1
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LeSavage BL, Zhang D, Huerta-López C, Gilchrist AE, Krajina BA, Karlsson K, Smith AR, Karagyozova K, Klett KC, Huang MS, Long C, Kaber G, Madl CM, Bollyky PL, Curtis C, Kuo CJ, Heilshorn SC. Engineered matrices reveal stiffness-mediated chemoresistance in patient-derived pancreatic cancer organoids. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01908-x. [PMID: 38965405 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by its fibrotic and stiff extracellular matrix. However, how the altered cell/extracellular-matrix signalling contributes to the PDAC tumour phenotype has been difficult to dissect. Here we design and engineer matrices that recapitulate the key hallmarks of the PDAC tumour extracellular matrix to address this knowledge gap. We show that patient-derived PDAC organoids from three patients develop resistance to several clinically relevant chemotherapies when cultured within high-stiffness matrices mechanically matched to in vivo tumours. Using genetic barcoding, we find that while matrix-specific clonal selection occurs, cellular heterogeneity is not the main driver of chemoresistance. Instead, matrix-induced chemoresistance occurs within a stiff environment due to the increased expression of drug efflux transporters mediated by CD44 receptor interactions with hyaluronan. Moreover, PDAC chemoresistance is reversible following transfer from high- to low-stiffness matrices, suggesting that targeting the fibrotic extracellular matrix may sensitize chemoresistant tumours. Overall, our findings support the potential of engineered matrices and patient-derived organoids for elucidating extracellular matrix contributions to human disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauer L LeSavage
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daiyao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carla Huerta-López
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aidan E Gilchrist
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brad A Krajina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kasper Karlsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amber R Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kremena Karagyozova
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katarina C Klett
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle S Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Long
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Madl
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Soliman BG, Nguyen AK, Gooding JJ, Kilian KA. Advancing Synthetic Hydrogels through Nature-Inspired Materials Chemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404235. [PMID: 38896849 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics that can recapitulate the complex biochemical and mechanical nature of native tissues are needed for advanced models of development and disease. Biomedical research has heavily relied on the use of animal-derived biomaterials, which is now impeding their translational potential and convoluting the biological insights gleaned from in vitro tissue models. Natural hydrogels have long served as a convenient and effective cell culture tool, but advances in materials chemistry and fabrication techniques now present promising new avenues for creating xenogenic-free ECM substitutes appropriate for organotypic models and microphysiological systems. However, significant challenges remain in creating synthetic matrices that can approximate the structural sophistication, biochemical complexity, and dynamic functionality of native tissues. This review summarizes key properties of the native ECM, and discusses recent approaches used to systematically decouple and tune these properties in synthetic matrices. The importance of dynamic ECM mechanics, such as viscoelasticity and matrix plasticity, is also discussed, particularly within the context of organoid and engineered tissue matrices. Emerging design strategies to mimic these dynamic mechanical properties are reviewed, such as multi-network hydrogels, supramolecular chemistry, and hydrogels assembled from biological monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram G Soliman
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ashley K Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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3
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Guan Y, Peltz G. Hepatic organoids move from adolescence to maturity. Liver Int 2024; 44:1290-1297. [PMID: 38451053 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Since organoids were developed 15 years ago, they are now in their adolescence as a research tool. The ability to generate 'tissue in a dish' has created enormous opportunities for biomedical research. We examine the contributions that hepatic organoids have made to three areas of liver research: as a source of cells and tissue for basic research, for drug discovery and drug safety testing, and for understanding disease pathobiology. We discuss the features that enable hepatic organoids to provide useful models for human liver diseases and identify four types of advances that will enable them to become a mature (i.e., adult) research tool over the next 5 years. During this period, advances in single-cell RNA sequencing and CRISPR technologies coupled with improved hepatic organoid methodology, which enables them to have a wider range of cell types that are present in liver and to be grown in microwells, will generate discoveries that will dramatically advance our understanding of liver development and the pathogenesis of liver diseases. It will generate also new approaches for treating liver fibrosis, which remains a major public health problem with few treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guan
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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4
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Park S, Cho SW. Bioengineering toolkits for potentiating organoid therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 208:115238. [PMID: 38447933 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional, multicellular constructs that recapitulate the structural and functional features of specific organs. Because of these characteristics, organoids have been widely applied in biomedical research in recent decades. Remarkable advancements in organoid technology have positioned them as promising candidates for regenerative medicine. However, current organoids still have limitations, such as the absence of internal vasculature, limited functionality, and a small size that is not commensurate with that of actual organs. These limitations hinder their survival and regenerative effects after transplantation. Another significant concern is the reliance on mouse tumor-derived matrix in organoid culture, which is unsuitable for clinical translation due to its tumor origin and safety issues. Therefore, our aim is to describe engineering strategies and alternative biocompatible materials that can facilitate the practical applications of organoids in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we highlight meaningful progress in organoid transplantation, with a particular emphasis on the functional restoration of various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewon Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Wu Y, Song Y, Soto J, Hoffman T, Zhang A, Han X, Fang Z, Eoh J, Gu L, Gu Z, Li S. Viscoelastic Extracellular Matrix Enhances Epigenetic Remodeling and Cellular Plasticity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.14.589442. [PMID: 38659850 PMCID: PMC11042188 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.14.589442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Living tissue and extracellular matrices possess viscoelastic properties, but understanding how viscoelastic matrix regulates chromatin and the epigenome is limited. Here, we find that the regulation of the epigenetic state by the viscoelastic matrix is more pronounced on softer matrices. Cells on viscoelastic matrices exhibit larger nuclei, increased nuclear lamina ruffling, loosely organized chromatin, and faster chromatin dynamics, compared to those on elastic matrices. These changes are accompanied by a global increase in euchromatic marks and a local increase in chromatin accessibility at the cis -regulatory elements associated with neuronal and pluripotent genes. Consequently, viscoelastic matrices enhanced the efficiency of reprogramming fibroblasts into neurons and induced pluripotent stem cells, respectively. Together, our findings demonstrate the key roles of matrix viscoelasticity in the regulation of epigenetic state, and uncover a new mechanism of biophysical regulation of chromatin and cell reprogramming, with implications for the design of smart materials to engineer cell fate.
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6
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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Venegas-Bustos D, Acosta S, Rodríguez-Cabello JC. Contribution of the ELRs to the development of advanced in vitro models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1363865. [PMID: 38650751 PMCID: PMC11033926 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1363865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing in vitro models that accurately mimic the microenvironment of biological structures or processes holds substantial promise for gaining insights into specific biological functions. In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in vitro models able to capture the precise structural, topographical, and functional complexity of living tissues, prove to be valuable tools for comprehending disease mechanisms, assessing drug responses, and serving as alternatives or complements to animal testing. The choice of the right biomaterial and fabrication technique for the development of these in vitro models plays an important role in their functionality. In this sense, elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) have emerged as an important tool for the fabrication of in vitro models overcoming the challenges encountered in natural and synthetic materials due to their intrinsic properties, such as phase transition behavior, tunable biological properties, viscoelasticity, and easy processability. In this review article, we will delve into the use of ELRs for molecular models of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), as well as for the development of in vitro 3D models for regenerative medicine. The easy processability of the ELRs and their rational design has allowed their use for the development of spheroids and organoids, or bioinks for 3D bioprinting. Thus, incorporating ELRs into the toolkit of biomaterials used for the fabrication of in vitro models, represents a transformative step forward in improving the accuracy, efficiency, and functionality of these models, and opening up a wide range of possibilities in combination with advanced biofabrication techniques that remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Puertas-Bartolomé
- Technical Proteins Nanobiotechnology, S.L. (TPNBT), Valladolid, Spain
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Desiré Venegas-Bustos
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Acosta
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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7
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DeFrates KG, Tong E, Cheng J, Heber‐Katz E, Messersmith PB. A Pro-Regenerative Supramolecular Prodrug Protects Against and Repairs Colon Damage in Experimental Colitis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304716. [PMID: 38247203 PMCID: PMC10987129 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Structural repair of the intestinal epithelium is strongly correlated with disease remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, ulcer healing is not addressed by existing therapies. To address this need, this study reports the use of a small molecule prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor (DPCA) to upregulate hypoxia-inducible factor one-alpha (HIF-1α) and induce mammalian regeneration. Sustained delivery of DPCA is achieved through subcutaneous injections of a supramolecular hydrogel, formed through the self-assembly of PEG-DPCA conjugates. Pre-treatment of mice with PEG-DPCA is shown to protect mice from epithelial erosion and symptoms of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Surprisingly, a single subcutaneous dose of PEG-DPCA, administered after disease onset, leads to accelerated weight gain and complete restoration of healthy tissue architecture in colitic mice. Rapid DPCA-induced restoration of the intestinal barrier is likely orchestrated by increased expression of HIF-1α and associated targets leading to an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Further investigation of DPCA as a potential adjunctive or stand-alone restorative treatment to combat active IBD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey G. DeFrates
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Elaine Tong
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | | | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
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8
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Guo L, Li C, Gong W. Toward reproducible tumor organoid culture: focusing on primary liver cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1290504. [PMID: 38571961 PMCID: PMC10987700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1290504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Organoids present substantial potential for pushing forward preclinical research and personalized medicine by accurately recapitulating tissue and tumor heterogeneity in vitro. However, the lack of standardized protocols for cancer organoid culture has hindered reproducibility. This paper comprehensively reviews the current challenges associated with cancer organoid culture and highlights recent multidisciplinary advancements in the field with a specific focus on standardizing liver cancer organoid culture. We discuss the non-standardized aspects, including tissue sources, processing techniques, medium formulations, and matrix materials, that contribute to technical variability. Furthermore, we emphasize the need to establish reproducible platforms that accurately preserve the genetic, proteomic, morphological, and pharmacotypic features of the parent tumor. At the end of each section, our focus shifts to organoid culture standardization in primary liver cancer. By addressing these challenges, we can enhance the reproducibility and clinical translation of cancer organoid systems, enabling their potential applications in precision medicine, drug screening, and preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weiqiang Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
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9
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Graham AJ, Khoo MW, Srivastava V, Viragova S, Parekh K, Morley CD, Bird M, Lebel P, Kumar S, Klein O, Gómez-Sjöberg R, Gartner ZJ. MAGIC matrices: freeform bioprinting materials to support complex and reproducible organoid morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.01.578324. [PMID: 38370663 PMCID: PMC10871257 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Organoids are powerful models of tissue physiology, yet their applications remain limited due to a lack of complex tissue morphology and high organoid-to-organoid structural variability. To address these limitations we developed a soft, composite yield-stress extracellular matrix that supports freeform 3D bioprinting of cell slurries at tissue-like densities. Combined with a custom piezoelectric printhead, this platform allows more reproducible and complex morphogenesis from uniform and spatially organized organoid "seeds." At 4 °C the material exhibits reversible yield-stress behavior to support long printing times without compromising cell viability. When transferred to cell culture at 37 °C, the material cross-links and exhibits similar viscoelasticity and plasticity to basement membrane extracts such as Matrigel. We use this setup for high-throughput generation of intestinal and salivary gland organoid arrays that are morphologically indistinguishable from those grown in pure Matrigel, but exhibit dramatically improved homogeneity in organoid size, shape, maturation time, and budding efficiency. The reproducibility of organoid structure afforded by this approach increases the sensitivity of assays by orders of magnitude, requiring less input material and reducing analysis times. The flexibility of this approach additionally enabled the fabrication of perfusable intestinal organoid tubes. Combined, these advances lay the foundation for the efficient design of complex tissue morphologies in both space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Graham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Vasudha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sara Viragova
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kavita Parekh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Cameron D. Morley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Malia Bird
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Paul Lebel
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ophir Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children’s, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Cellular Construction, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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10
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Mai S, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Organoids: A Prospective Advanced Model for Pancreatic Cancer Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1066. [PMID: 38256139 PMCID: PMC10817028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, notorious for its grim 10% five-year survival rate, poses significant clinical challenges, largely due to late-stage diagnosis and limited therapeutic options. This review delves into the generation of organoids, including those derived from resected tissues, biopsies, pluripotent stem cells, and adult stem cells, as well as the advancements in 3D printing. It explores the complexities of the tumor microenvironment, emphasizing culture media, the integration of non-neoplastic cells, and angiogenesis. Additionally, the review examines the multifaceted properties of graphene oxide (GO), such as its mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, and optical attributes, and their implications in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. GO's unique properties facilitate its interaction with tumors, allowing targeted drug delivery and enhanced imaging for early detection and treatment. The integration of GO with 3D cultured organoid systems, particularly in pancreatic cancer research, is critically analyzed, highlighting current limitations and future potential. This innovative approach has the promise to transform personalized medicine, improve drug screening efficiency, and aid biomarker discovery in this aggressive disease. Through this review, we offer a balanced perspective on the advancements and future prospects in pancreatic cancer research, harnessing the potential of organoids and GO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
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11
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Li J, Liu J, Xia W, Yang H, Sha W, Chen H. Deciphering the Tumor Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer and Guiding Clinical Treatment With Patient-Derived Organoid Technology: Progress and Challenges. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2024; 23:15330338231221856. [PMID: 38225190 PMCID: PMC10793199 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231221856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors of the digestive tract worldwide. Despite notable advancements in CRC treatment, there is an urgent requirement for preclinical model systems capable of accurately predicting drug efficacy in CRC patients, to identify more effective therapeutic options. In recent years, substantial strides have been made in the field of organoid technology, patient-derived organoid models can phenotypically replicate the original intra-tumor and inter-tumor heterogeneity of CRC, reflecting cellular interactions of the tumor microenvironment. Patient-derived organoid models have become an indispensable tool for investigating the pathogenesis of CRC and facilitating translational research. This review focuses on the application of organoid technology in CRC modeling, tumor microenvironment, and guiding clinical treatment, particularly in drug screening and personalized medicine. It also examines the existing challenges encountered in clinical organoid research and provides a prospective outlook on the future development directions of clinical organoid research, encompassing the standardization of organoid culture technology and the application of tissue engineering technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuzheng Xia
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Suhar RA, Huang MS, Navarro RS, Aviles Rodriguez G, Heilshorn SC. A Library of Elastin-like Proteins with Tunable Matrix Ligands for In Vitro 3D Neural Cell Culture. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5926-5939. [PMID: 37988588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with encapsulated cells have widespread biomedical applications, both as tissue-mimetic 3D cultures in vitro and as tissue-engineered therapies in vivo. Within these hydrogels, the presentation of cell-instructive extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived ligands and matrix stiffness are critical factors known to influence numerous cell behaviors. While individual ECM biopolymers can be blended together to alter the presentation of cell-instructive ligands, this typically results in hydrogels with a range of mechanical properties. Synthetic systems that allow for the facile incorporation and modulation of multiple ligands without modification of matrix mechanics are highly desirable. In the present work, we leverage protein engineering to design a family of xeno-free hydrogels (i.e., devoid of animal-derived components) consisting of recombinant hyaluronan and recombinant elastin-like proteins (ELPs), cross-linked together with dynamic covalent bonds. The ELP components incorporate cell-instructive peptide ligands derived from ECM proteins, including fibronectin (RGD), laminin (IKVAV and YIGSR), collagen (DGEA), and tenascin-C (PLAEIDGIELTY and VFDNFVL). By carefully designing the protein primary sequence, we form 3D hydrogels with defined and tunable concentrations of cell-instructive ligands that have similar matrix mechanics. Utilizing this system, we demonstrate that neurite outgrowth from encapsulated embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures is significantly modified by cell-instructive ligand content. Thus, this library of protein-engineered hydrogels is a cell-compatible system to systematically study cell responses to matrix-derived ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley A Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michelle S Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- The Institute for Chemistry, Stanford University, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Renato S Navarro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Giselle Aviles Rodriguez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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13
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Guo Y, Liu S, Jing D, Liu N, Luo X. The construction of elastin-like polypeptides and their applications in drug delivery system and tissue repair. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:418. [PMID: 37951928 PMCID: PMC10638729 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are thermally responsive biopolymers derived from natural elastin. These peptides have a low critical solution temperature phase behavior and can be used to prepare stimuli-responsive biomaterials. Through genetic engineering, biomaterials prepared from ELPs can have unique and customizable properties. By adjusting the amino acid sequence and length of ELPs, nanostructures, such as micelles and nanofibers, can be formed. Correspondingly, ELPs have been used for improving the stability and prolonging drug-release time. Furthermore, ELPs have widespread use in tissue repair due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Here, this review summarizes the basic property composition of ELPs and the methods for modulating their phase transition properties, discusses the application of drug delivery system and tissue repair and clarifies the current challenges and future directions of ELPs in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshu Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Shiwei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Dan Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Nianzu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
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14
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Hefferon ME, Huang MS, Liu Y, Navarro RS, de Paiva Narciso N, Zhang D, Aviles-Rodriguez G, Heilshorn SC. Cell Microencapsulation Within Engineered Hyaluronan Elastin-Like Protein (HELP) Hydrogels. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e917. [PMID: 37929691 PMCID: PMC10629846 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell encapsulation has rendered itself a staple in the tissue engineering field. Using recombinantly engineered, biopolymer-based hydrogels to encapsulate cells is especially promising due to the enhanced control and tunability it affords. Here, we describe in detail the synthesis of our hyaluronan (i.e., hyaluronic acid) and elastin-like protein (HELP) hydrogel system. In addition to validating the efficacy of our synthetic process, we also demonstrate the modularity of the HELP system. Finally, we show that cells can be encapsulated within HELP gels over a range of stiffnesses, exhibit strong viability, and respond to stiffness cues. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Elastin-like protein modification with hydrazine Basic Protocol 2: Nuclear magnetic resonance quantification of elastin-like protein modification with hydrazine Basic Protocol 3: Hyaluronic acid-benzaldehyde synthesis Basic Protocol 4: Nuclear magnetic resonance quantification of hyaluronic acid-benzaldehyde Basic Protocol 5: 3D cell encapsulation in hyaluronan elastin-like protein gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Hefferon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, 605-724-6784
| | - Michelle S. Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, 650-723-4906, 605-724-6784
| | - Yueming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, 605-724-6784
| | - Renato S. Navarro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, 605-724-6784
| | - Narelli de Paiva Narciso
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, 605-724-6784
| | - Daiyao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, 650-723-4906, 605-724-6784
| | - Giselle Aviles-Rodriguez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, 605-724-6784
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, 605-724-6784
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15
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Nguyen AK, Molley TG, Kardia E, Ganda S, Chakraborty S, Wong SL, Ruan J, Yee BE, Mata J, Vijayan A, Kumar N, Tilley RD, Waters SA, Kilian KA. Hierarchical assembly of tryptophan zipper peptides into stress-relaxing bioactive hydrogels. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6604. [PMID: 37872151 PMCID: PMC10593748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft materials in nature are formed through reversible supramolecular assembly of biological polymers into dynamic hierarchical networks. Rational design has led to self-assembling peptides with structural similarities to natural materials. However, recreating the dynamic functional properties inherent to natural systems remains challenging. Here we report the discovery of a short peptide based on the tryptophan zipper (trpzip) motif, that shows multiscale hierarchical ordering that leads to emergent dynamic properties. Trpzip hydrogels are antimicrobial and self-healing, with tunable viscoelasticity and unique yield-stress properties that allow immediate harvest of embedded cells through a flick of the wrist. This characteristic makes Trpzip hydrogels amenable to syringe extrusion, which we demonstrate with examples of cell delivery and bioprinting. Trpzip hydrogels display innate bioactivity, allowing propagation of human intestinal organoids with apical-basal polarization. Considering these extensive attributes, we anticipate the Trpzip motif will prove a versatile building block for supramolecular assembly of soft materials for biotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Center for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas G Molley
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Center for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Egi Kardia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre (miCF_RC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sylvia Ganda
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Center for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sudip Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sharon L Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre (miCF_RC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Juanfang Ruan
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bethany E Yee
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Center for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jitendra Mata
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Abhishek Vijayan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre (miCF_RC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shafagh A Waters
- Australian Center for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre (miCF_RC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Australian Center for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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16
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Roth JG, Huang MS, Navarro RS, Akram JT, LeSavage BL, Heilshorn SC. Tunable hydrogel viscoelasticity modulates human neural maturation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh8313. [PMID: 37862423 PMCID: PMC10588948 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have emerged as a promising in vitro model system for studying neurodevelopment. However, current models remain limited in their ability to incorporate tunable biomechanical signaling cues imparted by the extracellular matrix (ECM). The native brain ECM is viscoelastic and stress-relaxing, exhibiting a time-dependent response to an applied force. To recapitulate the remodelability of the neural ECM, we developed a family of protein-engineered hydrogels that exhibit tunable stress relaxation rates. hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) encapsulated within these gels underwent relaxation rate-dependent maturation. Specifically, NPCs within hydrogels with faster stress relaxation rates extended longer, more complex neuritic projections, exhibited decreased metabolic activity, and expressed higher levels of genes associated with neural maturation. By inhibiting actin polymerization, we observed decreased neuritic projections and a concomitant decrease in neural maturation gene expression. Together, these results suggest that microenvironmental viscoelasticity is sufficient to bias human NPC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien G. Roth
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Complex in Vitro Systems, Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle S. Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Renato S. Navarro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason T. Akram
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bauer L. LeSavage
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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17
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de Paiva Narciso N, Navarro RS, Gilchrist A, Trigo MLM, Rodriguez GA, Heilshorn SC. Design Parameters for Injectable Biopolymeric Hydrogels with Dynamic Covalent Chemistry Crosslinks. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301265. [PMID: 37389811 PMCID: PMC10638947 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) crosslinks can form hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties permissive to injectability and self-healing. However, not all hydrogels with transient crosslinks are easily extrudable. For this reason, two additional design parameters must be considered when formulating DCC-crosslinked hydrogels: 1) degree of functionalization (DoF) and 2) polymer molecular weight (MW). To investigate these parameters, hydrogels comprised of two recombinant biopolymers: 1) a hyaluronic acid (HA) modified with benzaldehyde and 2) an elastin-like protein (ELP) modified with hydrazine (ELP-HYD), are formulated. Several hydrogel families are synthesized with distinct HA MW and DoF while keeping the ELP-HYD component constant. The resulting hydrogels have a range of stiffnesses, G' ≈ 10-1000 Pa, and extrudability, which is attributed to the combined effects of DCC crosslinks and polymer entanglements. In general, lower MW formulations require lower forces for injectability, regardless of stiffness. Higher DoF formulations exhibit more rapid self-healing. Gel extrusion through a cannula (2 m length, 0.25 mm diameter) demonstrates the potential for minimally invasive delivery for future biomedical applications. In summary, this work highlights additional parameters that influence the injectability and network formation of DCC-crosslinked hydrogels and aims to guide future design of injectable hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato S. Navarro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aidan Gilchrist
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Miriam L. M. Trigo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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18
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Shayan M, Huang MS, Navarro R, Chiang G, Hu C, Oropeza BP, Johansson PK, Suhar RA, Foster AA, LeSavage BL, Zamani M, Enejder A, Roth JG, Heilshorn SC, Huang NF. Elastin-like protein hydrogels with controllable stress relaxation rate and stiffness modulate endothelial cell function. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:896-909. [PMID: 36861665 PMCID: PMC10159914 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulate vascular endothelial cell (EC) morphology and function. Since naturally derived ECMs are viscoelastic, cells respond to viscoelastic matrices that exhibit stress relaxation, in which a cell-applied force results in matrix remodeling. To decouple the effects of stress relaxation rate from substrate stiffness on EC behavior, we engineered elastin-like protein (ELP) hydrogels in which dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) was used to crosslink hydrazine-modified ELP (ELP-HYD) and aldehyde/benzaldehyde-modified polyethylene glycol (PEG-ALD/PEG-BZA). The reversible DCC crosslinks in ELP-PEG hydrogels create a matrix with independently tunable stiffness and stress relaxation rate. By formulating fast-relaxing or slow-relaxing hydrogels with a range of stiffness (500-3300 Pa), we examined the effect of these mechanical properties on EC spreading, proliferation, vascular sprouting, and vascularization. The results show that both stress relaxation rate and stiffness modulate endothelial spreading on two-dimensional substrates, on which ECs exhibited greater cell spreading on fast-relaxing hydrogels up through 3 days, compared with slow-relaxing hydrogels at the same stiffness. In three-dimensional hydrogels encapsulating ECs and fibroblasts in coculture, the fast-relaxing, low-stiffness hydrogels produced the widest vascular sprouts, a measure of vessel maturity. This finding was validated in a murine subcutaneous implantation model, in which the fast-relaxing, low-stiffness hydrogel produced significantly more vascularization compared with the slow-relaxing, low-stiffness hydrogel. Together, these results suggest that both stress relaxation rate and stiffness modulate endothelial behavior, and that the fast-relaxing, low-stiffness hydrogels supported the highest capillary density in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdis Shayan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michelle S. Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Renato Navarro
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Gladys Chiang
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Hu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Beu P. Oropeza
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Patrik K. Johansson
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Riley A. Suhar
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Abbygail A. Foster
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Bauer L. LeSavage
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Maedeh Zamani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Annika Enejder
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Julien G. Roth
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ngan F. Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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19
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Madl CM. Accelerating aging with dynamic biomaterials: Recapitulating aged tissue phenotypes in engineered platforms. iScience 2023; 26:106825. [PMID: 37250776 PMCID: PMC10213044 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by progressive decline in tissue function and represents the greatest risk factor for many diseases. Nevertheless, many fundamental mechanisms driving human aging remain poorly understood. Aging studies using model organisms are often limited in their applicability to humans. Mechanistic studies of human aging rely on relatively simple cell culture models that fail to replicate mature tissue function, making them poor surrogates for aged tissues. These culture systems generally lack well-controlled cellular microenvironments that capture the changes in tissue mechanics and microstructure that occur during aging. Biomaterial platforms presenting dynamic, physiologically relevant mechanical, structural, and biochemical cues can capture the complex changes in the cellular microenvironment in a well-defined manner, accelerating the process of cellular aging in model laboratory systems. By enabling selective tuning of relevant microenvironmental parameters, these biomaterials systems may enable identification of new therapeutic approaches to slow or reverse the detrimental effects of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Madl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Lee JC, Brien HJ, Walton BL, Eidman ZM, Toda S, Lim WA, Brunger JM. Instructional materials that control cellular activity through synthetic Notch receptors. Biomaterials 2023; 297:122099. [PMID: 37023529 PMCID: PMC10320837 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The field of regenerative engineering relies primarily on the dual technical platforms of cell selection/conditioning and biomaterial fabrication to support directed cell differentiation. As the field has matured, an appreciation for the influence of biomaterials on cell behaviors has resulted in engineered matrices that meet biomechanical and biochemical demands of target pathologies. Yet, despite advances in methods to produce designer matrices, regenerative engineers remain unable to reliably orchestrate behaviors of therapeutic cells in situ. Here, we present a platform named MATRIX whereby cellular responses to biomaterials can be custom defined by combining engineered materials with cells expressing cognate synthetic biology control modules. Such privileged channels of material-to-cell communication can activate synthetic Notch receptors and govern activities as diverse as transcriptome engineering, inflammation attenuation, and pluripotent stem cell differentiation, all in response to materials decorated with otherwise bioinert ligands. Further, we show that engineered cellular behaviors are confined to programmed biomaterial surfaces, highlighting the potential to use this platform to spatially organize cellular responses to bulk, soluble factors. This integrated approach of co-engineering cells and biomaterials for orthogonal interactions opens new avenues for reproducible control of cell-based therapies and tissue replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Hannah J Brien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Bonnie L Walton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Zachary M Eidman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Satoshi Toda
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Wendell A Lim
- Cell Design Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Brunger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
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21
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Yang R, Yu Y. Patient-derived organoids in translational oncology and drug screening. Cancer Lett 2023; 562:216180. [PMID: 37061121 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived organoids (PDO) are a new biomedical research model that can reconstruct phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the original tissue and are useful for research on pathogenesis and drug screening. To introduce the progression in this field, we review the key factors of constructing organoids derived from epithelial tissues and cancers, covering culture medium and matrix, morphological characteristics, genetic profiles, high-throughput drug screening, and application potential. We also discuss the co-culture system of cancer organoids with tumor microenvironment (TME) associated cells. The co-culture system is widely used in evaluating crosstalk of cancer cells with TME components, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, and microorganisms. The article provides a prospective for standardized cultivation mode, automatic morphological evaluation, and drug sensitivity screening using high-throughput methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Yang
- Department of General Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Department of General Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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22
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Hull SM, Lou J, Lindsay CD, Navarro RS, Cai B, Brunel LG, Westerfield AD, Xia Y, Heilshorn SC. 3D bioprinting of dynamic hydrogel bioinks enabled by small molecule modulators. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7880. [PMID: 37000873 PMCID: PMC10065439 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting has emerged as a promising tool for spatially patterning cells to fabricate models of human tissue. Here, we present an engineered bioink material designed to have viscoelastic mechanical behavior, similar to that of living tissue. This viscoelastic bioink is cross-linked through dynamic covalent bonds, a reversible bond type that allows for cellular remodeling over time. Viscoelastic materials are challenging to use as inks, as one must tune the kinetics of the dynamic cross-links to allow for both extrudability and long-term stability. We overcome this challenge through the use of small molecule catalysts and competitors that temporarily modulate the cross-linking kinetics and degree of network formation. These inks were then used to print a model of breast cancer cell invasion, where the inclusion of dynamic cross-links was found to be required for the formation of invasive protrusions. Together, we demonstrate the power of engineered, dynamic bioinks to recapitulate the native cellular microenvironment for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Hull
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junzhe Lou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Renato S. Navarro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Betty Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lucia G. Brunel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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23
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Blatchley MR, Anseth KS. Middle-out methods for spatiotemporal tissue engineering of organoids. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:329-345. [PMID: 37168734 PMCID: PMC10010248 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organoids recapitulate many aspects of the complex three-dimensional (3D) organization found within native tissues and even display tissue and organ-level functionality. Traditional approaches to organoid culture have largely employed a top-down tissue engineering strategy, whereby cells are encapsulated in a 3D matrix, such as Matrigel, alongside well-defined biochemical cues that direct morphogenesis. However, the lack of spatiotemporal control over niche properties renders cellular processes largely stochastic. Therefore, bottom-up tissue engineering approaches have evolved to address some of these limitations and focus on strategies to assemble tissue building blocks with defined multi-scale spatial organization. However, bottom-up design reduces the capacity for self-organization that underpins organoid morphogenesis. Here, we introduce an emerging framework, which we term middle-out strategies, that relies on existing design principles and combines top-down design of defined synthetic matrices that support proliferation and self-organization with bottom-up modular engineered intervention to limit the degrees of freedom in the dynamic process of organoid morphogenesis. We posit that this strategy will provide key advances to guide the growth of organoids with precise geometries, structures and function, thereby facilitating an unprecedented level of biomimicry to accelerate the utility of organoids to more translationally relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Blatchley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
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24
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Tumor decellularization reveals proteomic and mechanical characteristics of the extracellular matrix of primary liver cancer. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 146:213289. [PMID: 36724550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumor initiation and progression are critically dependent on interaction of cancer cells with their cellular and extracellular microenvironment. Alterations in the composition, integrity, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) dictate tumor processes including cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Also in primary liver cancer, consisting of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the dysregulation of the extracellular environment by liver fibrosis and tumor desmoplasia is pertinent. Yet, the exact changes occurring in liver cancer ECM remain uncharacterized and underlying tumor-promoting mechanisms remain largely unknown. Herein, an integrative molecular and mechanical approach is used to extensively characterize the ECM of HCC and CCA tumors by utilizing an optimized decellularization technique. We identified a myriad of proteins in both tumor and adjacent liver tissue, uncovering distinct malignancy-related ECM signatures. The resolution of this approach unveiled additional ECM-related proteins compared to large liver cancer transcriptomic datasets. The differences in ECM protein composition resulted in divergent mechanical properties on a macro- and micro-scale that are tumor-type specific. Furthermore, the decellularized tumor ECM was employed to create a tumor-specific hydrogel that supports patient-derived tumor organoids, which provides a new avenue for personalized medicine applications. Taken together, this study contributes to a better understanding of alterations to composition, stiffness, and collagen alignment of the tumor ECM that occur during liver cancer development.
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25
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Yavitt FM, Kirkpatrick BE, Blatchley MR, Speckl KF, Mohagheghian E, Moldovan R, Wang N, Dempsey PJ, Anseth KS. In situ modulation of intestinal organoid epithelial curvature through photoinduced viscoelasticity directs crypt morphogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd5668. [PMID: 36662859 PMCID: PMC9858500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporally coordinated transformations in epithelial curvature are necessary to generate crypt-villus structures during intestinal development. However, the temporal regulation of mechanotransduction pathways that drive crypt morphogenesis remains understudied. Intestinal organoids have proven useful to study crypt morphogenesis in vitro, yet the reliance on static culture scaffolds limits the ability to assess the temporal effects of changing curvature. Here, a photoinduced hydrogel cross-link exchange reaction is used to spatiotemporally alter epithelial curvature and study how dynamic changes in curvature influence mechanotransduction pathways to instruct crypt morphogenesis. Photopatterned curvature increased membrane tension and depolarization, which was required for subsequent nuclear localization of yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) observed 24 hours following curvature change. Curvature-directed crypt morphogenesis only occurred following a delay in the induction of differentiation that coincided with the delay in spatially restricted YAP localization, indicating that dynamic changes in curvature initiate epithelial curvature-dependent mechanotransduction pathways that temporally regulate crypt morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Max Yavitt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bruce E. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael R. Blatchley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kelly F. Speckl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Erfan Mohagheghian
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Radu Moldovan
- Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Peter J. Dempsey
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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26
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Londoño-Berrio M, Castro C, Cañas A, Ortiz I, Osorio M. Advances in Tumor Organoids for the Evaluation of Drugs: A Bibliographic Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122709. [PMID: 36559203 PMCID: PMC9784359 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor organoids are defined as self-organized three-dimensional assemblies of heterogeneous cell types derived from patient samples that mimic the key histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic characteristics of the original tumor. This technology is proposed as an ideal candidate for the evaluation of possible therapies against cancer, presenting advantages over other models which are currently used. However, there are no reports in the literature that relate the techniques and material development of tumor organoids or that emphasize in the physicochemical and biological properties of materials that intent to biomimicry the tumor extracellular matrix. There is also little information regarding the tools to identify the correspondence of native tumors and tumoral organoids (tumoroids). Moreover, this paper relates the advantages of organoids compared to other models for drug evaluation. A growing interest in tumoral organoids has arisen from 2009 to the present, aimed at standardizing the process of obtaining organoids, which more accurately resemble patient-derived tumor tissue. Likewise, it was found that the characteristics to consider for the development of organoids, and therapeutic responses of them, are cell morphology, physiology, the interaction between cells, the composition of the cellular matrix, and the genetic, phenotypic, and epigenetic characteristics. Currently, organoids have been used for the evaluation of drugs for brain, lung, and colon tumors, among others. In the future, tumor organoids will become closer to being considered a better model for studying cancer in clinical practice, as they can accurately mimic the characteristics of tumors, in turn ensuring that the therapeutic response aligns with the clinical response of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Londoño-Berrio
- Systems Biology Research Group, Pontifical Bolivarian University (Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana), Carrera 78B No. 72a-109, Medellin 050034, Colombia
| | - Cristina Castro
- New Materials Research Group, School of Engineering, Pontifical Bolivarian University, Circular 1 No. 70-01, Medellin 050031, Colombia
| | - Ana Cañas
- Corporation for Biological Research, Medical, and Experimental Research Group, Carrera 72A # 78b-141, Medellin 050034, Colombia
| | - Isabel Ortiz
- Systems Biology Research Group, Pontifical Bolivarian University (Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana), Carrera 78B No. 72a-109, Medellin 050034, Colombia
| | - Marlon Osorio
- Systems Biology Research Group, Pontifical Bolivarian University (Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana), Carrera 78B No. 72a-109, Medellin 050034, Colombia
- New Materials Research Group, School of Engineering, Pontifical Bolivarian University, Circular 1 No. 70-01, Medellin 050031, Colombia
- Correspondence:
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27
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Günther C, Winner B, Neurath MF, Stappenbeck TS. Organoids in gastrointestinal diseases: from experimental models to clinical translation. Gut 2022; 71:1892-1908. [PMID: 35636923 PMCID: PMC9380493 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We are entering an era of medicine where increasingly sophisticated data will be obtained from patients to determine proper diagnosis, predict outcomes and direct therapies. We predict that the most valuable data will be produced by systems that are highly dynamic in both time and space. Three-dimensional (3D) organoids are poised to be such a highly valuable system for a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. In the lab, organoids have emerged as powerful systems to model molecular and cellular processes orchestrating natural and pathophysiological human tissue formation in remarkable detail. Preclinical studies have impressively demonstrated that these organs-in-a-dish can be used to model immunological, neoplastic, metabolic or infectious GI disorders by taking advantage of patient-derived material. Technological breakthroughs now allow to study cellular communication and molecular mechanisms of interorgan cross-talk in health and disease including communication along for example, the gut-brain axis or gut-liver axis. Despite considerable success in culturing classical 3D organoids from various parts of the GI tract, some challenges remain to develop these systems to best help patients. Novel platforms such as organ-on-a-chip, engineered biomimetic systems including engineered organoids, micromanufacturing, bioprinting and enhanced rigour and reproducibility will open improved avenues for tissue engineering, as well as regenerative and personalised medicine. This review will highlight some of the established methods and also some exciting novel perspectives on organoids in the fields of gastroenterology. At present, this field is poised to move forward and impact many currently intractable GI diseases in the form of novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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28
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Lou J, Mooney DJ. Chemical strategies to engineer hydrogels for cell culture. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:726-744. [PMID: 37117490 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture systems are widely used for biological studies, and are the basis of the organoid, tissue engineering and organ-on-chip research fields in applications such as disease modelling and drug screening. The natural extracellular matrix of tissues, a complex scaffold with varying chemical and mechanical properties, has a critical role in regulating important cellular functions such as spreading, migration, proliferation and differentiation, as well as tissue morphogenesis. Hydrogels are biomaterials that are used in cell culture systems to imitate critical features of a natural extracellular matrix. Chemical strategies to synthesize and tailor the properties of these hydrogels in a controlled manner, and manipulate their biological functions in situ, have been developed. In this Review, we provide the rational design criteria for predictably engineering hydrogels to mimic the properties of the natural extracellular matrix. We highlight the advances in using biocompatible strategies to engineer hydrogels for cell culture along with recent developments to dynamically control the cellular environment by exploiting stimuli-responsive chemistries. Finally, future opportunities to engineer hydrogels are discussed, in which the development of novel chemical methods will probably have an important role.
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29
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Advances of Engineered Hydrogel Organoids within the Stem Cell Field: A Systematic Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060379. [PMID: 35735722 PMCID: PMC9222364 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are novel in vitro cell culture models that enable stem cells (including pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells) to grow and undergo self-organization within a three-dimensional microenvironment during the process of differentiation into target tissues. Such miniature structures not only recapitulate the histological and genetic characteristics of organs in vivo, but also form tissues with the capacity for self-renewal and further differentiation. Recent advances in biomaterial technology, particularly hydrogels, have provided opportunities to improve organoid cultures; by closely integrating the mechanical and chemical properties of the extracellular matrix microenvironment, with novel synthetic materials and stem cell biology. This systematic review critically examines recent advances in various strategies and techniques utilized for stem-cell-derived organoid culture, with particular emphasis on the application potential of hydrogel technology in organoid culture. We hope this will give a better understanding of organoid cultures for modelling diseases and tissue engineering applications.
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30
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Suhar RA, Doulames VM, Liu Y, Hefferon ME, Figueroa O, Buabbas H, Heilshorn SC. Hyaluronan and elastin-like protein (HELP) gels significantly improve microsphere retention in the myocardium. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2590-2608. [PMID: 35411353 PMCID: PMC9123900 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01890f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death globally, and delivery of therapeutic cargo (e.g., particles loaded with proteins, drugs, or genes and cells) through direct injection into the myocardium is a promising clinical intervention. However, retention of deliverables to the contracting myocardium is low, with as much as 60-90% of payload being lost within 24 hr. Commercially-available injectable hydrogels, including Matrigel, have been hypothesized to increase payload retention but have not yielded significant improvements in quantified analyses. Here, we assess a recombinant hydrogel composed of chemically modified hyaluronan and elastin-like protein (HELP) as an alternative injectable carrier to increase cargo retention. HELP is crosslinked using dynamic covalent bonds, and tuning the hyaluronan chemistry significantly alters hydrogel mechanical properties including stiffness, stress relaxation rate, and ease of injectability through a needle or catheter. These materials can be injected even after complete crosslinking, extending the time window for surgical delivery. We show that HELP gels significantly improve in vivo retention of microsphere cargo compared to Matrigel, both 1 day and 7 days post-injection directly into the rat myocardium. These data suggest that HELP gels may assist with the clinical translation of therapeutic cargo designed for delivery into the contracting myocardium by preventing acute cargo loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley A Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | - Vanessa M Doulames
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yueming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | - Meghan E Hefferon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Hana Buabbas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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31
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Navarro RS, Huang MS, Roth JG, Hubka KM, Long CM, Enejder A, Heilshorn SC. Tuning Polymer Hydrophilicity to Regulate Gel Mechanics and Encapsulated Cell Morphology. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200011. [PMID: 35373510 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically tunable hydrogels are attractive platforms for 3D cell culture, as hydrogel stiffness plays an important role in cell behavior. Traditionally, hydrogel stiffness has been controlled through altering either the polymer concentration or the stoichiometry between crosslinker reactive groups. Here, an alternative strategy based upon tuning the hydrophilicity of an elastin-like protein (ELP) is presented. ELPs undergo a phase transition that leads to protein aggregation at increasing temperatures. It is hypothesized that increasing this transition temperature through bioconjugation with azide-containing molecules of increasing hydrophilicity will allow direct control of the resulting gel stiffness by making the crosslinking groups more accessible. These azide-modified ELPs are crosslinked into hydrogels with bicyclononyne-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-BCN) using bioorthogonal, click chemistry, resulting in hydrogels with tunable storage moduli (100-1000 Pa). Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) are all observed to alter their cell morphology when encapsulated within hydrogels of varying stiffness. Taken together, the use of protein hydrophilicity as a lever to tune hydrogel mechanical properties is demonstrated. These hydrogels have tunable moduli over a stiffness range relevant to soft tissues, support the viability of encapsulated cells, and modify cell spreading as a consequence of gel stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S. Navarro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Michelle S. Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Julien G. Roth
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Kelsea M. Hubka
- Maternal and Child Health Research Institute Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Chris M. Long
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Annika Enejder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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32
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Yavitt FM, Kirkpatrick BE, Blatchley MR, Anseth KS. 4D Materials with Photoadaptable Properties Instruct and Enhance Intestinal Organoid Development. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4634-4638. [PMID: 35298149 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal organoids are self-organized tissue constructs, grown in vitro, that resemble the structure and function of the intestine and are often considered promising as a prospective platform for drug testing and disease modeling. Organoid development in vitro is typically instructed by exogenous cues delivered from the media, but cellular responses also depend on properties of the surrounding microenvironmental niche, such as mechanical stiffness and extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands. In recent years, synthetic hydrogel platforms have been engineered to resemble the in vivo niche, with the goal of generating physiologically relevant environments that can promote mature and reproducible organoid development. However, a few of these approaches consider the importance of intestinal organoid morphology or how morphology changes during development, as cues that may dictate organoid functionality. For example, intestinal organoids grown in vitro often lack the physical boundary conditions found in vivo that are responsible for shaping a collection of cells into developmentally relevant morphologies, resulting in organoids that often differ in structure and cellular organization from the parent organ. This disconnect relates, in part, to a lack of appropriate adaptable and programmable materials for cell culture, especially those that enable control over colony growth and differentiation in space and time (i.e., 4D materials). We posit that the future of organoid culture platforms may benefit from advances in photoadaptable chemistries and integration into biomaterials scaffolds, thereby allowing greater user-directed control over both the macro- and microscale material properties. In this way, synthetic materials can begin to better replicate changes in the ECM during development or regeneration in vivo. Recapitulation of cellular and tissue morphological changes, along with an appreciation for the appropriate developmental time scales, should help instruct the next generation of organoid models to facilitate predictable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce E Kirkpatrick
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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33
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Barhouse PS, Andrade MJ, Smith Q. Home Away From Home: Bioengineering Advancements to Mimic the Developmental and Adult Stem Cell Niche. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.832754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherent self-organizing capacity of pluripotent and adult stem cell populations has advanced our fundamental understanding of processes that drive human development, homeostasis, regeneration, and disease progression. Translating these principles into in vitro model systems has been achieved with the advent of organoid technology, driving innovation to harness patient-specific, cell-laden regenerative constructs that can be engineered to augment or replace diseased tissue. While developmental organization and regenerative adult stem cell niches are tightly regulated in vivo, in vitro analogs lack defined architecture and presentation of physicochemical cues, leading to the unhindered arrangement of mini-tissues that lack complete physiological mimicry. This review aims to highlight the recent integrative engineering approaches that elicit spatio-temporal control of the extracellular niche to direct the structural and functional maturation of pluripotent and adult stem cell derivatives. While the advances presented here leverage multi-pronged strategies ranging from synthetic biology to microfabrication technologies, the methods converge on recreating the biochemical and biophysical milieu of the native tissue to be modeled or regenerated.
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34
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LeSavage BL, Suhar RA, Broguiere N, Lutolf MP, Heilshorn SC. Next-generation cancer organoids. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:143-159. [PMID: 34385685 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organotypic models of patient-specific tumours are revolutionizing our understanding of cancer heterogeneity and its implications for personalized medicine. These advancements are, in part, attributed to the ability of organoid models to stably preserve genetic, proteomic, morphological and pharmacotypic features of the parent tumour in vitro, while also offering unprecedented genomic and environmental manipulation. Despite recent innovations in organoid protocols, current techniques for cancer organoid culture are inherently uncontrolled and irreproducible, owing to several non-standardized facets including cancer tissue sources and subsequent processing, medium formulations, and animal-derived three-dimensional matrices. Given the potential for cancer organoids to accurately recapitulate the intra- and intertumoral biological heterogeneity associated with patient-specific cancers, eliminating the undesirable technical variability accompanying cancer organoid culture is necessary to establish reproducible platforms that accelerate translatable insights into patient care. Here we describe the current challenges and recent multidisciplinary advancements and opportunities for standardizing next-generation cancer organoid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauer L LeSavage
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Riley A Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Broguiere
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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35
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Häfliger J, Morsy Y, Scharl M, Wawrzyniak M. From Patient Material to New Discoveries: a Methodological Review and Guide for Intestinal Stem Cell Researchers. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1309-1321. [PMID: 35038103 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) are characterized by their ability to continuously self-renew and differentiate into various functionally distinct intestinal epithelial cell types. Impaired stem cell proliferation and differentiation can cause severe dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and lead to the development of several clinical disorders. Animal mouse models provide a valuable platform to study ISC function, disease mechanisms, and the intestinal epithelium's regenerative capacity upon tissue damage. However, advanced in vitro systems that are more relevant to human physiology are needed to understand better the diverse disease-triggering factors and the heterogeneity in clinical manifestations. Intestinal biopsies from patients might serve as potent starting material for such "gut-in-a-dish" approaches. While many promising tools for intestinal tissue processing, in vitro expansion, and downstream analysis have been developed in recent years, a comprehensive guide with recommendations to successfully launch or improve intestinal stem cell culture is missing. In this review, we present a selection of currently established methods, highlight recent publications and discuss the potential and limitations of those methodological approaches to facilitate and support the future design of novel and more personalized therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Häfliger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Morsy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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36
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Poudel H, Sanford K, Szwedo PK, Pathak R, Ghosh A. Synthetic Matrices for Intestinal Organoid Culture: Implications for Better Performance. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38-47. [PMID: 35036676 PMCID: PMC8756583 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) self-renewing and self-organizing clusters of cells that imitate an organ's structure and function, making them an important tool in various fields ranging from regenerative medicine to drug discovery. Organoids can be developed ex vivo by isolating adult stem cells from an organ-specific tissue (e.g., intestine, brain, and lung) and allowing the stem cells to grow and differentiate in an appropriate growth media with some structural support elements. A 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel, a network of highly hydrophilic cross-linked polymer chains, provides essential support and cues for ex vivo organoid growth. Commercially available hydrogel matrices (for example, Matrigel and collagen) are primarily derived from animal tissues. Notably, these animal-derived hydrogel matrices are not suitable for controlled modifications and pose risks of immunogen and pathogen transfer, thus diminishing their clinical application. These limitations of animal-derived hydrogel matrices can, however, be overcome using synthetic hydrogel matrices based on polymers such as polyethylene glycol, nanocellulose, alginate, hyaluronic acid, and polylactic-co-glycolic acid. This review highlights some of the current approaches and advantages of developing synthetic ECM-mimic hydrogels, focusing primarily on intestinal organoid culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humendra Poudel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at
Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Karie Sanford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at
Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Peter K. Szwedo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at
Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
- . Phone: 501-603-1472. Fax: 501-686-6057
| | - Anindya Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at
Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
- . Phone: 501-916-6542. Fax: 501-916-3838
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Gong Z, Huang L, Tang X, Chen K, Wu Z, Zhang L, Sun Y, Xia Y, Chen H, Wei Y, Wang F, Guo S. Acoustic Droplet Printing Tumor Organoids for Modeling Bladder Tumor Immune Microenvironment within a Week. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101312. [PMID: 34558233 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current organoid models are limited by the incapability of rapidly fabricating organoids that can mimic the immune microenvironment for a short term. Here, an acoustic droplet-based platform is presented to facilitate the rapid formation of tumor organoids, which retains the original tumor immune microenvironment and establishes a personalized bladder cancer tumor immunotherapy model. In combination with a hydrophobic substrate, the acoustic droplet printer can yield a large number of homogeneous and highly viable bladder tumor organoids in vitro within a week. The generated organoids consist of all components of bladder tumor, including diverse immune elements and tumor cells. By coculturing tumor organoids with autologous immune cells for 2 days, tumor reactive T cells are induced in vitro. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that these tumor-reactive T cells can also enhance the killing efficiency of matched organoids. Because of the easy operation, repeatability, and stability, the proposed acoustic droplet platform will provide a reliable approach for personalized tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Lanxiang Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Single‐Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Single‐Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Keke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Single‐Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Fubing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Single‐Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Shishang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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Rezakhani S, Gjorevski N, Lutolf MP. Extracellular matrix requirements for gastrointestinal organoid cultures. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121020. [PMID: 34280822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are a new class of biological model systems that have garnered significant interest in the life sciences. When provided with the proper 3D matrix and biochemical factors, stem cells can self-organize and form tissue-specific organoids. Thus far, there has been a substantial effort to identify soluble niche components essential for organoid culture; however, the role of the solid extracellular matrix (ECM) as an essential element of the niche is still largely lacking. In this review, we discuss the importance of the ECM in intestinal, hepatic, and pancreatic organoid culture and how biomaterial-based approaches can be used to probe different ECM properties required for more physiologically and translationally relevant organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rezakhani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Gjorevski
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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