Treatment and disease-related complications in multiple myeloma: Implications for survivorship

Prognosis of concurrent renal impairment at diagnosis of multiple myeloma: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Multiple myeloma is a malignant tumour of the blood in which abnormal proliferation of plasma cells leads to bone destruction, renal impairment, anaemia, and hypercalcaemia. Renal impairment caused by multiple myeloma is a common and serious condition; however, the prognosis of multiple myeloma at the time of diagnosis remains unclear.

METHOD

We conducted searches for literature in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases up to 30 April 2023. Progression-free survival and overall survival with and without renal impairment at the time of multiple myeloma diagnosis were compared, and prognostic indicators were analysed.

RESULTS

Six studies were finally included. Among patients with multiple myeloma, 319 had renal impairment, and 1166 had no renal impairment. Compared to the control group, no significant difference was observed in overall or progression-free survival in patients with multiple myeloma complicated with renal impairment.

CONCLUSION

The limited low-quality evidence available does not support an association between prognosis and multiple myeloma complicated by kidney injury.

Wound-Healing Effects of Common Antineoplastic Agents and Perioperative Considerations for the Orthopaedic Surgeon

In oncologic patients, optimal postoperative wound healing is crucial for the maintenance of systemic therapies and improved survival. Although several risk factors for postoperative wound complications have been identified, the clinical effect of new antineoplastic agents on wound healing remains uncertain. The available literature on the effect of antineoplastic agents in wound healing is complex to analyze because of other confounding risk factors such as radiation therapy and certain patient-specific variables. Available perioperative drug recommendations are based on database opinion and case reports from adverse event alerts. This review highlights the characteristics of old and new antineoplastic agents commonly used in the treatment of sarcoma, carcinoma, and other cancers and their potential effects on the wound-healing process. It also aims to provide perioperative treatment cessation recommendations to guide orthopaedic surgeons and prevent drug-related wound complications to the fullest extent possible.

The impact of continuous lenalidomide maintenance treatment on people living with multiple myeloma-a single-centre, qualitative service evaluation study

PURPOSE

Continuous lenalidomide maintenance treatment after autologous stem cell transplantation delivers improvement in progression free and overall survival among newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients and has been the standard of care in the UK since March 2021. However, there is scant information about its impact on patients' day-to-day lives. This service evaluation aimed to qualitatively assess patients receiving lenalidomide treatment at a cancer centre in London, in order that the service might better align with needs and expectations of patients.

METHODS

We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews among myeloma patients who were on continuous lenalidomide maintenance treatment at a specialist cancer centre in London. Members of the clinical team identified potentially eligible participants to take part, and convenience sampling was used to select 10 male and 10 female patients, median age of 58 (range, 45-71). The median treatment duration was 11 months (range, 1-60 months). Participants were qualitatively interviewed following the same semi-structured interview guide, which was designed to explore patient experience and insights of lenalidomide. Reflexive thematic analysis was used for data analysis.

RESULTS

Four overarching themes were as follows: (i) lenalidomide: understanding its role and rationale; (ii) reframing the loss of a treatment-free period to a return to normal life; (iii) the reality of being on lenalidomide: balancing hopes with hurdles; (iv) gratitude and grievances: exploring mixed perceptions of care and communication. Results will be used to enhance clinical services by tailoring communication to better meet patients' preferences when making treatment decisions.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights that most patients feel gratitude for being offered continuous lenalidomide and perceive it as alleviating some fears concerning relapse. It reveals variations in side effects in different age groups; younger patients reported no/negligible side effects, whilst several older patients with comorbidities described significant symptom burden, occasionally leading to treatment discontinuation which caused distress at the perceived loss of prolonged remission. Future research should prioritise understanding the unique needs of younger patients living with multiple myeloma.

The effect of exercise interventions on quality of life in patients with multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

PURPOSE

To determine the effect of exercise interventions on quality of life in adults with multiple myeloma.

METHODS

A literature search of 10 sources was performed in June 2022 to identify eligible studies for synthesis.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

randomised controlled trials comparing the effect of exercise interventions with usual care in adults with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma. The risk of bias was assessed using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with inverse variance and 95% confidence intervals. Forest plots were constructed to present pooled data.

RESULTS

Five RCTs, which included a total of 519 participants, were selected for inclusion. Four of the five studies were included in the meta-analysis. The mean participant age ranged from 55 to 67 years old. All studies included an aerobic exercise component. Intervention length ranged from 6 to 30 weeks. Meta-analysis of 118 participants showed that exercise interventions had no impact on global quality of life (MD = 2.15, 95% CI: - 4.67, 8.97, p = 0.54, I2 = 0%). Exercise interventions negatively impacted participant grip strength (MD: - 3.69, 95% CI: - 7.12, -0.26, p = 0.03, I2 = 0%) according to pooled data from 186 participants.

CONCLUSION

Exercise interventions have no positive impact on the quality of life of patients with multiple myeloma. The analysis is limited by a high risk of bias across included studies and low certainty evidence. Further high-quality trials are needed to assess the role of exercise in patients with multiple myeloma.

Anti-cancer potential of selenium-chitosan-polyethylene glycol-carvacrol nanocomposites in multiple myeloma U266 cells

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer that is characterized by malignant plasma cell proliferation. Approximately 10% of all blood cancers are MM, and there is no standard curative therapy. In this work, we intended to synthesize, characterize, and assess the anticancer effects of selenium/chitosan/polyethylene glycol-carvacrol nanocomposites (SCP-Car-NCs) on MM U266 cells in vitro. Various characterization techniques were used to characterize the synthesized SCP-Car-NCs. Several in vitro free radical scavenging experiments were conducted to test the ability of synthesized SCP-Car-NCs to scavenge the different free radicals. The cytotoxicity of SCP-Car-NCs was assessed on Vero and U266 cells using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. By using various fluorescence staining techniques, the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, MMP, and apoptosis were measured. Using commercial test kits, the levels of oxidative stress and apoptotic biomarkers in control and treated U266 cells were assessed. The highest peak in the UV spectral analysis was found to be at 271 nm, demonstrating the development of SCP-Car-NCs. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that the synthesized SCP-Car-NCs contained a variety of stretching and bonding. The X-ray diffraction study confirmed the crystallinity of SCP-Car-NCs. The dynamic light scattering analysis showed that the SCP-Car-NCs had an average size of 171 nm. The different free radicals, such as the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and peroxyl radicals, were significantly scavenged by the SCP-Car-NCs. According to the MTT assay results, the SCP-Car-NCs decreased the viability of U266 cells while having no impact on the proliferation of Vero cells. The SCP-Car-NCs significantly boosted ROS production, decreased the MMP level, and promoted apoptosis, as evidenced by the fluorescence staining experiments. In U266 cells treated with SCP-Car-NCs, the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased while superoxide dismutases and glutathione levels were reduced. In the SCP-Car-NCs treated U266 cells, it was found that the Bax, caspase-3, and -9 activities had increased while the Bcl-2 level had decreased. In conclusion, our findings show that SCP-Car-NCs treatment reduced the viability and increased apoptosis in the U266 cells, providing a new insight on SCP-Car-NCs' potential for usage in the future to treat MM.

The Effects of Second Primary Malignancies and Frailty on Overall Survival and Mortality in Geriatric Turkish Patients with Multiple Myeloma

The study aims to investigate second primary malignancy (SPM) development and frailty in Turkish geriatric patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and to assess the relationship between overall survival (OS) and various characteristics including SPM and frailty. Seventy-two patients diagnosed with and treated for MM were enrolled in the study. Frailty was determined by the IMWG Frailty Score. Fifty-three participants (73.6%) were found to have clinically-relevant frailty. Seven patients (9.7%) had SPM. Median follow-up was 36.5 (22-48.5) months, and 17 patients died during the follow-up period. Overall (OS) was 49.40 (45.01-53.80) months. Shorter OS was found in patients with SPM (35.29 (19.66-50.91) months) compared to those without (51.05 (46.7-55.4) months) (Kaplan-Meier; p = 0.018). The multivariate cox proportional hazards model revealed that patients with SPM had 4.420-fold higher risk of death than those without (HR: 4.420, 95% CI: 1.371-14.246, p = 0.013). Higher ALT levels were also independently associated with mortality (p = 0.038). The prevalence of SPM and frailty was high in elderly patients with MM in our study. The development of SPM independently reduces survival in MM; however, frailty was not found to be independently associated with survival. Our results suggest the importance of individualized approaches in the management of patients with MM, particularly with regard to SPM development.

Patient-Reported Outcomes in Long-Term Survivors of Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma

The overall survival in patients with transplantation-eligible multiple myeloma has tripled over the past 2 decades, leading to a growing population of myeloma survivors. However, there is a paucity of data on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), distress, and health behaviors in long-term myeloma survivors who are in stable remission after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT). In this cross-sectional study using data from 2 randomized controlled trials of survivorship care plans and internet-based self-management intervention in transplantation survivors, the primary objective was to measure HRQoL (using the Short Form-12, version 2.0 [SF-12 v2]), distress (using the Cancer- and Treatment-Related Distress [CTXD] instrument), and health behaviors of myeloma survivors in stable remission after AHCT. A total of 345 patients at a median of 4 years (range, 1.4 to 11 years) post-AHCT were included. The mean SF-12 v2 Physical Component Summary (PCS) score was 45.5 ± 10.5, and the mean Mental Component Summary (MCS) score was 51.3 ± 10.1, compared with US population norms of 50 ± 10 for both (P < .001 and P = .021 for PCS and MCS comparisons, respectively). Notably, neither reached the threshold for a minimal clinically important difference. Approximately one-third of the patients had clinically significant distress based on the CTXD total score, with distress reported by 53% of the patients in the Health Burden domain, by 46% in the Uncertainty domain, by 33% in the Finances domain, by 31% in the Family Strain domain, by 21% in the Identity domain, and by 15% in the Medical Demands domain. Preventive care guidelines were adhered to by 81% of the myeloma survivors; however, adherence to exercise and diet guidelines were relatively low, at 33% and 13%, respectively. Myeloma AHCT survivors in stable remission have no clinically meaningful worsening in physical functioning compared with the general population. Survivorship programs should address ongoing distress due to health burden, uncertainty, and finances in myeloma survivors, along with evidence-based targeted interventions for modifiable health behaviors, such as nutrition and exercise.

Recent advance of small-molecule drugs for clinical treatment of multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic neoplasm of plasma cells that is currently deemed incurable. Despite the introduction of novel immunomodulators and proteasome inhibitors, MM remains a challenging disease with high rates of relapse and refractoriness. The management of refractory and relapsed MM patients remains a formidable task, primarily due to the emergence of multiple drug resistance. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic agents to address this clinical challenge. In recent years, a significant amount of research has been dedicated to the discovery of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of MM. The clinical utilization of proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib and immunomodulator pomalidomide has been successively introduced. As basic research continues to advance, novel therapeutic agents, including panobinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and selinexor, a nuclear export inhibitor, have progressed to the clinical trial and application phase. This review aims to furnish a comprehensive survey of the clinical applications and synthetic pathways of select drugs, with the intention of imparting valuable insights for future drug research and development geared towards MM.

Management of Multiple Myeloma: A Review for General Practitioners in Oncology

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant clonal plasma cell disorder in the bone marrow and is the second-most common hematologic malignancy in adults. Although patients with MM have a moderate life expectancy, it remains a heterogeneous disease that often requires multiple lines of chemotherapy for durable control and long-term survival. This review outlines current management strategies for both transplant-eligible and transplant-ineligible patients as well as for relapsed and refractory disease. Advances in drug therapies have widened management options and improved survival. In this paper, we also discuss implications for special populations and survivorship care.

Characteristics of inpatients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in hematology, nephrology, and orthopedic departments

To describe the characteristics of multiple myeloma (MM) by retrospectively analyzing data from patients with MM in hematology, nephrology, and orthopedic departments, we selected inpatients diagnosed with MM for the first time who were admitted to the hematology department of Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province between January 1, 2017, and June 30, 2021 ([Formula: see text]) and those admitted to the nephrology ([Formula: see text]) and orthopedic ([Formula: see text]) departments of Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2021. For patients with MM initially diagnosed in the nephrology or orthopedic departments, age- and sex-matched patients without MM were randomly selected in a 1:1 ratio. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the risk of MM in hospitalized patients in the nephrology and orthopedic departments. This study included 200 patients, with a median age of 65 years. There were differences among patients in the three departments with respect to fracture, degree of anemia, proteinuria levels, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin levels, total protein (TP) levels, albumin levels, and laboratory indicators of renal function. TP levels > 68.45 g/L were independent risk factors for patients in the nephrology department (odds ratio (OR) = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.001-1.024, P = 0.04), and RBC count < 3.79 × 10¹²/L was an independent risk factor for orthopedic inpatients (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.268-0.913, P = 0.02). Therefore, nephrologists should pay attention to the TP level of hospitalized patients to facilitate the early identification of MM in patients with chronic kidney disease. Orthopedic surgeons should pay attention to RBC counts in patients with fractures, and patients with low RBC counts should avoid unnecessary surgery and move to specialist care as early as possible.

Impact of Elotuzumab Plus Pomalidomide/Dexamethasone on Health-related Quality of Life for Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Final Data From the Phase 2 ELOQUENT-3 Trial

Triplet regimens containing immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have improved outcomes and extended survival for patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). We evaluated updated health-related quality of life (HRQoL) findings from the phase 2 ELOQUENT-3 clinical trial (NCT02654132) after 4 years of treatment with elotuzumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone (EPd) and assessed the impact of the addition of elotuzumab on patients' HRQoL. HRQoL was assessed as an exploratory endpoint using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for Multiple Myeloma (MDASI-MM), which evaluates symptom severity, symptom interference, and HRQoL, and the 3-level EQ-5D, a patient-reported measure of health utility and general health. Statistical analyses included descriptive responder, longitudinal mixed-model, and time-to-first-deterioration (TTD) analyses using prespecified minimally important differences and responder definitions. Of 117 randomized patients, 106 (EPd, n = 55; pomalidomide and dexamethasone [Pd], n = 51) were eligible for inclusion in HRQoL analyses. Completion rates at almost all on-treatment visits were ≥80%. The proportion of patients treated with EPd who improved or maintained stable HRQoL until cycle 13 ranged from 82% to 96% for MDASI-MM total symptom score and 64% to 85% for MDASI-MM symptom interference. Across measurements, there were no clinically meaningful differences in changes from baseline between treatment arms, and TTD was not significantly different for EPd versus Pd. In conclusion, HRQoL was not impacted by the addition of elotuzumab to Pd and did not significantly deteriorate in patients with RRMM previously treated with lenalidomide and a PI in ELOQUENT-3.

Immunoglobulin replacement in hematological malignancies: a focus on evidence, alternatives, dosing strategy, and cessation rule

Acquired hypogammaglobulinemia or secondary immunodeficiency (SID) occurs commonly in hematological malignancies with increasing incidence and complexity in the era of modern therapies. Despite current practice of immunoglobulin replacement (IgRT) in SID, the evidence is lacking, especially for newer treatments. We discuss the current evidence for IgRT in various disease groups including issues, such as actual or ideal body weight (IBW)-based dosing, length of treatment, antibiotic prophylaxis, and vaccination. Incidence of SID with newer treatment is lacking. While there is a trend toward decreased respiratory infections and hospitalizations with IgRT, this is not consistent across all disease course or treatment groups. Dosing and indications for cessation of IgRT are also inadequately characterized. Further randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies are required to assess the optimal indications, timing, and duration of IgRT to improve the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Assessment of alternative and adjunctive therapies, such as vaccination and antibiotic prophylaxis could also improve the outcomes and costs.

Abnormal metaphase cytogenetics predicts venous thromboembolism in myeloma: derivation and validation of the PRISM score

Although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important treatment and disease-related complication in myeloma, a validated risk prediction model including disease-specific variables such as cytogenetics or tumor burden is lacking. The aim of this study was to develop a new risk prediction model for VTE in the context of modern antimyeloma therapy. All consecutive patients diagnosed at the Cleveland Clinic between 2008 and 2018 and with available data on baseline candidate risk factors constituted the derivation cohort. The primary outcome was VTE (deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism) within 1 year of treatment initiation. A multivariable model was used, and weights were derived from subdistribution hazard ratios to construct a risk score. The model was validated both by internal bootstrap validation and in an external validation cohort. The derivation cohort consisted of 783 patients. A 5-component risk prediction tool, named the PRISM score, was developed, including the following variables: prior VTE, prior surgery, immunomodulatory drug use, abnormal metaphase cytogenetics, and Black race. The c-statistic of the model was 0.622 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.567-0.674). The model stratified patients into low, intermediate, and high risk, with 12-month cumulative VTE incidence of 2.7%, 10.8%, and 36.5%, respectively. Risk of VTE increased significantly with increasing score in both the derivation and the external validation data sets, with a subdistribution hazard ratio per 1-point increase of 1.28 (95% CI, 1.19-1.39; P < .001) and 1.23 (95% CI, 1.07-1.41; P = .004) respectively. Although the PRISM score can guide clinicians in identifying patients at a high risk of VTE, additional external validation is necessary for incorporation into routine clinical practice.

Pathogenesis and treatment of multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second‐ranking malignancy in hematological tumors. The pathogenesis of MM is complex with high heterogeneity, and the development of the disease is a multistep process. Chromosomal translocations, aneuploidy, genetic mutations, and epigenetic aberrations are essential in disease initiation and progression. The correlation between MM cells and the bone marrow microenvironment is associated with the survival, progression, migration, and drug resistance of MM cells. In recent decades, there has been a significant change in the paradigm for the management of MM. With the development of proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapies, and novel agents, the survival of MM patients has been significantly improved. In addition, nanotechnology acts as both a nanocarrier and a treatment tool for MM. The properties and responsive conditions of nanomedicine can be tailored to reach different goals. Nanomedicine with a precise targeting property has offered great potential for drug delivery and assisted in tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis and current treatment options of MM, then overview recent advances in nanomedicine‐based systems, aiming to provide more insights into the treatment of MM.

Recommendations on the management of multiple myeloma in 2020

With the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, major improvements have been achieved in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), with a significant impact on the outcome of this disease. Different treatment combinations are now in use and other therapies are being developed. Based on an extensive review of the recent literature, we propose practical recommendations on myeloma management, to be used by hematologists as a reference for daily practice.

Practical Considerations for the Daratumumab Management in Portuguese Routine Clinical Practice: Recommendations From an Expert Panel of Hematologists

The recent therapeutic progress in multiple myeloma (MM) has led to the introduction of novel and highly potent drug classes. Daratumumab was the first CD38-targeting antibody showing to be effective and safe in MM patients as monotherapy and in combination regimens, which led to its rapid implementation in clinical practice. Considering that treatment discontinuation for drug-related adverse events can impact patients’ quality of life and outcomes, the treatment decision should consider different factors and be weighted for each patient individually. Here, we aimed to guide clinicians using daratumumab treatment for MM by addressing practical real-world considerations based on an expert panel of Portuguese hematologists. Carefully following the recommendations mentioned in daratumumab’s SmPC, and of those from other drugs used in combination regimens, along with ensuring a good communication with all healthcare professionals involved, is critical to prevent any complications arising from treatment. The risk of infection should be assessed for all patients under treatment with daratumumab and patients should be educated on the potential adverse events. Recommendations on prophylaxis and vaccination should be considered to avoid infections, and delays in the planned therapeutic schedule may be required to prevent adverse consequences of hematological toxicity. Daratumumab treatment is effective and feasible in patients with renal impairment, although careful patient monitoring and a frequent communication with the Nephrology department are of the utmost importance. Sharing clinical practice plays an important role in medical education by allowing to maximize treatment efficacy and minimize its safety risks.

Cardiovascular Toxicity of Carfilzomib: The Real-World Evidence Based on the Adverse Event Reporting System Database of the FDA, the United States

Background: Carfilzomib, an effective proteasome inhibitor agent for the therapy of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, has been related to a significant number of cardiovascular events. However, patterns of cardiovascular complications associated with this agent remain poorly characterized in real-world settings. Objective: To gain further insight into the frequency, spectrum, clinical features, timing, and outcomes of carfilzomib-related cardiovascular toxicities. Methods: This disproportionality (case/non-case) study was conducted leveraging records from FAERS database from 2014 to 2019. Cardiovascular events were defined and broadly categorized eight entities using narrow version of the Standardized MedDRA Queries (SMQs). Reporting odds ratios (ROR) and information component (IC) were calculated to measure disproportionality. Additionally, statistical shrinkage was applied to reduce false-positive signals. Results: The final number of records involved was 28,479,963, with 3,370 records submitted for carfilzomib related cardiovascular events. Significant disproportionality association between carfilzomib administration and cardiovascular events was captured (IC025/ROR025 = 0.85/1.95) when exploring in the entire database. Upon further analysis, all eight broad categories of cardiovascular toxicities were disproportionately associated with carfilzomib with varying frequencies, time-to-onset, and severities. Cardiomyopathy-related complications (N = 1,301, 38.61%), embolic and thrombotic events (N = 821, 24.36%), and cardiac failure (N = 765, 22.70%) largely comprised the reported problems. Notably, the strongest signal was detected for cardiac failure (IC025/ROR025 = 1.33/2.59), followed by pulmonary hypertension (IC025/ROR025 = 1.19/2.34). Median onset time of cardiovascular events was 41days (Q1-Q3: 9-114 days), with the shortest median time being 16 days (Q1-Q3: 4-85 days) for ischemic heart disease, with the longest time being 68 days (Q1-Q3: 21-139 days) for embolic and thrombotic events. Torsade de pointes/QT prolongation was identified as a new complication (IC025/ROR025 = 0.33/1.29) and was particularly noteworthy for highest death proportion (44.11%). Conclusions: Treatment with carfilzomib can lead to severe and versatile cardiovascular events. Early and intensive monitoring is important, particularly in the first 3 months after carfilzomib initiation. Maximizing the benefit while reducing potential cardiovascular harms of carfilzomib should become a priority.

Secondary primary malignancies in patients with multiple myeloma: A single institution experience

The purpose of our study is to highlight the demographic characteristics, pathological features, and clinical course of multiple myeloma (MM) patients with secondary primary malignancies (SPM). A retrospective chart review was performed from January 2009 to February 2020. Patients' demographic, pathologic and cytogenetic features, treatment characteristics and clinical outcomes were collected. We identified 871 MM patients including 40 patients who developed SPM. Among the 40 patients with SPM, 17 patients developed hematological SPM and 23 patients developed solid SPM. The median time from diagnosis of MM to the occurrence of hematological SPM was 6.85 versus 3.91 years in solid SPM, with a median overall survival (OS) after diagnosis of SPM of 120 and 880 days, respectively. Interestingly, we observed that there was no significant difference in OS between MM patients with or without SPM. Multivariable analysis showed that age and autologous stem cell transplantation were independent factors associated with patients' clinical outcomes. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the etiology, biology, clinical outcome and management in MM patients with SPM.

Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disorder that is on the rise throughout the world, especially in the US, Australia, and Western Europe. In the US, MM accounts for almost 2% of cancer diagnoses and over 2% of cancer deaths (more than double the global proportion). Incidence has risen by 126% globally and over 40% in the US since 1990, while global mortality has risen by 94% and US mortality has fallen by 18%. The 5 year survival in the US has more than doubled over the past decades with the introduction of new targeted therapies and transplant techniques. Risk factors for MM include age (average age of diagnosis is 69), race (African Americans are over double as likely to be diagnosed), sex (men are at a 1.5× risk), and family history. Diagnosis includes serum or urine electrophoresis and free light-chain assay but requires bone marrow biopsy. It is distinguished from smoldering myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance by a high (>3 g/dL) level of M-protein (monoclonal light chains) and the presence of CRAB (Hypercalcemia, Renal failure, Anemia, Bone pain) symptoms, which include hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, and bone pain, suggesting an end-organ damage. International staging system staging involves beta 2 microglobulin and albumin levels, while the revised system considers prognostic factors such as lactate dehydrogenase levels and chromosomal abnormalities. Front-line management includes induction regimen, maintenance therapy and hematopoietic cell transplantation for eligible patients and bisphosphonates or bone-stimulating agents for the prevention of skeletal events. Treatment for relapsed disease includes newly approved monoclonal antibodies like the CD38-targeting daratumumab, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulating agents, and investigational therapies such as B cell maturation antigen Chimeric antigen receptor T cells.

Actionable Strategies to Target Multiple Myeloma Plasma Cell Resistance/Resilience to Stress: Insights From "Omics" Research

While the modern therapeutic armamentarium to treat multiple myeloma (MM) patients allows a longer control of the disease, this second-most-frequent hematologic cancer is still uncurable in the vast majority of cases. Since MM plasma cells are subjected to various types of chronic cellular stress and the integrity of specific stress-coping pathways is essential to ensure MM cell survival, not surprisingly the most efficacious anti-MM therapy are those that make use of proteasome inhibitors and/or immunomodulatory drugs, which target the biochemical mechanisms of stress management. Based on this notion, the recently realized discoveries on MM pathobiology through high-throughput techniques (genomic, transcriptomic, and other "omics"), in order for them to be clinically useful, should be elaborated to identify novel vulnerabilities in this disease. This groundwork of information will likely allow the design of novel therapies against targetable molecules/pathways, in an unprecedented opportunity to change the management of MM according to the principle of "precision medicine." In this review, we will discuss some examples of therapeutically actionable molecules and pathways related to the regulation of cellular fitness and stress resistance in MM.