1
|
Kim Y, Kimpel J, Giovannitti A, Müller C. Small signal analysis for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7606. [PMID: 39218920 PMCID: PMC11366767 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A method for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on small signal analysis is presented that allows to determine the electronic mobility as a function of continuous gate potential using a standard two-channel AC potentiostat. Vector analysis in the frequency domain allows to exclude parasitic components in both ionic and electronic conduction regardless of film thickness, thus resulting in a standard deviation as low as 4%. Besides the electronic mobility, small signal analysis of OECTs also provides information about a wide range of other parameters including the conductance, transconductance, conductivity and volumetric capacitance through a single measurement. General applicability of small signal analysis is demonstrated by characterizing devices based on n-type, p-type, and ambipolar materials operating in accumulation or depletion modes. Accurate benchmarking of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors through small signal analysis can be anticipated to guide both materials development and the design of bioelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Craighero M, Guo J, Zokaei S, Griggs S, Tian J, Asatryan J, Kimpel J, Kroon R, Xu K, Reparaz JS, Martín J, McCulloch I, Campoy-Quiles M, Müller C. Impact of Oligoether Side-Chain Length on the Thermoelectric Properties of a Polar Polythiophene. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2024; 6:2909-2916. [PMID: 38828039 PMCID: PMC11137803 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with oligoether side chains make up a promising class of thermoelectric materials. In this work, the impact of the side-chain length on the thermoelectric and mechanical properties of polythiophenes is investigated. Polymers with tri-, tetra-, or hexaethylene glycol side chains are compared, and the shortest length is found to result in thin films with the highest degree of order upon doping with the p-dopant 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). As a result, a stiff material with an electrical conductivity of up to 830 ± 15 S cm-1 is obtained, resulting in a thermoelectric power factor of about 21 μW m-1 K-2 in the case of as-cast films. Aging at ambient conditions results in an initial decrease in thermoelectric properties but then yields a highly stable performance for at least 3 months, with values of about 200 S cm-1 and 5 μW m-1 K-2. Evidently, identification of the optimal side-chain length is an important criterion for the design of conjugated polymers for organic thermoelectrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Goteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Jiali Guo
- Materials
Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sepideh Zokaei
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Goteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Junfu Tian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jesika Asatryan
- Universidade
da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Esteiro, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Goteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Linköping
University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kai Xu
- Materials
Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Sebastian Reparaz
- Materials
Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- Universidade
da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Esteiro, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
- POLYMAT, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials
Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Goteborg 41296, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paleti SHK, Kim Y, Kimpel J, Craighero M, Haraguchi S, Müller C. Impact of doping on the mechanical properties of conjugated polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1702-1729. [PMID: 38265833 PMCID: PMC10876084 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers exhibit a unique portfolio of electrical and electrochemical behavior, which - paired with the mechanical properties that are typical for macromolecules - make them intriguing candidates for a wide range of application areas from wearable electronics to bioelectronics. However, the degree of oxidation or reduction of the polymer can strongly impact the mechanical response and thus must be considered when designing flexible or stretchable devices. This tutorial review first explores how the chain architecture, processing as well as the resulting nano- and microstructure impact the rheological and mechanical properties. In addition, different methods for the mechanical characterization of thin films and bulk materials such as fibers are summarized. Then, the review discusses how chemical and electrochemical doping alter the mechanical properties in terms of stiffness and ductility. Finally, the mechanical response of (doped) conjugated polymers is discussed in the context of (1) organic photovoltaics, representing thin-film devices with a relatively low charge-carrier density, (2) organic thermoelectrics, where chemical doping is used to realize thin films or bulk materials with a high doping level, and (3) organic electrochemical transistors, where electrochemical doping allows high charge-carrier densities to be reached, albeit accompanied by significant swelling. In the future, chemical and electrochemical doping may not only allow modulation and optimization of the electrical and electrochemical behavior of conjugated polymers, but also facilitate the design of materials with a tunable mechanical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harish Kumar Paleti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Shuichi Haraguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qin R, Wu Y, Ding Z, Zhang R, Yu J, Huang W, Liu D, Lu G, Liu SF, Zhao K, Han Y. Highly Stretchable Conjugated Polymer/Elastomer Blend Films with Sandwich Structure. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300240. [PMID: 37289949 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The physical blending of high-mobility conjugated polymers with ductile elastomers provides a simple way to realize high-performance stretchable films. However, how to control the morphology of the conjugated polymer and elastomer blend film and its response to mechanical fracture processes during stretching are not well understood. Herein, a sandwich structure is constructed in the blend film based on a conjugated polymer poly[(5-fluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)(4,4-dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b″]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)(6-fluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)(4,4-dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b″]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)] (PCDTFBT) and an elastomer polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS). The sandwich structure is composed of a PCDTFBT:SEBS mixed layer laminated with a PCDTFBT-rich layer at both the top and bottom surfaces. During stretching, the external strain energy can be effectively dissipated by the deformation of the crystalline PCDTFBT domains and amorphous SEBS phases and the recrystallization of the PCDTFBT chains. This endows the blend film with excellent ductility, with a large crack onset strain exceeding 1100%, and minimized the electrical degradation of the blend film at a large strain. This study indicates that the electrical and mechanical performance of conjugated polymer/elastomer blend films can be improved by manipulating their microstructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Qin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zicheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Jifa Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wenliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Dongle Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Guanghao Lu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mone M, Kim Y, Darabi S, Zokaei S, Karlsson L, Craighero M, Fabiano S, Kroon R, Müller C. Mechanically Adaptive Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors Based on a Polar Polythiophene Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37262133 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with oligoether side chains are promising mixed ionic-electronic conductors, but they tend to feature a low glass transition temperature and hence a low elastic modulus, which prevents their use if mechanical robust materials are required. Carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are found to be a suitable reinforcing agent for a soft polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains. Dry nanocomposites feature a Young's modulus of more than 400 MPa, which reversibly decreases to 10 MPa or less upon passive swelling through water uptake. The presence of CNF results in a slight decrease in electronic mobility but enhances the ionic mobility and volumetric capacitance, with the latter increasing from 164 to 197 F cm-3 upon the addition of 20 vol % CNF. Overall, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) feature a higher switching speed and a transconductance that is independent of the CNF content up to at least 20 vol % CNF. Hence, CNF-reinforced conjugated polymers with oligoether side chains facilitate the design of mechanically adaptive mixed ionic-electronic conductors for wearable electronics and bioelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Mone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sozan Darabi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao Y, Wang S, Su Y, Zhang J, Song H, Wang Y, Chen S. Rapid and persistent bactericidal cotton fabrics finished facilely with reactive N-halamine. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124495. [PMID: 37076078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Cotton fabrics (CFs) with persistent and rapid bactericidal capability would be of great significance for daily health protection because CFs are very suitable for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. Herein, we developed a reactive N-halamine compound, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl diisocyanate)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (IPDMH), that can be covalently bound to a CF to generate a bactericidal CF after chlorination (CF-DMF-Cl) without damaging its surface morphology. The antibacterial rates of CF-DMF-Cl (0.5 wt% IPDMH) against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) and gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) reached 99.99 % and were maintained at 90 % (against E. coli) and 93.5 % (against S. aureus) after 50 laundering cycles. The combination of contact killing and release killing mechanisms by CF-PDM-Cl leads to its rapid and persistent bactericidal activity. In addition, CF-DMF-Cl exhibits adequate biocompatibility, well-maintained mechanical properties, air/water vapor permeability and whiteness. Therefore, the proposed CF-DMF-Cl has great potential applications as a bactericidal CF for use in medical textiles, sportswear, home dressings, and so on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Cao
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Health MY (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Shu Wang
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yong Su
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Shenzhen Tianding New Materials Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Advance Denim Co., Ltd, Foshan 528306, PR China
| | - Haibo Song
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Shenzhen Purcotton Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 518109, China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Health MY (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Persson G, Järsvall E, Röding M, Kroon R, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C, Olsson E. Visualisation of individual dopants in a conjugated polymer: sub-nanometre 3D spatial distribution and correlation with electrical properties. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15404-15413. [PMID: 36218271 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While molecular doping is ubiquitous in all branches of organic electronics, little is known about the spatial distribution of dopants, especially at molecular length scales. Moreover, a homogeneous distribution is often assumed when simulating transport properties of these materials, even though the distribution is expected to be inhomogeneous. In this study, electron tomography is used to determine the position of individual molybdenum dithiolene complexes and their three-dimensional distribution in a semiconducting polymer at the sub-nanometre scale. A heterogeneous distribution is observed, the characteristics of which depend on the dopant concentration. At 5 mol% of the molybdenum dithiolene complex, the majority of the dopant species are present as isolated molecules or small clusters up to five molecules. At 20 mol% dopant concentration and higher, the dopant species form larger nanoclusters with elongated shapes. Even in case of these larger clusters, each individual dopant species is still in contact with the surrounding polymer. The electrical conductivity first strongly increases with dopant concentration and then slightly decreases for the most highly doped samples, even though no large aggregates can be observed. The decreased conductivity is instead attributed to the increased energetic disorder and lower probability of electron transfer that originates from the increased size and size variation in dopant clusters. This study highlights the importance of detailed information concerning the dopant spatial distribution at the sub-nanometre scale in three dimensions within the organic semiconductor host. The information acquired using electron tomography may facilitate more accurate simulations of charge transport in doped organic semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Persson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Emmy Järsvall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Röding
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Biomaterials and Health, Agriculture and Food, 41276 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Järsvall E, Biskup T, Zhang Y, Kroon R, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C. Double Doping of a Low-Ionization-Energy Polythiophene with a Molybdenum Dithiolene Complex. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:5673-5679. [PMID: 35782206 PMCID: PMC9245179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Doping of organic semiconductors is crucial for tuning the charge-carrier density of conjugated polymers. The exchange of more than one electron between a monomeric dopant and an organic semiconductor allows the polaron density to be increased relative to the number of counterions that are introduced into the host matrix. Here, a molybdenum dithiolene complex with a high electron affinity of 5.5 eV is shown to accept two electrons from a polythiophene that has a low ionization energy of 4.7 eV. Double p-doping is consistent with the ability of the monoanion salt of the molybdenum dithiolene complex to dope the polymer. The transfer of two electrons to the neutral dopant was also confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy since the monoanion, but not the dianion, of the molybdenum dithiolene complex features an unpaired electron. Double doping allowed an ionization efficiency of 200% to be reached, which facilitates the design of strongly doped semiconductors while lessening any counterion-induced disruption of the nanostructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Järsvall
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Till Biskup
- Physical
Chemistry, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Linköping
University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Departments
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zokaei S, Craighero M, Cea C, Kneissl LM, Kroon R, Khodagholy D, Lund A, Müller C. Electrically Conducting Elastomeric Fibers with High Stretchability and Stability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102813. [PMID: 34816573 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conducting materials are appealing for the design of unobtrusive wearable electronic devices. Conjugated polymers with oligoethylene glycol side chains are excellent candidate materials owing to their low elastic modulus and good compatibility with polar stretchable polymers. Here, electrically conducting elastomeric blend fibers with high stretchability, wet spun from a blend of a doped polar polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains and a polyurethane are reported. The wet-spinning process is versatile, reproducible, scalable, and produces continuous filaments with a diameter ranging from 30 to 70 µm. The fibers are stretchable up to 480% even after chemical doping with iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate hexahydrate and exhibit an electrical conductivity of up to 7.4 S cm-1 , which represents a record combination of properties for conjugated polymer-based fibers. The fibers remain conductive during elongation until fiber fracture and display excellent long-term stability at ambient conditions. Cyclic stretching up to 50% strain for at least 400 strain cycles reveals that the doped fibers exhibit high cyclic stability and retain their electrical conductivity. Finally, a directional strain sensing device, which makes use of the linear increase in resistance of the fibers up to 120% strain is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Claudia Cea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lucas M Kneissl
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luo W, Wei Y, Zhuang Z, Lin Z, Li X, Hou C, Li T, Ma Y. Fabrication of Ti3C2Tx MXene/polyaniline composite films with adjustable thickness for high-performance flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
11
|
Zokaei S, Kim D, Järsvall E, Fenton AM, Weisen AR, Hultmark S, Nguyen PH, Matheson AM, Lund A, Kroon R, Chabinyc ML, Gomez ED, Zozoulenko I, Müller C. Tuning of the elastic modulus of a soft polythiophene through molecular doping. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:433-443. [PMID: 34787612 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping of a polythiophene with oligoethylene glycol side chains is found to strongly modulate not only the electrical but also the mechanical properties of the polymer. An oxidation level of up to 18% results in an electrical conductivity of more than 52 S cm-1 and at the same time significantly enhances the elastic modulus from 8 to more than 200 MPa and toughness from 0.5 to 5.1 MJ m-3. These changes arise because molecular doping strongly influences the glass transition temperature Tg and the degree of π-stacking of the polymer, as indicated by both X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations. Surprisingly, a comparison of doped materials containing mono- or dianions reveals that - for a comparable oxidation level - the presence of multivalent counterions has little effect on the stiffness. Evidently, molecular doping is a powerful tool that can be used for the design of mechanically robust conducting materials, which may find use within the field of flexible and stretchable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Emmy Järsvall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Abigail M Fenton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Albree R Weisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Phong H Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Amanda M Matheson
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Michael L Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|