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Gonçalves BCF, Mansano VDF, de Moraes RS, Paulino JV. Comparative floral development in Mimosa (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) brings new insights into merism lability in the mimosoid clade. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:215-240. [PMID: 38070055 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The genus Mimosa L. (Leguminosae; Caesalpinioideae; mimosoid clade), comprising more than 500 species, is an intriguing genus because, like other members of the mimosoid clade, it presents an enormous variation in floral characteristics and high merism lability. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the floral development and identify which ontogenetic pathways give rise to merism variation and andromonoecy in Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, M. pudica, M. bimucronata, and M. candollei. Floral buds at various stages of development and flowers were collected, fixed, and processed for surface analysis (SEM). The development of the buds is synchronous in the inflorescences. Sepals appear simultaneously as individualized primordia in M. caesalpiniifolia and in reversed unidirectional order in M. bimucronata, with union and formation of an early ring-like calyx. Petal primordia appear in unidirectional order, with a noticeably elliptical shape in M. caesalpiniifolia. The wide merism variation in Mimosa results from the absence of organs from inception in the perianth and androecium whorls: in dimerous, trimerous, or tetramerous flowers, the additional organs primordia to compose the expected pentamerous flowers are not initiated. The haplostemonous androecium of M. pudica results from the absence of antepetalous stamens from inception. In the case of intraspecific variations (instabilities), there is no initiation and subsequent abortion of organs in the events of reduction in merosity. In addition, extra primordia are initiated in supernumerary cases. On the other hand, staminate flowers originate from the abortion of the carpel. Mimosa proved to be an excellent model for studying merism variation. The lability is associated with actinomorphic and rather congested flowers in the inflorescences. Our data, in association with others of previous studies, suggest that the high lability in merism appeared in clades that diverged later in the mimosoid clade. Thus, phylogenetic reconstruction studies are needed for more robust evolutionary inferences. The present investigation of ontogenetic processes was relevant to expand our understanding of floral evolution in the genus Mimosa and shed light on the unstable merism in the mimosoid clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cesar Ferreira Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical - JBRJ, Rua Pacheco Leão, 2040 - Solar da Imperatriz - Horto, Rio de Janeiro, 22460-03, Brazil
| | - Vidal de Freitas Mansano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical - JBRJ, Rua Pacheco Leão, 2040 - Solar da Imperatriz - Horto, Rio de Janeiro, 22460-03, Brazil
- DIPEQ, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Renan Siqueira de Moraes
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais E Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana Villela Paulino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical - JBRJ, Rua Pacheco Leão, 2040 - Solar da Imperatriz - Horto, Rio de Janeiro, 22460-03, Brazil.
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais E Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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De Barros TC, Leite VG, Pedersoli GD, Leme FM, Marinho CR, Teixeira SP. Mucilage cells in the flower of Rosales species: reflections on morphological diversity, classification, and functions. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1135-1147. [PMID: 36635609 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mucilage cells in plants, studied mainly in vegetative organs, is a condition shared by several taxonomic groups and aspects related to their diversity have been discussed with systematic purposes. This study explores the flower distribution and classification of mucilage cells in Rosales species, with inferences about flower functions. Floral buds from fifty-seven species representing seven of nine families recognized in the Rosales were sampled and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Mucilage cells were found in about 40% of the studied species of Cannabaceae, Rhamnaceae, Ulmaceae, and Urticaceae families, whereas no floral mucilage cells were found in species of Elaeagnaceae, Moraceae, and Rosaceae. Mucilage cells were found in the epidermis and internal tissues of many organs of different floral morph types. There is a great diversity of forms of presentation of mucilage in cells, from smaller individualized single cells to very bulky cells and to completely filled mucilage reservoirs. In some cases, cells with mucilage apparently in the cell wall and others with mucilage in the vacuole seem to occur side by side. This diversity challenges the existing classifications of mucilage cells and reinforces the importance of ontogenetic and ultrastructural studies following the path of mucilage in cells in order to propose a more natural classification and to elucidate the evolution of mucilage cells in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cury De Barros
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Avenida Universitária, Lado Ímpar, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Viviane Gonçalves Leite
- DIPEQ, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Giseli Donizete Pedersoli
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Flávia Maria Leme
- Laboratório de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Pádua Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Kuo WH, Liu SH, Chang CC, Hsieh CL, Li YH, Ito T, Won H, Kokubugata G, Chung KF. Plastome phylogenomics of Allaeanthus, Broussonetia and Malaisia (Dorstenieae, Moraceae) and the origin of B. × kazinoki. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:203-220. [PMID: 35080694 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Species of Broussonetia have been essential in the development of papermaking technology. In Japan and Korea, a hybrid between B. monoica and B. papyrifera (= B. × kazinoki) known as kōzo and daknamu is still the major source of raw materials for making traditional paper washi and hanji, respectively. Despite their cultural and practical significance, however, the origin and taxonomy of kōzo and daknamu remain controversial. Additionally, the long-held generic concept of Broussonetia s.l., which included Sect. Allaeanthus and Sect. Broussonetia, was challenged as phylogenetic analyses showed Malaisia is sister to the latter section. To re-examine the taxonomic proposition that recognizes Allaeanthus, Broussonetia, and Malaisia (i.e., Broussonetia alliance), plastome and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences of six species of the alliance were assembled. Characterized by the canonical quadripartite structure, genome alignments and contents of the six plastomes (160,121-162,594 bp) are highly conserved, except for the pseudogenization and/or loss of the rpl22 gene. Relationships of the Broussonetia alliance are identical between plastome and nrDNA trees, supporting the maintenance of Malaisia and the resurrection of Allaeanthus. The phylogenomic relationships also indicate that the monoecy in B. monoica is a derived state, possibly resulting from hybridization between the dioecious B. kaempferi (♀) and B. papyrifera (♂). Based on the hypervariable ndhF-rpl32 intergenic spacer selected by sliding window analysis, phylogeographic analysis indicates that B. monoica is the sole maternal parent of B. × kazinoki and that daknamu carries multiple haplotypes, while only one haplotype was detected in kōzo. Because hybridizations between B. monoica and B. papyrifera are unidirectional and have occurred rarely in nature, our data suggest that daknamu might have originated via deliberate hybrid breeding selected for making hanji in Korea. On the contrary, kōzo appears to have a single origin and the possibility of a Korean origin cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsi Kuo
- Research Museum and Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shih-Hui Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat- sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chih Chang
- Research Museum and Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lun Hsieh
- Research Museum and Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Li
- Research Museum and Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Takuro Ito
- The Center for Academic Resources and Archives/Botanical Gardens, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hyosig Won
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Natural Sciences, Daegu University, Gyungsan, Gyungbuk, South Korea
| | - Goro Kokubugata
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kuo-Fang Chung
- Research Museum and Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan.
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Leme FM, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Teixeira SP. Floral morphogenesis of Celtis species: implications for breeding system and reduced floral structure. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1595-1611. [PMID: 34478152 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Celtis is the most species-rich genus of Cannabaceae, an economically important family. Celtis species have been described as wind-pollinated and andromonoecious. However, the andromonoecy of Celtis has been debated because there are reports of monoclinous flowers with non-opening anthers on short filaments. Our objective was to study the floral morphogenesis of Celtis to establish the breeding system and to better understand the developmental patterns that lead to the formation of reduced flowers in the genus. METHODS Flowers and floral buds of Celtis species were studied using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution x-ray computed tomography, and light microscopy. RESULTS All flowers initiate stamens and carpels during early floral development, but either stamens or carpels abort during later stages. Thus, at anthesis, flowers are either functionally pistillate or functionally staminate. In pistillate flowers, stamens abort late and become staminodes with normal-looking anthers. These anthers have no functional endothecium and, in most of the species studied, produce no viable pollen grains. The gynoecium is pseudomonomerous, and its vascularization is similar in the sampled species. In staminate flowers, the gynoecium aborts early resulting in small pistillodes. No vestiges of petals were found. CONCLUSIONS The species studied are monoecious and not andromonoecious as described earlier. The absence of petals, the carpel and stamen abortion, and the pseudomonomerous gynoecium result in the reduced flowers of Celtis species. The use of high-resolution x-ray computed tomography was essential for a more accurate interpretation of ovary vascularization, confirming the pseudomonomerous structure of the gynoecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia M Leme
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, R. Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório de Botânica, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Yannick M Staedler
- University of Vienna, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Rennweg 14, Vienna AT-1030, Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- University of Vienna, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Rennweg 14, Vienna AT-1030, Austria
| | - Simone P Teixeira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
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Timerman D, Barrett SCH. The biomechanics of pollen release: new perspectives on the evolution of wind pollination in angiosperms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2146-2163. [PMID: 34076950 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions from animal to wind pollination have occurred repeatedly during the history of the angiosperms, but the selective mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we propose that knowledge of pollen release biomechanics is critical for understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes underpinning this shift in pollination mode. Pollen release is the critical first stage of wind pollination (anemophily) and stamen properties are therefore likely to be under strong selection early in the transition. We describe current understanding of pollen release biomechanics to provide insights on the phenotypic and ecological drivers of wind pollination. Pollen release occurs when detachment forces dominate resistive forces retaining pollen within anthers. Detachment forces can be active or passive depending on whether they require energy input from the environment. Passive release is more widespread in anemophilous species and involves processes driven by steady or unsteady aerodynamic forces or turbulence-induced vibrations that shake pollen from anthers. We review empirical and theoretical studies suggesting that stamen vibration is likely to be a key mechanism of pollen release. The vibration response is governed by morphological and biomechanical properties of stamens, which may undergo divergent selection in the presence or absence of pollinators. Resistive forces have rarely been investigated for pollen within anthers, but are probably sensitive to environmental conditions and depend on flower age, varying systematically between animal- and wind-pollinated species. Animal and wind pollination are traditionally viewed as dichotomous alternatives because they are usually associated with strikingly different pollination syndromes. But this perspective has diverted attention from subtler, continuously varying traits which mediate the fluid dynamic process of pollen release. Reinterpreting the flower as a biomechanical entity that responds to fluctuating environmental forces may provide a promising way forward. We conclude by identifying several profitable areas for future research to obtain deeper insight into the evolution of wind pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Timerman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Leite VG, Kjellberg F, Pereira RAS, Teixeira SP. What makes a fig: insights from a comparative analysis of inflorescence morphogenesis in Moraceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:621-631. [PMID: 33253383 PMCID: PMC8052928 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Moraceae, the family of mulberry and fig trees, displays small homogeneous flowers but extremely diverse inflorescences ranging from simple and branched to complex and condensed. Inflorescences also vary in flower organization in the receptacle, in the degree of flower condensation and in receptacle shape. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare the inflorescence morphogenesis of Moraceae species, to investigate whether clades with a similar pollination mode share the same patterns of inflorescence development and the developmental stages at which we observe the key changes resulting in the diversified inflorescence architecture that culminates in the Ficus syconium. METHODS Inflorescences at different developmental stages were sampled from Brosimum gaudichaudii, Castilla elastica, Clarisia ilicifolia, Ficus pertusa, Maclura tinctoria and Morus nigra and processed for surface and anatomical analyses. KEY RESULTS The inflorescence morphogenesis of the studied species is highly variable. The shape of the inflorescence meristem (bulging, hemispheric or elongated), the initiation order and arrangement of flowers along the receptacle and the occurrence of bracts vary between related species. This diversity originates early during inflorescence development. Brosimum gaudichaudii, C. elastica and F. pertusa have flowers enclosed or immersed within the receptacle, although inflorescences begin their development as flat and open structures, as occurs in the other three study species. CONCLUSION Comparison of the inflorescence morphogenesis in Moraceae species allows us to infer that evolutionary ontogenetic changes driven by pollinators culminate in the enclosure of flowers inside the receptacle, as occurs in the Ficus syconium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Gonçalves Leite
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Finn Kjellberg
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier Cédex, France
| | - Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Pádua Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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de Oliveira CA, Mansano VDF, Teixeira SP, Brandes AFDN, Baratto LC, Leitão SG, Santana MN, Rodrigues IA, Paulino JV. Bloodwood: the composition and secreting-site of the characteristic red exudate that gives the name to the Swartzia species (Fabaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:127-139. [PMID: 33403567 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Swartzia species are commonly known as bloodwood due to the red exudate released from the stem after injury. This exudate has aroused great interest, and an integrative study is essential to describe it in detail. Thus, this work aimed to identify the red exudate's secreting-site in S. flaemingii and S. langsdorffii, and determine if it is a latex or a resin. Samples of the stem bark and the secondary xylem were prepared for histological analysis. Fresh exudates were dissolved in deuterated methanol and analyzed by 1H-NMR; other samples were resuspended in MeOH:H2O (9:1), partitioned with organic solvents and analyzed by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically, and antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The results showed that the exudate is a red latex produced by articulated laticifers located among the phloem cells. The latex is composed of sucrose, catechin glucosides, chlorophyll derivatives, and hederagenin-type saponins. Both samples of S. flaemingii and S. langsdorffii presented high amounts of phenolics and flavonoids, as well as a strong antioxidant capacity. The anatomical study showed that the secreting-site of the Swartzia red exudates were laticifers. This finding allows us to exclude other substances such as resin or oleoresin, generally produced by secretory cavities or ducts. Furthermore, since laticifers are rare in Fabaceae, this finding is significant, and represents an essential taxonomic feature. The showy red color is due to the large amounts of flavonoids. This latex probably has a protective role against microorganisms and photodamage. The bioactive potential of this exudate inspires further studies, which may boost the economic importance of Swartzia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alcantara de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio De Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vidal de Freitas Mansano
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Simone Pádua Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Arno Fritz das Neves Brandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Outeriro São João Batista, s/n, Niterói, RJ, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Leopoldo Clemente Baratto
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio De Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Suzana Guimarães Leitão
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio De Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Michele Nunes Santana
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio De Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Igor Almeida Rodrigues
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio De Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana Villela Paulino
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio De Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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