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Koenig MD, Crooks N, Burton T, Li Y, Hemphill NO, Erbe K, Rutherford JN, Liese KL, Pearson P, Stewart K, Kessee N, Gondwe KW, Reed L, Tussing-Humphreys L. Structural Violence and Stress Experiences of Young Pregnant Black People. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01661-y. [PMID: 37306921 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 10-20% of individuals suffer from mental health concerns during the prenatal period due to their vulnerability and emotional responses to stressful events. Mental health disorders are more likely to be disabling and persistent for people of color, and they are less likely to seek treatment due to stigma. Young pregnant Black people report experiencing stress due to isolation, feelings of conflict, lack of material and emotional resources, and support from significant others. Although many studies have reported the types of stressors experienced, personal resources, emotional stress responses on pregnancy, and mental health outcomes, there is limited data on young Black women's perceptions of these factors. METHODS This study utilizes the Health Disparities Research Framework to conceptualize drivers of stress related to maternal health outcomes for young Black women. We conducted a thematic analysis to identify stressors for young Black women. RESULTS Findings revealed the following overarching themes: Societal stress of being young, Black, and pregnant; Community level systems that perpetuate stress and structural violence; Interpersonal level stressors; Individual level effects of stress on mom and baby; and Coping with stress. DISCUSSION Acknowledging and naming structural violence and addressing structures that create and fuel stress for young pregnant Black people are important first steps to interrogating systems that allow for nuanced power dynamics and for recognizing the full humanity of young pregnant Black people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Dawn Koenig
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Natasha Crooks
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tristesse Burton
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, MC 886, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yanqiao Li
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Katherine Erbe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois Chicago, 820 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Biobehavioral Health Science Division, University of Arizona, PO Box 210203, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kylea L Liese
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Pamela Pearson
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Karie Stewart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois Chicago, 820 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Nicollette Kessee
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Kaboni W Gondwe
- Deptartment of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Box 357262, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Lisa Tussing-Humphreys
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
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Uwizeye G, Rutherford JN, Thayer ZM. Associations between duration of first trimester intrauterine exposure to genocide against the Tutsi and health outcomes in adulthood. Am J Biol Anthropol 2023. [PMID: 36866929 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hundreds of thousands of Rwandans were conceived during the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, including thousands conceived by genocidal rape. We explore whether the duration of first trimester exposure to the genocide is associated with variation in adult mental health outcomes in individuals exposed to varying degrees of genocide-related stress in utero. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 30 Rwandans conceived via genocidal rape, 31 Rwandans conceived by genocide survivors not raped, and 30 individuals of Rwandan-descent who were conceived outside of Rwanda at the time of the genocide (control group). Individuals were age- and sex-matched across groups. Adult mental health was assessed through standardized questionnaires for vitality, anxiety, and depression. RESULTS Among the genocide only group, a longer duration of first trimester prenatal exposure was associated with higher anxiety scores and lower vitality (both p < 0.010), and higher depression scores (p = 0.051). Duration of first trimester exposure was not associated with any measures of mental health among the genocidal rape or control group. DISCUSSION Duration of exposure to genocide in the first trimester of gestation was associated with variation in adult mental health among the genocide only group. The lack of association between duration of first trimester exposure to genocide and adult mental health in the genocidal rape group may reflect the fact that stress associated with conception through rape persisted beyond the genocide period itself, encompassing all of gestation and likely beyond. Geopolitical and community interventions are needed in the context of extreme events during pregnancy to mitigate adverse intergenerational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glorieuse Uwizeye
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Biobehavioral Health Sciences Division, College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Zaneta M Thayer
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Ziegler TE, Tardif SD, Ross CN, Snowdon CT, Kapoor A, Rutherford JN. Timing of the luteal-placental shift is delayed with additional fetuses in litter-bearing callitrichid monkeys, Saguinus oedipus and Callithrix jacchus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 333:114195. [PMID: 36563863 PMCID: PMC10089085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The luteal-placental shift is an important milestone of mammalian pregnancy signifying when endocrine control of pregnancy shifts from the corpus luteum of the ovary to the placenta. The corpus luteum is maintained by chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Upon sufficient placental maturation, CG production wanes, the corpus luteum involutes, and control is shifted to the placenta, one consequence of which is a midgestational rise in glucocorticoid production, especially cortisol and cortisone, by both mother and fetus. Glucocorticoids are involved in initiating parturition, prenatal programming of offspring phenotype, and maturing fetal organs. Limited evidence from human pregnancy suggests that the timing of this shift is delayed in twin pregnancies, but little is known about the timing of the luteal-placental shift in litter-bearing monkeys from the primate family Callitrichidae. Here we provide evidence from cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) of longer duration of elevated CG associated with multiple infant births compared to single births. Urinary profiles from cotton-top tamarins demonstrate that the decline of the extended elevation of CG precedes the onset of the midpregnancy sustained rise in glucocorticoids; this shift occurs later with an increase from one to two fetuses carried to term. In the common marmoset, the onset of the sustained rise of glucocorticoids in maternal urine is also delayed with an increase in infant number. Total urinary glucocorticoid levels during the last half of gestation increase monthly but do not differ by infant number. The significant delay in the luteal-placental shift suggests a longer period of placental maturation is needed to support a greater number of fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni E Ziegler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53715, United States
| | - Suzette D Tardif
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, United States
| | - Corinna N Ross
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, United States
| | - Charles T Snowdon
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Amita Kapoor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53715, United States
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Division of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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4
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OjiNjideka Hemphill N, Crooks N, Zhang W, Fitter F, Erbe K, Rutherford JN, Liese KL, Pearson P, Stewart K, Kessee N, Reed L, Tussing-Humphreys L, Koenig MD. Obstetric experiences of young black mothers: An intersectional perspective. Soc Sci Med 2023; 317:115604. [PMID: 36549014 PMCID: PMC9854070 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Chicago, maternal morbidity and mortality is six times more likely among Black birthing people than white, despite policy initiatives to promote maternal health equity. Disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality reflect experiences of structural inequities - including limited quality obstetric care, implicit bias, and racism resulting patient mistrust in the health care system, inadequate social support, and financial insecurity. Although there is published literature on Black women's experiences with obstetric care, including experiences with individual and structural racism, little is known about the intersection of age and race and experiences with health care. The purpose of this study was to explore the maternal health and pregnancy experiences of young Black women utilizing an intersectional theoretical lens. METHODS In this study, we conducted two focus groups in a sample of 11 young Black pregnant people. We conducted a thematic analysis to identify codes, themes, and subthemes of the data. RESULTS We developed two overarching themes: obstetric racism and obstetric resistance. To elucidate how obstetric racism framed our participants' healthcare experiences, we identified sub-themes: intersectional identities as young Black women, medical mistrust, and pregnancy trauma. The second major theme describes ways in which participants protected themselves against obstetric racism to engender positive health experiences. These methods of resistance included identifying advocates and relying on trusted providers. CONCLUSIONS The current standard of obstetric care in the US is suboptimal due to individual and structural racism. This study provides unique data on the experiences with health care for young, Black pregnant individuals and delivers valuable insight into how individual and structural racism impacts obstetric care for young Black women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefertiti OjiNjideka Hemphill
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | - Natasha Crooks
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Wenqiong Zhang
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Fareeha Fitter
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago 601 S. Morgan St., 4th Floor UH, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Katherine Erbe
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Biobehavioral Health Science Division at the University of Arizona, PO Box 210203, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Kylea L Liese
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Pamela Pearson
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Karie Stewart
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Nicollette Kessee
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | | | - Lisa Tussing-Humphreys
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | - Mary Dawn Koenig
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Kim IJ, Lanthier PA, Clark MJ, De La Barrera RA, Tighe MP, Szaba FM, Travis KL, Low-Beer TC, Cookenham TS, Lanzer KG, Bernacki DT, Johnson LL, Schneck AA, Ross CN, Tardif SD, Layne-Colon D, Mdaki SD, Dick EJ, Chuba C, Gonzalez O, Brasky KM, Dutton J, Rutherford JN, Coffey LL, Singapuri A, Martin CSS, Chiu CY, Thomas SJ, Modjarrad K, Patterson JL, Blackman MA. Author Correction: Efficacy of an inactivated Zika vaccine against virus infection during pregnancy in mice and marmosets. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:99. [PMID: 35987764 PMCID: PMC9392767 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- In-Jeong Kim
- Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY, 12983, USA.
| | - Paula A. Lanthier
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Madeline J. Clark
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Rafael A. De La Barrera
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Pilot Bioproduction Facility, Center for Enabling Capabilities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Michael P. Tighe
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Frank M. Szaba
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Kelsey L. Travis
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Timothy C. Low-Beer
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Tres S. Cookenham
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Kathleen G. Lanzer
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Derek T. Bernacki
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Lawrence L. Johnson
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Amanda A. Schneck
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - Corinna N. Ross
- grid.250889.e0000 0001 2215 0219Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Suzette D. Tardif
- grid.250889.e0000 0001 2215 0219Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Donna Layne-Colon
- grid.250889.e0000 0001 2215 0219Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Stephanie D. Mdaki
- grid.250889.e0000 0001 2215 0219Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Edward J. Dick
- grid.250889.e0000 0001 2215 0219Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Colin Chuba
- grid.250889.e0000 0001 2215 0219Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- grid.250889.e0000 0001 2215 0219Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Kathleen M. Brasky
- grid.250889.e0000 0001 2215 0219Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - John Dutton
- grid.250889.e0000 0001 2215 0219Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Julienne N. Rutherford
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Lark L. Coffey
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Anil Singapuri
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Claudia Sanchez San Martin
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA ,grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Present Address: Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Charles Y. Chiu
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Stephen J. Thomas
- grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Jean L. Patterson
- grid.250889.e0000 0001 2215 0219Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Marcia A. Blackman
- grid.250945.f0000 0004 0462 7513Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
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VanSickle C, Liese KL, Rutherford JN. Textbook typologies: Challenging the myth of the perfect obstetric pelvis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:952-967. [PMID: 35202515 PMCID: PMC9303659 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Medical education's treatment of obstetric-related anatomy exemplifies historical sex bias in medical curricula. Foundational obstetric and midwifery textbooks teach that clinical pelvimetry and the Caldwell-Moloy classification system are used to assess the pelvic capacity of a pregnant patient. We describe the history of these techniques-ostensibly developed to manage arrested labors-and offer the following criticisms. The sample on which these techniques were developed betrays the bias of the authors and does not represent the sample needed to address their interest in obstetric outcomes. Caldwell and Moloy wrote as though the size and shape of the bony pelvis are the primary causes of "difficult birth"; today we know differently, yet books still present their work as relevant. The human obstetric pelvis varies in complex ways that are healthy and normal such that neither individual clinical pelvimetric dimensions nor the artificial typologies developed from these measurements can be clearly correlated with obstetric outcomes. We critique the continued inclusion of clinical pelvimetry and the Caldwell-Moloy classification system in biomedical curricula for the racism that was inherent in the development of these techniques and that has clinical consequences today. We call for textbooks, curricula, and clinical practices to abandon these outdated, racist techniques. In their place, we call for a truly evidence-based practice of obstetrics and midwifery, one based on an understanding of the complexity and variability of the physiology of pregnancy and birth. Instead of using false typologies that lack evidence, this change would empower both pregnant people and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline VanSickle
- Department of AnatomyA.T. Still University, Kirksville College of Osteopathic MedicineKirksvilleMissouriUSA
| | - Kylea L. Liese
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of NursingUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Julienne N. Rutherford
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of NursingUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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7
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Uwizeye G, DeVon HA, McCreary LL, Patil CL, Thayer ZM, Rutherford JN. Children born of genocidal rape: What do we know about their experiences and needs? Public Health Nurs 2021; 39:350-359. [PMID: 34881464 DOI: 10.1111/phn.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An often under addressed and tragic legacy of genocide is the conception of children from rape. While the experience has been documented from their mothers' perspective, the perspectives and needs of individuals born of genocidal rape has been under-studied. METHODS We conducted an integrative review of all peer-reviewed articles that reported on studies conducted among individuals born of genocidal rape published through 2020. We used an inductive process to identify and describe the themes from those studies. RESULTS Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Ten articles reported on youth born of genocidal rape in Rwanda aged between 16 and 21 years, and two articles represented the perspective of adolescents in the former Yugoslavia aged 1416 years. Four themes were indentified: (1) birth origin stories associated with the crime of the father, (2) fractured sense of belonging to the victim-mother, perpetrator-father, their families, and the community at large, (3) intergenerational legacy of trauma and family identity, and (4) strategies to move forward including knowing the truth about one's origin, mental health, and peer support. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that understanding increased risk of adverse health outcomes of youth born of genocidal rape could inform the design of evidence-based interventions for these and similar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glorieuse Uwizeye
- Society of Fellows, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Holli A DeVon
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linda L McCreary
- Global Health I PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for International Nursing Development in Primary Health Care, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Crystal L Patil
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zaneta M Thayer
- Society of Fellows, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Rutherford JN, Ross CN, Ziegler T, Burke LA, Steffen AD, Sills A, Layne Colon D, deMartelly VA, Narapareddy LR, Tardif SD. Womb to womb: Maternal litter size and birth weight but not adult characteristics predict early neonatal death of offspring in the common marmoset monkey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252093. [PMID: 34106943 PMCID: PMC8189522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A singular focus on maternal health at the time of a pregnancy leaves much about perinatal mortality unexplained, especially when there is growing evidence for maternal early life effects. Further, lumping stillbirth and early neonatal death into a single category of perinatal mortality may obscure different causes and thus different avenues of screening and prevention. The common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), a litter-bearing nonhuman primate, is an ideal species in which to study the independent effects of a mother’s early life and adult phenotypes on pregnancy outcomes. We tested two hypotheses in 59 marmoset pregnancies at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies. We explored 1) whether pregnancy outcomes were predicted independently by maternal adult weight versus maternal litter size and birth weight, and 2) whether stillbirth and early neonatal death were differentially predicted by maternal variables. No maternal characteristics predicted stillbirth and no maternal adult characteristics predicted early neonatal death. In univariate Poisson models, triplet-born females had a significantly increased rate of early neonatal death (IRR[se] = 3.00[1.29], p = 0.011), while higher birth weight females had a decreased rate (IRR[se] = 0.89[0.05], p = 0.039). In multivariate Poisson models, maternal litter size remained an independent predictor, explaining 13% of the variance in early neonatal death. We found that the later in the first week those neonates died, the more weight they lost. Together these findings suggest that triplet-born and low birth weight females have distinct developmental trajectories underlying greater rates of infant loss, losses that we suggest may be attributable to developmental disruption of infant feeding and carrying. Our findings of early life contributions to adult pregnancy outcomes in the common marmoset disrupt mother-blaming narratives of pregnancy outcomes in humans. These narratives hold that the pregnant person is solely responsible for pregnancy outcomes and the health of their children, independent of socioecological factors, a moralistic framing that has shaped clinical pregnancy management. It is necessary to differentiate temporal trajectories and causes of perinatal loss and view them as embedded in external processes to develop screening, diagnostic, and treatment tools that consider the full arc of a mother’s lived experience, from womb to womb and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne N. Rutherford
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Corinna N. Ross
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Toni Ziegler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Larisa A. Burke
- Office for Research Facilitation, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alana D. Steffen
- Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aubrey Sills
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donna Layne Colon
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. deMartelly
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laren R. Narapareddy
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suzette D. Tardif
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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9
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Uwizeye G, Thayer ZM, DeVon HA, McCreary LL, McDade TW, Mukamana D, Park C, Patil CL, Rutherford JN. Double Jeopardy: Young adult mental and physical health outcomes following conception via genocidal rape during the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. Soc Sci Med 2021; 278:113938. [PMID: 33905987 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rwandans conceived by rape during the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi have endured a violent beginning and a troubled childhood. Given compelling evidence of the influence of prenatal environments and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on future health, these individuals are at high risk of poor mental and physical health outcomes. The purpose of the study was to characterize mental and physical health outcomes in young adults who were exposed prenatally to maternal stress due to the genocide in general and those conceived by genocidal rape, and to determine whether ACEs compound these effects. Ninety-one 24-year-old Rwandans - 30 conceived by genocidal rape, 31 born of genocide survivors not raped, and a control group of 30 born of women with neither exposure - completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire and measures of multiple physical and mental health characteristics. Data were collected from March 7 to April 6, 2019. Findings demonstrated that 1) individuals conceived during the genocide had poorer mental function (p = 0.002) and higher scores in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, physical function, pain intensity, and sleep disturbance compared to young adults who were not exposed to genocide (all p < 0.033); 2) individuals conceived by genocidal rape reported more depression, PTSD, and pain interference compared to those prenatally exposed to maternal genocide stress only (all p < 0.008); and 3) among the group conceived via genocidal rape, the effects of prenatal exposures on depression, physical function, pain intensity and pain interference were exacerbated by ACEs (all p < 0.041). Being conceived during genocide, especially through genocidal rape, is associated with poor adult physical and mental health. The role of ACEs in exacerbating prenatal genocide exposure highlights opportunities for interventions to reduce these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glorieuse Uwizeye
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Society of Fellows, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA; Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, 3 Tuck Drive, Silsby Hall, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Zaneta M Thayer
- Society of Fellows, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA; Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, 3 Tuck Drive, Silsby Hall, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Holli A DeVon
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, 700 Tiverton Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Linda L McCreary
- Department Health Systems Science, College of Nursing University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, Ilinois, 60612, USA.
| | - Thomas W McDade
- Department of Anthropology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Donatilla Mukamana
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 3286, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Chang Park
- Department Health Systems Science, College of Nursing University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, Ilinois, 60612, USA.
| | - Crystal L Patil
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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10
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Bostwick WB, Rutherford JN, Patil CL, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Spetz J, Stephenson R, Yakusheva O. Envisioning a more expansive future for multidisciplinary nursing scholarship and education. Nurs Outlook 2021; 69:507-509. [PMID: 33858688 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bostwick
- Population Health Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, IL
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, IL.
| | - Crystal L Patil
- Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert J Ploutz-Snyder
- Applied Biostatistics Laboratory, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joanne Spetz
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, Healthforce Center at University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rob Stephenson
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Olga Yakusheva
- Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI
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11
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Kuzawa CW, Adair L, Bechayda SA, Borja JRB, Carba DB, Duazo PL, Eisenberg DTA, Georgiev AV, Gettler LT, Lee NR, Quinn EA, Rosenbaum S, Rutherford JN, Ryan CP, McDade TW. Evolutionary life history theory as an organising framework for cohort studies: insights from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:94-105. [PMID: 32429766 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1742787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
By tracking a group of individuals through time, cohort studies provide fundamental insights into the developmental time course and causes of health and disease. Evolutionary life history theory seeks to explain patterns of growth, development, reproduction and senescence, and inspires a range of hypotheses that are testable using the longitudinal data from cohort studies. Here we review two decades of life history theory-motivated work conducted in collaboration with the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS), a birth cohort study that enrolled more than 3000 pregnant women in the Philippines in 1983 and has since followed these women, their offspring and grandoffspring. This work has provided evidence that reproduction carries "costs" to cellular maintenance functions, potentially speeding senescence, and revealed an unusual form of genetic plasticity in which the length of telomeres inherited across generations is influenced by reproductive timing in paternal ancestors. Men in Cebu experience hormonal and behavioural changes in conjunction with changes in relationship and fatherhood status that are consistent with predictions based upon other species that practice bi-parental care. The theoretical expectation that early life cues of mortality or environmental unpredictability will motivate a "fast" life history strategy are confirmed for behavioural components of reproductive decision making, but not for maturational tempo, while our work points to a broader capacity for early life developmental calibration of systems like immunity, reproductive biology and metabolism. Our CLHNS findings illustrate the power of life history theory as an integrative, lifecourse framework to guide longitudinal studies of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Linda Adair
- Department of Nutrition and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sonny A Bechayda
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu, Philippines
| | | | - Delia B Carba
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Paulita L Duazo
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lee T Gettler
- Department of Anthropology and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Nanette R Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Elizabeth A Quinn
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, in St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stacy Rosenbaum
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Department of Women, Children, and Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Calen P Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Thomas W McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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12
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Narapareddy L, Wildman DE, Armstrong DL, Weckle A, Bell AF, Patil CL, Tardif SD, Ross CN, Rutherford JN. Maternal weight affects placental DNA methylation of genes involved in metabolic pathways in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23101. [PMID: 32020652 PMCID: PMC7154656 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of placental DNA methylation (DNAm) is a mechanism linking maternal weight during pregnancy to metabolic programming outcomes. The common marmoset, Callithrix jaccus, is a platyrrhine primate species that has provided much insight into studies of the primate placenta, maternal condition, and metabolic programming, yet the relationships between maternal weight and placental DNAm are unknown. Here, we report genome‐wide DNAm from term marmoset placentas using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. We identified 74 genes whose DNAm pattern is associated with maternal weight during gestation. These genes are predominantly involved in energy metabolism and homeostasis, including the regulation of glycolytic and lipid metabolic processes pathways. The placental DNA methylation (DNAm) landscape of the marmoset placenta presents unique differences and similarities with human placental methylation patterns. Maternal weight is associated with placental DNAm in genes that are predominantly involved in energy metabolism and homeostasis. The impact of altered placental DNAm on placental function and development may also contribute to the potential role of placental DNAm in developmental programming in the marmoset monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laren Narapareddy
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Derek E Wildman
- Genomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Don L Armstrong
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Amy Weckle
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Aleeca F Bell
- Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Crystal L Patil
- Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Suzette D Tardif
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Corinna N Ross
- Program of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Rutherford JN, Victoria A deMartelly, Ragsdale HB, Avila JL, Lee NR, Kuzawa CW. Global population variation in placental size and structure: Evidence from Cebu, Philippines. Placenta 2019; 85:40-48. [PMID: 31445348 PMCID: PMC6742541 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental morphology influences the intrauterine environment and fetal growth, which help set life-course health trajectories across generations. Little is known about placental characteristics in populations with chronic nutritional insufficiency where birth weights tend to be lower, and how these relationships between birth and placental weights vary across populations. METHODS We collected weights and stereologically-determined villous mass and surface area of 21 placentas from offspring of women enrolled in a birth cohort study in metropolitan Cebu, Philippines, a low-income population. We identified 15 samples from other global populations ranging from low to high income that had similar data to ours to assess patterns of variation between birth and placental weights and microscopic characteristics. We ranked the population samples in order for each characteristic. RESULTS Mean birth weight in Cebu was 3162 ± 80 g (ranked 9/16) and placental weight was 454 ± 32 g (ranked 12/16). Birth:placental weight ratio was 7.0 (ranked 3/16). Average villous surface area for Cebu placentas was 6.5 m2 (ranked 9/12); Birth weight:villous surface area was 0.048 g/m2 (ranked 4/12). DISCUSSION Placentas from Cebu produced heavier neonates per units of placental weight and villous surface area than most other populations, despite lower villous surface areas and less complex surface-to-volume topography. This range of placental efficiency spurs questions about the mechanisms by which placental morphology optimizes efficiency in different environmental contexts during gestation. Placental variation both within and across populations is likely due to many intersecting environmental, metabolic, and (epi)genetic factors that will require additional research to clarify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne N Rutherford
- Department of Women, Children, and Family Health, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Haley B Ragsdale
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Josephine L Avila
- USC- Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Nanette R Lee
- USC- Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Christopher W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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14
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Powell-Roach KL, Yao Y, Rutherford JN, Schlaeger JM, Patil CL, Suarez ML, Shuey D, Angulo V, Carrasco J, Ezenwa MO, Fillingim RB, Wang ZJ, Molokie RE, Wilkie DJ. Thermal and mechanical quantitative sensory testing values among healthy African American adults. J Pain Res 2019; 12:2511-2527. [PMID: 31496792 PMCID: PMC6693422 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s211855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Only a few studies have reported quantitative sensory testing (QST) reference values for healthy African Americans, and those studies are limited in sample size and age of participants. The study purpose was to characterize QST values in healthy, pain-free African American adults and older adults whose prior pain experiences and psychological status were also measured. We examined the QST values for differences by sex, age, and body test site. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 124 pain-free African American adults (age 18-69 years, 49% female) completed demographic and self-reported pain, fatigue and psychosocial measures. QST was performed to obtain thermal and mechanical responses and associated pain intensity levels. RESULTS We found thermal detection values at the anterior forearm were (29.2 °C±1.6) for cool detection (CD) and (34.5 °C±1.2) for warm detection (WD). At that site the sample had cold pain threshold (CPTh) (26.3 °C±5.0), heat pain threshold (HPTh) (37.8 °C±3.6), and mechanical pain thresholds (MPTH) (16.7±22.2 grams of force, gF). There was a significant between sex difference for WD, with women being more sensitive (q=0.027). Lower body sites were less sensitive than upper body sites across all thermal modalities (q<0.003), but not for the mechanical modality. CONCLUSION The QST values from this protocol at the anterior forearm indicate that the healthy African American adults had average thermal pain thresholds close to the temperature of adaptation and average MPTh under 20 gF. Differences in responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli for upper verses lower body were consistent with prior research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha L Powell-Roach
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yingwei Yao
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judith M Schlaeger
- Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Crystal L Patil
- Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marie L Suarez
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Shuey
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Veronica Angulo
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jesus Carrasco
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miriam O Ezenwa
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Roger B Fillingim
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zaijie J Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert E Molokie
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Jessie Brown Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diana J Wilkie
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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16
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Rutherford JN, Asiodu IV, Liese KL. Reintegrating modern birth practice within ancient birth process: What high cesarean rates ignore about physiologic birth. Am J Hum Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julienne N. Rutherford
- Department of Women, Children, and Family Health Science; College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois
| | | | - Kylea L. Liese
- Department of Women, Children, and Family Health Science; College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois
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17
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Riesche L, Tardif SD, Ross CN, deMartelly VA, Ziegler T, Rutherford JN. The common marmoset monkey: avenues for exploring the prenatal, placental, and postnatal mechanisms in developmental programming of pediatric obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R684-R692. [PMID: 29412686 PMCID: PMC6008109 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00164.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Animal models have been critical in building evidence that the prenatal experience and intrauterine environment are capable of exerting profound and permanent effects on metabolic health through developmental programming of obesity. However, despite physiological and evolutionary similarities, nonhuman primate models are relatively rare. The common marmoset monkey ( Callithrix jacchus) is a New World monkey that has been used as a biomedical model for well more than 50 years and has recently been framed as an appropriate model for exploring early-life impacts on later health and disease. The spontaneous, multifactorial, and early-life development of obesity in the common marmoset make it a valuable research model for advancing our knowledge about the role of the prenatal and placental mechanisms involved in developmental programming of obesity. This paper provides a brief overview of obesity in the common marmoset, followed by a discussion of marmoset reproduction and placental characteristics. We then discuss the occurrence and utility of variable intrauterine environments in developmental programming in marmosets. Evidence of developmental programming of obesity will be given, and finally, we put forward future directions and innovations for including the placenta in developmental programming of obesity in the common marmoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laren Riesche
- University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Toni Ziegler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center , Madison, Wisconsin
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18
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Roach KL, Hershberger PE, Rutherford JN, Molokie RE, Wang ZJ, Wilkie DJ. The AVPR1A Gene and Its Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs10877969: A Literature Review of Associations with Health Conditions and Pain. Pain Manag Nurs 2018; 19:430-444. [PMID: 29503216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is the quintessential symptom for individuals suffering from sickle cell disease (SCD). Although the degree of suffering and the cost of treatment are staggering, SCD continues to be grossly understudied, including a lack of data for pain-related genes and prevalence of polymorphisms in this population. This lack of data adds to the inadequacy of pain therapy in this population. Pain genetics investigators have recently examined allele frequencies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms from candidate genes in people who have SCD. One of the genes identified was the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A gene (AVPR1A) and its associated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs10877969. Progress in explaining pain-related polymorphisms associated with SCD can be facilitated by understanding the literature. Aim/Design: The purpose of this literature review was to describe mechanisms of the polymorphic gene AVPR1A and the phenotypic variations associated with its SNPs relative to health conditions and pain. METHODS Published studies were included if the research addressed AVPR1A and was a full article in a peer-reviewed journal, in the English language, a human or animal study, and published 2009 to present. Abstracts were included if they were in English and provided information not found in a full article. RESULTS The results of this review revealed that AVPR1A is associated with behavioral phenotypes, which include pair bonding, autism spectrum disorder, musical aptitude, infidelity, altruism, monogamy, mating, substance abuse, and alcohol preference. In addition, there were associations with pain, stress pain by sex, and sickle cell pain. CONCLUSION Summary of this literature could provide insights into future pain research of this SNP in people with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha L Roach
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Patricia E Hershberger
- Department of Health Systems Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Department of Women, Child, and Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert E Molokie
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Hematology/Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jessie Brown Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zaijie Jim Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Diana J Wilkie
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, University of Florida College of Nursing, Gainesville, Florida
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Abstract
Background: Neonates born small for gestational age (SGA) face increased risk of neonatal mortality, childhood developmental problems, and adult disease. The placenta is a key factor in SGA development because of its multiple biological processes that underlie fetal growth. However, valid and reliable placental biomarkers of SGA have not been determined. Objectives: The objective of this article was to systematically identify and review studies examining associations between placental biomarkers and SGA and assess those biomarkers’ predictive value. Methods: Use of the matrix method and the PRISMA guidelines ensured systematic identification of relevant articles based on selection criteria. PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE were searched for English articles published in 2005–2016 that addressed relationships between placental biomarkers and SGA. Results: The search captured 466 articles; 13 met selection criteria. The review identified 14 potential placental biomarkers for SGA, with placental growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 being the most commonly studied. However, findings for these and other biomarkers have often been contradictory. Thus, no placental biomarkers have been confirmed as reliable for predicting SGA. Conclusion: The inconsistent findings suggest low placental biomarker reliability, perhaps due to the multifactorial nature of SGA. This review is novel in its focus on identifying potential placental biomarkers for SGA, producing a better understanding of how placental function underlies fetal growth. Nevertheless, use of placental biomarkers alone may not be adequate for predicting SGA. Therefore, combinations of biomarkers and other predictive tests should be evaluated for their ability to predict risk of SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungnapa Ruchob
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julienne N. Rutherford
- Department of Women, Children & Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aleeca F. Bell
- Department of Women, Children & Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Nelson RG, Rutherford JN, Hinde K, Clancy KBH. Signaling Safety: Characterizing Fieldwork Experiences and Their Implications for Career Trajectories. American Anthropologist 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aman.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin G. Nelson
- Department of Anthropology; Santa Clara University; Santa Clara CA 95053 USA
| | - Julienne N. Rutherford
- Department of Women, Children, and Family Health Science; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL 60402 USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Kathryn B. H. Clancy
- Department of Anthropology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
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21
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Clancy KBH, Nelson RG, Rutherford JN, Hinde K. Survey of academic field experiences (SAFE): trainees report harassment and assault. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102172. [PMID: 25028932 PMCID: PMC4100871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the climate of the scientific fieldwork setting as it relates to gendered experiences, sexual harassment, and sexual assault. We conducted an internet-based survey of field scientists (N = 666) to characterize these experiences. Codes of conduct and sexual harassment policies were not regularly encountered by respondents, while harassment and assault were commonly experienced by respondents during trainee career stages. Women trainees were the primary targets; their perpetrators were predominantly senior to them professionally within the research team. Male trainees were more often targeted by their peers at the research site. Few respondents were aware of mechanisms to report incidents; most who did report were unsatisfied with the outcome. These findings suggest that policies emphasizing safety, inclusivity, and collegiality have the potential to improve field experiences of a diversity of researchers, especially during early career stages. These include better awareness of mechanisms for direct and oblique reporting of harassment and assault and, the implementation of productive response mechanisms when such behaviors are reported. Principal investigators are particularly well positioned to influence workplace culture at their field sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B. H. Clancy
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Anthropology, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robin G. Nelson
- Skidmore College, Department of Anthropology, Saratoga Springs, New York, United States of America
| | - Julienne N. Rutherford
- University of Illinois, Chicago, Department of Women, Children, and Family Health Science, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Katie Hinde
- Harvard University, Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Rutherford JN, deMartelly VA, Layne Colon DG, Ross CN, Tardif SD. Developmental origins of pregnancy loss in the adult female common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e96845. [PMID: 24871614 PMCID: PMC4037172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of the intrauterine environment on the developmental programming of adult female reproductive success is still poorly understood and potentially underestimated. Litter size variation in a nonhuman primate, the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), allows us to model the effects of varying intrauterine environments (e.g. nutrient restriction, exposure to male womb-mates) on the risk of losing fetuses in adulthood. Our previous work has characterized the fetuses of triplet pregnancies as experiencing intrauterine nutritional restriction. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used over a decade of demographic data from the Southwest National Primate Research Center common marmoset colony. We evaluated differences between twin and triplet females in the number of pregnancies they produce and the proportion of those pregnancies that ended in fetal loss. We found that triplet females produced the same number of total offspring as twin females, but lost offspring during pregnancy at a significantly higher rate than did twins (38% vs. 13%, p = 0.02). Regardless of their own birth weight or the sex ratio of the litter the experienced as fetuses, triplet females lost more fetuses than did twins. Females with a male littermate experienced a significant increase in the proportion of stillbirths. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These striking findings anchor pregnancy loss in the mother's own fetal environment and development, underscoring a "Womb to Womb" view of the lifecourse and the intergenerational consequences of development. This has important translational implications for understanding the large proportion of human stillbirths that are unexplained. Our findings provide strong evidence that a full understanding of mammalian life history and reproductive biology requires a developmental foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne N. Rutherford
- Department of Women, Children, and Family Health, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. deMartelly
- Department of Women, Children, and Family Health, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Donna G. Layne Colon
- Southwest National Primate Research Center/Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Corinna N. Ross
- Southwest National Primate Research Center/Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Texas A & M University - San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, Barshop Institute for Longevity & Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suzette D. Tardif
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, Barshop Institute for Longevity & Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Harris RA, Tardif SD, Vinar T, Wildman DE, Rutherford JN, Rogers J, Worley KC, Aagaard KM. Evolutionary genetics and implications of small size and twinning in callitrichine primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1467-72. [PMID: 24379383 PMCID: PMC3910650 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316037111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
New World monkeys (NWMs) are characterized by an extensive size range, with clawed NWMs (subfamily Callitrichinae, or callitrichines) such as the common marmoset manifesting diminutive size and unique reproductive adaptations. Perhaps the most notable of these adaptations is their propensity toward multiple gestations (i.e., dichorionic twins and trichorionic triplets). Indeed, with the exception of Goeldi's monkey (Callimico), callitrichine singleton pregnancies rarely occur. Multiple gestations seem to have coevolved with a suite of reproductive adaptations, including hematopoetic chimerism of siblings, suppression of reproduction in nondominant females, and cooperative alloparenting. The sequencing of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) genome offers the opportunity to explore the genetic basis of these unusual traits within this primate lineage. In this study, we hypothesized that genetic changes arising during callitrichine evolution resulted in multiple ovulated ova with each cycle, and that these changes triggered adaptations that minimized complications common to multiple gestations in other primates, including humans. Callitrichine-specific nonsynonymous substitutions were identified in GDF9, BMP15, BMP4, and WFIKKN1. WFIKKN1, a multidomain protease inhibitor that binds growth factors and bone morphogenetic proteins, has nonsynonymous changes found exclusively in common marmosets and other tested callitrichine species that twin. In the one callitrichine species that does not produce twins (Callimico), this change has reverted back to the ancestral (nontwinning) primate sequence. Polymorphisms in GDF9 occur among human cohorts with a propensity for dizygotic twins, and polymorphisms in GDF9 and BMP15 are associated with twinning in sheep. We postulate that positive selection affected NWM growth patterns, with callitrichine miniaturization coevolving with a series of reproductive adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Alan Harris
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal–Fetal Medicine and
- Molecular and Human Genetics
| | - Suzette D. Tardif
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Tomas Vinar
- Department of Applied Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Derek E. Wildman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics and
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Julienne N. Rutherford
- Department of Women, Children, and Family Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Molecular and Human Genetics
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, and
| | - Kim C. Worley
- Molecular and Human Genetics
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, and
| | - Kjersti M. Aagaard
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal–Fetal Medicine and
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and
- the Reproductive Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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24
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Tardif SD, Power ML, Ross CN, Rutherford JN. Body mass growth in common marmosets: toward a model of pediatric obesity. Am J Phys Anthropol 2013; 150:21-8. [PMID: 23283661 PMCID: PMC3607500 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While much is known about adult obesity in nonhuman primates, very little is known regarding development of childhood adiposity. As small monkeys that are easy to handle and have a relatively fast life history, common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) offer interesting opportunities to examine the question of fat versus lean mass growth in a nonhuman primate. This article provides an overview of our understanding of early life growth in mass in marmoset monkeys, based primarily upon our past 20 years of research, culminating in our recent findings on early life obesity in this species. Common marmosets display variance in early life growth patterns that is related to both pre- and postnatal factors and the marmoset uterine environment is exquisitely designed to reflect resources available for the gestation of multiple offspring, making them an interesting model of developmental programming. We have demonstrated that obesity can be generated in very early life in captive marmosets, with excess adiposity evident by one month of age, making this species a potentially valuable model in which to study pediatric obesity and its sequelae. Birth weight is associated with adiposity in animals vulnerable to obesity. Early life exposure to higher fat diets enhances the chances of postweaning obesity development. However, overall higher food consumption is also associated with obesity development at later ages. One unexpected finding in our studies has been the relatively high body fat percentage of neonatal (12-18%) marmosets suggesting that hypotheses regarding the uniqueness of high human neonatal adiposity merit further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette D Tardif
- Barshop Institute for Longevity & Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, 78245, USA.
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25
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Rutherford JN. Toward a nonhuman primate model of fetal programming: phenotypic plasticity of the common marmoset fetoplacental complex. Placenta 2012; 33 Suppl 2:e35-9. [PMID: 22776637 PMCID: PMC3482116 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates offer unique opportunities as animal models in the study of developmental programming and the role of the placenta in developmental processes. All primates share fundamental similarities in life history and reproductive biology. Thus, insights gleaned from studies of nonhuman primates have a higher degree of biological salience to human biology than do studies of rodents or agricultural animals. The common marmoset monkey is a small-bodied primate from South America that produces litters of dizygotic fetuses that share a single placental mass. This natural variation allows us to model different intrauterine conditions and associated fetoplacental phenotypes. The marmoset placenta is phenotypically plastic according to litter size. Triplet litters are characterized by low individual fetal weights and significantly more efficient placentas and attendant alterations to the microscopic architecture and endocrine function, thus modeling a nutrient restricted intrauterine environment. Consistent with this model, triplet neonates experience a higher risk of perinatal mortality and an increased likelihood of elevated adult weight. Recent evidence has shown that the intrauterine experience of females has an impact on their own pregnancy outcomes in adulthood: triplet females experience significantly greater pregnancy loss than do twin females. The marmoset monkey thus represents a potential powerful nonhuman primate model of multiple pregnancies, restrictive prenatal experiences, and differential reproductive outcomes in adulthood, which may have important implications for studying the impact of in vitro fertilization on adult reproductive health. It is still too early to determine exactly what developmental pathways lead to this disparity or what specific role the placenta plays; future work on this front will be critical to establish the marmoset as an important model of fetal programming of reproductive function in adulthood and across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne N Rutherford
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Comparative Primate Biology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, M/C 690, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Abstract
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, is responsible for 35 percent of maternal deaths. Proximately, PPH results from the failure of the placenta to separate from the uterine wall properly, most often because of impairment of uterine muscle contraction. Despite its prevalence and its well-described clinical manifestations, the ultimate causes of PPH are not known and have not been investigated through an evolutionary lens. We argue that vulnerability to PPH stems from the intensely invasive nature of human placentation. The human placenta causes uterine vessels to undergo transformation to provide the developing fetus with a high plane of maternal resources; the degree of this transformation in humans is extensive. We argue that the particularly invasive nature of the human placenta increases the possibility of increased blood loss at parturition. We review evidence suggesting PPH and other placental disorders represent an evolutionarily novel condition in hominins.
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Rutherford JN, McDade TW, Lee NR, Adair LS, Kuzawa C. Change in waist circumference over 11 years and current waist circumference independently predict elevated CRP in Filipino women. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:310-5. [PMID: 19856425 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein, a marker of chronic, low-grade inflammation, is strongly associated with current central adiposity, and has been linked to elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Less is known about the contribution of longitudinal change in waist circumference to current inflammation. We evaluated the extent to which current waist circumference and change over an 11-year interval contribute independently to low-grade systemic inflammation measured in a group of 1,294 women, 35-69 years, participating in the Cebu Longitudinal Nutrition and Health Survey in the Philippines. Waist circumference was measured at the time of blood draw for CRP analysis in 2005 and during an earlier survey in 1994. A waist circumference delta variable was constructed by subtracting current circumference from past circumference. We used logistic regression models to predict having an elevated plasma CRP concentration (3 mg L(-1) < CRP < 10 mg L(-1)). Waist circumference in 2005 was a strong predictor of elevated CRP (OR 1.10, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.12, P < 0.001). In combined models, increase in circumference over 11 years was a significant and independent predictor of elevated CRP risk (OR = 1.023, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.05, P < 0.05). Considering the average increase over time, the cumulative risk of elevated CRP due to increased central adiposity was 25.7%. However, women who reduced their waist circumference between 1994 and 2005 had greatly reduced risk (6.2%), suggesting that even long-term inflammatory burden can be reversed by weight loss. Although current waist circumference is an important contributor to risk of elevated systemic inflammation in this as in other populations, history of central adiposity may be an independent phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne N Rutherford
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Rutherford JN, Eklund A, Tardif S. Placental insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and its relation to litter size in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 2010; 71:969-75. [PMID: 19743442 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The primate placenta produces a wide variety of hormones throughout gestation that regulate placental function and fetal growth. One such hormone is insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), a peptide implicated in cell division, differentiation, and amino acid transport. IGF-II concentrations were measured in 23 common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) term placentas from twin and triplet litters in order to determine whether previously described differences in fetoplacental phenotype such as placental and litter mass and placental surface area were related to differences in endocrine function. IGF-II was extracted from frozen tissue samples and measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit designed for human tissue, which was validated for marmoset placenta. IGF-II concentrations were not related to placental or litter mass, and twin and triplet placentas did not differ in total concentration. However, per individual fetus, triplets were associated with a significant 42% reduction in IGF-II concentration (P = 0.03), and IGF-II concentration per gram of fetal mass was a third lower in triplet litters. The triplet placenta exhibits a global expansion of the surface area which was contrasted by a per unit area reduction in IGF-II concentration (r = -0.75, P = 0.01), a pattern that explains why twin and triplet placentas overall did not differ in concentration. Per fetus, triplet pregnancies are associated with relatively less maternal mass, placental mass and microscopic surface area suggesting that the intrauterine growth of triplets is supported by systems that increase the efficiency of nutrient transfer. The finding that individual triplet fetuses are also associated with significantly lower IGF-II concentrations is consistent with the view that the marmoset fetoplacental unit exhibits a flexible pattern of placental allocation and metabolism. Plasticity in placental endocrine and metabolic function is likely to play an important role in the ability of the fetus to sense and accommodate the intrauterine environment and, by extension, the external ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne N Rutherford
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Rutherford JN, McDade TW, Feranil AB, Adair LS, Kuzawa CW. High prevalence of low HDL-c in the Philippines compared to the US: population differences in associations with diet and BMI. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2010; 19:57-67. [PMID: 20199988 PMCID: PMC3152979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in the Philippines, although few studies here have examined the lipid profiles underlying disease risk. The isolated low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) phenotype has been implicated as a CVD risk factor, the prevalence of which exhibits significant variation across populations. To assess population variation in individual lipid components and their associations with diet and anthropometric characteristics, we compare lipid profiles in a population of adult Filipino women (n=1877) to US women participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, n=477). We conducted multiple regression models to assess the relationship between lipid components, body mass index, and dietary variables in the two populations. We measured the prevalence of lipid phenotypes, and logistic regression models determined the predictors of the isolated low HDL-c phenotype. High density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in the Philippines (40.8+/-0.2 mg/dL) than in NHANES (60.7+/-0.7 mg/dL). The prevalence of the isolated low HDL-c phenotype was 28.8%, compared to 2.10% in NHANES. High prevalence among Filipinos was relatively invariant across all levels of BMI, but was strongly inversely related to BMI in NHANES and exhibited only at the BMI>25 kg/m2 threshold. Diet did not consistently predict the low-HDL phenotype in Filipinos. Filipino women exhibit a high prevalence of the isolated low HDL-c phenotype, which is largely decoupled from anthropometric factors. The relationship of CVD to population variation in dyslipidemia and body composition needs further study, particularly in populations where the burden of cardiovascular and metabolic disease is rapidly increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne N Rutherford
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Rutherford JN. Fetal signaling through placental structure and endocrine function: illustrations and implications from a nonhuman primate model. Am J Hum Biol 2009; 21:745-53. [PMID: 19384862 PMCID: PMC3319756 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a transmitter of fetal need and fetal quality, interfacing directly with maternal physiology and ecology. Plasticity of placental structure and function across the developmental timeframe of gestation may serve as an important tool by which a fetus calibrates its growth to shifting maternal ecology and resource availability, and thereby signals its quality and adaptability to a changing environment. Signals of this quality may be conveyed by the size of the placental interface, an important marker of fetal access to maternal resources, or by production of placental insulin-like growth factor-II, a driver of fetoplacental growth. Litter size variation in the common marmoset monkey offers the opportunity to explore intrauterine resource allocation and placental plasticity in an important nonhuman primate model. Triplet marmosets are born at lower birth weights and have poorer postnatal outcomes and survivorship than do twins; triplet placentas differ in placental efficiency, microscopic morphology, and endocrine function. Through placental plasticity, triplet fetuses are able to adjust functional access to maternal resources in a way that allows pregnancy to proceed. However, the costs of such mechanisms may relate to reduced fetal growth and altered postnatal outcomes, with the potential to lead to adverse adult health consequences, suggesting an important link between the placenta itself and the developmental origins of health and disease.
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Tardif SD, Power ML, Ross CN, Rutherford JN, Layne-Colon DG, Paulik MA. Characterization of obese phenotypes in a small nonhuman primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1499-505. [PMID: 19325546 PMCID: PMC3823549 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This report explores aspects of developing obesity in two captive populations of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a small primate with a short lifespan that may be of value in modeling chronic aspects of obesity acquisition and its lifetime effects. Two populations were examined. In study 1, body composition, lipid parameters, and glucose metabolic parameters were measured in a population of 64 adult animals. Animals classified as obese (>80th percentile relative fat based on sex) displayed both dyslipidemia (higher triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)) and altered glucose metabolism (higher fasting glucose and HbA(1c)). Using operational definitions of atypical values for factors associated with metabolic syndrome in humans, five subjects (7.8%) had at least three atypical factors and five others had two atypical factors. A previously unreported finding in these normally sexually monomorphic primates was higher body weight, fat weights, and percent fat in females compared to males. In a second study, longitudinal weight data for a larger population (n = 210) were analyzed to evaluate the development of high weight animals. Differences in weights for animals that would exceed the 90th percentile in early adulthood were evident from infancy, with a 15% difference in weight between future-large weight vs. their future-normal weight litter mates as early as 4-6 months of age. The marmoset, therefore, demonstrates similar suites of obesity-related alterations to those seen in other primates, including humans, suggesting that this species is worthy of consideration for obesity studies in which its fast maturity, high fertility, relatively short lifespan, and small size may be of advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette D Tardif
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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32
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Rutherford JN. Book review: Evolutionary Medicine and Health: New Perspectives. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McDade TW, Rutherford JN, Adair L, Kuzawa C. Population differences in associations between C-reactive protein concentration and adiposity: comparison of young adults in the Philippines and the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1237-45. [PMID: 19225115 PMCID: PMC2667466 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation may be an important mediator of the association between nutrition and cardiovascular diseases, but most studies have been conducted in Western populations with high rates of overweight and obesity and low levels of infectious disease. OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the predictors of C-reactive protein (CRP) in young adults living in the Philippines and to examine patterns of association with adiposity compared with young adults in the United States. DESIGN Maximum likelihood logistic regression models were used to predict elevated high-sensitivity CRP (>3 mg/L) in relation to anthropometric measures of adiposity, symptoms of infectious disease, and proxy measures of pathogen exposure in men and women from the Philippines (n = 1648; age: 20-22 y). Comparative data were drawn from a nationally representative sample in the United States (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; n = 616; age: 19-24 y). RESULTS Median concentrations of CRP were substantially lower in the Philippines (0.2 mg/L) than in the United States (0.9 mg/L), and the likelihood of elevated CRP was lower in the Philippines than in the United States at the same level of waist circumference or skinfold thickness. In the Philippines, infectious symptoms and pathogen exposure predicted elevated CRP, independent of adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Adiposity and infectious exposures are associated with elevated CRP in the Philippines; other populations undergoing comparable lifestyle and dietary changes associated with increasing rates of overweight and obesity are likely experiencing similar double burdens of inflammatory stimuli. Low concentrations of CRP in this Philippine sample raise the question of whether CRP cutoffs based on European or European-American reference populations are appropriate for predicting disease risk in populations undergoing the nutrition transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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McDade TW, Rutherford JN, Adair L, Kuzawa C. Adiposity and pathogen exposure predict C-reactive protein in Filipino women. J Nutr 2008; 138:2442-7. [PMID: 19022970 PMCID: PMC2801568 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.092700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and infectious agents are both sources of inflammatory stimuli that result in increased production of C-reactive protein (CRP). Rates of overweight and obesity are increasing globally, but for many populations, gains in body fat are set against a backdrop of high levels of pathogen exposure. Our primary objective was to evaluate the extent to which adiposity and pathogenicity contribute to a double burden of inflammation in a population currently undergoing the nutrition transition. Measures of adiposity, pathogen exposure, and infectious disease symptoms were evaluated as predictors of high-sensitivity CRP concentration in plasma samples from 1875 women participating in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in the Philippines. Proxy measures of pathogen exposure included household crowding and cleanliness, quality of water source, mode of waste disposal, and fecal exposure. A series of maximum likelihood logistic regression models were used to predict a plasma CRP concentration > 3 mg/L. Waist circumference was the strongest anthropometric predictor of elevated CRP [odds ratio (OR) = 2.29; 95% CI = 2.00, 2.62; P < 0.001]. Presence of infectious disease symptoms (OR = 2.51; 95% CI = 1.84, 3.44; P < 0.001) and level of pathogen exposure (OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.15, 2.12; P < 0.01) were also associated with elevated CRP. These associations were independent of socioeconomic status and other health behaviors. Overweight/obesity and infectious exposures are associated with elevated CRP in the Philippines; it is likely that other populations undergoing the nutrition transition are experiencing comparable double burdens of inflammatory stimuli. These results underscore the need for additional research on the contributions of pathogenicity, adiposity, and inflammation to global epidemics of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. McDade
- Department of Anthropology and Cells to Society: The Center on Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 and Carolina Population Center and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
| | - Julienne N. Rutherford
- Department of Anthropology and Cells to Society: The Center on Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 and Carolina Population Center and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
| | - Linda Adair
- Department of Anthropology and Cells to Society: The Center on Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 and Carolina Population Center and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
| | - Christopher Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology and Cells to Society: The Center on Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 and Carolina Population Center and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
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Rutherford JN, Tardif SD. Developmental plasticity of the microscopic placental architecture in relation to litter size variation in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Placenta 2008; 30:105-10. [PMID: 19038443 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fetal demand, shaped by factors such as number of fetuses, may alter placental regulation of exchange, even when maternal nutrition restriction is not overt. The marmoset is an interesting model in which to examine this aspect of placental function due to unique placentation that leads to multiple fetuses sharing a unified placental mass. We demonstrated previously that the triplet marmoset placenta exhibits significantly higher efficiency than does the twin placenta. Here, we test the hypothesis that this increased efficiency is due to increases in changes in the microscopic morphology of the placenta. Stereology was employed to analyze the microscopic architecture of placentas from twin and triplet pregnancies. Compartments of interest were the trabeculae, intertrabecular space, fetal capillaries, and the surface area of the maternal-fetal interface. Placentas from the two litters did not differ significantly in overall volume or individual volumetric compartments, but triplet placentas exhibited significant expansion of the trabecular surface area in comparison to twins (p=0.039). Further, the two groups differed in the isomorphy coefficient, with triplet placentas having a significantly higher coefficient (p=0.001) and potentially a more complex microscopic topography. Differences in the maternal-fetal interface may be due to developmental constraints on gross placental growth that occur earlier in gestation, such that the only option for maintaining sufficient access to maternal resources or signaling pathways late in gestation is via an expansion of the interface. Despite the significant increase in overall surface area, individual triplet fetuses are associated with much less surface area than are individual twins, suggestive of alterations in metabolic efficiency, perhaps via differential amino acid transport regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Rutherford
- Institute for Policy Research, Laboratory for Human Biology Research, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-4100, USA.
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Rutherford JN, Tardif SD. Placental efficiency and intrauterine resource allocation strategies in the common marmoset pregnancy. Am J Phys Anthropol 2008; 137:60-8. [PMID: 18470898 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mothers and fetuses are expected to be in some degree of conflict over the allocation of maternal resources to fetal growth in the intrauterine environment. Variation in placental structure and function may be one way a fetus can communicate need and quality to its mother, potentially manipulating maternal investment in its favor. Whereas common marmosets typically produce twin litters, they regularly give birth to triplet litters in captivity. The addition of another fetus is a potential drain on maternal resource availability and thus a source of elevated conflict over resource allocation. Marmoset littermates share a single placental mass, so that differences in the ratio of fetal to placental weight across litter categories suggest the presence of differential intrauterine strategies of resource allocation. The fetal/placental weight ratio was calculated for 26 marmoset pregnancies, representing both twin and triplet litters, to test the hypothesis that triplet fetuses respond to intrauterine conflict by soliciting placental overgrowth as a means of accessing maternal resources. In fact, relative to fetal mass, the triplet marmoset placenta is significantly undergrown, with individual triplets associated with less placental mass than their twin counterparts, suggesting that the triplet placenta is relatively more efficient in its support of fetal growth. There still may be an important role for maternal-fetal conflict in the programming of placental structure and function. Placental adaptations that solicit potential increases of maternal investment may occur at the microscopic or metabolic level, and thus may not be reflected in the size of the placenta as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne N Rutherford
- Institute for Policy Research and the Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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