1
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Kim AR, Shrivastava S, Lee HB, Lee NE. Highly Durable, Stretchable Multielectrode Array for Electro-mechanical Co-stimulation of Cells. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0030. [PMID: 38947863 PMCID: PMC11214829 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Electro-mechanical co-stimulation of cells can be a useful cue for tissue engineering. However, reliable co-stimulation platforms still have limitations due to low durability of the components and difficulty in optimizing the stimulation parameters. Although various electro-mechanical co-simulation systems have been explored, integrating materials and components with high durability is still limited. To tackle this problem, we designed an electro-mechanical co-stimulation system that facilitates uniaxial cyclic stretching, electrical stimulation, and optical monitoring. This system utilizes a robust and autoclavable stretchable multielectrode array housed within a compact mini-incubator. To illustrate its effectiveness, we conducted experiments that highlighted how electro-mechanical co-stimulation using this system can enhance the maturation of cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. The results showed great potential of our co-stimulation platform as an effective tool for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ri Kim
- Department of Nano Science and Technology,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajal Shrivastava
- Department of Radiology,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Han-Byeol Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Nano Technology,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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2
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Liu Z, Hu X, Bo R, Yang Y, Cheng X, Pang W, Liu Q, Wang Y, Wang S, Xu S, Shen Z, Zhang Y. A three-dimensionally architected electronic skin mimicking human mechanosensation. Science 2024; 384:987-994. [PMID: 38815009 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Human skin sensing of mechanical stimuli originates from transduction of mechanoreceptors that converts external forces into electrical signals. Although imitating the spatial distribution of those mechanoreceptors can enable developments of electronic skins capable of decoupled sensing of normal/shear forces and strains, it remains elusive. We report a three-dimensionally (3D) architected electronic skin (denoted as 3DAE-Skin) with force and strain sensing components arranged in a 3D layout that mimics that of Merkel cells and Ruffini endings in human skin. This 3DAE-Skin shows excellent decoupled sensing performances of normal force, shear force, and strain and enables development of a tactile system for simultaneous modulus/curvature measurements of an object through touch. Demonstrations include rapid modulus measurements of fruits, bread, and cake with various shapes and degrees of freshness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Hu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Renheng Bo
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Wenbo Pang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shuheng Wang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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3
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Li Z, Guan T, Zhang W, Liu J, Xiang Z, Gao Z, He J, Ding J, Bian B, Yi X, Wu Y, Liu Y, Shang J, Li R. Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor Based on Elastic Conductive Microspheres. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1640. [PMID: 38475176 DOI: 10.3390/s24051640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Elastic pressure sensors play a crucial role in the digital economy, such as in health care systems and human-machine interfacing. However, the low sensitivity of these sensors restricts their further development and wider application prospects. This issue can be resolved by introducing microstructures in flexible pressure-sensitive materials as a common method to improve their sensitivity. However, complex processes limit such strategies. Herein, a cost-effective and simple process was developed for manufacturing surface microstructures of flexible pressure-sensitive films. The strategy involved the combination of MXene-single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with mass-produced Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microspheres to form advanced microstructures. Next, the conductive silica gel films with pitted microstructures were obtained through a 3D-printed mold as flexible electrodes, and assembled into flexible resistive pressure sensors. The sensor exhibited a sensitivity reaching 2.6 kPa-1 with a short response time of 56 ms and a detection limit of 5.1 Pa. The sensor also displayed good cyclic stability and time stability, offering promising features for human health monitoring applications.
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Grants
- U22A20248, 52127803, 51931011, 51971233, 62174165, 52201236, M-0152, U20A6001, U1909215, and 52105286 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 174433KYSB20200013 External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- GJTD-2020-11 the K.C. Wong Education Foundation
- 2022080 the Chinese Academy of Sciences Youth Innovation Promotion Association
- 2022C01032 the "Pioneer" and "Leading Goose" R&D Program of Zhejiang
- 2021C01183, 2021C01039 the Zhejiang Provincial Key R&D Program
- 2022R52004 the "High-level talent special support plan" technology innovation leading talent project of Zhejiang Province
- LD22E010002 the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province
- LGG20F010006 the Zhejiang Provincial Basic Public Welfare Research Project
- 2020Z022 the Ningbo Scientific and Technological Innovation 2025 Major Project
- 2022M723251 the China Postdoctoral Foundation
- 2023J049 National Science Foundation of Ningbo
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangling Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wuxu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ziyin Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Zhiyi Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jing He
- School of Software and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Baoru Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaohui Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Runwei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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4
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Chen Y, Huang Z, Hu F, Peng J, Huang T, Liu X, Luo C, Xu L, Yue K. Microstructured Polyfluoroacrylate Elastomeric Dielectric Layer for Highly Stretchable Wide-Range Capacitive Pressure Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58700-58710. [PMID: 38065675 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive pressure sensors capable of replicating human tactile senses have garnered tremendous attention. Introducing microstructures into the dielectric layer is an effective approach to improve the sensitivity of the sensors. However, most reported processes to fabricate microstructured dielectric layers are complicated and time-consuming and usually have adverse effects on the mechanical properties. Herein, we report a mechanically strong and highly stretchable dielectric layer fabricated from a microstructured fluorinated elastomer with a high dielectric constant (5.8 at 1000 Hz) via a simple and low-cost thermal decomposition process. Capacitive pressure sensors based on this microstructured fluorinated elastomer dielectric layer and soft ionotronic electrodes illustrate an impressing stretchability (>300%), a high pressure sensitivity (17 MPa-1), a wide detection range (70 Pa-800 kPa), and a fast response time (below 300 ms). Moreover, the multipixel capacitive pressure sensors sensing array maintains the unique spatial tactile sensing performance even under significant tensile deformation. It is believed that our microstructured fluorinated elastomer dielectric layer might find wide applications in stretchable ionotronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Chen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenkai Huang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Faqi Hu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianping Peng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Tianrui Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuan Luo
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liguo Xu
- College of Light Chemical Industry and Materials Engineering Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan 528333, China
| | - Kan Yue
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Xia X, Xiang Z, Gao Z, Hu S, Zhang W, Long R, Du Y, Liu Y, Wu Y, Li W, Shang J, Li RW. Structural Design and DLP 3D Printing Preparation of High Strain Stable Flexible Pressure Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2304409. [PMID: 37953443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors are crucial force-sensitive devices in wearable electronics, robotics, and other fields due to their stretchability, high sensitivity, and easy integration. However, a limitation of existing pressure sensors is their reduced sensing accuracy when subjected to stretching. This study addresses this issue by adopting finite element simulation optimization, using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology to design and fabricate the force-sensitive structure of flexible pressure sensors. This is the first systematic study of how force-sensitive structures enhance tensile strain stability of flexible resistive pressure sensors. 18 types of force-sensitive structures have been investigated by finite element design, simultaneously, the modulus of the force-sensitive structure is also a critical consideration as it exerts a significant influence on the overall tensile stability of the sensor. Based on simulation results, a well-designed and highly stretch-stable flexible resistive pressure sensor has been fabricated which exhibits a resistance change rate of 0.76% and pressure sensitivity change rate of 0.22% when subjected to strains ranging from no tensile strain to 20% tensile strain, demonstrating extremely low stretching response characteristics. This study presents innovative solutions for designing and fabricating flexible resistive pressure sensors that maintain stable sensing performance even under stretch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Ziyin Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Wuxu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Ren Long
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yi Du
- School of Physics and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Wenxian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
- Materials and Manufacturing Futures Institute, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- College of Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
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6
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Mousavi A, Rahimnejad M, Azimzadeh M, Akbari M, Savoji H. Recent advances in smart wearable sensors as electronic skin. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:10332-10354. [PMID: 37909384 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and multifunctional electronic devices and soft robots inspired by human organs, such as skin, have many applications. However, the emergence of electronic skins (e-skins) or textiles in biomedical engineering has made a great revolution in a myriad of people's lives who suffer from different types of diseases and problems in which their skin and muscles lose their appropriate functions. In this review, recent advances in the sensory function of the e-skins are described. Furthermore, we have categorized them from the sensory function perspective and highlighted their advantages and limitations. The categories are tactile sensors (including capacitive, piezoresistive, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and optical), temperature, and multi-sensors. In addition, we summarized the most recent advancements in sensors and their particular features. The role of material selection and structure in sensory function and other features of the e-skins are also discussed. Finally, current challenges and future prospects of these systems towards advanced biomedical applications are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mousavi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Montreal TransMedTech Institute, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Maedeh Rahimnejad
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Montreal TransMedTech Institute, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
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7
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Lee G, Son J, Kim D, Ko HJ, Lee SG, Cho K. Crocodile-Skin-Inspired Omnidirectionally Stretchable Pressure Sensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205643. [PMID: 36328760 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable pressure sensors are important components of multimodal electronic skin needed for potentializing numerous Internet of Things applications. In particular, to use pressure sensors in various wearable/skin-attachable electronics, both high deformability and strain-independent sensitivity must be realized. However, previously reported stretchable pressure sensors cannot meet these standards because they exhibit limited stretchability and nonuniform sensitivity under deformation. Herein, inspired by the unique sensory organ of a crocodile, an omnidirectionally stretchable piezoresistive pressure sensor made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/silver nanowires (AgNWs) composites with microdomes and wrinkled surfaces is developed. The stretchable pressure sensor exhibits high sensitivity that changes negligibly even under uniaxial and biaxial tensile strains of 100% and 50%, respectively. This behavior is attributed to the microdomes responsible for detecting applied pressures being weakly affected by tensile strains, while the isotropic wrinkles between the microdomes deform to effectively reduce the external stress. In addition, because the device comprises all PDMS-based structures, it exhibits outstanding robustness under repeated mechanical stimuli. The device shows strong potential as a wearable pressure sensor and an artificial crocodile sensing organ, successfully detecting applied pressures in various scenarios. Therefore, the pressure sensor is expected to find applications in electronic skin for prosthetics and human-machine interface systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Jonghyun Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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8
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Shi Z, Meng L, Shi X, Li H, Zhang J, Sun Q, Liu X, Chen J, Liu S. Morphological Engineering of Sensing Materials for Flexible Pressure Sensors and Artificial Intelligence Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:141. [PMID: 35789444 PMCID: PMC9256895 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Various morphological structures in pressure sensors with the resulting advanced sensing properties are reviewed comprehensively. Relevant manufacturing techniques and intelligent applications of pressure sensors are summarized in a complete and interesting way. Future challenges and perspectives of flexible pressure sensors are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengya Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxian Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Shi
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 352001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Juzhong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhou Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuiren Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Su Q, Zou Q, Li Y, Chen Y, Teng SY, Kelleher JT, Nith R, Cheng P, Li N, Liu W, Dai S, Liu Y, Mazursky A, Xu J, Jin L, Lopes P, Wang S. A stretchable and strain-unperturbed pressure sensor for motion interference-free tactile monitoring on skins. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi4563. [PMID: 34818045 PMCID: PMC8612682 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi4563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A stretchable pressure sensor is a necessary tool for perceiving physical interactions that take place on soft/deformable skins present in human bodies, prosthetic limbs, or soft robots. However, all existing types of stretchable pressure sensors have an inherent limitation, which is the interference of stretching with pressure sensing accuracy. Here, we present a design for a highly stretchable and highly sensitive pressure sensor that can provide unaltered sensing performance under stretching, which is realized through the synergistic creations of an ionic capacitive sensing mechanism and a mechanically hierarchical microstructure. Via this optimized structure, our sensor exhibits 98% strain insensitivity up to 50% strain and a low pressure detection limit of 0.2 Pa. With the capability to provide all the desired characteristics for quantitative pressure sensing on a deformable surface, this sensor has been used to realize the accurate sensation of physical interactions on human or soft robotic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shan-Yuan Teng
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jane T. Kelleher
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Romain Nith
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ping Cheng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nan Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shilei Dai
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Youdi Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alex Mazursky
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Nanotechnology and Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pedro Lopes
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Seo MJ, Yoo JC. Omnidirectional Fingertip Pressure Sensor Using Hall Effect. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217072. [PMID: 34770376 PMCID: PMC8587916 DOI: 10.3390/s21217072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When grasping objects with uneven or varying shapes, accurate pressure measurement on robot fingers is critical for precise robotic gripping operations. However, measuring the pressure from the sides of the fingertips remains challenging owing to the poor omnidirectionality of the pressure sensor. In this study, we propose an omnidirectional sensitive pressure sensor using a cone-shaped magnet slider and Hall sensor embedded in a flexible elastomer, which guarantees taking pressure measurements from any side of the fingertip. The experimental results indicate that the proposed pressure sensor has a high sensitivity (61.34 mV/kPa) in a wide sensing range (4–90 kPa) without blind spots on the fingertip, which shows promising application prospects in robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae-Chern Yoo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-299-4591; Fax: +82-31-290-7948
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11
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Textiles in soft robots: Current progress and future trends. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 196:113690. [PMID: 34653713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Soft robotics have substantial benefits of safety, adaptability, and cost efficiency compared to conventional rigid robotics. Textiles have applications in soft robotics either as an auxiliary material to reinforce the conventional soft material or as an active soft material. Textiles of various types and configurations have been fabricated into key components of soft robotics in adaptable formats. Despite significant advancements, the efficiency and characteristics of textile actuators in practical applications remain unsatisfactory. To address these issues, novel structural and material designs as well as new textile technologies have been introduced. Herein, we aim at giving an insight into the current state of the art in textile technology for soft robotic manufacturing. We firstly discuss the fundamental actuation mechanisms for soft robotics. We then provide a critical review on the recently developed functional textiles as reinforcements, sensors, and actuators in soft robotics. Finally, the future trends and current strategies that can be employed in textile-based actuator manufacturing process have been explored to address the critical challenges in soft robotics.
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12
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Zhang F, Ma PC, Wang J, Zhang Q, Feng W, Zhu Y, Zheng Q. Anisotropic conductive networks for multidimensional sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2615-2653. [PMID: 34617540 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, flexible physical sensors have attracted great attention due to their wide applications in many emerging areas including health-monitoring, human-machine interfaces, smart robots, and entertainment. However, conventional sensors are typically designed to respond to a specific stimulus or a deformation along only one single axis, while directional tracking and accurate monitoring of complex multi-axis stimuli is more critical in practical applications. Multidimensional sensors with distinguishable signals for simultaneous detection of complex postures and movements in multiple directions are highly demanded for the development of wearable electronics. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to the design and fabrication of multidimensional sensors that are capable of distinguishing stimuli from different directions accurately. Benefiting from their unique decoupling mechanisms, anisotropic architectures have been proved to be promising structures for multidimensional sensing. This review summarizes the present state and advances of the design and preparation strategies for fabricating multidimensional sensors based on anisotropic conducting networks. The fabrication strategies of different anisotropic structures, the working mechanism of various types of multidimensional sensing and their corresponding unique applications are presented and discussed. The potential challenges faced by multidimensional sensors are revealed to provide an insightful outlook for the future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Ma
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
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13
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Jung D, Kang K, Jung H, Seong D, An S, Yoon J, Kim W, Shin M, Baac HW, Won S, Shin C, Son D. A Soft Pressure Sensor Array Based on a Conducting Nanomembrane. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080933. [PMID: 34442555 PMCID: PMC8398079 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although skin-like pressure sensors exhibit high sensitivity with a high performance over a wide area, they have limitations owing to the critical issue of being linear only in a narrow strain range. Various strategies have been proposed to improve the performance of soft pressure sensors, but such a nonlinearity issue still exists and the sensors are only effective within a very narrow strain range. Herein, we fabricated a highly sensitive multi-channel pressure sensor array by using a simple thermal evaporation process of conducting nanomembranes onto a stretchable substrate. A rigid-island structure capable of dissipating accumulated strain energy induced by external mechanical stimuli was adopted for the sensor. The performance of the sensor was precisely controlled by optimizing the thickness of the stretchable substrate and the number of serpentines of an Au membrane. The fabricated sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 0.675 kPa-1 in the broad pressure range of 2.3-50 kPa with linearity (~0.990), and good stability (>300 Cycles). Finally, we successfully demonstrated a mapping of pressure distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekwang Jung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.J.); (K.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (H.W.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Kyumin Kang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.J.); (K.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (H.W.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Hyunjin Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Duhwan Seong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.J.); (K.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (H.W.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Soojung An
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.J.); (K.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (H.W.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Jiyong Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.J.); (K.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (H.W.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Wooseok Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.J.); (K.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (H.W.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Mikyung Shin
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyoung Won Baac
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.J.); (K.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (H.W.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Sangmin Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.J.); (K.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (H.W.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Changhwan Shin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.J.); (K.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (H.W.B.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.J.); (K.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (H.W.B.); (S.W.)
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (D.S.)
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14
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Lim C, Hong YJ, Jung J, Shin Y, Sunwoo SH, Baik S, Park OK, Choi SH, Hyeon T, Kim JH, Lee S, Kim DH. Tissue-like skin-device interface for wearable bioelectronics by using ultrasoft, mass-permeable, and low-impedance hydrogels. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd3716. [PMID: 33962955 PMCID: PMC8104866 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels consist of a cross-linked porous polymer network and water molecules occupying the interspace between the polymer chains. Therefore, hydrogels are soft and moisturized, with mechanical structures and physical properties similar to those of human tissue. Such hydrogels have a potential to turn the microscale gap between wearable devices and human skin into a tissue-like space. Here, we present material and device strategies to form a tissue-like, quasi-solid interface between wearable bioelectronics and human skin. The key material is an ultrathin type of functionalized hydrogel that shows unusual features of high mass-permeability and low impedance. The functionalized hydrogel acted as a liquid electrolyte on the skin and formed an extremely conformal and low-impedance interface for wearable electrochemical biosensors and electrical stimulators. Furthermore, its porous structure and ultrathin thickness facilitated the efficient transport of target molecules through the interface. Therefore, this functionalized hydrogel can maximize the performance of various wearable bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhyuk Lim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Joseph Hong
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Baik
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyu Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sueng Hong Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Recent Progress in Pressure Sensors for Wearable Electronics: From Design to Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, innovative research has been widely conducted on flexible devices for wearable electronics applications. Many examples of wearable electronics, such as smartwatches and glasses, are already available to consumers. However, strictly speaking, the sensors used in these devices are not flexible. Many studies are underway to address a wider range of wearable electronics and the development of related fields is progressing very rapidly. In particular, there is intense interest in the research field of flexible pressure sensors because they can collect and use information regarding a wide variety of sources. Through the combination of novel materials and fabrication methods, human-machine interfaces, biomedical sensors, and motion detection techniques, it is now possible to produce sensors with a superior level of performance to meet the demands of wearable electronics. In addition, more compact and human-friendly sensors have been invented in recent years, as biodegradable and self-powered sensor systems have been studied. In this review, a comprehensive description of flexible pressure sensors will be covered, and design strategies that meet the needs for applications in wearable electronics will be presented. Moreover, we will cover several fabrication methods to implement these technologies and the corresponding real-world applications.
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16
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Sun QJ, Zhao XH, Yeung CC, Tian Q, Kong KW, Wu W, Venkatesh S, Li WJ, Roy VAL. Bioinspired, Self-Powered, and Highly Sensitive Electronic Skin for Sensing Static and Dynamic Pressures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:37239-37247. [PMID: 32814376 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors obtain global research interest owing to their potential applications in healthcare, human-robot interaction, and artificial nerves. However, an additional power supply is usually required to drive the sensors, which results in increased complexity of the pressure sensing system. Despite the great efforts in pursuing self-powered pressure sensors, most of the self-powered devices can merely detect the dynamic pressure and the reliable static pressure detection is still challenging. With the help of redox-induced electricity, a bioinspired graphite/polydimethylsiloxane piezoresistive composite film acting both as the cathode and pressure sensing layer, a neoteric electronic skin sensor is presented here to detect not only the dynamic forces but also the static forces without an external power supply. Additionally, the sensor exhibits a fascinating pressure sensitivity of ∼103 kPa-1 over a broad sensing range from 0.02 to 30 kPa. Benefiting from the advanced performance of the device, various potential applications including arterial pulse monitoring, human motion detecting, and Morse code generation are successfully demonstrated. This new strategy could pave a way for the development of next-generation self-powered wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chi-Chung Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qiong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ka-Wai Kong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shishir Venkatesh
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wen-Jung Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Vellaisamy A L Roy
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Han F, Hu Y, Xiong Y, Gu H, Zhang G, Zhu P, Sun R, Wong C. Flexible and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensors with Surface Discrete Microdomes Made from Self‐Assembled Polymer Microspheres Array. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Fei Han
- Academy for Engineering and TechnologyFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yougen Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yaoxu Xiong
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Han Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Academy for Engineering and TechnologyFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Pengli Zhu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Rong Sun
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Ching‐Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology 771 Ferst Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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18
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Lim HR, Kim HS, Qazi R, Kwon YT, Jeong JW, Yeo WH. Advanced Soft Materials, Sensor Integrations, and Applications of Wearable Flexible Hybrid Electronics in Healthcare, Energy, and Environment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901924. [PMID: 31282063 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in soft materials and system integration technologies have provided a unique opportunity to design various types of wearable flexible hybrid electronics (WFHE) for advanced human healthcare and human-machine interfaces. The hybrid integration of soft and biocompatible materials with miniaturized wireless wearable systems is undoubtedly an attractive prospect in the sense that the successful device performance requires high degrees of mechanical flexibility, sensing capability, and user-friendly simplicity. Here, the most up-to-date materials, sensors, and system-packaging technologies to develop advanced WFHE are provided. Details of mechanical, electrical, physicochemical, and biocompatible properties are discussed with integrated sensor applications in healthcare, energy, and environment. In addition, limitations of the current materials are discussed, as well as key challenges and the future direction of WFHE. Collectively, an all-inclusive review of the newly developed WFHE along with a summary of imperative requirements of material properties, sensor capabilities, electronics performance, and skin integrations is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hee Seok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36608, USA
| | - Raza Qazi
- Department of Electrical, Computer & Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Young-Tae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for Flexible and Wearable Electronics Advanced Research, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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19
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Tolvanen J, Kilpijärvi J, Pitkänen O, Hannu J, Jantunen H. Stretchable Sensors with Tunability and Single Stimuli-Responsiveness through Resistivity Switching Under Compressive Stress. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14433-14442. [PMID: 32119510 PMCID: PMC7145277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating human somatosensory system with its complex structure is composed of numerous sensory receptors possessing distinct responsiveness to stimuli. It is a continuous source of inspiration for tactile sensors that mimic its functions. However, to achieve single stimulus-responsiveness with mechanical decoupling is particularly challenging in the light of structural design and has not been fully addressed to date. Here we propose a novel structural design inspired by combining the characteristics of electronic skin (e-skin) and electronic textile (e-textile) into a hybrid interface to achieve a stretchable single stimuli-responsive tactile sensor. The stencil printable biocarbon composite/silver-plated nylon hybrid interface possesses an extraordinary resistance switching (ΔR/R0 up to ∼104) under compressive stress which is controllable by the composite film-thickness. It achieves a very high normal pressure sensitivity (up to 60.8 kPa-1) in a wide dynamic range (up to ∼50 kPa) in the piezoresistive operation mode and can effectively decouple stresses induced by stretching or bending. In addition, the device is capable of high accuracy strain sensing in its capacitive operation mode through dimensional change dominant response. Because of these intriguing features, it has potential for the next-generation Internet of Things devices and user-interactive systems capable of providing visual feedback and more advanced robotics or even prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Tolvanen
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Joni Kilpijärvi
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Olli Pitkänen
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Jari Hannu
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Heli Jantunen
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
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Kim K, Choi J, Jeong Y, Cho I, Kim M, Kim S, Oh Y, Park I. Highly Sensitive and Wearable Liquid Metal-Based Pressure Sensor for Health Monitoring Applications: Integration of a 3D-Printed Microbump Array with the Microchannel. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900978. [PMID: 31596545 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wearable pressure sensors capable of sensitive, precise, and continuous measurement of physiological and physical signals have great potential for the monitoring of health status and the early diagnosis of diseases. This work introduces a 3D-printed rigid microbump-integrated liquid metal-based soft pressure sensor (3D-BLiPS) for wearable and health-monitoring applications. Using a 3D-printed master mold based on multimaterial fused deposition modeling, the fabrication of a liquid metal microchannel and the integration of a rigid microbump array above the microchannel are achieved in a one-step, direct process. The microbump array enhances the sensitivity of the pressure sensor (0.158 kPa-1 ) by locally concentrating the deformation of the microchannel with negligible hysteresis and a stable signal response under cyclic loading. The 3D-BLiPS also demonstrates excellent robustness to 10 000 cycles of multidirectional stretching/bending, changes in temperature, and immersion in water. Finally, these characteristics are suitable for a wide range of applications in health monitoring systems, including a wristband for the continuous monitoring of the epidermal pulse rate for cuffless blood pressure estimation and a wireless wearable device for the monitoring of body pressure using a multiple pressure sensor array for the prevention of pressure ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungrak Choi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yongrok Jeong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Incheol Cho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsuk Oh
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Bio‐Integrated ElectronicsSimpson Querrey Institute for Nano/BiotechnologyNorthwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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21
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Yang JC, Mun J, Kwon SY, Park S, Bao Z, Park S. Electronic Skin: Recent Progress and Future Prospects for Skin-Attachable Devices for Health Monitoring, Robotics, and Prosthetics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904765. [PMID: 31538370 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in electronic skin or e-skin research is broadly reviewed, focusing on technologies needed in three main applications: skin-attachable electronics, robotics, and prosthetics. First, since e-skin will be exposed to prolonged stresses of various kinds and needs to be conformally adhered to irregularly shaped surfaces, materials with intrinsic stretchability and self-healing properties are of great importance. Second, tactile sensing capability such as the detection of pressure, strain, slip, force vector, and temperature are important for health monitoring in skin attachable devices, and to enable object manipulation and detection of surrounding environment for robotics and prosthetics. For skin attachable devices, chemical and electrophysiological sensing and wireless signal communication are of high significance to fully gauge the state of health of users and to ensure user comfort. For robotics and prosthetics, large-area integration on 3D surfaces in a facile and scalable manner is critical. Furthermore, new signal processing strategies using neuromorphic devices are needed to efficiently process tactile information in a parallel and low power manner. For prosthetics, neural interfacing electrodes are of high importance. These topics are discussed, focusing on progress, current challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5025, USA
| | - Se Young Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5025, USA
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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22
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Niu W, Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhao K, Wu S, Zhang S, Tok AIY. Multicolored Photonic Crystal Carbon Fiber Yarns and Fabrics with Mechanical Robustness for Thermal Management. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32261-32268. [PMID: 31394900 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multicolored photonic crystal carbon fiber (CF) yarns and fabrics with mechanical robustness in a full spectrum are reported. By facilely controlling the thickness of the periodic layer, a series of photonic CF yarns and fabrics with vivid structural colors ranging from purple, green, yellow, orange, to red are obtained. Interestingly, the prepared multicolored CF yarns show anisotropic optical reflection properties because of their unique axisymmetric geometry, while the plain-woven fabrics exhibit vivid colors even under ambient scattering light. Most importantly, they can withstand cyclical mechanical rubbing, laundering, and accelerated light aging, indicating great potential for practical uses. Finally, considering such impressive characteristics as well as reflection in the visible and near-infrared regions, the above photonic crystal microstructure is further used as a new material for the application of outdoor reflective cooling of the textile surface, demonstrating a superior temperature reduction up to ∼12 °C with respect to the control sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Road , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Lele Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Road , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Road , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 Singapore
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Road , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Road , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Road , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Alfred Iing Yoong Tok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 Singapore
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23
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Luo Q, Zheng H, Hu Y, Zhuo H, Chen Z, Peng X, Zhong L. Carbon Nanotube/Chitosan-Based Elastic Carbon Aerogel for Pressure Sensing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Zehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Xinwen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Linxin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
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Xu K, Zhou R, Takei K, Hong M. Toward Flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900925. [PMID: 31453071 PMCID: PMC6702763 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy provides a noninvasive and highly sensitive route for fingerprint and label-free detection of a wide range of molecules. Recently, flexible SERS has attracted increasingly tremendous research interest due to its unique advantages compared to rigid substrate-based SERS. Here, the latest advances in flexible substrate-based SERS diagnostic devices are investigated in-depth. First, the intriguing prospect of point-of-care diagnostics is briefly described, followed by an introduction to the cutting-edge SERS technique. Then, the focus is moved from conventional rigid substrate-based SERS to the emerging flexible SERS technique. The main part of this report highlights the recent three categories of flexible SERS substrates, including actively tunable SERS, swab-sampling strategy, and the in situ SERS detection approach. Furthermore, other promising means of flexible SERS are also introduced. The flexible SERS substrates with low-cost, batch-fabrication, and easy-to-operate characteristics can be integrated into portable Raman spectroscopes for point-of-care diagnostics, which are conceivable to penetrate global markets and households as next-generation wearable sensors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Department of Physics and ElectronicsOsaka Prefecture University SakaiOsaka599‐8531Japan
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Aerospace EngineeringXiamen University422 Siming South Road, Siming DistrictXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and ElectronicsOsaka Prefecture University SakaiOsaka599‐8531Japan
| | - Minghui Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
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25
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Yang JC, Kim JO, Oh J, Kwon SY, Sim JY, Kim DW, Choi HB, Park S. Microstructured Porous Pyramid-Based Ultrahigh Sensitive Pressure Sensor Insensitive to Strain and Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19472-19480. [PMID: 31056895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An ultrahigh sensitive capacitive pressure sensor based on a porous pyramid dielectric layer (PPDL) is reported. Compared to that of the conventional pyramid dielectric layer, the sensitivity was drastically increased to 44.5 kPa-1 in the pressure range <100 Pa, an unprecedented sensitivity for capacitive pressure sensors. The enhanced sensitivity is attributed to a lower compressive modulus and larger change in an effective dielectric constant under pressure. By placing the pressure sensors on islands of hard elastomer embedded in a soft elastomer substrate, the sensors exhibited insensitivity to strain. The pressure sensors were also nonresponsive to temperature. Finally, a contact resistance-based pressure sensor is also demonstrated by chemically grafting PPDL with a conductive polymer, which also showed drastically enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Oh Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yong Sim
- Bio-Medical IT Convergence Research Department , Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) , Daejeon 34129 , Republic of Korea
| | - Da Won Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Han Byul Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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26
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Chang TH, Tian Y, Li C, Gu X, Li K, Yang H, Sanghani P, Lim CM, Ren H, Chen PY. Stretchable Graphene Pressure Sensors with Shar-Pei-like Hierarchical Wrinkles for Collision-Aware Surgical Robotics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10226-10236. [PMID: 30779548 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable skin-like pressure sensing with minimized and distinguishable strain-induced interference is essential for the development of collision-aware surgical robotics to improve the safety and efficiency of minimally invasive surgery in a confined space. Inspired by the multidimensional wrinkles of Shar-Pei dog's skin for tactile sensing, we developed a stretchable pressure sensor consisting of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrodes with biomimetic topographies to improve the robot-tissue collision detections. A facile fabrication route for stretchable rGO electrodes was first demonstrated by harnessing the surface instability during the sequential deformation processes. The wrinkle-crumple rGO electrodes exhibited high stretchability (∼100%) and strain-insensitive resistance profiles [a gauge factor (GF) < 0.05], which were next utilized to fabricate piezoresistive pressure sensors. The rGO pressure sensors were highly stretchable and exhibited high sensitivity under uniaxial strains (1.37, 1.30, and 0.98 kPa-1 at 0, 30, and 50% stretching states, respectively) along with distinguishable and reduced stretching responsiveness (a small GF ∼0.2 under 40% strains). The stretchable pressure sensors were next integrated with two surgical robots for the transoral robotic surgery procedure. During the cadaveric testing, the rGO sensors can detect the robot-tissue contacts under joint stretches in real time to enhance the surgeon's awareness for collision avoidance. The stretchable rGO pressure sensor that is highly sensitive under large strains provides great potential in the fields of wearable sensing and collision-aware humanoid robots to improve the human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore (NUS) , 117585 , Singapore
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore (NUS) , 117585 , Singapore
| | - Changsheng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National University of Singapore (NUS) , 117583 , Singapore
| | - Xiaoyi Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National University of Singapore (NUS) , 117583 , Singapore
| | - Kerui Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore (NUS) , 117585 , Singapore
| | - Haitao Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore (NUS) , 117585 , Singapore
| | - Parita Sanghani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National University of Singapore (NUS) , 117583 , Singapore
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , National University Hospital (NUH) , 119228 , Singapore
| | - Hongliang Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National University of Singapore (NUS) , 117583 , Singapore
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore (NUS) , 117585 , Singapore
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Oh J, Yang JC, Kim JO, Park H, Kwon SY, Lee S, Sim JY, Oh HW, Kim J, Park S. Pressure Insensitive Strain Sensor with Facile Solution-Based Process for Tactile Sensing Applications. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7546-7553. [PMID: 29995382 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors that can mechanically decouple, and therefore differentiate, various tactile inputs are highly important to properly mimic the sensing capabilities of human skin. Herein, we present an all-solution processable pressure insensitive strain sensor that utilizes the difference in structural change upon the application of pressure and tensile strain. Under the application of strain, microcracks occur within the multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) network, inducing a large change in resistance with gauge factor of ∼56 at 70% strain. On the other hand, under the application of pressure to as high as 140 kPa, negligible change in resistance is observed, which can be attributed to the pressure working primarily to close the pores, and hence minimally changing the MWCNT network conformation. Our sensor can easily be coated onto irregularly shaped three-dimensional objects (e.g., robotic hand) via spray coating, or be attached to human joints, to detect bending motion. Furthermore, our sensor can differentiate between shear stress and normal pressure, and the local strain can be spatially mapped without the use of patterned electrode array using electrical impedance tomography. These demonstrations make our sensor highly useful and important for the future development of high performance tactile sensors.
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Hanif A, Trung TQ, Siddiqui S, Toi PT, Lee NE. Stretchable, Transparent, Tough, Ultrathin, and Self-limiting Skin-like Substrate for Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:27297-27307. [PMID: 30040378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is highly stretchable at low strain but becomes self-limiting when deformed at large strain due to stiffening caused by alignment of a network of stiff collagen nanofibers inside the tissue beneath the epidermis. To imitate this mechanical behavior and the sensory function of human skin, we fabricated a skin-like substrate with highly stretchable, transparent, tough, ultrathin, mechanosensory, and self-limiting properties by incorporating piezoelectric crystalline poly((vinylidene fluoride)- co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) nanofibers with a high modulus into the low modulus matrix of elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane). Randomly distributed P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers in the elastomer matrix conferred a self-limiting property to the skin-like substrate so that it can easily stretch at low strain but swiftly counteract rupturing in response to stretching. The stretchability, toughness, and Young's modulus of the ultrathin (∼62 μm) skin-like substrate with high optical transparency could be tuned by controlling the loading of nanofibers. Moreover, the ultrathin skin-like substrate with a stretchable temperature sensor fabricated on it demonstrated the ability to accommodate bodily motion-induced strain in the sensor while maintaining its mechanosensory and thermosensory functionalities.
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