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Vijayakumar A, Wang M, Kailasam S. The Senescent Heart-"Age Doth Wither Its Infinite Variety". Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3581. [PMID: 38612393 PMCID: PMC11011282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. While many factors like smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, a sedentary lifestyle, and genetic factors can predispose to cardiovascular diseases, the natural process of aging is by itself a major determinant of the risk. Cardiac aging is marked by a conglomerate of cellular and molecular changes, exacerbated by age-driven decline in cardiac regeneration capacity. Although the phenotypes of cardiac aging are well characterised, the underlying molecular mechanisms are far less explored. Recent advances unequivocally link cardiovascular aging to the dysregulation of critical signalling pathways in cardiac fibroblasts, which compromises the critical role of these cells in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the myocardium. Clearly, the identification of cardiac fibroblast-specific factors and mechanisms that regulate cardiac fibroblast function in the senescent myocardium is of immense importance. In this regard, recent studies show that Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase predominantly located in cardiac fibroblasts, has an obligate role in cardiac fibroblast function and cardiovascular fibrosis. Incisive studies on the molecular basis of cardiovascular aging and dysregulated fibroblast function in the senescent heart would pave the way for effective strategies to mitigate cardiovascular diseases in a rapidly growing elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vijayakumar
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyothi Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India;
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Shivakumar Kailasam
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum 695581, India
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Pellegrino R, Paganelli R, Di Iorio A, Bandinelli S, Moretti A, Iolascon G, Sparvieri E, Tarantino D, Ferrucci L. Muscle quality, physical performance, and comorbidity are predicted by circulating procollagen type III N-terminal peptide (P3NP): the InCHIANTI follow-up study. GeroScience 2024; 46:1259-1269. [PMID: 37532926 PMCID: PMC10828316 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by skeletal muscle quantitative and qualitative alterations. A marker of collagen turnover, procollagen type III N-terminal peptide (P3NP), seems to be related to those conditions. This study aims to assess the predictive role of P3NP in muscle density and physical performance changes. In the InCHIANTI study, a representative sample from the registry lists of two towns in Tuscany, Italy, was recruited. Baseline data was collected in 1998, and follow-up visits were conducted every 3 years. Out of the 1453 participants enrolled at baseline, this study includes 1052 participants. According to P3NP median levels, population was clustered in two groups; 544 (51.7%) of the 1052 subjects included were classified in the low median levels (LM-P3NP); at the baseline, they were younger, had higher muscle density, and performed better at the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), compared to the high-median group (HM-P3NP).LM-P3NP cases showed a lower risk to develop liver chronic diseases, CHF, myocardial infarction, and osteoarthritis. HM-P3NP levels were associated with a longitudinal reduction of muscle density, and this effect was potentiated by the interaction between P3NP and leptin. Moreover, variation in physical performance was inversely associated with high level of P3NP, and directly associated with high fat mass, and with the interaction between P3NP and muscle density. Our data indicate that P3NP is associated with the aging process, affecting body composition, physical performance, and clinical manifestations of chronic degenerative age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Pellegrino
- Department of Scientific Research, Campus Ludes, Off-Campus Semmelweis University, 6912, Pazzallo, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Paganelli
- Saint Camillus International, University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Iorio
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66100, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | | | - Antimo Moretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Iolascon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Domiziano Tarantino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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Lin PK, Davis GE. Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Vascular Disease: Defining Its Regulators and Pathological Influence. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1599-1616. [PMID: 37409533 PMCID: PMC10527588 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.318237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of structural and cellular differences (ie, degrees of matrix abundance and cross-linking, mural cell density, and adventitia), large and medium-sized vessels, in comparison to capillaries, react in a unique manner to stimuli that induce vascular disease. A stereotypical vascular injury response is ECM (extracellular matrix) remodeling that occurs particularly in larger vessels in response to injurious stimuli, such as elevated angiotensin II, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, genetic deficiencies, inflammatory cell infiltration, or exposure to proinflammatory mediators. Even with substantial and prolonged vascular damage, large- and medium-sized arteries, persist, but become modified by (1) changes in vascular wall cellularity; (2) modifications in the differentiation status of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, or adventitial stem cells (each can become activated); (3) infiltration of the vascular wall by various leukocyte types; (4) increased exposure to critical growth factors and proinflammatory mediators; and (5) marked changes in the vascular ECM, that remodels from a homeostatic, prodifferentiation ECM environment to matrices that instead promote tissue reparative responses. This latter ECM presents previously hidden matricryptic sites that bind integrins to signal vascular cells and infiltrating leukocytes (in coordination with other mediators) to proliferate, invade, secrete ECM-degrading proteinases, and deposit injury-induced matrices (predisposing to vessel wall fibrosis). In contrast, in response to similar stimuli, capillaries can undergo regression responses (rarefaction). In summary, we have described the molecular events controlling ECM remodeling in major vascular diseases as well as the differential responses of arteries versus capillaries to key mediators inducing vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca K. Lin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - George E. Davis
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612
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Liu Q, Dong S, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Dong B, Shen J, Yang K, Li L, Zhu D. Effects of Long-Term Intervention with Losartan, Aspirin and Atorvastatin on Vascular Remodeling in Juvenile Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041844. [PMID: 36838830 PMCID: PMC9965824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension in adolescents is associated with adverse cardiac and vascular events. In addition to lowering blood pressure, it is not clear whether pharmacological therapy in early life can improve vascular remodeling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term administration of losartan, aspirin, and atorvastatin on vascular remodeling in juvenile spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Losartan, aspirin, and atorvastatin were administered via gavage at doses of 20, 10, and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively, on SHRs aged 6-22 weeks. Paraffin sections of the blood vessels were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Sirius Red to evaluate the changes in the vascular structure and the accumulation of different types of collagen. The plasma levels of renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), aldosterone (ALD), endothelin-1 (ET-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and neutrophil elastase (NE) were determined using ELISA kits. After the 16-week treatment with losartan, aspirin, and atorvastatin, the wall thickness of the thoracic aorta and carotid artery decreased. The integrity of the elastic fibers in the tunica media was maintained in an orderly manner, and collagen deposition in the adventitia was retarded. The plasma levels of renin, ALD, ET-1, IL-6, and NE in the SHRs also decreased. These findings suggest that losartan, aspirin, and atorvastatin could improve vascular remodeling beyond their antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects. Many aspects of the protection provided by pharmacological therapy are important for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in adults and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yubo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Core Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Core Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Kang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linsen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (D.Z.); Tel.: +86-158-1089-2058 (D.Z.)
| | - Dan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (D.Z.); Tel.: +86-158-1089-2058 (D.Z.)
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Jin L, Zhang M, Sha L, Cao M, Tong L, Chen Q, Shen C, Du L, Liu L, Li Z. Increased arterial pressure volume index and cardiovascular risk score in China. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:22. [PMID: 36646995 PMCID: PMC9841629 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-03035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The new non-invasive arterial stiffness indices, arterial pressure volume index (API) is explored as a novel marker of residual stress in the wall of the peripheral muscular arteries at zero-stress state in clinical settings. The present study aimed to study the association of API with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in China (China-PAR). METHODS According to China-PAR score, participants were divided into three groups: low risk (< 5%), medium risk (5-9.9%), and high risk (≥ 10.0%). API ≥ 31 was defined as high API, and the incidences of high API were compared. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the risk factors of high API and high risk China-PAR categories. The association between China-PAR and API was analyzed by restrictive cubic spline. RESULTS The study included 4311 participants. After adjustments for confounding factors, high API was independent factor associated with high risk China-PAR categories, and the probability of high API was 1.366 times higher than that in normal API subjects. While, the independent factors associated with high API were BMI, blood pressure and heart rate. Furthermore, API had a significant U-shaped association with China-PAR. CVD risk was lowest with API of 19 units, the fastest increase at 26 units and the flattest starting point at 59 units. CONCLUSION API, an indicator of arterial stiffness and residual stress, had a U-shaped association with China-PAR score and might play an important role in predicting CVD risk in Chinese natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jin
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Department of Ultrasound, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200052 China ,grid.452461.00000 0004 1762 8478Department of Ultrasound, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- grid.268079.20000 0004 1790 6079Department of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053 Shandong China
| | - Lei Sha
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201803 China
| | - Mengmeng Cao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201803 China
| | - Lanyue Tong
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201803 China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201803 China
| | - Cuiqin Shen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201803 China
| | - Lianfang Du
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Liping Liu
- grid.452461.00000 0004 1762 8478Department of Ultrasound, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi China
| | - Zhaojun Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201803 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080 China
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Milk Fat Globule Epidermal Growth Factor VIII Fragment Medin in Age-Associated Arterial Adverse Remodeling and Arterial Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020253. [PMID: 36672188 PMCID: PMC9857039 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Medin, a small 50-amino acid peptide, is an internal cleaved product from the second discoidin domain of milk fat globule epidermal growth factor VIII (MFG-E8) protein. Medin has been reported as the most common amylogenic protein in the upper part of the arterial system, including aortic, temporal, and cerebral arterial walls in the elderly. Medin has a high affinity to elastic fibers and is closely associated with arterial degenerative inflammation, elastic fiber fragmentation, calcification, and amyloidosis. In vitro, treating with the medin peptide promotes the inflammatory phenotypic shift of both endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies demonstrate that medin enhances the abundance of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species produced by both endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells and promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening. Immunostaining and immunoblotting analyses of human samples indicate that the levels of medin are increased in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm/dissection, temporal arteritis, and cerebrovascular dementia. Thus, medin peptide could be targeted as a biomarker diagnostic tool or as a potential molecular approach to curbing the arterial degenerative inflammatory remodeling that accompanies aging and disease.
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Yu J, Li P, Duan Z, Liu X. Effect of Qiling Jiaogulan Powder on Pulmonary Fibrosis and Pulmonary Arteriole Remodeling in Low-Temperature-Exposed Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010005. [PMID: 36611616 PMCID: PMC9817788 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine plays an important role in regulating the nutritional metabolism of poultry and maintaining or improving normal physiological functions and animal health. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Qiling Jiaogulan Powder (QLJP) on pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arteriole remodeling in low temperature-exposed broilers. Seven-day-old Ross 308 broilers (n = 240) were reared adaptively to 14 days of age. The broilers were randomly divided into six groups: A control group (basal diet and normal feeding temperature); model group (basal diet); low-, medium- and high-dose QLJP groups (basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg, 2 g/kg, 4 g/kg QLJP); and L-Arg group (basal diet supplemented with 10 g/kg L-arginine). Additionally, all the broilers, except the broilers in the control group, from the age of 14 days old, had a house temperature continuously lowered by 2 °C each day until it reached 12 °C at 21 days of age, and the low temperature was maintained until the end of the experiment. There were four replicates per group and 10 birds per replicate. The results showed that the structure of the lung tissue was clearer and basically intact in the broilers in the QLJP groups, with a small number of collagen fibers formed, and the content of hydroxyproline (HYP) was significantly reduced. QLJP improved pulmonary arteriole lesions, such as tunica media thickening, intimal hyperplasia, arterial wall hypertrophy, and lumen narrowing. QLJP reduced the relative media thickness (%) and relative medial area (%) of the pulmonary arteriole, and significantly decreased the expression level of the alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein in pulmonary arteriole, which alleviated pulmonary arteriole remodeling. The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that QLJP treatment significantly reduced the gene and protein levels of transforming growth factor-beta l (TGF-β1) and Smad2 in the lung and downregulated the gene and protein levels of collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). In conclusion, the results of our study suggested that dietary supplementation with QLJP improved pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arteriole remodeling by inhibiting the expression of genes related to the TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway and inhibited the occurrence and development of pulmonary arterial hypertension in low-temperature-exposed broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030800, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Sciences and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhibian Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030800, China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Correspondence:
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Louvet L, Lenglet G, Krautzberger AM, Mentaverri R, Hague F, Kowalewski C, Mahtal N, Lesieur J, Bonnet A, Andrique C, Gaucher C, Gomila C, Schrewe H, Tharaux P, Kamel S, Chaussain C, Six I. Vasorin plays a critical role in vascular smooth muscle cells and arterial functions. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3845-3859. [PMID: 35892191 PMCID: PMC9796581 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Within the cardiovascular system, the protein vasorin (Vasn) is predominantly expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the coronary arteries and the aorta. Vasn knockout (Vasn-/- ) mice die within 3 weeks of birth. In the present study, we investigated the role of vascular Vasn expression on vascular function. We used inducible Vasn knockout mice (VasnCRE-ERT KO and VasnSMMHC-CRE-ERT2 KO , in which respectively all cells or SMCs only are targeted) to analyze the consequences of total or selective Vasn loss on vascular function. Furthermore, in vivo effects were investigated in vitro using human VSMCs. The death of VasnCRE-ERT KO mice 21 days after tamoxifen injection was concomitant with decreases in blood pressure, angiotensin II levels, and vessel contractibility to phenylephrine. The VasnSMMHC-CRE-ERT2 KO mice displayed concomitant changes in vessel contractibility in response to phenylephrine and angiotensin II levels. In vitro, VASN deficiency was associated with a shift toward the SMC contractile phenotype, an increase in basal intracellular Ca2+ levels, and a decrease in the SMCs' ability to generate a calcium signal in response to carbachol or phenylephrine. Additionally, impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation (due to changes in nitric oxide signaling) was observed in all Vasn knockout mice models. Our present findings highlight the role played by Vasn SMC expression in the maintenance of vascular functions. The mechanistic experiments suggested that these effects are mediated by SMC phenotype switching and changes in intracellular calcium homeostasis, angiotensin II levels, and NO signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Louvet
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV)Picardie Jules Verne UniversityAmiensFrance
| | - Gaëlle Lenglet
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV)Picardie Jules Verne UniversityAmiensFrance
| | | | - Romuald Mentaverri
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV)Picardie Jules Verne UniversityAmiensFrance,Amiens University HospitalHuman Biology CenterAmiensFrance
| | - Frédéric Hague
- UR EA4667, UPJV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et MoléculairePicardie Jules Verne UniversityAmiensFrance
| | - Clara Kowalewski
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV)Picardie Jules Verne UniversityAmiensFrance
| | - Nassim Mahtal
- Université Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular CenterINSERMParisFrance
| | - Julie Lesieur
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496F‐92120MontrougeFrance
| | - Anne‐Laure Bonnet
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496F‐92120MontrougeFrance,AP‐HP, FHU DDS‐net, Services de médecine bucco‐dentaire (GH Sorbonne Université, GH Paris Nord Université de Paris, GH Henri Mondor)ParisFrance
| | | | - Céline Gaucher
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496F‐92120MontrougeFrance,AP‐HP, FHU DDS‐net, Services de médecine bucco‐dentaire (GH Sorbonne Université, GH Paris Nord Université de Paris, GH Henri Mondor)ParisFrance
| | - Cathy Gomila
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV)Picardie Jules Verne UniversityAmiensFrance
| | - Heinrich Schrewe
- Department of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | | | - Said Kamel
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV)Picardie Jules Verne UniversityAmiensFrance,Amiens University HospitalHuman Biology CenterAmiensFrance
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496F‐92120MontrougeFrance,AP‐HP, FHU DDS‐net, Services de médecine bucco‐dentaire (GH Sorbonne Université, GH Paris Nord Université de Paris, GH Henri Mondor)ParisFrance
| | - Isabelle Six
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV)Picardie Jules Verne UniversityAmiensFrance
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Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Reveals the Cellular and Genetic Heterogeneity of Skin Scar to Verify the Therapeutic Effects and Mechanism of Action of Dispel-Scar Ointment in Hypertrophic Scar Inhibition. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7331164. [PMID: 35722137 PMCID: PMC9200508 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7331164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring (HS), caused by excessive fibrosis of injured skin, imposes a psychological burden and creates a source of distress that impairs the quality of life of affected individuals. However, the gold standard for HS treatment has not yet been determined due to the complicated and difficult nature of the routines and procedures involved. Previous studies have indicated that the topical application of certain active components found in traditional Chinese medicines shows potential as a therapeutic alternative for scars. Here, single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed to determine cellular heterogeneity and identify marker genes and mechanisms associated with HS. It was found that fibroblasts comprise the largest proportion of HS cell types. The marker genes that were highly expressed in fibroblasts were extracellular matrix (ECM)-related, whereas ECM-receptor interactions and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathway were also found to be active. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which was applied to identify the molecular compounds of Dispel-Scar Ointment (DSO), revealed 74 effective chemical components belonging to 14 types of constituents, such as flavonoids, tanshinones, salvianolic acids, glycosides, and phthalides. Furthermore, in vivo studies using rat scar models showed that the topical application of Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ligusticum chuanxiong, peach kernel, safflower, and motherwort exerted beneficial effects on fibroblasts. DSO promoted scar maturation and reduced scar areas, its efficacy being similar to that of topically applied silicone. Functional studies using immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that DSO may target the TGF-β/Smad pathway to inhibit collagen synthesis and promote ECM remodelling. However, further in vitro mechanistic research and single-drug prescription studies may be required to identify the specific effective compound or active ingredient of DSO, which would provide more substantial evidence regarding the potential therapeutic value of traditional herbs in HS.
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Błaszczyk E, Gawlik J, Gieburowska J, Tokarska A, Kimsa-Furdzik M, Hibner G, Francuz T, Gawlik A. Effect of Growth Hormone Treatment on the Concentration of Selected Metabolic Markers in Girls With Turner Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:818735. [PMID: 35769087 PMCID: PMC9234118 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.818735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As Turner syndrome (TS) predisposes to obesity and metabolic disorders, and their complications, such as cardiovascular diseases, are the main causes of shortened life expectancy in patients with TS, new metabolic markers that could serve as early predictors of dysmetabolic state are sought. Objective Assessment of MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1), MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2), MMP-9 (matrix metallopeptidase-9), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor), and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) before the onset of growth hormone (GH) therapy and then during GH treatment as well as markers assessment during GH medication in girls with TS to establish marker stability and repeatability, and the impact of GH on markers concentration. Method The concentrations of circulating MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, BDNF, GDNF, and VEGF were measured in nine girls with TS before the onset of GH therapy and then after at least 3 months of treatment period. Subsequently, markers concentration was determined in 17 girls during GH medication, with the first determination after at least a 3-month treatment period. The patients' clinical and biochemical phenotypes were determined by weight, height, BMI, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose concentration. Results Comparison of markers concentration revealed a significantly higher concentration of MMP-2 in patients undergoing GH treatment (132.1 ± 42.05) than before the onset of therapy (105.0 ± 45.5, p=0.045). The values of the first measurement of VEGF in girls with TS undergoing GH therapy were significantly higher than those during the second measurement (30.9 ± 33.4 vs. 12.5 ± 11.7, p=0.029). There were no statistically significant differences between the measurements of the remaining markers concentration at any stage of the analysis. Conclusion Increase in MMP-2 concentration is visible during GH therapy in comparison to the pre-GH period in girls with TS which demands confirmation in subsequent tests. The role of VEGF requires further studies in the context of carbohydrate-lipid disturbances in girls with TS and its association with GH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Błaszczyk
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Gawlik
- Student Scientific Society, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Gieburowska
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tokarska
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kimsa-Furdzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hibner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Francuz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aneta Gawlik
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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11
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Finger CE, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Gutierrez A, Moruno-Manchon JF, McCullough LD. Age-related immune alterations and cerebrovascular inflammation. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:803-818. [PMID: 34711943 PMCID: PMC9046462 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with chronic systemic inflammation, which contributes to the development of many age-related diseases, including vascular disease. The world's population is aging, leading to an increasing prevalence of both stroke and vascular dementia. The inflammatory response to ischemic stroke is critical to both stroke pathophysiology and recovery. Age is a predictor of poor outcomes after stroke. The immune response to stroke is altered in aged individuals, which contributes to the disparate outcomes between young and aged patients. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the effects of aging on the immune system and the cerebral vasculature and how these changes alter the immune response to stroke and vascular dementia in animal and human studies. Potential implications of these age-related immune alterations on chronic inflammation in vascular disease outcome are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson E. Finger
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA ,grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain ,grid.418264.d0000 0004 1762 4012Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain ,grid.418264.d0000 0004 1762 4012Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Felix Moruno-Manchon
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
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12
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Abstract
Two vasculitides, giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK), are recognized as autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases that manifest exclusively within the aorta and its large branches. In both entities, the age of the affected host is a critical risk factor. TAK manifests during the 2nd-4th decade of life, occurring while the immune system is at its height of performance. GCA is a disease of older individuals, with infrequent cases during the 6th decade and peak incidence during the 8th decade of life. In both vasculitides, macrophages and T cells infiltrate into the adventitia and media of affected vessels, induce granulomatous inflammation, cause vessel wall destruction, and reprogram vascular cells to drive adventitial and neointimal expansion. In GCA, abnormal immunity originates in an aged immune system and evolves within the aged vascular microenvironment. One hallmark of the aging immune system is the preferential loss of CD8+ T cell function. Accordingly, in GCA but not in TAK, CD8+ effector T cells play a negligible role and anti-inflammatory CD8+ T regulatory cells are selectively impaired. Here, we review current evidence of how the process of immunosenescence impacts the risk for GCA and how fundamental differences in the age of the immune system translate into differences in the granulomatous immunopathology of TAK versus GCA.
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13
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Zhang L, Liu L, Wang M. Effects of puerarin on chronic inflammation: Focus on the heart, brain, and arteries. Aging Med (Milton) 2021; 4:317-324. [PMID: 34964013 PMCID: PMC8711227 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated increases in physical and mental stress, known as allostatic load, could lead to a chronic low-grade inflammation in the heart, brain, and arteries. This low-grade inflammation potentially contributes to adverse structural and functional remodeling, such as intimal medial thickening, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffening, cardiac hypertrophy and ischemia, and cognitive decline. These cellular and tissue remodeling is the fertile soil for the development of age-associated structural and functional disorders in the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems in the pathogenesis of obesity, type II diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart dysfunction, and cognitive decline. Growing evidence indicates that puerarin, a polyphenol, extracted from Puerara Labota, efficiently alleviates the initiation and progression of obesity, type II diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac ischemia, cardiac arrythmia, cardiac hypertrophy, ischemic stroke, and cognition decline via suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation. This mini review focuses on recent advances in the effects of puerarin on the oxidative and inflammatory molecular, cellular, tissue events in the heart, brain, and arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lisheng Liu
- National Centre for Cardiovascular DiseaseThe Beijing Hypertension League InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular ScienceIntramural Research ProgramNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBRCBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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14
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Trott DW, Machin DR, Phuong TTT, Adeyemo AO, Bloom SI, Bramwell RC, Sorensen ES, Lesniewski LA, Donato AJ. T cells mediate cell non-autonomous arterial ageing in mice. J Physiol 2021; 599:3973-3991. [PMID: 34164826 DOI: 10.1113/jp281698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Increased large artery stiffness and impaired endothelium-dependent dilatation occur with advanced age. We sought to determine whether T cells mechanistically contribute to age-related arterial dysfunction. We found that old mice exhibited greater proinflammatory T cell accumulation around both the aorta and mesenteric arteries. Pharmacologic depletion or genetic deletion of T cells in old mice resulted in ameliorated large artery stiffness and greater endothelium-dependent dilatation compared with mice with T cells intact. ABSTRACT Ageing of the arteries is characterized by increased large artery stiffness and impaired endothelium-dependent dilatation. T cells contribute to hypertension in acute rodent models but whether they contribute to chronic age-related arterial dysfunction is unknown. To determine whether T cells directly mediate age-related arterial dysfunction, we examined large elastic artery and resistance artery function in young (4-6 months) and old (22-24 months) wild-type mice treated with anti-CD3 F(ab'2) fragments to deplete T cells (150 μg, i.p. every 7 days for 28 days) or isotype control fragments. Old mice exhibited greater numbers of T cells in both aorta and mesenteric vasculature when compared with young mice. Old mice treated with anti-CD3 fragments exhibited depletion of T cells in blood, spleen, aorta and mesenteric vasculature. Old mice also exhibited greater numbers of aortic and mesenteric IFN-γ and TNF-α-producing T cells when compared with young mice. Old control mice exhibited greater large artery stiffness and impaired resistance artery endothelium-dependent dilatation in comparison with young mice. In old mice, large artery stiffness was ameliorated with anti-CD3 treatment. Anti-CD3-treated old mice also exhibited greater endothelium-dependent dilatation than age-matched controls. We also examined arterial function in young and old Rag-1-/- mice, which lack lymphocytes. Rag-1-/- mice exhibited blunted increases in large artery stiffness with age compared with wild-type mice. Old Rag-1-/- mice also exhibited greater endothelium-dependent dilatation compared with old wild-type mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that T cells play an important role in age-related arterial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Trott
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel R Machin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tam T T Phuong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - AdeLola O Adeyemo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Samuel I Bloom
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R Colton Bramwell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Eric S Sorensen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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15
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de Souza AMA, Ecelbarger CM, Sandberg K. Caloric Restriction and Cardiovascular Health: the Good, the Bad, and the Renin-Angiotensin System. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:220-234. [PMID: 34159807 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Much excitement exists over the cardioprotective and life-extending effects of caloric restriction (CR). This review integrates population studies with experimental animal research to address the positive and negative impact of mild and severe CR on cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, with a particular focus on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We also highlight the gaps in knowledge and areas ripe for future physiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M A de Souza
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Carolyn M Ecelbarger
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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16
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Chiang HY, Chu PH, Chen SC, Lee TH. MFG-E8 Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration Through Dose-Dependent Mediation of Actin Polymerization. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020870. [PMID: 34041925 PMCID: PMC8483510 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.020870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the main contributor to neointimal formation. The Arp2/3 (actin-related proteins 2 and 3) complex activates actin polymerization and is involved in lamellipodia formation during VSMC migration. Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) is a glycoprotein expressed in VSMCs. We hypothesized that MFG-E8 regulates VSMC migration through modulation of Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization. Methods and Results To determine whether MFG-E8 is essential for VSMC migration, a model of neointimal hyperplasia was induced in the common carotid artery of wild-type and MFG-E8 knockout mice, and the extent of neointimal formation was evaluated. Genetic deletion of MFG-E8 in mice attenuated injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Cultured VSMCs deficient in MFG-E8 exhibited decreased cell migration. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting revealed decreased Arp2 but not Arp3 expression in the common carotid arteries and VSMCs deficient in MFG-E8. Exogenous administration of recombinant MFG-E8 biphasically and dose-dependently regulated the cultured VSMCs. At a low concentration, MFG-E8 upregulated Arp2 expression. By contrast, MFG-E8 at a high concentration reduced the Arp2 level and significantly attenuated actin assembly. Arp2 upregulation mediated by low-dose MFG-E8 was abolished by treating cultured VSMCs with β1 integrin function-blocking antibody and Rac1 inhibitors. Moreover, treatment of the artery with a high dose of recombinant MFG-E8 diminished injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia and reduced VSMC migration. Conclusions MFG-E8 plays a critical role in VSMC migration through dose-dependent regulation of Arp2-mediated actin polymerization. These findings suggest that high doses of MFG-E8 may have therapeutic potential for treating vascular occlusive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Yu Chiang
- Department of Anatomy College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan.,College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chi Chen
- Department of Anatomy College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hein Lee
- Department of Anatomy College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan
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17
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Kim SH, Monticone RE, McGraw KR, Wang M. Age-associated proinflammatory elastic fiber remodeling in large arteries. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 196:111490. [PMID: 33839189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elastic fibers are the main components of the extracellular matrix of the large arterial wall. Elastic fiber remodeling is an intricate process of synthesis and degradation of the core elastin protein and microfibrils accompanied by the assembly and disassembly of accessory proteins. Age-related morphological, structural, and functional proinflammatory remodeling within the elastic fiber has a profound effect upon the integrity, elasticity, calcification, amyloidosis, and stiffness of the large arterial wall. An age-associated increase in arterial stiffness is a major risk factor for the pathogenesis of diseases of the large arteries such as hypertensive and atherosclerotic vasculopathy. This mini review is an update on the key molecular, cellular, functional, and structural mechanisms of elastic fiber proinflammatory remodeling in large arteries with aging. Targeting structural and functional integrity of the elastic fiber may be an effective approach to impede proinflammatory arterial remodeling with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyuk Kim
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institution on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Robert E Monticone
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institution on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kimberly R McGraw
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institution on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institution on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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