a noninvasive atomic-layer etching strategy for selectively stripping the local excessive overlying islands are reported. Photoluminescent tracking on the photoetching traces reveals relatively fast etching rates of around 0.3-0.8 µm min-1 at varied temperatures and an activation energy of 1.7 eV. By using crystallographic and electronic characterization, the noninvasive nature of the low-power photodelamination and the highly preserved lattice quality are also confirmed in the as-etched monolayer products, featuring a comparable density of atomic defects (≈4.2 × 1013 cm-2 ) to pristine flakes and a high electron mobility of up to 80 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature. This approach opens a noninvasive postetching route for thickness uniformity management in 2D van der Waals semiconductor wafers for electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xudong Pei
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lipeng Qiu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li Zhan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Songlin Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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3
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Pace G, Del Rio Castillo AE, Lamperti A, Lauciello S, Bonaccorso F. 2D Materials-based Electrochemical Triboelectric Nanogenerators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2211037. [PMID: 36994787 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The integration of 2D materials in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is known to increase the mechanical-to-electrical power conversion efficiency. 2D materials are used in TENGs with multiple roles as triboelectric material, charge-trapping fillers, or as electrodes. Here, novel TENGs based on few-layers graphene (FLG) electrodes and stable gel electrolytes composed of liquid phase exfoliated 2D-transition metal dichalcogenides and polyvinyl alcohol are developed. TENGs embedding FLG and gel composites show competitive open-circuit voltage (≈ 300 V), instant peak power (530 mW m-2 ), and stability (> 11 months). These values correspond to a seven-fold higher electrical output compared to TENGs embedding bare FLG electrodes. It is demonstrated that such a significant improvement depends on the high electrical double-layer capacitance (EDLC) of FLG electrodes functionalized with the gel composites. The wet encapsulation of the TENGs is shown to be an effective strategy to increase their power output further highlighting the EDLC role. It is also shown that the EDLC is dependent upon the transition metal (W vs Mo) rather than the relative abundance of 1T or 2H phases. Overall, this work lays down the roots for novel sustainable electrochemical-(e)-TENGs developed exploiting strategies typically used in electrochemical capacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Pace
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems - National Research Council (IMM-CNR), Via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate, Milan, 20864, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Lamperti
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems - National Research Council (IMM-CNR), Via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate, Milan, 20864, Italy
| | - Simone Lauciello
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
- BeDimensional S.p.A, Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, Genova, 16163, Italy
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4
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Chang YP, Li WB, Yang YC, Lu HL, Lin MF, Chiu PW, Lin KI. Oxidation and Degradation of WS 2 Monolayers Grown by NaCl-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition: Mechanism and Prevention. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16629-16640. [PMID: 34586136 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04809k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The preservation of two-dimensional WS2 in the environment is a concern for researchers. In addition to water vapor and oxygen, the latest research points out that degradation is directly related to light absorption. Based on the selection rules of nonlinear optics, two-photon absorption is dipole forbidden in the exciton 1s states, but second-harmonic generation (SHG) is allowed with virtual transitions. According to this mechanism, we proved that SHG is an optical detection method with non-photooxidative damage and energy characteristics. With this detection method, we can explore the oxidation and degradation mechanisms of WS2 grown by NaCl-assisted chemical vapor deposition in its original state. The WS2 monolayers that use NaCl to assist in growth have undergone different degradation processes, starting to oxidize from random positions in the triangular flake. We use a photocatalytic reaction to explain the photo-induced degradation mechanism with sulfur vacancies. It was further found that WS2 grown with NaCl assistance is hydrolyzed in a dark and high-humidity environment, which does not occur in pure WS2. Finally, we demonstrated that changing the direction of the sapphire substrate relative to the gas flow direction to grow NaCl-assisted WS2 can greatly improve its stability in the ambient atmosphere, even when exposed to light. The optimal geometric structures and ground state energies are investigated by the density functional theory-based calculations. According to the orientation and symmetry of NaCl-assisted WS2, we can expect that it will have a better growth quality when the gas flow direction is perpendicular to the [112̄0] direction of the sapphire substrate. This contributes to the nucleation and subsequent growth of NaCl-assisted WS2. This research provides a more stable optical inspection method than other established methods and greatly improves the operational stability of NaCl-assisted WS2 under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Pang Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Bang Li
- Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chiang Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Lung Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Fa Lin
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Kuang-I Lin
- Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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5
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Karger L, Synnatschke K, Settele S, Hofstetter YJ, Nowack T, Zaumseil J, Vaynzof Y, Backes C. The Role of Additives in Suppressing the Degradation of Liquid-Exfoliated WS 2 Monolayers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102883. [PMID: 34477255 PMCID: PMC11469120 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Group VI transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are considered to be chemically widely inert, but recent reports point toward an oxidation of monolayered sheets in ambient conditions, due to defects. To date, the degradation of monolayered TMDs is only studied on individual, substrate-supported nanosheets with varying defect type and concentration, strain, and in an inhomogeneous environment. Here, degradation kinetics of WS2 nanosheet ensembles in the liquid phase are investigated through photoluminescence measurements, which selectively probe the monolayers. Monolayer-enriched WS2 dispersions are produced with varying lateral sizes in the two common surfactant stabilizers sodium cholate (SC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Well-defined degradation kinetics are observed, which enable the determination of activation energies of the degradation and decouple photoinduced and thermal degradation. The thermal degradation is slower than the photoinduced degradation and requires higher activation energy. Using SC as surfactant, it is sufficiently suppressed. The photoinduced degradation can be widely prevented through chemical passivation achieved through the addition of cysteine which, on the one hand, coordinates to defects on the nanosheets and, on the other hand, stabilizes oxides on the surface, which shield the nanosheets from further degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Karger
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Kevin Synnatschke
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Yvonne J. Hofstetter
- Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic MaterialsTU DresdenNöthnitzer Straße 6101187DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)TU DresdenHelmhotzstraße 1801069DresdenGermany
| | - Tim Nowack
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Yana Vaynzof
- Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic MaterialsTU DresdenNöthnitzer Straße 6101187DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)TU DresdenHelmhotzstraße 1801069DresdenGermany
| | - Claudia Backes
- Institute for Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
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6
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You YG, Shin DH, Ryu JH, Campbell EEB, Chung HJ, Jhang SH. Atomic layer deposited Al 2O 3passivation layer for few-layer WS 2field effect transistors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:505702. [PMID: 34479221 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of an Al2O3passivation layer on the performance of few-layer WS2FETs. While the performance of WS2FETs is often limited by a substantial decrease in carrier mobility owing to charged impurities and a Schottky barrier between the WS2and metal electrodes, the introduction of an Al2O3overlayer by atomic layer deposition (ALD) suppressed the influence of charged impurities by high-κdielectric screening effect and reduced the effective Schottky barrier height. We argue that n-doping of WS2, induced by positive fixed charges formed at Al2O3/WS2interface during the ALD process, is responsible for the reduction of the effective Schottky barrier height in the devices. In addition, the Al2O3passivation layer protected the device from oxidation, and maintained stable electrical performance of the WS2FETs over 57 d. Thus, the ALD of Al2O3overlayer provides a facile method to enhance the performance of WS2FETs and to ensure ambient stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Gyu You
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Ryu
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - E E B Campbell
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hyun-Jong Chung
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jhang
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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7
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Hua X, Zhang D, Kim B, Seo D, Kang K, Yang EH, Hu J, Chen X, Liang H, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J, Kim YD, Herman IP. Stabilization of Chemical-Vapor-Deposition-Grown WS 2 Monolayers at Elevated Temperature with Hexagonal Boron Nitride Encapsulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31271-31278. [PMID: 34170658 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown flakes of high-quality monolayers of WS2 can be stabilized at elevated temperatures by encapsulation with several layer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), but to different degrees in the presence of ambient air, flowing N2, and flowing forming gas (95% N2, 5% H2). The best passivation of WS2 at elevated temperature occurs for h-BN-covered samples with flowing N2 (after heating to 873 K), as judged by optical microscopy and photoluminescence (PL) intensity after a heating/cooling cycle. Stability is worse for uncovered samples, but best with flowing forming gas. PL from trions, in addition to that from excitons, is seen for covered WS2 only for forming gas, during cooling below ∼323 K; the trion has an estimated binding energy of ∼28 meV. It might occur because of doping level changes caused by charge defect generation by H2 molecules diffusing between the h-BN and the SiO2/Si substrate. The decomposition of uncovered WS2 flakes in air suggests a dissociation and chemisorption energy barrier of O2 on the WS2 surface of ∼1.6 eV. Fitting the high-temperature PL intensities in air gives a binding energy of a free exciton of ∼229 meV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hua
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Datong Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Bumho Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dongjea Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kyungnam Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 United States
| | - Eui-Hyeok Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 United States
| | - Jiayang Hu
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xianda Chen
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Haoran Liang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Young Duck Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Irving P Herman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Falin A, Holwill M, Lv H, Gan W, Cheng J, Zhang R, Qian D, Barnett MR, Santos EJG, Novoselov KS, Tao T, Wu X, Li LH. Mechanical Properties of Atomically Thin Tungsten Dichalcogenides: WS 2, WSe 2, and WTe 2. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2600-2610. [PMID: 33503379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) tungsten disulfide (WS2), tungsten diselenide (WSe2), and tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) draw increasing attention due to their attractive properties deriving from the heavy tungsten and chalcogenide atoms, but their mechanical properties are still mostly unknown. Here, we determine the intrinsic and air-aged mechanical properties of mono-, bi-, and trilayer (1-3L) WS2, WSe2, and WTe2 using a complementary suite of experiments and theoretical calculations. High-quality 1L WS2 has the highest Young's modulus (302.4 ± 24.1 GPa) and strength (47.0 ± 8.6 GPa) of the entire family, overpassing those of 1L WSe2 (258.6 ± 38.3 and 38.0 ± 6.0 GPa, respectively) and WTe2 (149.1 ± 9.4 and 6.4 ± 3.3 GPa, respectively). However, the elasticity and strength of WS2 decrease most dramatically with increased thickness among the three materials. We interpret the phenomenon by the different tendencies for interlayer sliding in an equilibrium state and under in-plane strain and out-of-plane compression conditions in the indentation process, revealed by the finite element method and density functional theory calculations including van der Waals interactions. We also demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the high-quality 1-3L WS2 and WSe2 are largely stable in air for up to 20 weeks. Intriguingly, the 1-3L WSe2 shows increased modulus and strength values with aging in the air. This is ascribed to oxygen doping, which reinforces the structure. The present study will facilitate the design and use of 2D tungsten dichalcogenides in applications such as strain engineering and flexible field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Falin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Matthew Holwill
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Haifeng Lv
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Gan
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Jun Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Matthew R Barnett
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Elton J G Santos
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin S Novoselov
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 117546 Singapore
| | - Tao Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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Martincová J, Otyepka M, Lazar P. Atomic-Scale Edge Morphology, Stability, and Oxidation of Single-Layer 2H-TaS 2. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2557-2564. [PMID: 33258307 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tantalum disulphide belongs to the group of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and has attracted attention for its unique structural, electronic, and catalytic properties. Herein, we report the edge properties of single-layer 2H-TaS2 studied by using density functional theory calculations, because the knowledge of the edge morphology, stability, and surface energy is essential for the determination of nanoparticle shapes and understanding the nature of catalytically active sites. We calculate the grand canonical potential of TaS2 clusters having various edge morphologies to evaluate the edge energies of the Ta-edge and S-edge terminated surfaces. Under S-rich conditions, the most likely shape of TaS2 is a deformed hexagon dominated by the Ta-edge covered by S monomers, while the triangular shape is preferred under S-poor conditions. Exposed edges of the single-layer TaS2 are susceptible to oxidation in air because both oxygen adsorption and substitution at the edge are strongly exothermic, -0.96 and -2.20 eV for single O atom, respectively. The XPS calculation shows that specific initial steps of oxidative process (adsorption, vacancy creation, substitution) are unlikely to be distinguished in the XPS spectra due to small shift of respective binding energies, but initial edge oxidation of TaS2 should be observable by an asymmetry of the Ta 4f doublet towards higher binding energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Martincová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, tř. 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, tř. 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Lazar
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, tř. 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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10
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A Non-Volatile Memory Based on NbOx/NbSe2 Van der Waals Heterostructures. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials have been receiving a huge interest due to atomically thin thickness, excellent optoelectronic properties, and free dangling bonds. Especially the metallic TMDs, such as MoTe2 (1T’ phase), NbS2, or NbSe2, have shown fascinating physical properties through various applications, such as superconductor and charge density wave. However, carrier transport of metallic TMDs would be degraded due to the poor stability in ambient conditions. To date, achieving both high device performance and long-term stability is still a huge challenge. Thus, an alternative way to develop both unavoidable native oxide and metallic TMDs is under consideration for new era research. In this respect, 2D metallic TMD materials have attracted high attention due to their great potential in neuromorphic-based devices with metal-insulator-metal structures, making it possible to produce scalable, flexible, and transparent memory devices. Herein, we experimentally demonstrated a synthesized metallic NbSe2 by a chemical vapor deposition method with a highly uniform, good shape distribution and layer controller ranging from 2–10 layers. Together, for the first time, we proposed the NbOx/NbSe2 heterostructure memristor device based on the native NbOx oxide on the interface of multi-layer NbSe2 flakes. The ultra-thin native NbOx oxide of 3 nm was formed after a period of oxidation time under air condition, which acts as a memristive surface in the Au-NbOx-Au lateral memristor device, in which oxygen vacancies form a conductive filament. Our NbOx/NbSe2 hetero-tructured memristor exhibits a stable memory window, a low-resistance-state/high-resistance-state ratio of 20, and stable endurance properties over 20 cycles at a low working voltage of 1 V. Furthermore, by the retention property test, non-volatile characteristics were confirmed after over 3000 s in our best data. Through a systematic study of the NbOx/NbSe2 heterostructured memristor device, this report will open new opportunities for next-generation memory devices application.
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11
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Oxidation-boosted charge trapping in ultra-sensitive van der Waals materials for artificial synaptic features. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2972. [PMID: 32532980 PMCID: PMC7293344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploitation of the oxidation behaviour in an environmentally sensitive semiconductor is significant to modulate its electronic properties and develop unique applications. Here, we demonstrate a native oxidation-inspired InSe field-effect transistor as an artificial synapse in device level that benefits from the boosted charge trapping under ambient conditions. A thin InOx layer is confirmed under the InSe channel, which can serve as an effective charge trapping layer for information storage. The dynamic characteristic measurement is further performed to reveal the corresponding uniform charge trapping and releasing process, which coincides with its surface-effect-governed carrier fluctuations. As a result, the oxide-decorated InSe device exhibits nonvolatile memory characteristics with flexible programming/erasing operations. Furthermore, an InSe-based artificial synapse is implemented to emulate the essential synaptic functions. The pattern recognition capability of the designed artificial neural network is believed to provide an excellent paradigm for ultra-sensitive van der Waals materials to develop electric-modulated neuromorphic computation architectures. Developing efficient memory and artificial synaptic systems based on environmentally sensitive van der Waals materials remains a challenge. Here, the authors present a native oxidation-inspired InSe field-effect transistor that benefits from a boosted charge trapping behavior under ambient conditions.
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12
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Fu S, Kang K, Shayan K, Yoshimura A, Dadras S, Wang X, Zhang L, Chen S, Liu N, Jindal A, Li X, Pasupathy AN, Vamivakas AN, Meunier V, Strauf S, Yang EH. Enabling room temperature ferromagnetism in monolayer MoS 2 via in situ iron-doping. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2034. [PMID: 32341412 PMCID: PMC7184740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional semiconductors, including transition metal dichalcogenides, are of interest in electronics and photonics but remain nonmagnetic in their intrinsic form. Previous efforts to form two-dimensional dilute magnetic semiconductors utilized extrinsic doping techniques or bulk crystal growth, detrimentally affecting uniformity, scalability, or Curie temperature. Here, we demonstrate an in situ substitutional doping of Fe atoms into MoS2 monolayers in the chemical vapor deposition growth. The iron atoms substitute molybdenum sites in MoS2 crystals, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and Raman signatures. We uncover an Fe-related spectral transition of Fe:MoS2 monolayers that appears at 2.28 eV above the pristine bandgap and displays pronounced ferromagnetic hysteresis. The microscopic origin is further corroborated by density functional theory calculations of dipole-allowed transitions in Fe:MoS2. Using spatially integrating magnetization measurements and spatially resolving nitrogen-vacancy center magnetometry, we show that Fe:MoS2 monolayers remain magnetized even at ambient conditions, manifesting ferromagnetism at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Kyungnam Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Kamran Shayan
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Anthony Yoshimura
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Siamak Dadras
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Center of Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Siwei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Apoorv Jindal
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xiangzhi Li
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Abhay N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - A Nick Vamivakas
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Stefan Strauf
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
| | - Eui-Hyeok Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
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13
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Tang H, Li Y, Sokolovskij R, Sacco L, Zheng H, Ye H, Yu H, Fan X, Tian H, Ren TL, Zhang G. Ultra-High Sensitive NO 2 Gas Sensor Based on Tunable Polarity Transport in CVD-WS 2/IGZO p-N Heterojunction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40850-40859. [PMID: 31577407 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a thin-film transistor gas sensor based on the p-N heterojunction is fabricated by stacking chemical vapor deposition-grown tungsten disulfide (WS2) with a sputtered indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) film. To the best of our knowledge, the present device has the best NO2 gas sensor response compared to all the gas sensors based on transition-metal dichalcogenide materials. The gas-sensing response is investigated under different NO2 concentrations, adopting heterojunction device mode and transistor mode. High sensing response is obtained of p-N diode in the range of 1-300 ppm with values of 230% for 5 ppm and 18 170% for 300 ppm. On the transistor mode, the gas-sensing response can be modulated by the gate bias, and the transistor shows an ultrahigh response after exposure to NO2, with sensitivity values of 6820% for 5 ppm and 499 400% for 300 ppm. Interestingly, the transistor has a typical ambipolar behavior under dry air, while the transistor becomes p-type as the amount of NO2 increases. The assembly of these results demonstrates that the WS2/IGZO device is a promising platform for the NO2-gas detection, and its gas-modulated transistor properties show a potential application in tunable engineering for two-dimensional material heterojunction-based transistor device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Tang
- Department of Microelectronics , Delft University of Technology , Delft 2628 CD , The Netherlands
- Institute of Microelectronics, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Changzhou Institute of Technology Research for Solid State Lighting , Changzhou 213161 , China
| | - Yutao Li
- Institute of Microelectronics, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Robert Sokolovskij
- Department of Microelectronics , Delft University of Technology , Delft 2628 CD , The Netherlands
- School of Microelectronics , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Leandro Sacco
- Department of Microelectronics , Delft University of Technology , Delft 2628 CD , The Netherlands
| | - Hongze Zheng
- School of Microelectronics , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Huaiyu Ye
- School of Microelectronics , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Shenzhen Institute of Wide-bandgap Semiconductors , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- School of Microelectronics , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Xuejun Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Lamar University , Beaumont , Texas 77710 , United States
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Department of Microelectronics , Delft University of Technology , Delft 2628 CD , The Netherlands
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14
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Kotsakidis JC, Zhang Q, Vazquez de Parga AL, Currie M, Helmerson K, Gaskill DK, Fuhrer MS. Oxidation of Monolayer WS 2 in Ambient Is a Photoinduced Process. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5205-5215. [PMID: 31287707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the ambient air oxidation of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown monolayers of the semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide (S-TMD) WS2 using optical microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Monolayer WS2 exposed to ambient conditions in the presence of light (typical laboratory ambient light for weeks or typical PL spectroscopy map) exhibits damage due to oxidation which can be detected with the LSCM and AFM, though may not be evident in conventional optical microscopy due to poorer contrast and resolution. Additionally, this oxidation was not random and was correlated with "high-symmetry" high intensity edges and red-shifted areas in the PL spectroscopy map, areas thought to contain a higher concentration of sulfur vacancies. In contrast, samples kept in ambient and darkness showed no signs of oxidation for up to 10 months. Low-irradiance/fluence experiments showed that samples subjected to excitation energies at or above the trion excitation energy (532 nm/2.33 eV and 660 nm/1.88 eV) oxidized in as little as 7 days, even for irradiances and fluences 8 and 4 orders of magnitude lower (respectively) than previously reported. No significant oxidation was observed for 760 nm/1.63 eV light exposure, which lies below the trion excitation energy in WS2. The strong wavelength dependence and apparent lack of irradiance dependence suggests that ambient oxidation of WS2 is initiated by photon-mediated electronic band transitions, that is, photo-oxidation. These findings have important implications for prior, present, and future studies concerning S-TMDs measured, stored, or manipulated in ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amadeo L Vazquez de Parga
- Department Física de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Cantoblanco 28049 , Madrid , Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia , Cantoblanco 28049 , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marc Currie
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington DC 20375 , United States
| | | | - D Kurt Gaskill
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington DC 20375 , United States
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15
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Fan P, Zheng B, Sun X, Zheng W, Xu Z, Ge C, Liu Y, Zhuang X, Li D, Wang X, Zhu X, Jiang Y, Pan A. Trion-Induced Distinct Transient Behavior and Stokes Shift in WS 2 Monolayers. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3763-3772. [PMID: 31244271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the excitonic behavior in two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) is of both fundamental interest and critical importance for optoelectronic applications. Here, we investigate the transient excitonic behavior and Stokes shift in WS2 monolayers on both sapphire and glass substrates. Trion formation was confirmed as the origin of the distinct photoluminescence (PL) emission and Stokes shift in WS2 monolayers. Moreover, the transient studies demonstrate faster recombination of both the exciton and the short-lived trion on the glass substrate as compared to that on the sapphire substrate, owing to the heavier n-doping and greater number of defects introduced by the glass substrate. In addition, a long-lived trion species attributed to the intervalley triplet trion was observed on the glass substrate, with a lifetime on the nanosecond time scale. These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the excitonic behavior and Stokes shift in WS2 monolayers and will lay the foundation for further fundamental investigations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Biyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxia Sun
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weihao Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zheyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihuan Ge
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
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16
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Liu J, Wang L, Da Y, Li L, Ruan X, Zeng M, Fu L. Nanophase graphene frameworks. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9264-9269. [PMID: 31050698 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02281c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanophase graphene frameworks (NGFs) assembled by interconnected domains have massive interfaces, where the interfacial interaction and the compact architectures drastically elevate the durability of graphene towards physical and chemical destruction. The excellent electrical conductivity of the NGFs can be perfectly maintained even after 1500 friction cycles or 3 h flame treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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17
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Abstract
Isotopes of an element have the same electron number but differ in neutron number and atomic mass. However, due to the thickness-dependent properties in MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), the isotopic effect in atomically thin TMDs still remains unclear especially for phonon-assisted indirect excitonic transitions. Here, we report the first observation of the isotope effect on the electronic and vibrational properties of a TMD material, using naturally abundant NAWNASe2 and isotopically pure 186W80Se2 bilayer single crystals over a temperature range of 4.4-300 K. We demonstrate a higher optical band gap energy in 186W80Se2 than in NAWNASe2 (3.9 ± 0.7 meV from 4.41 to 300 K), which is surprising as isotopes are neutral impurities. Phonon energies decrease in the isotopically pure crystal due to the atomic mass dependence of harmonic oscillations, with correspondingly longer E2g and A21g phonon lifetimes than in the naturally abundant sample. The change in electronic band gap renormalization energy is postulated as being the dominant mechanism responsible for the change in optical emission spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
- Institute of Materials Science , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | | | - Yongqiang Wang
- Materials Science and Technology Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Michael Thompson Pettes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
- Institute of Materials Science , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
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18
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Palumbo A, Tourlomousis F, Chang RC, Yang EH. Influence of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Surfaces on Cellular Morphology and Adhesion. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1448-1457. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Palumbo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Filippos Tourlomousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
- The Center for Bits and Atoms, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Robert C. Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Eui-Hyeok Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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19
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20
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Wu W, Wang J, Ercius P, Wright NC, Leppert-Simenauer DM, Burke RA, Dubey M, Dogare AM, Pettes MT. Giant Mechano-Optoelectronic Effect in an Atomically Thin Semiconductor. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2351-2357. [PMID: 29558623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are particularly sensitive to mechanical strain because they are capable of experiencing high atomic displacements without nucleating defects to release excess energy. Being promising for photonic applications, it has been shown that as certain phases of layered TMDs MX2 (M = Mo or W; X = S, Se, or Te) are scaled to a thickness of one monolayer, the photoluminescence response is dramatically enhanced due to the emergence of a direct electronic band gap compared with their multilayer or bulk counterparts, which typically exhibit indirect band gaps. Recently, mechanical strain has also been predicted to enable direct excitonic recombination in these materials, in which large changes in the photoluminescence response will occur during an indirect-to-direct band gap transition brought on by elastic tensile strain. Here, we demonstrate an enhancement of 2 orders of magnitude in the photoluminescence emission intensity in uniaxially strained single crystalline WSe2 bilayers. Through a theoretical model that includes experimentally relevant system conditions, we determine this amplification to arise from a significant increase in direct excitonic recombination. Adding confidence to the high levels of elastic strain achieved in this report, we observe strain-independent, mode-dependent Grüneisen parameters over the entire range of tensile strain (1-3.59%), which were obtained as 1.149 ± 0.027, 0.307 ± 0.061, and 0.357 ± 0.103 for the E2g, A1g, and A21g optical phonon modes, respectively. These results can inform the predictive strain-engineered design of other atomically thin indirect semiconductors, in which a decrease in out-of-plane bonding strength may lead to an increase in the strength of strain-coupled optoelectronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | | | - Robert A Burke
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
- General Technical Services, LLC , Wall , New Jersey 07727 , United States
| | - Madan Dubey
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - Avinash M Dogare
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Michael T Pettes
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
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21
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Li Q, Zhao Y, Guo J, Zhou Q, Chen Q, Wang J. On-surface synthesis: a promising strategy toward the encapsulation of air unstable ultra-thin 2D materials. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:3799-3804. [PMID: 29412197 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2D black phosphorus (BP) and transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have beneficial electronic, optical, and physical properties at the few-layer limit. However, irreversible degradation of exfoliated or chemical vapor deposition-grown ultrathin BP and TMCs like GaSe via oxidation under ambient conditions limits their applications. Herein, the on-surface growth of an oxidation-resistant 2D thin film of a metal coordination polymer is demonstrated by multiscale simulations. We show that the preparation of such heterostructures can be conducted in solution, in which pristine BP and GaSe present better stability than in an air environment. Our calculations reveal that the interaction between the polymer layer and 2D materials is dominated by van der Waals forces; thus, the electronic properties of pristine BP and GaSe are well preserved. Meanwhile, the isolation from oxygen and water can be achieved by monolayer polymers, due to the nature of their close-packed layers. Our facile strategy for enhancing the environmental stability of ultrathin materials is expected to accelerate efforts to implement 2D materials in electronic and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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22
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Godin K, Cupo C, Yang EH. Reduction in Step Height Variation and Correcting Contrast Inversion in Dynamic AFM of WS 2 Monolayers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17798. [PMID: 29259238 PMCID: PMC5736643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A model has been developed to account for and prevent the anomalies encountered in topographic images of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers using dynamic atomic force microscopy (dAFM). The height of WS2 monolayers measured using dAFM appeared to be increased or decreased, resulting from the interactions between the tip and the surface. The hydrophilic SiO2 substrate appeared higher than the weakly hydrophilic WS2 when the tip amplitude was low or at a high set point (high force). Large amplitudes and low set points corrected the step height inversion, but did not recover the true step height. Removing water from the sample resulted in an order of magnitude reduced variation in step height, but the WS2 appeared inverted except at low amplitudes and high set points. Our model explains the varying step heights in dAFM of TMDs as a result of varying tip-sample interactions between the sample and substrate, in the presence or absence of capillaries. To eliminate contrast inversion, high amplitudes can be used to reduce the effect of capillary forces. However, when capillaries are not present, low amplitudes and high set points produce images with proper contrast due to tool operation in the repulsive regime on both materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Godin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, United States
| | - Christian Cupo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, United States
| | - Eui-Hyeok Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, United States.
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