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Lingas EC. A Narrative Review of the Carcinogenic Effect of Night Shift and the Potential Protective Role of Melatonin. Cureus 2023; 15:e43326. [PMID: 37577272 PMCID: PMC10416670 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) announcement in 2007 indicating the possibility of night-shift work carrying carcinogenesis risk, multiple studies on a global level have been conducted to investigate the correlation between night-shift work and cancer development. Circadian rhythm disruption and decreased melatonin production have been postulated as potential contributing factors. There is also growing evidence that night-shift workers tend to adopt unhealthier lifestyles which contribute to poorer health and increase the risk of developing diseases such as cancer. No experimental study has been specifically dedicated to testing specific methods that could decrease cancer risk in night-shift workers. While there are a few studies that investigate melatonin's concurrent use with chemotherapy in cancer patients, there is yet to be seen for studies that investigate melatonin specifically as a cancer prevention method. This narrative review aims to examine current evidence of healthcare night-shift work's risk in cancer incidence, potential pathogenesis, and its significance in clinical practice.
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Respiratory Tract Cancer Incidences across Industry Groups: A Nationwide Cohort Study with More Than 70 Million Person-Years of Follow-Up. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215219. [DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of cases and incidence rates of laryngeal and lung cancers have been increasing globally. Therefore, identifying the occupational causes of such cancers is an important concern for policymakers to prevent cancers and deaths. We used national health insurance service claims data in Korea. We included 10,786,000 workers aged between 25 and 64 years. In total, 74,366,928 total person-years of follow-up were included in this study with a mean follow-up of 6.89 years for each person. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) referenced with the total workers were estimated. For laryngeal cancer, increased SIRs were observed in the land transportation industry among male workers (SIR [95% CI]: 1.65 [1.02–2.53]). For lung cancer, elevated SIRs were observed in the industries including animal production (1.72 [1.03–2.68]), fishing (1.70 [1.05–2.60]), mining (1.69 [1.22–2.27]), travel (1.41 [1.00–1.93]), and transportation (1.22 [1.15–1.30]) among male workers. For female works, healthcare (2.08 [1.04–3.72]) and wholesale (1.88 [1.18–2.85]) industries were associated with a high risk of lung cancer. As an increased risk of respiratory tract cancers has been identified in employees associated with certain industries, appropriate policy intervention is needed to prevent occupational cancers.
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Abstract
Background: In Indonesia, many occupations and industries involve a variety of hazardous and toxic materials. The ILO estimates that about 21.1% of the tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer deaths among men were attributable to workplace hazardous substances. This study investigated the relationship between occupations or workplace exposure and the risk of lung cancer in the country. The results will help determine how Indonesia can best mitigate the risk for its workers. Objectives: This case-control study utilizes the Indonesian Standard of Industrial Classification (IndSIC) 2015 with the aim of exploring the risk of lung cancer among Indonesian workers. Methods: The study included patients aged 35 years old or older receiving thoracic CT at the radiology department of Persahabatan Hospital. The cases were histological-confirmed primary lung cancers, while the controls were negative thoracic CT scan for lung cancer. The subjects’ job titles and industries were classified according to IndSIC 2015 and blind to the patient’s grouping as a case or control. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratios for lung cancer among all sections and some divisions or groups of IndSIC 2015. Findings: The mean age was 58.1 (±10.23) years for lung cancer patients and 54.5 (±10.23) years for controls. The majority of subjects (19.6%) worked in Section G (Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycle). After adjusting for age, gender, level of education, and smoking habit, the risk of lung cancer was nearly three-times higher (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.11–7.02) in workers of Division A01 (crop, animal production, and hunting) and two-times higher (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.05–3.46) in workers of Section F (construction) compared to the workers in other sections or divisions. Conclusions: The excess risk of lung cancer among certain categories of workers confirms the need for improved policy, monitoring, and control of occupational exposure for primary cancer prevention and workers’ compensation purposes.
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Stücker I, Martin D, Neri M, Laurent-Puig P, Blons H, Antoine M, Guiochon-Mantel A, Brailly-Tabard S, Canonico M, Wislez M, Trédaniel J. Women Epidemiology Lung Cancer (WELCA) study: reproductive, hormonal, occupational risk factors and biobank. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:324. [PMID: 28415992 PMCID: PMC5392991 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer aetiology and clinical aspects have been mainly studied in men, although specific risk factors probably exist in women. Here we present the rationale, design and organization of the WELCA study (Women Epidemiology Lung CAncer) that has been launched to investigate lung cancer in women, focusing particularly on hormonal and occupational factors. Methods/Design WELCA is a population based case-control study and planned to recruit 1000 cases and 1000 controls in three years, based on study power calculation. Eligible cases are female patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer, living in Paris and the Ile de France area and aged up to 75 years. Almost all Parisian pneumology and oncology clinical departments are involved. The control group is a random sample of the population living in the same area, frequency-matched on age and additionally stratified on the distribution of socio-professional categories of women residing there. After acquisition of written consent, research nurses administer standardized computer assisted questionnaires to all the subjects in face-to-face interviews and acquire anthropometric measures. Besides usual socio-demographic characteristics, information is gathered about menstrual and reproductive factors, hormonal treatments, lifestyle and leisure characteristics, occupational history, personal and familial medical history. Biological samples are also collected, in order to establish a biobank for molecular epidemiology studies. Molecular characteristics of the tumours will be obtained and patients will be followed up for five years. Discussion The WELCA study aims to answer key questions in lung cancer aetiology and clinical characteristics specifically in women. The role of hormonal impregnation is investigated, and the interactions with cigarette smoking or body mass index (BMI) will be analyzed in detail. The occupational history of the subjects is carefully reconstructed, focusing in particular on the service sector. The creation of a biobank for collection of serum, plasma, DNA and tumour tissue will allow the genetic and biochemical characterization of both the subjets and the tumours. The follow-up of the patients will help in disentangling the role of hormonal factors and tumour molecular characteristics in survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Stücker
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, Inserm UMRS1018, 94807, Villejuif, France.
| | - Diane Martin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, Inserm UMRS1018, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Monica Neri
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, Inserm UMRS1018, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR 5775 EPIGENETEC, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Blons
- Inserm UMR-S1147, université Paris Sorbonne Cité, 75006, Paris, France.,Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Martine Antoine
- Service d'Anatomie pathologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Anne Guiochon-Mantel
- Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Inserm UMR S1185, Faculté de médecine Paris sud, Université Paris sud, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Brailly-Tabard
- Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Inserm UMR S1185, Faculté de médecine Paris sud, Université Paris sud, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Canonico
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, Inserm UMRS1018, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie Wislez
- Service de Pneumologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, GRC-04, Théranoscan, Paris, France
| | - Jean Trédaniel
- Université Paris Descartes, Unité de cancérologie thoracique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
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Steenland K. Excess deaths due to occupation. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:497-8. [PMID: 27317432 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Koh DH, Kong HJ, Oh CM, Jung KW, Park D, Won YJ. Lung cancer risk in professional drivers in Korea: A population-based proportionate cancer incidence ratio study. J Occup Health 2015; 57:324-30. [PMID: 25891350 DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0222-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Professional drivers are exposed to diesel engine exhaust and outdoor air pollution while driving. Diesel engine exhaust and outdoor air pollution are known carcinogens causing lung cancer. However, previous epidemiological studies examining lung cancer risk in professional drivers have not shown a consistent association. In the present study, we evaluated lung cancer risk among Korean professional drivers. METHODS Subjects consisted of male drivers aged 30-59 registered in the Korea Central Cancer Registry for lung cancer between 1999 and 2011. Proportionate cancer incidence ratios (PCIRs) for lung cancer were calculated and indirectly age standardized with the male general population. Additional PCIRs were calculated by indirectly adjusting for the effect of cigarette smoking. RESULTS The PCIR for lung cancer in professional drivers during the study period increased significantly (1.20, 95% CI: 1.13-1.26). The increased risk was generally consistent throughout study years and age categories. Adjusting for the effect of cigarette smoking did not change the significance of the associations (1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.15). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support an association between lung cancer and driver jobs in the Korean male population. However, the association should be further evaluated in a study with a longitudinal design and a quantitative exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Koh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University
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Gu F, Han J, Laden F, Pan A, Caporaso NE, Stampfer MJ, Kawachi I, Rexrode KM, Willett WC, Hankinson SE, Speizer FE, Schernhammer ES. Total and cause-specific mortality of U.S. nurses working rotating night shifts. Am J Prev Med 2015; 48:241-52. [PMID: 25576495 PMCID: PMC4339532 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotating night shift work imposes circadian strain and is linked to the risk of several chronic diseases. PURPOSE To examine associations between rotating night shift work and all-cause; cardiovascular disease (CVD); and cancer mortality in a prospective cohort study of 74,862 registered U.S. nurses from the Nurses' Health Study. METHODS Lifetime rotating night shift work (defined as ≥3 nights/month) information was collected in 1988. During 22 years (1988-2010) of follow-up, 14,181 deaths were documented, including 3,062 CVD and 5,413 cancer deaths. Cox proportional hazards models estimated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS All-cause and CVD mortality were significantly increased among women with ≥5 years of rotating night shift work, compared to women who never worked night shifts. Specifically, for women with 6-14 and ≥15 years of rotating night shift work, the HRs were 1.11 (95% CI=1.06, 1.17) and 1.11 (95% CI=1.05, 1.18) for all-cause mortality and 1.19 (95% CI=1.07, 1.33) and 1.23 (95% CI=1.09, 1.38) for CVD mortality. There was no significant association between rotating night shift work and all-cancer mortality (HR≥15years=1.08, 95% CI=0.98, 1.19) or mortality of any individual cancer, with the exception of lung cancer (HR≥15years=1.25, 95% CI=1.04, 1.51). CONCLUSIONS Women working rotating night shifts for ≥5 years have a modest increase in all-cause and CVD mortality; those working ≥15 years of rotating night shift work have a modest increase in lung cancer mortality. These results add to prior evidence of a potentially detrimental effect of rotating night shift work on health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Gu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jiali Han
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; Clinical Research Program, Department of Dermatology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Francine Laden
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston
| | - An Pan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Neil E Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Kathryn M Rexrode
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Frank E Speizer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Eva S Schernhammer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna (ACR-ITR VIEnna), Vienna, Austria.
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Robinson CF, Walker JT, Sweeney MH, Shen R, Calvert GM, Schumacher PK, Ju J, Nowlin S. Overview of the National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS) system: leukemia and acute myocardial infarction risk by industry and occupation in 30 US states 1985-1999, 2003-2004, and 2007. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:123-37. [PMID: 25603936 PMCID: PMC4573401 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer and chronic disease are leading causes of death in the US with an estimated cost of $46 billion. METHODS We analyzed 11 million cause-specific deaths of US workers age 18-64 years in 30 states during 1985-1999, 2003-2004, and 2007 by occupation, industry, race, gender, and Hispanic origin. RESULTS The highest significantly elevated proportionate leukemia mortality was observed in engineers, protective service, and advertising sales manager occupations and in banks/savings &loans/credit agencies, public safety, and public administration industries. The highest significantly elevated smoking-adjusted acute myocardial infarction mortality was noted in industrial and refractory machinery mechanics, farmers, mining machine operators, and agricultural worker occupations; and wholesale farm supplies, agricultural chemical, synthetic rubber, and agricultural crop industries. CONCLUSIONS Significantly elevated risks for acute myocardial infarction and leukemia were observed across several occupations and industries that confirm existing reports and add new information. Interested investigators can access the NOMS website at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/NOMS/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia F. Robinson
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James T. Walker
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marie H. Sweeney
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rui Shen
- SRA International, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Geoffrey M. Calvert
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Pam K. Schumacher
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jun Ju
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Susan Nowlin
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Slåstad S, Leira HL, Aas O, Amundsen T, Sørhaug S, Sundstrøm S, Grønberg BH, Hilt B. [Occupational lung cancer in Sør-Trøndelag county]. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2014; 134:1943-7. [PMID: 25350438 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.13.0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer can be caused by occupational exposure. This is not always recognised or reported, and not all patients receive the benefits to which they are entitled. MATERIAL AND METHOD We collected occupational case histories for patients from Sør-Trøndelag county with a first-time diagnosis of lung cancer. The number of reported cases of occupationally related lung cancer was collected from the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority, and information on approval of occupational illness was collected from the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Authority (NAV). RESULTS 105 patients with lung cancer took part in the study, 73 men and 32 women. Among the men, altogether 12 cases (16%) were assessed as likely and 16 (22%) as possibly occupationally related. Among the women, none of the cases were assessed as occupationally related. The reporting frequency from the health regions to the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority varied from 1.7% to 5.1%. Altogether 9 out of 11 likely cases and 5 out of 12 possible cases of occupationally related lung cancer were granted injury compensation by the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Authority. INTERPRETATION In this study, we found that approximately 20% of the cases of lung cancer in men are occupationally related, and that the underreporting of occupationally related lung cancer appears to be considerable. The obligation of doctors to report to the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority should be made better known. Most likely, more patients would have had their lung cancer verified as an occupational illness and could have received injury compensation if they had been aware of the opportunity to apply for this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oddfrid Aas
- Arbeidsmedisinsk avdeling St. Olavs hospital
| | - Tore Amundsen
- Lungemedisinsk avdeling St. Olavs hospital og Institutt for sirkulasjon og bildediagnostikk Det medisinske fakultet Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
| | | | | | - Bjørn Henning Grønberg
- Kreftklinikken St. Olavs hospital og European Palliative Care Research Centre Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
| | - Bjørn Hilt
- Arbeidsmedisinsk avdeling St. Olavs hospital og Institutt for samfunnsmedisin Det medisinske fakultet Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
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Singh CR, Kathiresan K. Molecular understanding of lung cancers-A review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:S35-41. [PMID: 25183110 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is considered to be the most common cancer in the world. The purpose of this paper is to review scientific evidence, particularly epidemiologic evidence of overall lung cancer burden in the world. And molecular understanding of lung cancer at various levels by dominant and suppressor oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnappan Ravinder Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandasamy Kathiresan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
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Schernhammer ES, Feskanich D, Liang G, Han J. Rotating night-shift work and lung cancer risk among female nurses in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:1434-41. [PMID: 24049158 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of lung cancer among night-shift workers is unknown. Over 20 years of follow-up (1988-2008), we documented 1,455 incident lung cancers among 78,612 women in the Nurses' Health Study. To examine the relationship between rotating night-shift work and lung cancer risk, we used multivariate Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for detailed smoking characteristics and other risk factors. We observed a 28% increased risk of lung cancer among women with 15 or more years spent working rotating night shifts (multivariate relative risk (RR) = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 1.53; Ptrend = 0.03) compared with women who did not work any night shifts. This association was strongest for small-cell lung carcinomas (multivariate RR = 1.56, 95% CI: 0.99, 2.47; Ptrend = 0.03) and was not observed for adenocarcinomas of the lung (multivariate RR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.24; Ptrend = 0.40). Further, the increased risk associated with 15 or more years of rotating night-shift work was limited to current smokers (RR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.13; Ptrend < 0.001), with no association seen in nonsmokers (Pinteraction = 0.03). These results suggest that there are modestly increased risks of lung cancer associated with extended periods of night-shift work among smokers but not among nonsmokers. Though it is possible that this observation was residually confounded by smoking, our findings could also provide evidence of circadian disruption as a "second hit" in the etiology of smoking-related lung tumors.
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Helmkamp JC, Lincoln JE, Sestito J, Wood E, Birdsey J, Kiefer M. Risk factors, health behaviors, and injury among adults employed in the transportation, warehousing, and utilities super sector. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:556-68. [PMID: 23255331 PMCID: PMC4539136 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TWU super sector is engaged in the movement of passengers and cargo, warehousing of goods, and the delivery of services. The purpose of this study is to describe employee self-reported personal risk factors, health behaviors and habits, disease and chronic conditions, and employer-reported nonfatal injury experiences of workers in the TWU super sector. METHODS National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data for 1997-2007, grouped into six morbidity and disability categories and three age groups, were reviewed. Demographic characteristics and prevalence estimates are reported for workers in the TWU super sector and the entire U.S. workforce, and compared with national adult population data from the NHIS. Bureau of Labor Statistics employer-reported TWU injury data from 2003 to 2007 was also reviewed. RESULTS An average of 8.3 million workers were employed annually in the TWU super sector. TWU workers 65 or older reported the highest prevalence of hypertension (49%) across all industry sectors, but the 20% prevalence is notable among middle age workers (25-64). TWU workers had the highest prevalence of obesity (28%), compared to workers in all other industry sectors. Female TWU workers experienced the highest number of lost workdays (6.5) in the past year across all TWU demographic groups. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported high proportions of chronic conditions including hypertension and heart disease combined with elevated levels of being overweight and obese, and lack of physical activity-particularly among TWUs oldest workers-can meaningfully inform wellness strategies and interventions focused on this demographic group. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:556-568, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Helmkamp
- Western States Office, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Denver Federal Center, PO Box 25226, Denver, CO 80225, USA.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 12:211-7. [PMID: 22382450 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3283520fda] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Agriculture represents a major industry worldwide, and despite protection against the development of IgE-mediated diseases, chronic exposure to agriculture-related organic dusts is associated with an increased risk of developing respiratory disease. This article will review the literature regarding new knowledge of important etiologic agents in the dusts and focus on the immunologic responses following acute and repetitive organic dust exposures. RECENT FINDINGS Although endotoxin remains important, there is an emerging role of nonendotoxin components such as peptidoglycans from Gram-positive bacteria. Pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2 and intracellular nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors are partially responsible for mediating the inflammatory consequences. Repeated organic dust exposures modulate innate and adaptive immune function with a resultant adaptation-like response. However, repetitive exposures cause lung parenchymal inflammation, chronic disease, and lung function decline over time. SUMMARY The immunological consequences of organic dust exposure in the farming industry are likely explained by the diversity of microbial motifs in dust that can elicit differing innate immune receptor signaling pathways. Whereas initial activation results in a robust inflammatory response, repetitive dust exposures modulate immunity. This can result in low-grade, chronic inflammation, and/or protection against allergic disease.
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