1
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Quirós I, Martín M, Gomez-Mendoza M, Cabrera-Afonso MJ, Liras M, Fernández I, Nóvoa L, Tortosa M. Isonitriles as Alkyl Radical Precursors in Visible Light Mediated Hydro- and Deuterodeamination Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317683. [PMID: 38150265 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the use of isonitriles as alkyl radical precursors in light-mediated hydro- and deuterodeamination reactions. The reaction is scalable, shows broad functional group compatibility and potential to be used in late-stage functionalization. Importantly, the method is general for Cα -primary, Cα -secondary and Cα -tertiary alkyl isonitriles. For most examples, high yields were obtained through direct visible-light irradiation of the isonitrile in the presence of a silyl radical precursor. Interestingly, in the presence of an organic photocatalyst (4CzIPN) a dramatic acceleration was observed. In-depth mechanistic studies using UV/Vis absorption, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence, and transient absorption spectroscopy suggest that the excited state of 4CzIPN can engage in a single-electron transfer with the isonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Quirós
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martín
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Gomez-Mendoza
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Av. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Cabrera-Afonso
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Liras
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Av. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
| | - Luis Nóvoa
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariola Tortosa
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
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2
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Brals J, McGuire TM, Watson AJB. A Chemoselective Polarity-Mismatched Photocatalytic C(sp 3 )-C(sp 2 ) Cross-Coupling Enabled by Synergistic Boron Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310462. [PMID: 37622419 PMCID: PMC10952440 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) coupling reaction using styrene boronic acids and redox-active esters under photoredox catalysis. The reaction proceeds through an unusual polarity-mismatched radical addition mechanism that is orthogonal to established processes. Synergistic activation of the radical precursor and organoboron are critical mechanistic events. Activation of an N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) ester by coordination to boron enables electron transfer, with decomposition leading to a nucleofuge rebound, activating the organoboron to radical addition. The unique mechanism enables chemoselective coupling of styrene boronic acids in the presence of other alkene radical acceptors. The scope and limitations of the reaction, and a detailed mechanistic investigation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Brals
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsPurdie Building, North HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Thomas M. McGuire
- AstraZenecaDarwin Building, Unit 310Cambridge Science Park, Milton RoadCambridgeCB4 0WGUK
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsPurdie Building, North HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
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3
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Upreti GC, Singh T, Khanna K, Singh A. Pd-Catalyzed Photochemical Alkylative Functionalization of C═C and C═N Bonds. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4422-4433. [PMID: 36930049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of excited-state palladium-catalyzed alkylative cyclization of acrylamides and the alkylation of quinoxalinones is described. The application of a variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary unactivated alkyl halides as alkyl radical precursors and the use of a simple catalyst system are the highlights of this reactivity manifold. The reactions exhibit wide scope, occur under mild conditions, and furnish the products in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tavinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kirti Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Yetra SR, Schmitt N, Tambar UK. Catalytic photochemical enantioselective α-alkylation with pyridinium salts. Chem Sci 2023; 14:586-592. [PMID: 36741522 PMCID: PMC9847668 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05654b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a chiral amine catalyzed enantioselective α-alkylation of aldehydes with amino acid derived pyridinium salts as alkylating reagents. The reaction proceeds in the presence of visible light and in the absence of a photocatalyst via a light activated charge-transfer complex. We apply this photochemical stereoconvergent process to the total synthesis of the lignan natural products (-)-enterolactone and (-)-enterodiol. Mechanistic studies support the ground-state complexation of the reactive components followed by divergent charge-transfer processes involving catalyst-controlled radical chain and in-cage radical combination steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhivardhana Reddy Yetra
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5323 Harry Hines BoulevardDallasTexas 75390-9038USA
| | - Nathan Schmitt
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5323 Harry Hines BoulevardDallasTexas 75390-9038USA
| | - Uttam K. Tambar
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5323 Harry Hines BoulevardDallasTexas 75390-9038USA
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5
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Gao Y, Jiang S, Mao ND, Xiang H, Duan JL, Ye XY, Wang LW, Ye Y, Xie T. Recent Progress in Fragmentation of Katritzky Salts Enabling Formation of C-C, C-B, and C-S Bonds. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:25. [PMID: 35585362 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1970s, Katritzky salts have emerged as one of the most important classes of building blocks for use in organic synthesis and drug discovery. These bulky pyridinium salts derived from alkylamine can readily generate alkyl radical and undergo a variety of organic transformation reactions such as alkylation, arylation, alkenylation, alkynylation, carbonylation, sulfonylation, and borylation. Through these transformations, complexed molecules bearing new C-C, C-B, or C-S bonds can be constructed in easy ways and in simple steps. This review aims to summarize recent advances in these versatile building blocks in well-classified categories. Representative examples and their reaction mechanisms are discussed. The hope is to provide the scientific community with convenient access to collective information and accelerate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Songwei Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nian-Dong Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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6
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Cui P, Li S, Wang X, Li M, Wang C, Wu L. Visible-Light-Promoted Unsymmetrical Phosphine Synthesis from Benzylamines. Org Lett 2022; 24:1566-1570. [PMID: 35157457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, by applying visible-light photoredox catalysis, we have achieved the catalytic deaminative alkylation of diphenylphosphine and phenyl phosphine with benzylamine-derived Katritzky salts at room temperature. The use of Eosin Y as photoredox catalyst and visible light can largely promote the reaction. A series of unsymmetrical tertiary phosphines were successfully synthesized, including phosphines with three different substituents that are otherwise difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglei Cui
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Sida Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xianjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Lipeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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7
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Ferko B, Marčeková M, Detková KR, Doháňošová J, Berkeš D, Jakubec P. Visible-Light-Promoted Cross-Coupling of N-Alkylpyridinium Salts and Nitrostyrenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:8705-8710. [PMID: 34723544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective, denitrative cross-coupling of β-nitrostyrenes with N-alkylpyridinium salts for the preparation of functionalized styrenes has been developed. The visible-light-induced reaction proceeds without any catalyst at ambient temperature. Broad in scope and tolerant to multiple functional groups, the moderately yielding transformation is orthogonal to several traditional metal-catalyzed cross-couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Ferko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Marčeková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Ráchel Detková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Jana Doháňošová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Berkeš
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Jakubec
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia
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8
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Berntsen LN, Solvi TN, Sørnes K, Wragg DS, Sandtorv AH. Cu-catalyzed C(sp 2)-N-bond coupling of boronic acids and cyclic imides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11851-11854. [PMID: 34698731 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04356k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A general Cu-catalyzed strategy for coupling cyclic imides and alkenylboronic acids by forming C(sp2)-N-bonds is reported. The method enables the practical and mild preparation of (E)-enimides. A large range of cyclic imides are allowed, and di- and tri-substituted alkenylboronic acids can be used. Full retention was observed in the configuration of the alkene double bond in the coupled products. The method is also applicable for preparing N-arylimides, using arylboronic acids as coupling partners. The usefulness of this strategy is exemplified by the convenient derivatization of the chemotherapy medication 5-flurouracil, the nucleoside uridine and the anti-epileptic drug phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristian Sørnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0315, Norway.
| | - David S Wragg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0315, Norway.
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9
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Bercher OP, Plunkett S, Mortimer TE, Watson MP. Deaminative Reductive Methylation of Alkylpyridinium Salts. Org Lett 2021; 23:7059-7063. [PMID: 34464140 PMCID: PMC8448964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methyl groups can imbue valuable properties in organic molecules, often leading to enhanced bioactivity. To enable efficient installation of methyl groups on simple building blocks and in late-stage functionalization, a nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of secondary Katritzky alkylpyridinium salts with methyl iodide was developed. When coupled with formation of the pyridinium salt from an alkyl amine, this method allows amino groups to be readily transformed to methyl groups with broad functional group and heterocycle tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia P. Bercher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
| | - Shane Plunkett
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
| | - Thomas E. Mortimer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
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10
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Ramesh V, Gangadhar M, Nanubolu JB, Adiyala PR. Visible-Light-Induced Deaminative Alkylation/Cyclization of Alkyl Amines with N-Methacryloyl-2-phenylbenzoimidazoles in Continuous-Flow Organo-Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12908-12921. [PMID: 34477379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a metal-free visible-light-induced eosin-y-catalyzed deaminative strategy for the sequential alkylation/cyclization of N-methacryloyl-2-phenylbenzoimidazoles with alkyl amine-derived Katritzky salts, which provides an efficient avenue for the construction of various benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-one derivatives in moderate to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. The key enabling feature of this novel reaction includes utilization of redox-active pyridinium salts from abundant and inexpensive primary amine feedstocks that were converted into alkyl radicals via C-N bond scission and subsequent alkylation/cyclization with N-methacryloyl-2-phenylbenzoimidazoles by the formation of two new C-C bonds. In addition, we implemented this protocol for a variety of amino acids, affording the products in moderate yields. Moreover, the novel, environmentally benign batch protocol was further carried out in a continuous-flow regime by utilizing a perfluoroalkoxy alkane tubing microreactor under optimized reaction conditions with a blue light-emitting diode light source, enabling excellent yields and a shorter reaction time (19 min) versus the long reaction time (16 h) of the batch reaction. The reaction displays excellent functional group tolerance, easy operation, scalability, mild reaction conditions, and broad synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vankudoth Ramesh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Maram Gangadhar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu
- Centre for NMR and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Praveen Reddy Adiyala
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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11
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Zhang X, Qi D, Jiao C, Liu X, Zhang G. Nickel-catalyzed deaminative Sonogashira coupling of alkylpyridinium salts enabled by NN 2 pincer ligand. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4904. [PMID: 34385455 PMCID: PMC8361081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkynes are amongst the most valuable functional groups in organic chemistry and widely used in chemical biology, pharmacy, and materials science. However, the preparation of alkyl-substituted alkynes still remains elusive. Here, we show a nickel-catalyzed deaminative Sonogashira coupling of alkylpyridinium salts. Key to the success of this coupling is the development of an easily accessible and bench-stable amide-type pincer ligand. This ligand allows naturally abundant alkyl amines as alkylating agents in Sonogashira reactions, and produces diverse alkynes in excellent yields under mild conditions. Salient merits of this chemistry include broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, gram-scale synthesis, one-pot transformation, versatile late-stage derivatizations as well as the use of inexpensive pre-catalyst and readily available substrates. The high efficiency and strong practicability bode well for the widespread applications of this strategy in constructing functional molecules, materials, and fine chemicals. Alkynes are amongst the most valuable functional groups in organic chemistry, however, the preparation of alkyl-substituted alkynes still remains elusive. Here the authors show a nickel-catalyzed deaminative Sonogashira coupling of alkylpyridinium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Di Qi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chenchen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaopan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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12
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Tcyrulnikov S, Cai Q, Twitty JC, Xu J, Atifi A, Bercher OP, Yap GPA, Rosenthal J, Watson MP, Kozlowski MC. Dissection of Alkylpyridinium Structures to Understand Deamination Reactions. ACS Catal 2021; 11:8456-8466. [PMID: 34745709 PMCID: PMC8570559 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Via conversion to Katritzky pyridinium salts, alkyl amines can now be used as alkyl radical precursors for a range of deaminative functionalization reactions. The key step of all these methods is single electron reduction of the pyridinium ring, which triggers C-N bond cleavage. However, little has been done to understand how the precise nature of the pyridinium influences these events. Using a combination of synthesis, computation, and electrochemistry, this study delineates the steric and electronic effects that substituents have on the canonical steps and the overall process. Depending on the approach taken, consideration of both the reduction and the subsequent radical dissociation may be necessary. Whereas the electronic effects on these steps work in opposition to each other, the steric effects are synergistic, with larger substituents favoring both steps. This understanding provides a framework for future design of pyridinium salts to match the mode of catalysis or activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Tcyrulnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Qiuqi Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - J. Cameron Twitty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jianyu Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Abderrahman Atifi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Olivia P. Bercher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Corresponding Author , ,
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Corresponding Author , ,
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Corresponding Author , ,
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13
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Rani S, Dash SR, Bera A, Alam MN, Vanka K, Maity P. Phosphite mediated asymmetric N to C migration for the synthesis of chiral heterocycles from primary amines. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8996-9003. [PMID: 34276927 PMCID: PMC8261767 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A phosphite mediated stereoretentive C-H alkylation of N-alkylpyridinium salts derived from chiral primary amines was achieved. The reaction proceeds through the activation of the N-alkylpyridinium salt substrate with a nucleophilic phosphite catalyst, followed by a base mediated [1,2] aza-Wittig rearrangement and subsequent catalyst dissociation for an overall N to C-2 alkyl migration. The scope and degree of stereoretention were studied, and both experimental and theoretical investigations were performed to support an unprecedented aza-Wittig rearrangement-rearomatization sequence. A catalytic enantioselective version starting with racemic starting material and chiral phosphite catalyst was also established following our understanding of the stereoretentive process. This method provides efficient access to tertiary and quaternary stereogenic centers in pyridine systems, which are prevalent in drugs, bioactive natural products, chiral ligands, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soniya Rani
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Dash
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 India
| | - Asish Bera
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
| | - Md Nirshad Alam
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 India
| | - Pradip Maity
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411008 India
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14
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Zhao F, Ai H, Wu X. Radical Carbonylation under Low
CO
Pressure: Synthesis of Esters from Activated Alkylamines at Transition
Metal‐Free
Conditions. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Zhao
- Leibniz‐Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Han‐Jun Ai
- Leibniz‐Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Xiao‐Feng Wu
- Leibniz‐Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Liaoning 116023 China
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15
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Zhu T, Shen J, Sun Y, Wu J. Deaminative metal-free reaction of alkenylboronic acids, sodium metabisulfite and Katritzky salts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:915-918. [PMID: 33393531 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07632e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient approach to (E)-alkylsulfonyl olefins via a metal/light-free three-component reaction of alkenylboronic acids, sodium metabisulfite and Katritzky salts is described. This alkylsulfonylation proceeds smoothly with a broad substrate scope, leading to diverse (E)-alkylsulfonyl olefins in moderate to good yields. During the process, excellent functional group tolerance is observed and sodium metabisulfite is used as the source of sulfur dioxide. Mechanistic studies show that the alkyl radical generated in situ from Katritzky salt via a single electron transfer with alkenylboronic acid or DIPEA is the key step for providing an alkyl radical intermediate, which undergoes further alkylsulfonylation with sulfur dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghao Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Jia Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Yuyuan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China. and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, China
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16
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17
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Berger KJ, Levin MD. Reframing primary alkyl amines as aliphatic building blocks. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:11-36. [PMID: 33078799 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01807d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While primary aliphatic amines are ubiquitous in natural products, they are traditionally considered inert to substitution chemistry. This review highlights historical and recent advances in the field of aliphatic deamination chemistry which demonstrate these moieties can be harnessed as valuable C(sp3) synthons. Cross-coupling and photocatalyzed transformations proceeding through polar and radical mechanisms are compared with oxidative deamination and other transition metal catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Berger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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18
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Zhao F, Wu XF. Deaminative carbonylative thioesterification of activated alkylamines with thiophenols under transition-metal-free conditions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01479f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free radical carbonylation of activated alkylamines with thiophenols has been successfully developed. Various thioesters were selectively produced with moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Zhao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
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19
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Garcı́a-Cárceles J, Bahou KA, Bower JF. Recent Methodologies That Exploit Oxidative Addition of C–N Bonds to Transition Metals. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim A. Bahou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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20
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Ashley MA, Rovis T. Photoredox-Catalyzed Deaminative Alkylation via C–N Bond Activation of Primary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18310-18316. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Ashley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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21
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Volkov AA. N-Substituted pyridinium salts as reagents for radical functionalization using visible light (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Rössler SL, Jelier BJ, Magnier E, Dagousset G, Carreira EM, Togni A. Pyridinium Salts as Redox‐Active Functional Group Transfer Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9264-9280. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon L. Rössler
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Benson J. Jelier
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUMR 8180Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUMR 8180Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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23
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Rössler SL, Jelier BJ, Magnier E, Dagousset G, Carreira EM, Togni A. Pyridiniumsalze als redoxaktive Reagenzien zur Übertragung funktioneller Gruppen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon L. Rössler
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Benson J. Jelier
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUMR 8180Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin 78035 Versailles Cedex Frankreich
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUMR 8180Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin 78035 Versailles Cedex Frankreich
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Antonio Togni
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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24
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Yu CG, Matsuo Y. Nickel-Catalyzed Deaminative Acylation of Activated Aliphatic Amines with Aromatic Amides via C-N Bond Activation. Org Lett 2020; 22:950-955. [PMID: 31961696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deaminative functionalization of aliphatic primary amines has great synthetic utility. Herein, we describe a Ni-catalyzed reductive deaminative cross-electrophile coupling reaction between Katritzky salts and aromatic amides. This work provides examples of the synthesis of various ketones from alkylpyridinium salts, including both primary and secondary alkylamines. Given its mild reaction conditions and high functional group tolerance, this cross-coupling strategy is expected to be useful for late-stage functionalization of complex compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Guo Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China.,Institute of Materials Innovation, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
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25
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Zhao F, Li CL, Wu XF. Deaminative carbonylative coupling of alkylamines with styrenes under transition-metal-free conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9182-9185. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-free deaminative carbonylation through C–N bonds activation via Katritzky salts has been successful developed. Various α,β-unsaturated ketones were obtained in moderate to good yields with alkylamines and styrenes as the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Zhao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Chong-Liang Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
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26
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Baker KM, Lucas Baca D, Plunkett S, Daneker ME, Watson MP. Engaging Alkenes and Alkynes in Deaminative Alkyl-Alkyl and Alkyl-Vinyl Cross-Couplings of Alkylpyridinium Salts. Org Lett 2019; 21:9738-9741. [PMID: 31763855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling of Katritzky alkylpyridinium salts and organoboranes, formed in situ via hydroboration of alkenes, has been developed. This method utilizes the abundance of both alkyl amine precursors and alkenes to form C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. This strategy is also effective with alkynes, enabling a C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling. Under these mild conditions, a broad range of functional groups, including protic groups, is tolerated. As seen with previous alkylpyridinium cross-couplings, mechanistic studies support an alkyl radical intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Baker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Diana Lucas Baca
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Shane Plunkett
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Mitchell E Daneker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Mary P Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
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