1
|
Jensen NSO, Camargo TFB, Bergamaschi DP. Comparison of methods to measure body fat in 7-to-10-year-old children: a systematic review. Public Health 2016; 133:3-13. [PMID: 26774698 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate methodological aspects in body fat (BF) measurements in 7-to-10-year-old children. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review of the literature. METHODS The studies were chosen from the PubMed and Scielo databases according to a protocol that defined: inclusion criteria; a search and quality-assessment strategy; and information extraction. RESULTS 27 studies published from 2004 to 2014 were included. The literature describes skinfold measurements and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as being the reference methods most widely used in the assessment of the ability of methods to identify BF. The most commonly-used statistical analyses were the Pearson correlation coefficient, and sensitivity and specificity performance analyses. The comparison between the tested methods and the references showed that body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are strongly correlated to BF as calculated by bioelectrical impedance or skinfolds, and that there is a moderate positive correlation with percent body fat as calculated by DEXA, air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) or isotope dilution. There was a moderate positive correlation between waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and BF, as estimated by ADP and skinfolds. Performance studies suggest that BMI and WC are very specific but less sensitive methods. CONCLUSIONS The results of this systematic review show favourable evidence for the use of anthropometric indicators - above all BMI and WC- in the measurement of BF, when more accurate techniques such as DEXA and ADP are not feasible. They also demonstrate features that make them advantageous for epidemiological studies in a child population, since they are easy and safe to obtain and well tolerated by the children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S O Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology of the School of Public Health of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T F B Camargo
- Department of Epidemiology of the School of Public Health of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - D P Bergamaschi
- Department of Epidemiology of the School of Public Health of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
GROLEAU VERONIQUE, SCHALL JOANI, STALLINGS VIRGINIAA, BERGQVIST CHRISTINAA. Long-term impact of the ketogenic diet on growth and resting energy expenditure in children with intractable epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014; 56:898-904. [PMID: 24749520 PMCID: PMC4133288 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The long-term effects of the ketogenic diet, a high fat diet for treating intractable epilepsy, on resting energy expenditure (REE) are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of 15 months of ketogenic diet treatment on growth and REE in children with intractable epilepsy. METHOD Growth, body composition, and REE were assessed at baseline, 3 months and 15 months in 24 children (14 males, 10 females; mean age 5 y 6 mo [SD 26 mo], range 7 mo-6 y 5 mo), 10 with cerebral palsy [CP]). Fifteen were identified as ketogenic diet responders at 3 months and continued on the ketogenic diet until 15 months. These were compared to 75 healthy children (43 males, 32 females; mean age 6 y 3 mo [SD 21 mo] age range 2-9 y). REE was expressed as percentage predicted, growth as height (HAz) and weight (WAz) z-scores, and body composition as fat and fat free mass (FFM). RESULTS HAz declined -0.2 and -0.6 from baseline to 3 months and 15 months respectively (p = 0.001), while WAz was unchanged. In ketogenic diet responders, FFM, age and CP diagnosis predicted REE (overall R(2) = 0.76, p<0.001) and REE did not change. REE adjusted for FFM was lower (p<0.01) in children with CP at baseline (mean [standard error], -143[51] kcals/d) and 15 months (-198[53] kcals/d) compared to the healthy children. INTERPRETATION After 15 months of the ketogenic diet, linear growth status declined while weight status and REE were unchanged. REE remained reduced in children with CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- VERONIQUE GROLEAU
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Ste-Justine University Hospital Center and University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - JOAN I SCHALL
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - VIRGINIA A STALLINGS
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - CHRISTINA A BERGQVIST
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Resting energy expenditure and adiposity accretion among children with Down syndrome: a 3-year prospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:1087-91. [PMID: 23900244 PMCID: PMC3790863 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a higher prevalence of obesity than other children. Whether this increased risk for obesity is due to a lower resting energy expenditure (REE) is controversial. Our study assessed whether 1) the REE of children with DS adjusted for fat free mass (FFM) was lower than that of sibling controls and 2) the changes in fat mass (FM) over three years were associated with FFM-adjusted baseline REE. Methods This study used cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs. Four annual measurement visits were conducted with 28 children with DS and 35 sibling controls aged 3–10y. REE and serum thyroxine (T4) were measured at baseline. Anthropometry, skinfold thicknesses measures, and, in a subsample, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used at each visit to calculate FM. Results Children with DS had significantly lower REE adjusted for FFM (−78 kcal/day, 95% CI: −133 to −27, p=0.003). The difference remained significant after adjustment for FM, sex, and African ancestry (−49 kcal/day, 95% CI: −94 to −4, p=0.03). In the longitudinal analysis, the baseline REE adjusted for baseline FFM was not predictive of FM accretion over time (p=0.8). Conclusion Children with DS have lower REE than sibling controls, but REE was not associated with changes in FM over time. The results suggest that the lower REE of children with DS does not explain their increased risk for obesity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Alizadeh Z, Rostami M. Body mass index and percentage of body fat as indicators for obesity in an adolescent athletic population: why the jackson-pollock formula? Sports Health 2012; 3:421. [PMID: 23016036 PMCID: PMC3445212 DOI: 10.1177/1941738111416927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
|
5
|
White M, Davies P, Murphy A. Correlation Between Nutrition Assessment Data and Percent Body Fat via Plethysmography in Pediatric Oncology Patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 35:715-22. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607111403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Davies
- Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexia Murphy
- Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zemel BS, Carey LB, Paulhamus DR, Stallings VA, Ittenbach RF. Quantifying calcium intake in school age children: development and validation of the Calcium Counts! food frequency questionnaire. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:180-6. [PMID: 19621431 PMCID: PMC4334123 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying dietary behavior is difficult and can be intrusive. Calcium, an essential mineral for skeletal development during childhood, is difficult to assess. Few studies have examined the use of food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) for assessing calcium intake in school-age children. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Calcium Counts! FFQ (CCFFQ) for estimating calcium intake in school children in the US. Healthy children, aged 7-10 years (n = 139) completed the CCFFQ and 7-day weighed food records. A subset of subjects completed a second CCFFQ within 3.6 months. Concurrent validity was determined using Pearson correlations between the CCFFQ and food record estimates of calcium intake, and the relationship between quintiles for the two measures. Predictive validity was determined using generalized linear regression models to explore the effects of age, race, and gender. Inter- and intra-individual variability in calcium intake was high (>300 mg/day). Calcium intake was approximately 300 mg/day higher by CCFFQ compared to food records. Concurrent validity was moderate (r = 0.61) for the entire cohort and higher for selected subgroups. Predictive validity estimates yielded significant relationships between CCFFQ and food record estimates of calcium intake alone and in the presence of such potential effect modifiers as age group, race, and gender. Test-retest reliability was high (r = 0.74). Although calcium intake estimated by the CCFFQ was greater than that measured by food records, the CCFFQ provides valid and reliable estimates of calcium intake in children. The CCFFQ is especially well-suited as a tool to identify children with low calcium intakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babette S Zemel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. zemel@email.-chop.edu
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The past 50 years have seen great progress in the understanding and treatment of classic growth disorders. Advances such as the recognition of hormone receptor defects, the development of recombinant growth hormone, and the expanding awareness of epigenetic phenomena affecting growth are among these great achievements. Yet growth failure remains a pervasive problem among children with complex health conditions, such as survivors of childhood cancers, premature infants, organ transplant recipients, and children with cystic fibrosis. The significant increases in life expectancy among these groups underscores the potential consequences of poor growth, whether due to the underlying conditions or medical treatments, as they may have long-lasting effects into adulthood. The ongoing contributions of human biologists to the study of human growth remain essential in the recognition and treatment of growth disorders, by defining normal patterns of growth and body composition, the interplay of growth and maturation, the role of environmental, behavioral and genetic factors, and the long-term consequences of growth patterns. Examples will be given based on two common genetic disorders, cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell anemia, to highlight the relationships between growth failure, survival, and malnutrition. Also, a study of bone mineral accretion in children with cystic fibrosis will illustrate the importance of understanding patterns of growth in healthy children, and their application in the diagnosis and management of children with chronic disease. These examples accentuate the need for continued participation of human biologists in the study of growth and development and the care of children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babette Zemel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tardif SD, Power ML, Ross CN, Rutherford JN, Layne-Colon DG, Paulik MA. Characterization of obese phenotypes in a small nonhuman primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1499-505. [PMID: 19325546 PMCID: PMC3823549 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This report explores aspects of developing obesity in two captive populations of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a small primate with a short lifespan that may be of value in modeling chronic aspects of obesity acquisition and its lifetime effects. Two populations were examined. In study 1, body composition, lipid parameters, and glucose metabolic parameters were measured in a population of 64 adult animals. Animals classified as obese (>80th percentile relative fat based on sex) displayed both dyslipidemia (higher triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)) and altered glucose metabolism (higher fasting glucose and HbA(1c)). Using operational definitions of atypical values for factors associated with metabolic syndrome in humans, five subjects (7.8%) had at least three atypical factors and five others had two atypical factors. A previously unreported finding in these normally sexually monomorphic primates was higher body weight, fat weights, and percent fat in females compared to males. In a second study, longitudinal weight data for a larger population (n = 210) were analyzed to evaluate the development of high weight animals. Differences in weights for animals that would exceed the 90th percentile in early adulthood were evident from infancy, with a 15% difference in weight between future-large weight vs. their future-normal weight litter mates as early as 4-6 months of age. The marmoset, therefore, demonstrates similar suites of obesity-related alterations to those seen in other primates, including humans, suggesting that this species is worthy of consideration for obesity studies in which its fast maturity, high fertility, relatively short lifespan, and small size may be of advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzette D Tardif
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Classifying Preadolescent Boys Based on Their Weight Status and Percent Body Fat Produces Different Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 108:1018-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the high prevalence of malnutrition and potential impact nutritional status can have on a child undergoing treatment for cancer, it is vital that oncology centers regularly assess nutritional status. It is important that simple noninvasive anthropometric nutrition assessment measures correlate to more accurate body composition measures. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anthropometric measures and percent body fat determined via air displacement plethysmography in the children being treated in a pediatric oncology and hematology department. DESIGN This cross-sectional study measured height, weight, percent ideal body weight (%IBW), mid arm circumference, triceps skinfolds, and mid upper arm fat area in 23 children. These anthropometric variables were compared against the reference measure of percent body fat via air displacement plethysmography. RESULTS Correlational analysis and general linear models showed that there was a significant statistical relationship between percent body fat and body mass index Z score, %IBW, mid arm circumference, triceps skinfolds, and arm fat area. CONCLUSIONS Simple anthropometric measurements of %IBW and triceps skinfolds are good indicators of percent body fat and should be incorporated into regular nutrition assessment of the pediatric oncology patient.
Collapse
|