1
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Li N, Wang Y, Meng Y, Lv Y, Zhang S, Wei S, Ma P, Hu Y, Lin H. Structural and functional characterization of a new thermophilic-like OYE from Aspergillus flavus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:134. [PMID: 38229304 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Old yellow enzymes (OYEs) have been proven as powerful biocatalysts for the asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes. Fungi appear to be valuable sources of OYEs, but most of the fungal OYEs are unexplored. To expand the OYEs toolbox, a new thermophilic-like OYE (AfOYE1) was identified from Aspergillus flavus strain NRRL3357. The thermal stability analysis showed that the T1/2 of AfOYE1 was 60 °C, and it had the optimal temperature at 45 °C. Moreover, AfOYE1 exhibited high reduction activity in a wide pH range (pH 5.5-8.0). AfOYE1 could accept cyclic enones, acrylamide, nitroalkenes, and α, β-unsaturated aldehydes as substrates and had excellent enantioselectivity toward prochiral alkenes (> 99% ee). Interestingly, an unexpected (S)-stereoselectivity bioreduction toward 2-methylcyclohexenone was observed. The further crystal structure of AfOYE1 revealed that the "cap" region from Ala132 to Thr182, the loop of Ser316 to Gly325, α short helix of Arg371 to Gln375, and the C-terminal "finger" structure endow the catalytic cavity of AfOYE1 quite deep and narrow, and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) heavily buried at the bottom of the active site tunnel. Furthermore, the catalytic mechanism of AfOYE1 was also investigated, and the results confirmed that the residues His211, His214, and Tyr216 compose its catalytic triad. This newly identified thermophilic-like OYE would thus be valuable for asymmetric alkene hydrogenation in industrial processes. KEY POINTS: A new thermophilic-like OYE AfOYE1 was identified from Aspergillus flavus, and the T1/2 of AfOYE1 was 60 °C AfOYE1 catalyzed the reduction of 2-methylcyclohexenone with (S)-stereoselectivity The crystal structure of AfOYE1 was revealedv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan Unsssiversity of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan Unsssiversity of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yinyin Meng
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Bio-Based Products, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan Unsssiversity of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan Unsssiversity of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shan Wei
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan Unsssiversity of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | | | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan Unsssiversity of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Hui Lin
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Bio-Based Products, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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2
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Patil MD, Ghosh KK, RajanBabu TV. Cobalt-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydroboration of α-Substituted Acrylates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6604-6617. [PMID: 38431968 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Even though metal-catalyzed enantioselective hydroborations of alkenes have attracted enormous attention, few preparatively useful reactions of α-alkyl acrylic acid derivatives are known, and most use rhodium catalysts. No examples of asymmetric hydroboration of the corresponding α-arylacrylic acid esters are known. In our continuing efforts to search for new applications of earth-abundant cobalt catalysts for broadly applicable organic transformations, we have identified 2-(2-diarylphosphinophenyl)oxazoline ligands and mild reaction conditions for efficient and highly regio- and enantioselective hydroboration of α-alkyl- and α-aryl- acrylates, giving β-borylated propionates. Since the C-B bonds in these compounds can be readily replaced by C-O, C-N, and C-C bonds, these intermediates could serve as valuable chiral synthons, some from feedstock carbon sources, for the synthesis of propionate-bearing motifs including polyketides and related molecules. Two-step syntheses of "Roche" ester from methyl methacrylate (79%; er 99:1), arguably the most widely used chiral fragment in polyketide synthesis, and tropic acid esters (∼80% yield; er ∼93:7), which are potential intermediates for several medicinally important classes of compounds, illustrate the power of the new methods. Mechanistic studies confirm the requirement of a cationic Co(I) species [(L)Co]+as the viable catalyst in these reactions and rule out the possibility of a [L]Co-H-initiated route, which has been well-established in related hydroborations of other classes of alkenes. A mechanism involving an oxidative migration of a boryl group to the β-carbon of an η4-coordinated acrylate-cobalt complex is proposed as a plausible route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj D Patil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Kiron Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - T V RajanBabu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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3
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Lonardi G, Parolin R, Licini G, Orlandi M. Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216649. [PMID: 36757599 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective reduction reactions are privileged transformations for the construction of trisubstituted stereogenic centers. While these include established synthetic strategies, such as asymmetric hydrogenation, methods based on the enantioselective addition of hydridic reagents to electrophilic prochiral substrates have also gained importance. In this context, the asymmetric conjugate reduction (ACR) of α,β-unsaturated compounds has become a convenient approach for the synthesis of chiral compounds with trisubstituted stereocenters in α-, β-, or γ-position to electron-withdrawing functional groups. Because such activating groups are diverse and amenable of further derivatizations, ACRs provide a general and powerful synthetic entry towards a variety of valuable chiral building blocks. This Review provides a comprehensive collection of catalytic ACR methods involving transition-metal, organic, and enzymatic catalysis since its first versions dating back to the late 1970s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lonardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Parolin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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4
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Parmeggiani F, Brenna E, Colombo D, Gatti FG, Tentori F, Tessaro D. "A Study in Yellow": Investigations in the Stereoselectivity of Ene-Reductases. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100445. [PMID: 34586700 PMCID: PMC9292831 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ene‐reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) superfamily are a well‐known and efficient biocatalytic alternative for the asymmetric reduction of C=C bonds. Considering the broad variety of substituents that can be tolerated, and the excellent stereoselectivities achieved, it is apparent why these enzymes are so appealing for preparative and industrial applications. Different classes of C=C bonds activated by at least one electron‐withdrawing group have been shown to be accepted by these versatile biocatalysts in the last decades, affording a vast range of chiral intermediates employed in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavours, fragrances and fine chemicals. In order to access both enantiomers of reduced products, stereodivergent pairs of OYEs are desirable, but their natural occurrence is limited. The detailed knowledge of the stereochemical course of the reaction can uncover alternative strategies to orient the selectivity via mutagenesis, evolution, and substrate engineering. An overview of the ongoing studies on OYE‐mediated bioreductions will be provided, with particular focus on stereochemical investigations by deuterium labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Danilo Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco G Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Tentori
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Tessaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
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5
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Hall M. Enzymatic strategies for asymmetric synthesis. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:958-989. [PMID: 34458820 PMCID: PMC8341948 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes, at the turn of the 21st century, are gaining a momentum. Especially in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, a broad variety of biocatalysts are being applied in an increasing number of processes running at up to industrial scale. In addition to the advantages of employing enzymes under environmentally friendly reaction conditions, synthetic chemists are recognizing the value of enzymes connected to the exquisite selectivity of these natural (or engineered) catalysts. The use of hydrolases in enantioselective protocols paved the way to the application of enzymes in asymmetric synthesis, in particular in the context of biocatalytic (dynamic) kinetic resolutions. After two decades of impressive development, the field is now mature to propose a panel of catalytically diverse enzymes for (i) stereoselective reactions with prochiral compounds, such as double bond reduction and bond forming reactions, (ii) formal enantioselective replacement of one of two enantiotopic groups of prochiral substrates, as well as (iii) atroposelective reactions with noncentrally chiral compounds. In this review, the major enzymatic strategies broadly applicable in the asymmetric synthesis of optically pure chiral compounds are presented, with a focus on the reactions developed within the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hall
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz Austria
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6
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Abstract
Flavoenzymes are broadly employed as biocatalysts for a large variety of reactions, owing to the chemical versatility of the flavin cofactor. Oxidases set aside, many flavoenzymes require a source of electrons in form of the biological reductant nicotinamide NAD(P)H in order to initiate catalysis via the reduced flavin. Chemists can take advantage of the reactivity of reduced flavins with oxygen to carry out monooxygenation reactions, while the reduced flavin can also be used for formal hydrogenation reactions. The main advantage of these reactions compared to chemical approaches is the frequent regio-, chemo- and stereo-selectivity of the biocatalysts, which allows the synthesis of chiral molecules in optically active form. This chapter provides an overview of the variety of biocatalytic processes that have been developed with flavoenzymes, with a particular focus on nicotinamide-dependent enzymes. The diversity of molecules obtained is highlighted and in several cases, strategies that allow control of the stereochemical outcome of the reactions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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7
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dos Santos RAM, Reis AV, Pilau EJ, Porto C, Gonçalves JE, de Oliveira AJB, Gonçalves RAC. The headspace-GC/MS: Alternative methodology employed in the bioreduction of (4S)-(+)-carvone mediated by human skin fungus. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1743692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Aparecido Minini dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacy, University Center of Maringá – Unicesumar, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, State University of Maringá – UEM, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Adriano Valim Reis
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, State University of Maringá – UEM, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Porto
- Program of Master in Science, Technology and Food Safety and Cesumar Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation – ICETI, Maringá, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Gonçalves
- Program of Master in Science, Technology and Food Safety and Cesumar Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation – ICETI, Maringá, Brazil
- Program of Master in Clean Technology, University Center of Maringá – Unicesumar, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Arildo José Braz de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, State University of Maringá – UEM, Maringá, Brazil
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8
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Marín-Valls R, Hernández K, Bolte M, Joglar J, Bujons J, Clapés P. Chemoenzymatic Hydroxymethylation of Carboxylic Acids by Tandem Stereodivergent Biocatalytic Aldol Reaction and Chemical Decarboxylation. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roser Marín-Valls
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karel Hernández
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, J.-W.-Goethe-Universität, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clapés
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Toogood HS, Scrutton NS. Discovery, Characterisation, Engineering and Applications of Ene Reductases for Industrial Biocatalysis. ACS Catal 2019; 8:3532-3549. [PMID: 31157123 PMCID: PMC6542678 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of multiple enzyme families collectively referred to as ene-reductases (ERs) have highlighted potential industrial application of these biocatalysts in the production of fine and speciality chemicals. Processes have been developed whereby ERs contribute to synthetic routes as isolated enzymes, components of multi-enzyme cascades, and more recently in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology programmes using microbial cell factories to support chemicals production. The discovery of ERs from previously untapped sources and the expansion of directed evolution screening programmes, coupled to deeper mechanistic understanding of ER reactions, have driven their use in natural product and chemicals synthesis. Here we review developments, challenges and opportunities for the use of ERs in fine and speciality chemicals manufacture. The ER research field is rapidly expanding and the focus of this review is on developments that have emerged predominantly over the last 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S. Toogood
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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10
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Mantel M, Guder M, Pietruszka J. Simple organocatalysts in multi-step reactions: An efficient one-pot Morita-Baylis-Hillman-type α-hydroxymethylation of vinyl ketones followed by the convenient, temperature-controlled one-pot etherification using alcohols. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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11
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Pesic M, Fernández-Fueyo E, Hollmann F. Characterization of the Old Yellow Enzyme Homolog fromBacillus subtilis(YqjM). ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milja Pesic
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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12
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Nett N, Duewel S, Richter AA, Hoebenreich S. Revealing Additional Stereocomplementary Pairs of Old Yellow Enzymes by Rational Transfer of Engineered Residues. Chembiochem 2017; 18:685-691. [PMID: 28107586 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Every year numerous protein engineering and directed evolution studies are published, increasing the knowledge that could be used by protein engineers. Here we test a protein engineering strategy that allows quick access to improved biocatalysts with very little screening effort. Conceptually it is assumed that engineered residues previously identified by rational and random methods induce similar improvements when transferred to family members. In an application to ene-reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family, the newly created variants were tested with three compounds, revealing more stereocomplementary OYE pairs with potent turnover frequencies (up to 660 h-1 ) and excellent stereoselectivities (up to >99 %). Although systematic prediction of absolute enantioselectivity of OYE variants remains a challenge, "scaffold sampling" was confirmed as a promising addition to protein engineers' collection of strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Nett
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Duewel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Annelis Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hoebenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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13
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Brenna E, Crotti M, Gatti FG, Marinoni L, Monti D, Quaiato S. Exploitation of a Multienzymatic Stereoselective Cascade Process in the Synthesis of 2-Methyl-3-Substituted Tetrahydrofuran Precursors. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2114-2122. [PMID: 28094943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enantiopure 2-methyl-3-substituted tetrahydrofurans are key precursors of several biologically active products (drugs, flavors, and agrochemicals). Thus, a stereocontrolled and efficient methodology for the obtainment of these synthons is highly desirable. We exploited a two-step multienzymatic stereoselective cascade reduction of α-bromo-α,β-unsaturated ketones to give the corresponding bromohydrins in good yields, with high ee and de values. The cascade process is catalyzed by an ene-reductase and an alcohol dehydrogenase. Further manipulations of these bromohydrins, by two diastereodivergent routes, allowed the preparation of the tetrahydrofuran synthons. One route is based on a lipase catalyzed cleavage of the protecting group. The second route is characterized by a camphor sulfonic acid mediated isomerization of a β-hydroxyepoxide to give the tetrahydrofuran-2-ol. Finally, the synthesis of the most odorous and pleasant stereoisomer of the roasted meat aroma, i.e., (2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-thioacetate tetrahydrofuran, is reported as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco G Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovico Marinoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare C.N.R. , Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Quaiato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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14
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Paula BRS, Zampieri D, Rodrigues JAR, Moran PJS. Bioreduction of α-Acetoxymethyl Enones: Proposal for an SN2′ Mechanism Catalyzed by Enereductase. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R. S. Paula
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas; 13084-971 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Davila Zampieri
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas; 13084-971 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | | | - Paulo J. S. Moran
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas; 13084-971 Campinas-SP Brazil
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15
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Kelly PP, Lipscomb D, Quinn DJ, Lemon K, Caswell J, Spratt J, Kosjek B, Truppo M, Moody TS. Ene Reductase Enzymes for the Aromatisation of Tetralones and Cyclohexenones to Naphthols and Phenols. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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Knaus T, Paul CE, Levy CW, de Vries S, Mutti FG, Hollmann F, Scrutton NS. Better than Nature: Nicotinamide Biomimetics That Outperform Natural Coenzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1033-9. [PMID: 26727612 PMCID: PMC4731831 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
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The search for affordable, green
biocatalytic processes is a challenge
for chemicals manufacture. Redox biotransformations are potentially
attractive, but they rely on unstable and expensive nicotinamide coenzymes
that have prevented their widespread exploitation. Stoichiometric
use of natural coenzymes is not viable economically, and the instability
of these molecules hinders catalytic processes that employ coenzyme
recycling. Here, we investigate the efficiency of man-made synthetic
biomimetics of the natural coenzymes NAD(P)H in redox biocatalysis.
Extensive studies with a range of oxidoreductases belonging to the
“ene” reductase family show that these biomimetics are
excellent analogues of the natural coenzymes, revealed also in crystal
structures of the ene reductase XenA with selected biomimetics. In
selected cases, these biomimetics outperform the natural coenzymes.
“Better-than-Nature” biomimetics should find widespread
application in fine and specialty chemicals production by harnessing
the power of high stereo-, regio-, and chemoselective redox biocatalysts
and enabling reactions under mild conditions at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Knaus
- BBSRC/EPSRC Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Colin W Levy
- BBSRC/EPSRC Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Simon de Vries
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco G Mutti
- BBSRC/EPSRC Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- BBSRC/EPSRC Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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Knaus T, Mutti FG, Humphreys LD, Turner NJ, Scrutton NS. Systematic methodology for the development of biocatalytic hydrogen-borrowing cascades: application to the synthesis of chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids from α-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:223-33. [PMID: 25372591 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ene-reductases (ERs) are flavin dependent enzymes that catalyze the asymmetric reduction of activated carbon-carbon double bonds. In particular, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (e.g. enals and enones) as well as nitroalkenes are rapidly reduced. Conversely, α,β-unsaturated esters are poorly accepted substrates whereas free carboxylic acids are not converted at all. The only exceptions are α,β-unsaturated diacids, diesters as well as esters bearing an electron-withdrawing group in α- or β-position. Here, we present an alternative approach that has a general applicability for directly obtaining diverse chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids. This approach combines two enzyme classes, namely ERs and aldehyde dehydrogenases (Ald-DHs), in a concurrent reductive-oxidative biocatalytic cascade. This strategy has several advantages as the starting material is an α-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, a class of compounds extremely reactive for the reduction of the alkene moiety. Furthermore no external hydride source from a sacrificial substrate (e.g. glucose, formate) is required since the hydride for the first reductive step is liberated in the second oxidative step. Such a process is defined as a hydrogen-borrowing cascade. This methodology has wide applicability as it was successfully applied to the synthesis of chiral substituted hydrocinnamic acids, aliphatic acids, heterocycles and even acetylated amino acids with elevated yield, chemo- and stereo-selectivity. A systematic methodology for optimizing the hydrogen-borrowing two-enzyme synthesis of α-chiral substituted carboxylic acids was developed. This systematic methodology has general applicability for the development of diverse hydrogen-borrowing processes that possess the highest atom efficiency and the lowest environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Knaus
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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18
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Rüthlein E, Classen T, Dobnikar L, Schölzel M, Pietruszka J. Finding the Selectivity Switch - A Rational Approach towards Stereocomplementary Variants of the Ene Reductase YqjM. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Brenna E, Fronza G, Fuganti C, Parmeggiani F. Investigation of the stereochemical course of ene reductase-catalysed reactions by deuterium labelling. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2015; 51:24-32. [PMID: 25675259 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1009909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective reduction of suitably substituted C═C bonds mediated by enzymes, called ene reductases, has received great attention in the last decade. Some successful applications of this biocatalysed procedure to the synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients have been reported in the literature. The generation of suitable models to be used for predicting the stereochemical outcome of this kind of reductions is a challenging task. In the last years we have exploited deuterium labelling to investigate the stereochemical course of the enzyme-mediated reductions of a wide collection of substrates belonging to well-defined chemical classes. The results of this research have allowed us to draw conclusions on the relationship between the structural characteristics of the substrate and the binding mode it adopts in the enzyme active site. The collected data can be exploited to create an empirical model to rationalise and predict the stereoselectivity of old yellow enzyme (OYE)-catalysed reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- a Dipartimento di Chimica , Politecnico di Milano , Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Milano , Italy
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20
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Mekala S, Hahn RC. A Scalable, Nonenzymatic Synthesis of Highly Stereopure Difunctional C4 Secondary Methyl Linchpin Synthons. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1610-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5025392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shekar Mekala
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Roger C. Hahn
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
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21
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Fuchs CS, Hollauf M, Meissner M, Simon RC, Besset T, Reek JNH, Riethorst W, Zepeck F, Kroutil W. Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of 2-Phenylpropanal Derivatives to Yield β-Chiral Primary AminesviaBioamination. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Winkler CK, Clay D, Davies S, O'Neill P, McDaid P, Debarge S, Steflik J, Karmilowicz M, Wong JW, Faber K. Chemoenzymatic asymmetric synthesis of pregabalin precursors via asymmetric bioreduction of β-cyanoacrylate esters using ene-reductases. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1525-33. [PMID: 23316696 PMCID: PMC3579311 DOI: 10.1021/jo302484p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The asymmetric bioreduction of a library of β-cyanoacrylate
esters using ene-reductases was studied with the aim to provide a
biocatalytic route to precursors for GABA analogues, such as pregabalin.
The stereochemical outcome could be controlled by substrate-engineering
through size-variation of the ester moiety and by employing stereochemically
pure (E)- or (Z)-isomers, which
allowed to access both enantiomers of each product in up to quantitative
conversion in enantiomerically pure form. In addition, stereoselectivities
and conversions could be improved by mutant variants of OPR1, and
the utility of the system was demonstrated by preparative-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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23
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24
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Simon RC, Mutti FG, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic synthesis of enantiopure building blocks for pharmaceuticals. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 10:e37-e44. [PMID: 24050228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic transformations have emerged as a viable alternative to other asymmetric chemical methods due to the intrinsic high stereoselectivity of the enzymes and the mild reaction conditions. Just a decade ago, the reaction scope of applicable biotransformations for organic synthesis was limited to a handful of reaction types. Tremendous progress has been made in the meantime so that this review presents only a small selection of the broad range of possible biotransfromations for organic synthesis available today. Lyases (hydroxynitrile lyase, aldolases) and redox enzymes like alcohol dehydrogenases, Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase, dioxygenases, ene reductases, berberine bridge enzyme and v-transaminases are discussed besides hydrolases.
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25
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Manfredi A, Monti D, Parmeggiani F. Old Yellow Enzyme-mediated reduction of β-cyano-α,β-unsaturated esters for the synthesis of chiral building blocks: stereochemical analysis of the reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy20804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Manfredi A, Monti D, Parmeggiani F. Steric Effects on the Stereochemistry of Old Yellow Enzyme-Mediated Reductions of Unsaturated Diesters: Flipping of the Substrate within the Enzyme Active Site Induced by Structural Modifications. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Durchschein K, Wallner S, Macheroux P, Schwab W, Winkler T, Kreis W, Faber K. Nicotinamide-Dependent Ene Reductases as Alternative Biocatalysts for the Reduction of Activated Alkenes. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Pompeu YA, Sullivan B, Walton AZ, Stewart JD. Structural and Catalytic Characterization of Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6, a Useful Biocatalyst for Asymmetric Alkene Reductions. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Tasnádi G, Winkler CK, Clay D, Sultana N, Fabian WMF, Hall M, Ditrich K, Faber K. A substrate-driven approach to determine reactivities of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic esters towards asymmetric bioreduction. Chemistry 2012; 18:10362-7. [PMID: 22736443 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The degree of C=C bond activation in the asymmetric bioreduction of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic esters by ene-reductases was studied, and general recommendations to render these "borderline-substrates" more reactive towards enzymatic reduction are proposed. The concept of "supported substrate activation" was developed. In general, an additional α-halogenated substituent proved to be beneficial for enzymatic activity, whereas β-alkyl or β-aryl substituents were detrimental for the reactivity of nonhalogenated substrates, and α-cyano groups showed little effect. The alcohol moiety of the ester functionality was found to have a strong influence on the reaction rate. Overall, activities were determined by both steric and electronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Tasnádi
- ACIB GmbH c/o, Biocatalytic Synthesis, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010-Graz, Austria
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30
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Winkler CK, Tasnádi G, Clay D, Hall M, Faber K. Asymmetric bioreduction of activated alkenes to industrially relevant optically active compounds. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:381-9. [PMID: 22498437 PMCID: PMC3521962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ene-reductases from the ‘Old Yellow Enzyme’ family of flavoproteins catalyze the asymmetric reduction of various α,β-unsaturated compounds at the expense of a nicotinamide cofactor. They have been applied to the synthesis of valuable enantiopure products, including chiral building blocks with broad industrial applications, terpenoids, amino acid derivatives and fragrances. The combination of these highly stereoselective biocatalysts with a cofactor recycling system has allowed the development of cost-effective methods for the generation of optically active molecules, which is strengthened by the availability of stereo-complementary enzyme homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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31
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Pietruszka J, Schölzel M. Ene Reductase-Catalysed Synthesis of (R)-Profen Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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32
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Serra S. Stereochemical Outcome of the Biocatalysed Reduction of Activated Tetrasubstituted Olefins by Old Yellow Enzymes 1–3. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Via Mancinelli 7, I‐20131 Milano, Italy, Fax: (+39)‐02‐2399‐3180; phone: (+39)‐02‐2399‐3077
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Via Mancinelli 7, I‐20131 Milano, Italy, Fax: (+39)‐02‐2399‐3180; phone: (+39)‐02‐2399‐3077
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare – CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, I‐20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Via Mancinelli 7, I‐20131 Milano, Italy, Fax: (+39)‐02‐2399‐3180; phone: (+39)‐02‐2399‐3077
| | - Stefano Serra
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare – CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, I‐20131 Milano, Italy
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33
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Clouthier CM, Pelletier JN. Expanding the organic toolbox: a guide to integrating biocatalysis in synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1585-605. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15286j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Bechtold M, Brenna E, Femmer C, Gatti FG, Panke S, Parmeggiani F, Sacchetti A. Biotechnological Development of a Practical Synthesis of Ethyl (S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(p-methoxyphenyl)propanoate (EEHP): Over 100-Fold Productivity Increase from Yeast Whole Cells to Recombinant Isolated Enzymes. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op200085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bechtold
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Femmer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Sven Panke
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milano, Italy
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35
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Walton AZ, Conerly WC, Pompeu Y, Sullivan B, Stewart JD. Biocatalytic Reductions of Baylis–Hillman Adducts. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - W. Colin Conerly
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yuri Pompeu
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Bradford Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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36
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Hall M, Bommarius AS. Enantioenriched Compounds via Enzyme-Catalyzed Redox Reactions. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4088-110. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200013n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hall
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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37
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Manfredi A, Monti D, Parmeggiani F. Biocatalyzed Enantioselective Reduction of Activated C=C Bonds: Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched α-Halo-β-arylpropionic Acids. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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39
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Stueckler C, Winkler CK, Hall M, Hauer B, Bonnekessel M, Zangger K, Faber K. Stereo-Controlled Asymmetric Bioreduction of α,β-Dehydroamino Acid Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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