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Yasukouchi A. The next stage of physiological anthropology. J Physiol Anthropol 2023; 42:3. [PMID: 36895022 PMCID: PMC9999635 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
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2
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Levy SB, Leonard WR. The evolutionary significance of human brown adipose tissue: Integrating the timescales of adaptation. Evol Anthropol 2021; 31:75-91. [PMID: 34910348 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While human adaptability is regarded as a classical topic in anthropology, recent work provides new insight into metabolic adaptations to cold climates and the role of phenotypic plasticity in human evolution. A growing body of literature demonstrates that adults retain brown adipose tissue (BAT) which may play a role in non-shivering thermogenesis. In this narrative review, we apply the timescales of adaptation framework in order to explore the adaptive significance of human BAT. Human variation in BAT is shaped by multiple adaptive modes (i.e., allostasis, acclimatization, developmental adaptation, epigenetic inheritance, and genetic adaptation), and together the adaptive modes act as an integrated system. We hypothesize that plasticity in BAT facilitated the successful expansion of human populations into circumpolar regions, allowing for selection of genetic adaptations to cold climates to take place. Future research rooted in human energetics and biocultural perspectives is essential for understanding BAT's adaptive and health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Levy
- Department of Anthropology, CUNY Hunter College, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - William R Leonard
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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3
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Childebayeva A, Goodrich JM, Leon-Velarde F, Rivera-Chira M, Kiyamu M, Brutsaert TD, Dolinoy DC, Bigham AW. Genome-Wide Epigenetic Signatures of Adaptive Developmental Plasticity in the Andes. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 13:5981114. [PMID: 33185669 PMCID: PMC7859850 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude adaptation is a classic example of natural selection operating on the human genome. Physiological and genetic adaptations have been documented in populations with a history of living at high altitude. However, the role of epigenetic gene regulation, including DNA methylation, in high-altitude adaptation is not well understood. We performed an epigenome-wide DNA methylation association study based on whole blood from 113 Peruvian Quechua with differential lifetime exposures to high altitude (>2,500) and recruited based on a migrant study design. We identified two significant differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and 62 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with high-altitude developmental and lifelong exposure statuses. DMPs and DMRs were found in genes associated with hypoxia-inducible factor pathway, red blood cell production, blood pressure, and others. DMPs and DMRs associated with fractional exhaled nitric oxide also were identified. We found a significant association between EPAS1 methylation and EPAS1 SNP genotypes, suggesting that local genetic variation influences patterns of methylation. Our findings demonstrate that DNA methylation is associated with early developmental and lifelong high-altitude exposures among Peruvian Quechua as well as altitude-adaptive phenotypes. Together these findings suggest that epigenetic mechanisms might be involved in adaptive developmental plasticity to high altitude. Moreover, we show that local genetic variation is associated with DNA methylation levels, suggesting that methylation associated SNPs could be a potential avenue for research on genetic adaptation to hypoxia in Andeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainash Childebayeva
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Jaclyn M Goodrich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| | - Fabiola Leon-Velarde
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Rivera-Chira
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Melisa Kiyamu
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| | - Abigail W Bigham
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles
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Hall JE, Lawrence ES, Simonson TS, Fox K. Seq-ing Higher Ground: Functional Investigation of Adaptive Variation Associated With High-Altitude Adaptation. Front Genet 2020; 11:471. [PMID: 32528523 PMCID: PMC7247851 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human populations at high altitude exhibit both unique physiological responses and strong genetic signatures of selection thought to compensate for the decreased availability of oxygen in each breath of air. With the increased availability of genomic information from Tibetans, Andeans, and Ethiopians, much progress has been made to elucidate genetic adaptations to chronic hypoxia that have occurred throughout hundreds of generations in these populations. In this perspectives piece, we discuss specific hypoxia-pathway variants that have been identified in high-altitude populations and methods for functional investigation, which may be used to determine the underlying causal factors that afford adaptation to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Hall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elijah S. Lawrence
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Keolu Fox
- Department of Anthropology and Global Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Human Genetic Adaptation to High Altitude: Evidence from the Andes. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020150. [PMID: 30781443 PMCID: PMC6410003 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether Andean populations are genetically adapted to high altitudes has long been of interest. Initial studies focused on physiological changes in the O₂ transport system that occur with acclimatization in newcomers and their comparison with those of long-resident Andeans. These as well as more recent studies indicate that Andeans have somewhat larger lung volumes, narrower alveolar to arterial O₂ gradients, slightly less hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response, greater uterine artery blood flow during pregnancy, and increased cardiac O2 utilization, which overall suggests greater efficiency of O₂ transfer and utilization. More recent single nucleotide polymorphism and whole-genome sequencing studies indicate that multiple gene regions have undergone recent positive selection in Andeans. These include genes involved in the regulation of vascular control, metabolic hemostasis, and erythropoiesis. However, fundamental questions remain regarding the functional links between these adaptive genomic signals and the unique physiological attributes of highland Andeans. Well-designed physiological and genome association studies are needed to address such questions. It will be especially important to incorporate the role of epigenetic processes (i.e.; non-sequence-based features of the genome) that are vital for transcriptional responses to hypoxia and are potentially heritable across generations. In short, further exploration of the interaction among genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors in shaping patterns of adaptation to high altitude promises to improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying human adaptive potential and clarify its implications for human health.
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Sarma MS, Kuo PX, Bechayda SA, Kuzawa CW, Gettler LT. Exploring the links between early life and young adulthood social experiences and men's later life psychobiology as fathers. Physiol Behav 2018; 193:82-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Leonard WR. Centennial perspective on human adaptability. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:813-833. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Leonard
- Department of Anthropology; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
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Clukay CJ, Hughes DA, Rodney NC, Kertes DA, Mulligan CJ. DNA methylation of methylation complex genes in relation to stress and genome-wide methylation in mother-newborn dyads. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:173-182. [PMID: 29028111 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early life stress is known to have enduring biological effects, particularly with respect to health. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are a possible mechanism to mediate the biological effect of stress. We previously found correlations between maternal stress, newborn birthweight, and genome-wide measures of DNA methylation. Here we investigate ten genes related to the methylation/demethylation complex in order to better understand the impact of stress on health. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA methylation and genetic variants at methylation/demethylation genes were assayed. Mean methylation measures were constructed for each gene and tested, in addition to genetic variants, for association with maternal stress measures based on interview and survey data (chronic stress and war trauma), maternal venous, and newborn cord genome-wide mean methylation (GMM), and birthweight. RESULTS After cell type correction, we found multiple pairwise associations between war trauma, maternal GMM, maternal methylation at DNMT1, DNMT3A, TET3, and MBD2, and birthweight. CONCLUSIONS The association of maternal GMM and maternal methylation at DNMT1, DNMT3A, TET3, and MBD2 is consistent with the role of these genes in establishing, maintaining and altering genome-wide methylation patterns, in some cases in response to stress. DNMT1 produces one of the primary enzymes that reproduces methylation patterns during DNA replication. DNMT3A and TET3 have been implicated in genome-wide hypomethylation in response to glucocorticoid hormones. Although we cannot determine the directionality of the genic and genome-wide changes in methylation, our results suggest that altered methylation of specific methylation genes may be part of the molecular mechanism underlying the human biological response to stress.
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High-altitude adaptation in humans: from genomics to integrative physiology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1269-1282. [PMID: 28951950 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
About 1.2 to 33% of high-altitude populations suffer from Monge's disease or chronic mountain sickness (CMS). Number of factors such as age, sex, and population of origin (older, male, Andean) contribute to the percentage reported from a variety of samples. It is estimated that there are around 83 million people who live at altitudes > 2500 m worldwide and are at risk for CMS. In this review, we focus on a human "experiment in nature" in various high-altitude locations in the world-namely, Andean, Tibetan, and Ethiopian populations that have lived under chronic hypoxia conditions for thousands of years. We discuss the adaptive as well as mal-adaptive changes at the genomic and physiological levels. Although different genes seem to be involved in adaptation in the three populations, we can observe convergence at genetic and signaling, as well as physiological levels. What is important is that we and others have shown that lessons learned from the genes mined at high altitude can be helpful in better understanding and treating diseases that occur at sea level. We discuss two such examples: EDNRB and SENP1 and their role in cardiac tolerance and in the polycythemic response, respectively.
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Gettler LT. Becoming DADS: Considering the Role of Cultural Context and Developmental Plasticity for Paternal Socioendocrinology. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1086/686149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Weitz CA, Garruto RM, Chin CT. Larger FVC and FEV1 among Tibetans compared to Han born and raised at high altitude. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:244-55. [PMID: 26407532 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compares forced vital capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 Second (FEV1 ) of Tibetans with those of Han who were born and raised at high altitude. MATERIALS AND METHODS FVC and FEV1 tests were conducted among 1,063 children and adolescents between the ages of 6 and 20 years, and 184 adults between the ages of 21 and 39 years who had lived their entire lives at 3200 m, 3800 m and 4300 m in Qinghai Provence, Peoples Republic of China. RESULTS Even though FVC and FEV1 values of Han born and raised at high altitude are generally lower than those of Tibetans through age 15 in girls and age 16 in boys, differences are largely explained by variation in stature (height-squared) and chest circumference. Among older adolescents and adults, the FVC and FEV1 values of Tibetans are significantly larger than those of Han born and raised at high altitude; and are much larger than would be predicted, based on stature and chest circumference. DISCUSSION These results indicate that the large FVC and FEV1 values of Tibetan adults develop primarily from an accelerated pattern of lung growth that begins during mid-to-late adolescence and possibly extends into young adulthood. This developmental pattern is not only distinct from that of Han born and raised at high altitude, but also from those of Andean Quechua and Aymara. The pace of lung function growth may therefore represent another feature distinguishing the Tibetan from the Andean pattern of adaptation to high altitude hypoxia. Because of this, a search for features in the Tibetan genome related to this lung function growth phenotype might be productive and important.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph M Garruto
- Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902
| | - Chen-Ting Chin
- Beijing Medical University, Maternal and Children's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Kiyamu M, León-Velarde F, Rivera-Chira M, Elías G, Brutsaert TD. Developmental Effects Determine Submaximal Arterial Oxygen Saturation in Peruvian Quechua. High Alt Med Biol 2015; 16:138-46. [PMID: 25977978 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2014.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiyamu, Melisa, Fabiola León-Velarde, María Rivera-Chira, Gianpietro Elías, and Tom D. Brutsaert. Developmental effects determine submaximal arterial oxygen saturation in Peruvian Quechua. High Alt Med Biol 16, 138-146, 2015.--Andean high altitude natives show higher arterial oxygen saturation (Sao(2)) during exercise in hypoxia, compared to acclimatized sojourners. In order to evaluate the effects of life-long exposure to high altitude on Sao(2), we studied two groups of well-matched, self-identified Peruvian Quechua natives who differed in their developmental exposure to hypoxia before and after a 2-month training period. Male and female volunteers (18-35 years) were recruited in Lima, Peru (150 m). The two groups were: a) Individuals who were born and raised at sea-level (BSL, n=34) and b) Individuals who were born and raised at high altitude (BHA, n=32), but who migrated to sea-level as adults (>16 years old). Exercise testing was conducted using a submaximal exercise protocol in normobaric hypoxia in Lima (BP=750 mmHg, Fio(2)=0.12), in order to measure Sao(2) (%), ventilation (VE L/min) and oxygen consumption (Vo(2), L/min). Repeated-measures ANOVA, controlling for VE/VO(2) (L/min) and sex during the submaximal protocol showed that BHA maintained higher Sao(2) (%) compared to BSL at all workloads before (p=0.005) and after training (p=0.017). As expected, both groups showed a decrease in Sao(2) (%) (p<0.001), as workload increased. Resting Sao(2) levels were not found to be different between groups. The results suggest that developmental exposure to altitude contributes to the maintenance of higher Sao(2) levels during submaximal exercise at hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Kiyamu
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Urb. San Martín de Porres, Peru
| | - Fabiola León-Velarde
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Urb. San Martín de Porres, Peru
| | - María Rivera-Chira
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Urb. San Martín de Porres, Peru
| | - Gianpietro Elías
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Urb. San Martín de Porres, Peru
| | - Tom D Brutsaert
- 2 Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York
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Menéndez L, Bernal V, Novellino P, Perez SI. Effect of bite force and diet composition on craniofacial diversification of Southern South American human populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:114-27. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lumila Menéndez
- CONICET; División Antropología; Museo de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque S/N; La Plata 1900 Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Valeria Bernal
- CONICET; División Antropología; Museo de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque S/N; La Plata 1900 Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Paula Novellino
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Bioarqueología, Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas “J.C.Moyano,” Mendoza; Argentina
| | - S. Ivan Perez
- CONICET; División Antropología; Museo de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque S/N; La Plata 1900 Buenos Aires Argentina
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Zhang J, Zhang H, Chen J, Fan M, Gong Q. Structural modulation of brain development by oxygen: evidence on adolescents migrating from high altitude to sea level environment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67803. [PMID: 23874449 PMCID: PMC3706444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate structural modulation of brain by high level of oxygen during its peak period of development. Voxel-based morphometry analysis of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes and Tract-Based Spatial Statistics analysis of WM fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusion (MD) based on MRI images were carried out on 21 Tibetan adolencents (15-18 years), who were born and raised in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (2900-4700 m) and have lived at sea level (SL) in the last 4 years. The control group consisted of matched Tibetan adolescents born and raised at high altitude all the time. SL immigrants had increased GM volume in the left insula, left inferior parietal gyrus, and right superior parietal gyrus and decreased GM in the left precentral cortex and multiple sites in cerebellar cortex (left lobule 8, bilateral lobule 6 and crus 1/2). Decreased WM volume was found in the right superior frontal gyrus in SL immigrants. SL immigrants had higher FA and lower MD at multiple sites of WM tracts. Moreover, we detected changes in ventilation and circulation. GM volume in cerebellum lobule 8 positively correlated with diastolic pressure, while GM volume in insula positively correlated vital capacity and hypoxic ventilatory response. Our finding indicate that the structural modulations of GM by high level of oxygen during its peak period of development are related to respiratory and circulatory regulations, while the modulation in WM mainly exhibits an enhancement in myelin maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Physiology, Weifang Nursing Vocational College, Weifang, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Hope D, Bates T, Penke L, Gow AJ, Starr JM, Deary IJ. Symmetry of the face in old age reflects childhood social status. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2013; 11:236-244. [PMID: 21820367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The association of socioeconomic status (SES) with a range of lifecourse outcomes is robust, but the causes of these associations are not well understood. Research on the developmental origins of health and disease has led to the hypothesis that early developmental disturbance might permanently affect the lifecourse, accounting for some of the burden of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease. Here we assessed developmental disturbance using bodily and facial symmetry and examined its association with socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood, and attained status at midlife. Symmetry was measured at ages 83 (facial symmetry) and 87 (bodily symmetry) in a sample of 292 individuals from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 (LBC1921). Structural equation models indicated that poorer SES during early development was significantly associated with lower facial symmetry (standardized path coefficient -.25, p=.03). By contrast, midlife SES was not significantly associated with symmetry. The relationship was stronger in men (-.44, p=.03) than in women (-.12, p=.37), and the effect sizes were significantly different in magnitude (p=.004). These findings suggest that SES in early life (but not later in life) is associated with developmental disturbances. Facial symmetry appears to provide an effective record of early perturbations, whereas bodily symmetry seems relatively imperturbable. As bodily and facial symmetries were sensitive to different influences, they should not be treated as interchangeable. However, markers of childhood disturbance remain many decades later, suggesting that early development may account in part for associations between SES and health through the lifecourse. Future research should clarify which elements of the environment cause these perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hope
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Weitz CA, Liu JC, He X, Chin CT, Garruto RM. Responses of Han Migrants Compared to Tibetans at High Altitude. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:169-78. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Weitz
- Department of Anthropology; Temple University; Philadelphia; Pennsylvania; 19122
| | - Ji-Chuan Liu
- Beijing Medical University, Maternal and Children's Hospital; Beijing; People's Republic of China
| | - Xing He
- Department of Maternal and Child Health; Qinghai Bureau of Public Health; Xining; People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ting Chin
- Beijing Medical University, Maternal and Children's Hospital; Beijing; People's Republic of China
| | - Ralph M. Garruto
- Department of Anthropology; Binghamton University, State University of New York; Binghamton; New York; 13902
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Little MA, Thomas RB, Garruto RM. A Half Century of High-Altitude Studies in Anthropology: Introduction to the Plenary Session. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:148-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Little
- Department of Anthropology; Binghamton University; State University of New York, Binghamton, NY
| | - R. Brooke Thomas
- Department of Anthropology; University of Massachusetts; Amherst, MA
| | - Ralph M. Garruto
- Department of Anthropology; Binghamton University; State University of New York, Binghamton, NY
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Beall CM. Human adaptability studies at high altitude: Research designs and major concepts during fifty years of discovery. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:141-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Beall
- Department of Anthropology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland; Ohio; 44106-7125
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Hypermethylation of OPRM1 promoter region in European Americans with alcohol dependence. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:670-5. [PMID: 22914673 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The μ-opioid receptor mediates rewarding effects of alcohol and illicit drugs. We hypothesized that altered DNA methylation in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) might influence the vulnerability to alcohol dependence (AD). Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of 125 European Americans with AD and 69 screened European American controls. Methylation levels of 16 CpGs in the OPRM1 promoter region were examined by bisulfite sequencing analysis. A multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted to analyze AD-associated methylation changes in the OPRM1 promoter region, using days of intoxication in the past 30 days, sex, age, ancestry proportion and childhood adversity (CA) as covariates. Three CpGs (80, 71, and 10 bp upstream of the OPRM1 translation start site) were more highly methylated in AD cases than in controls (CpG-80: P=0.033; CpG-71: P=0.004; CpG-10: P=0.008). Although these sites were not significant after correction for multiple comparisons, the overall methylation level of the 16 CpGs was significantly higher in AD cases (13.6%) than in controls (10.6%) (P=0.049). Sex and CA did not significantly influence OPRM1 promoter methylation levels. Our findings suggest that OPRM1 promoter hypermethylation may increase the risk for AD and other substance dependence disorders.
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Sterling R, Miranda JJ, Gilman RH, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Bern C, Checkley W. Early anthropometric indices predict short stature and overweight status in a cohort of Peruvians in early adolescence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 148:451-61. [PMID: 22552904 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While childhood malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, less well understood is how early childhood growth influences height and body composition later in life. We revisited 152 Peruvian children who participated in a birth cohort study between 1995 and 1998, and obtained anthropometric and bioimpedance measurements 11-14 years later. We used multivariable regression models to study the effects of childhood anthropometric indices on height and body composition in early adolescence. Each standard deviation decrease in length-for-age at birth was associated with a decrease in adolescent height-for-age of 0.7 SD in both boys and girls (all P < 0.001) and 9.7 greater odds of stunting (95% CI 3.3-28.6). Each SD decrease in length-for-age in the first 30 months of life was associated with a decrease in adolescent height-for-age of 0.4 in boys and 0.6 standard deviation in girls (all P < 0.001) and with 5.8 greater odds of stunting (95% CI 2.6-13.5). The effect of weight gain during early childhood on weight in early adolescence was more complex to understand. Weight-for-length at birth and rate of change in weight-for-length in early childhood were positively associated with age- and sex-adjusted body mass index and a greater risk of being overweight in early adolescence. Linear growth retardation in early childhood is a strong determinant of adolescent stature, indicating that, in developing countries, growth failure in height during early childhood persists through early adolescence. Interventions addressing linear growth retardation in childhood are likely to improve adolescent stature and related-health outcomes in adulthood.
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Kiyamu M, Bigham A, Parra E, León-Velarde F, Rivera-Chira M, Brutsaert TD. Developmental and genetic components explain enhanced pulmonary volumes of female Peruvian Quechua. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 148:534-42. [PMID: 22552823 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
High altitude natives have enlarged vital capacities and residual volumes (RV). Because pulmonary volumes are an indication of functionally relevant traits, such as diffusion capacity, the understanding of the factors (genetic/developmental) that influence lung volumes provides insight into the adaptive responses of highlanders. In order to test for the effect of growth and development at high altitude on lung volumes, we obtained forced vital capacities (FVC), RV, and total lung capacities (TLC) for a sample of 65 Peruvian females of mostly Quechua origins (18-34 years) who were sub-divided into two well-matched groups: 1) sea-level born and raised females (BSL, n = 34) from Lima, Peru (150 m), and 2) high-altitude born and raised females (BHA, n = 31) from Cerro de Pasco, Peru (4,338 m). To determine Quechua origins, Native American ancestry proportion (NAAP) for each individual was assessed using a panel of 70 ancestry informative markers. NAAP was similar between groups (BSL = 91.71%; BHA = 89.93%; P = 0.240), and the analysis confirmed predominantly Quechua origins. After adjusting for body size and NAAP, BHA females had significantly higher FVC (3.79 ± 0.06 l; P < 0.001), RV (0.98 ± 0.03 l; P < 0.001) and TLC (4.80 ± 0.07 l; P < 0.001) compared to BSL females (FVC = 3.33 ± 0.05 l; RV = 0.69 ± 0.03 l; TLC = 4.02 ± 0.06 l). NAAP was not associated with FVC (P = 0.352) or TLC (P = 0.506). However, NAAP was positively associated with RV (P = 0.004). In summary, results indicate that developmental exposure to high altitude in females constitutes an important factor for all lung volumes, whereas both genetic and developmental factors seem to be important for RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Kiyamu
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, SUNY, NY 12222, USA.
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Bernis C, Varea C. Hour of birth and birth assistance: From a primate to a medicalized pattern? Am J Hum Biol 2011; 24:14-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Casazza K, Hanks LJ, Beasley TM, Fernandez JR. Beyond thriftiness: independent and interactive effects of genetic and dietary factors on variations in fat deposition and distribution across populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 145:181-91. [PMID: 21365611 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The thrifty genotype hypothesis initiated speculation that feast and famine cycling throughout history may have led to group-specific alterations of the human genome, thereby augmenting the capacity for excessive fat mass accrual when immersed in the modern-day obesogenic environment. Contemporary work, however, suggests alternative mechanisms influencing fuel utilization and subsequent tissue partitioning to be more relevant in the etiology of population-based variation in adipose storage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the independent and interactive contribution of ancestral admixture as a proxy for population-based genetic variation and diet on adipose tissue deposition and distribution in peripubertal children and to identify differences in racial/ethnic and sex groups. Two-hundred seventy-eight children (53% male) aged 7-12 years, categorized by parental self-report as African- (n = 91), European- (n = 110), or Hispanic American (n = 77), participated. Ancestral genetic admixture was estimated using 140 ancestry informative markers. Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry and accelerometry; and diet by 24-h-recall. Admixture independently contributed to all adiposity parameters; i.e., estimates of European and Amerindian ancestries were positively associated with all adiposity parameters, whereas African genetic admixture was inversely associated with adiposity. In boys, energy intake was associated with adiposity, irrespective of macronutrient profile, whereas in girls, the relationship was mediated by carbohydrate. We also observed moderating effects of energy balance/fuel utilization of the interaction between ancestral genetic admixture and diet. Interactive effects of genetic and non-genetic factors alter metabolic pathways and underlie some of the present population-based differences in fat storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Casazza
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA.
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