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Sun Z, Wang X, An H, Liang S, Li N. A review on intelligence of cellulose based materials. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 338:122219. [PMID: 38763716 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose based materials are widely used in various fields such as papermaking, packaging, composite materials, textiles and clothing due to their diverse types, environmental friendliness, natural degradation, high specific strength, and low cost. The intelligence of cellulose based materials will further expand their application fields. This article first gives an in-depth analyzation on the intelligent structural design of these materials according to the two major categories of isotropic and anisotropic, then lists the main preparation methods of cellulose based intelligent materials. Subsequently, this article systematically summarizes the recent intelligent response methods and characteristics of cellulose based materials, and extensively elaborates on the intelligent application of these materials. Finally, the prospects for the intelligence of cellulose based materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanying Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China..
| | - Xin Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China..
| | - Haoran An
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China..
| | - Shuang Liang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China..
| | - Na Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China..
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2
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Fiorello I, Ronzan M, Speck T, Sinibaldi E, Mazzolai B. A Biohybrid Self-Dispersing Miniature Machine Using Wild Oat Fruit Awns for Reforestation and Precision Agriculture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313906. [PMID: 38583068 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Advances in bioinspired and biohybrid robotics are enabling the creation of multifunctional systems able to explore complex unstructured environments. Inspired by Avena fruits, a biohybrid miniaturized autonomous machine (HybriBot) composed of a biomimetic biodegradable capsule as cargo delivery system and natural humidity-driven sister awns as biological motors is reported. Microcomputed tomography, molding via two-photon polymerization and casting of natural awns into biodegradable materials is employed to fabricate multiple HybriBots capable of exploring various soil and navigating soil irregularities, such as holes and cracks. These machines replicate the dispersal movements and biomechanical performances of natural fruits, achieving comparable capsule drag forces up to ≈0.38 N and awns torque up to ≈100 mN mm-1. They are functionalized with fertilizer and are successfully utilized to germinate selected diaspores. HybriBots function as self-dispersed systems with applications in reforestation and precision agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Fiorello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
- University of Freiburg, Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Plant Biomechanics Group, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marilena Ronzan
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Thomas Speck
- University of Freiburg, Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Plant Biomechanics Group, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edoardo Sinibaldi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
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Yu J, Xu Z, Wan Q, Shuai Y, Wang J, Mao C, Yang M. Ultrafast Bi-Directional Bending Moisture-Responsive Soft Actuators through Superfine Silk Rod Modified Bio-Mimicking Hierarchical Layered Structure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309364. [PMID: 38225691 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Development of stimulus-responsive materials is crucial for novel soft actuators. Among these actuators, the moisture-responsive actuators are known for their accessibility, eco-friendliness, and robust regenerative attributes. A major challenge of moisture-responsive soft actuators (MRSAs) is achieving significant bending curvature within short response times. Many plants naturally perform large deformation through a layered hierarchical structure in response to moisture stimuli. Drawing inspiration from the bionic structure of Delosperma nakurense (D. nakurense) seed capsule, here the fabrication of an ultrafast bi-directional bending MRSAs is reported. Combining a superfine silk fibroin rod (SFR) modified graphene oxide (GO) moisture-responsive layer with a moisture-inert layer of reduced graphene oxide (RGO), this actuator demonstrated large bi-directional bending deformation (-4.06 ± 0.09 to 10.44 ± 0.00 cm-1) and ultrafast bending rates (7.06 cm-1 s-1). The high deformation rate is achieved by incorporating the SFR into the moisture-responsive layers, facilitating rapid water transmission within the interlayer structure. The complex yet predictable deformations of this actuator are demonstrated that can be utilized in smart switch, robotic arms, and walking device. The proposed SFR modification method is simple and versatile, enhancing the functionality of hierarchical layered actuators. It holds the potential to advance intelligent soft robots for application in confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zongpu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Quan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Shuai
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, ShaTin, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Mingying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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Yang J, Shankar MR, Zeng H. Photochemically responsive polymer films enable tunable gliding flights. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4684. [PMID: 38824184 PMCID: PMC11144244 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Miniaturized passive fliers based on smart materials face challenges in precise control of shape-morphing for aerodynamics and contactless modulation of diverse gliding modes. Here, we present the optical control of gliding performances in azobenzene-crosslinked liquid crystal networks films through photochemical actuation, enabling reversible and bistable shape-morphing. First, an actuator film is integrated with additive constructs to form a rotating glider, inspired by the natural maple samara, surpassing natural counterparts in reversibly optical tuning of terminal velocity, rotational rate, and circling position. We demonstrate optical modulation dispersion of landing points for the photo-responsive microfliers indoors and outdoors. Secondly, we show the scalability of polymer film geometry for miniature gliders with similar light tunability. Thirdly, we extend the material platform to other three gliding modes: Javan cucumber seed-like glider, parachute and artificial dandelion seed. The findings pave the way for distributed microflier with contactless flight dynamics control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Yang
- Light Robots, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Ravi Shankar
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hao Zeng
- Light Robots, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, Finland.
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5
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Chen G, Ma B, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Liu H. Soft Robots with Plant-Inspired Gravitropism Based on Fluidic Liquid Metal. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306129. [PMID: 38447146 PMCID: PMC11095172 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Plants can autonomously adjust their growth direction based on the gravitropic response to maximize energy acquisition, despite lacking nerves and muscles. Endowing soft robots with gravitropism may facilitate the development of self-regulating systems free of electronics, but remains elusive. Herein, acceleration-regulated soft actuators are described that can respond to the gravitational field by leveraging the unique fluidity of liquid metal in its self-limiting oxide skin. The soft actuator is obtained by magnetic printing of the fluidic liquid metal heater circuit on a thermoresponsive liquid crystal elastomer. The Joule heat of the liquid metal circuit with gravity-regulated resistance can be programmed by changing the actuator's pose to induce the flow of liquid metal. The actuator can autonomously adjust its bending degree by the dynamic interaction between its thermomechanical response and gravity. A gravity-interactive soft gripper is also created with controllable grasping and releasing by rotating the actuator. Moreover, it is demonstrated that self-regulated oscillation motion can be achieved by interfacing the actuator with a monostable tape spring, allowing the electronics-free control of a bionic walker. This work paves the avenue for the development of liquid metal-based reconfigurable electronics and electronics-free soft robots that can perceive gravity or acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yanjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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Liu W, Yang X, Yan G, Wang L, Lai J, Li Z, Zhao C, Xiang D, Li H, Wu Y. Super-Flexible Water-Proof Actuators. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400482. [PMID: 38534165 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Humidity-responsive materials hold broad application prospects in sensing, energy production, and other fields. Particularly, humidity-sensitive, flexibility, and water resistance are pivotal factors in the development of optimized humidity-responsive materials. In this study, hydrophobic linear polyurethane and hydrophilic 4-vinylphenylboronic acid (4-VPBA) form a semi-intercross cross-linking network. This copolymer of polyurethane exhibits excellent humidity-sensitive, mechanical properties, and water resistance. Its maximum tensile strength and maximum elongation can reach 40.56 MPa and 543.47%, respectively. After being immersed in water at various temperatures for 15 days, it exhibited a swelling ratio of only 3.28% in water at 5 °C and 9.58% in water at 70 °C. While the presence of 4-VPBA network imparts humidity-sensitive, reversible, and multidirectional bending abilities, under the stimulus of water vapor, it can bend 43° within 1.4 s. The demonstrated material surpasses current bidirectional humidity actuators in actuating ability. Based on these characteristics, automatically opening waterproof umbrellas and windows, as well as bionic-arms, crawling robots, and self-propelled boats, are successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Xi Yang
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Guilong Yan
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Li Wang
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Jingjuan Lai
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Hui Li
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
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Wan X, Xiao Z, Tian Y, Chen M, Liu F, Wang D, Liu Y, Bartolo PJDS, Yan C, Shi Y, Zhao RR, Qi HJ, Zhou K. Recent Advances in 4D Printing of Advanced Materials and Structures for Functional Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312263. [PMID: 38439193 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
4D printing has attracted tremendous worldwide attention during the past decade. This technology enables the shape, property, or functionality of printed structures to change with time in response to diverse external stimuli, making the original static structures alive. The revolutionary 4D-printing technology offers remarkable benefits in controlling geometric and functional reconfiguration, thereby showcasing immense potential across diverse fields, including biomedical engineering, electronics, robotics, and photonics. Here, a comprehensive review of the latest achievements in 4D printing using various types of materials and different additive manufacturing techniques is presented. The state-of-the-art strategies implemented in harnessing various 4D-printed structures are highlighted, which involve materials design, stimuli, functionalities, and applications. The machine learning approach explored for 4D printing is also discussed. Finally, the perspectives on the current challenges and future trends toward further development in 4D printing are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wan
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhongmin Xiao
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yujia Tian
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Mei Chen
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Paulo Jorge Da Silva Bartolo
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chunze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ruike Renee Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hang Jerry Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kun Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Wang R, Yuan C, Cheng J, He X, Ye H, Jian B, Li H, Bai J, Ge Q. Direct 4D printing of ceramics driven by hydrogel dehydration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:758. [PMID: 38272972 PMCID: PMC10810896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
4D printing technology combines 3D printing and stimulus-responsive materials, enabling construction of complex 3D objects efficiently. However, unlike smart soft materials, 4D printing of ceramics is a great challenge due to the extremely weak deformability of ceramics. Here, we report a feasible and efficient manufacturing and design approach to realize direct 4D printing of ceramics. Photocurable ceramic elastomer slurry and hydrogel precursor are developed for the fabrication of hydrogel-ceramic laminates via multimaterial digital light processing 3D printing. Flat patterned laminates evolve into complex 3D structures driven by hydrogel dehydration, and then turn into pure ceramics after sintering. Considering the dehydration-induced deformation and sintering-induced shape retraction, we develop a theoretical model to calculate the curvatures of bent laminate and sintered ceramic part. Then, we build a design flow for direct 4D printing of various complex ceramic objects. This approach opens a new avenue for the development of ceramic 4D printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Jianxiang Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiangnan He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haitao Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingcong Jian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Honggeng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiaming Bai
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qi Ge
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Del Dottore E, Mondini A, Rowe N, Mazzolai B. A growing soft robot with climbing plant-inspired adaptive behaviors for navigation in unstructured environments. Sci Robot 2024; 9:eadi5908. [PMID: 38232147 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adi5908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Self-growing robots are an emerging solution in soft robotics for navigating, exploring, and colonizing unstructured environments. However, their ability to grow and move in heterogeneous three-dimensional (3D) spaces, comparable with real-world conditions, is still developing. We present an autonomous growing robot that draws inspiration from the behavioral adaptive strategies of climbing plants to navigate unstructured environments. The robot mimics climbing plants' apical shoot to sense and coordinate additive adaptive growth via an embedded additive manufacturing mechanism and a sensorized tip. Growth orientation, comparable with tropisms in real plants, is dictated by external stimuli, including gravity, light, and shade. These are incorporated within a vector field method to implement the preferred adaptive behavior for a given environment and task, such as growth toward light and/or against gravity. We demonstrate the robot's ability to navigate through growth in relation to voids, potential supports, and thoroughfares in otherwise complex habitats. Adaptive twining around vertical supports can provide an escape from mechanical stress due to self-support, reduce energy expenditure for construction costs, and develop an anchorage point to support further growth and crossing gaps. The robot adapts its material printing parameters to develop a light body and fast growth to twine on supports or a tougher body to enable self-support and cross gaps. These features, typical of climbing plants, highlight a potential for adaptive robots and their on-demand manufacturing. They are especially promising for applications in exploring, monitoring, and interacting with unstructured environments or in the autonomous construction of complex infrastructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Del Dottore
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Mondini
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Nick Rowe
- AMAP Laboratory, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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Yang HW, Yeh NT, Chen TC, Yeh YC, Lee IC, Li YCE. A Printable Magnetic-Responsive Iron Oxide Nanoparticle (ION)-Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) Ink for Soft Bioactuator/Robot Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:25. [PMID: 38201691 PMCID: PMC10780401 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The features or actuation behaviors of nature's creatures provide concepts for the development of biomimetic soft bioactuators/robots with stimuli-responsive capabilities, design convenience, and environmental adaptivity in various fields. Mimosa pudica is a mechanically responsive plant that can convert pressure to the motion of leaves. When the leaves receive pressure, the occurrence of asymmetric turgor in the extensor and flexor sides of the pulvinus from redistributing the water in the pulvinus causes the bending of the pulvinus. Inspired by the actuation of Mimosa pudica, designing soft bioactuators can convert external stimulations to driving forces for the actuation of constructs which has been receiving increased attention and has potential applications in many fields. 4D printing technology has emerged as a new strategy for creating versatile soft bioactuators/robots by integrating printing technologies with stimuli-responsive materials. In this study, we developed a hybrid ink by combining gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) polymers with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs). This hybrid ION-GelMA ink exhibits tunable rheology, controllable mechanical properties, magnetic-responsive behaviors, and printability by integrating the internal metal ion-polymeric chain interactions and photo-crosslinking chemistries. This design offers the inks a dual crosslink mechanism combining the advantages of photocrosslinking and ionic crosslinking to rapidly form the construct within 60 s of UV exposure time. In addition, the magnetic-responsive actuation of ION-GelMA constructs can be regulated by different ION concentrations (0-10%). Furthermore, we used the ION-GelMA inks to fabricate a Mimosa pudica-like soft bioactuator through a mold casting method and a direct-ink-writing (DIW) printing technology. Obviously, the pinnule leaf structure of printed constructs presents a continuous reversible shape transformation in an air phase without any liquid as a medium, which can mimic the motion characteristics of natural creatures. At the same time, compared to the model casting process, the DIW printed bioactuators show a more refined and biomimetic transformation shape that closely resembles the movement of the pinnule leaf of Mimosa pudica in response to stimulation. Overall, this study indicates the proof of concept and the potential prospect of magnetic-responsive ION-GelMA inks for the rapid prototyping of biomimetic soft bioactuators/robots with untethered non-contact magneto-actuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wen Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (H.-W.Y.); (N.-T.Y.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Nien-Tzu Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (H.-W.Y.); (N.-T.Y.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Tzu-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (H.-W.Y.); (N.-T.Y.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Yu-Chun Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
| | - I-Chi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Chen Ethan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (H.-W.Y.); (N.-T.Y.); (T.-C.C.)
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Antezana PE, Municoy S, Ostapchuk G, Catalano PN, Hardy JG, Evelson PA, Orive G, Desimone MF. 4D Printing: The Development of Responsive Materials Using 3D-Printing Technology. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2743. [PMID: 38140084 PMCID: PMC10747900 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, widely known as 3D printing, has revolutionized the production of biomaterials. While conventional 3D-printed structures are perceived as static, 4D printing introduces the ability to fabricate materials capable of self-transforming their configuration or function over time in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, or electric field. This transformative technology has garnered significant attention in the field of biomedical engineering due to its potential to address limitations associated with traditional therapies. Here, we delve into an in-depth review of 4D-printing systems, exploring their diverse biomedical applications and meticulously evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. We emphasize the novelty of this review paper by highlighting the latest advancements and emerging trends in 4D-printing technology, particularly in the context of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Edmundo Antezana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Sofia Municoy
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Gabriel Ostapchuk
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina; (G.O.); (P.N.C.)
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Área de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina
| | - Paolo Nicolás Catalano
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina; (G.O.); (P.N.C.)
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Área de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Junín 954, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - John G. Hardy
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, Faraday Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Pablo Andrés Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Martin Federico Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
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Cikalleshi K, Nexha A, Kister T, Ronzan M, Mondini A, Mariani S, Kraus T, Mazzolai B. A printed luminescent flier inspired by plant seeds for eco-friendly physical sensing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi8492. [PMID: 37967177 PMCID: PMC10651124 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous and distributed monitoring of environmental parameters may pave the way for developing sustainable strategies to tackle climate challenges. State-of-the-art technologies, made with electronic systems, are often costly, heavy, and generate e-waste. Here, we propose a new generation of self-deployable, biocompatible, and luminescent artificial flying seeds for wireless, optical, and eco-friendly monitoring of environmental parameters (i.e., temperature). Inspired by natural Acer campestre plant seeds, we developed three-dimensional functional printed luminescent seed-like fliers, selecting polylactic acid as a biocompatible matrix and temperature as a physical parameter to be monitored. The artificial seeds mimic the aerodynamic and wind dispersal performance of the natural ones. The sensing properties are given by the integration of fluorescent lanthanide-doped particles, whose photoluminescence properties depend on temperature. The luminescent artificial flying seeds can be optically read from a distance using eye-safe near-infrared wavelengths, thus acting as a deployable sensor for distributed monitoring of topsoil environmental temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kliton Cikalleshi
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Albenc Nexha
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Thomas Kister
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marilena Ronzan
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Mondini
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, Colloid and Interface Chemistry, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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Khalid MY, Arif ZU, Noroozi R, Hossain M, Ramakrishna S, Umer R. 3D/4D printing of cellulose nanocrystals-based biomaterials: Additives for sustainable applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126287. [PMID: 37573913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have gained significant attraction from both industrial and academic sectors, thanks to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, and renewability with remarkable mechanical characteristics. Desirable mechanical characteristics of CNCs include high stiffness, high strength, excellent flexibility, and large surface-to-volume ratio. Additionally, the mechanical properties of CNCs can be tailored through chemical modifications for high-end applications including tissue engineering, actuating, and biomedical. Modern manufacturing methods including 3D/4D printing are highly advantageous for developing sophisticated and intricate geometries. This review highlights the major developments of additive manufactured CNCs, which promote sustainable solutions across a wide range of applications. Additionally, this contribution also presents current challenges and future research directions of CNC-based composites developed through 3D/4D printing techniques for myriad engineering sectors including tissue engineering, wound healing, wearable electronics, robotics, and anti-counterfeiting applications. Overall, this review will greatly help research scientists from chemistry, materials, biomedicine, and other disciplines to comprehend the underlying principles, mechanical properties, and applications of additively manufactured CNC-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus, 51041, Pakistan.
| | - Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN Swansea, UK.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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