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Hussain M, Kong YK, Park SS, Shim HH, Park J. Exoskeleton Usability Questionnaire: a preliminary evaluation questionnaire for the lower limb industrial exoskeletons. ERGONOMICS 2024; 67:1198-1207. [PMID: 38111360 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2289856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Exoskeleton robots are a promising solution to reduce musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in different work environments, but a specific usability scale for evaluating them is lacking. This study aimed to develop and verify a preliminary Exoskeleton Usability Questionnaire (EUQ) for the lower limb exoskeletons by creating a draft survey questionnaire from existing questions in prior studies. An experiment was conducted with 20 participants who performed a specific task while wearing three lower limb robots and provided subjective feedback using the developed questionnaire. Data were analysed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), resulting in a usability evaluation questionnaire for exoskeleton robots clustered into four main factors: mobility, adjustability, handling and safety. This study's findings are expected to be useful in evaluating the usability of the lower limb exoskeletons in both general production sites and agricultural work, which can aid in reducing the prevalence of lower limb MSDs.Practitioner Summary: This study developed a preliminary subjective usability evaluation questionnaire for exoskeleton robots. The questionnaire is clustered into four main factors: mobility, adjustability, handling and safety. These findings provide a valuable tool for assessing exoskeleton usability, potentially reducing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in various work environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hussain
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Incheon National University (INU), Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kong
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Park
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ho Shim
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Incheon National University (INU), Incheon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kim S, Ojelade A, Moore A, Gutierrez N, Harris-Adamson C, Barr A, Srinivasan D, Rempel DM, Nussbaum MA. Understanding contributing factors to exoskeleton use-intention in construction: a decision tree approach using results from an online survey. ERGONOMICS 2024; 67:1208-1221. [PMID: 38085690 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2289859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a major health concern in the construction industry. Occupational exoskeletons (EXOs) are a promising ergonomic intervention to help reduce WMSD risk. Their adoption, however, has been low in construction. To understand the contributing factors to EXO use-intention and assist in future decision-making, we built decision trees to predict responses to each of three EXO use-intention questions (Try, Voluntary Use, and Behavioural Intention), using online survey responses. Variable selection and hyperparameter tuning were used respectively to reduce the number of potential predictors and improve prediction performance. The importance of variables in each final tree was calculated to understand which variables had a greater influence. The final trees had moderate prediction performance. The root node of each tree included EXOs becoming standard equipment, fatigue reduction, or performance increase. Important variables were found to be quite specific to different decision trees. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.Practitioner summary: This study used decision trees to identify key factors influencing the use-intention of occupational exoskeletons (EXOs) in construction, using online survey data. Key factors identified included EXOs becoming standard equipment, fatigue reduction, and performance improvement. Final trees provide intuitive visual representations of the decision-making process for workers to use EXOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwook Kim
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Aanuoluwapo Ojelade
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Albert Moore
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nancy Gutierrez
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Alan Barr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Divya Srinivasan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - David M Rempel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Macdonald WA, Oakman J. Changes needed to reduce risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Am J Ind Med 2024; 67:575-581. [PMID: 38752696 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the main contributor to disability levels, which are rising as populations age. Workplace hazard exposures are a major source of this problem, and current workplace risk management practices require substantial changes to tackle it more effectively. Most importantly, the current focus of risk management on "manual handling" tasks must broaden to encompass the whole job. This is necessary because a wide range of psychosocial hazards, most of which operate across the whole job rather than particular tasks, are significant contributors to risk. To ensure that risk-control actions are effective, a recurring risk management cycle that includes worker participation and addresses risk from both biomechanical and psychosocial hazards will be essential. Legislation that mandates workplace management of psychosocial hazards would be helpful. Amendment by regulatory bodies of MSD-related guidance and codes of practice so that they reflect current research evidence would also be helpful in communicating the need for change to workplace stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Macdonald
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Centre for Ergonomics and Human Factors, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jodi Oakman
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Centre for Ergonomics and Human Factors, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zhou YM, Hohimer CJ, Young HT, McCann CM, Pont-Esteban D, Civici US, Jin Y, Murphy P, Wagner D, Cole T, Phipps N, Cho H, Bertacchi F, Pignataro I, Proietti T, Walsh CJ. A portable inflatable soft wearable robot to assist the shoulder during industrial work. Sci Robot 2024; 9:eadi2377. [PMID: 38865477 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adi2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Repetitive overhead tasks during factory work can cause shoulder injuries resulting in impaired health and productivity loss. Soft wearable upper extremity robots have the potential to be effective injury prevention tools with minimal restrictions using soft materials and active controls. We present the design and evaluation of a portable inflatable shoulder wearable robot for assisting industrial workers during shoulder-elevated tasks. The robot is worn like a shirt with integrated textile pneumatic actuators, inertial measurement units, and a portable actuation unit. It can provide up to 6.6 newton-meters of torque to support the shoulder and cycle assistance on and off at six times per minute. From human participant evaluations during simulated industrial tasks, the robot reduced agonist muscle activities (anterior, middle, and posterior deltoids and biceps brachii) by up to 40% with slight changes in joint angles of less than 7% range of motion while not increasing antagonistic muscle activity (latissimus dorsi) in current sample size. Comparison of controller parameters further highlighted that higher assistance magnitude and earlier assistance timing resulted in statistically significant muscle activity reductions. During a task circuit with dynamic transitions among the tasks, the kinematics-based controller of the robot showed robustness to misinflations (96% true negative rate and 91% true positive rate), indicating minimal disturbances to the user when assistance was not required. A preliminary evaluation of a pressure modulation profile also highlighted a trade-off between user perception and hardware demands. Finally, five automotive factory workers used the robot in a pilot manufacturing area and provided feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng Zhou
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cameron J Hohimer
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harrison T Young
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Connor M McCann
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Pont-Esteban
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umut S Civici
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yichu Jin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Murphy
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diana Wagner
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tazzy Cole
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathan Phipps
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Haedo Cho
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Franchesco Bertacchi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Isabella Pignataro
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tommaso Proietti
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Conor J Walsh
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Tounekti Y, Cocquerz T, Ben Mansour K. The effects of an upper limb exoskeleton on gait performance and stability. J Biomech 2024; 169:112072. [PMID: 38723414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Upper limb exoskeletons (ULEs) are emerging as workplace tools to alleviate workload and prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders during lifting tasks. However, their introduction raises concerns about potential instability and increased fall risk for workers. This study investigates gait performance and stability parameters implications of ULE use. Fifteen participants performed a carrying task with different loads (0, 5, 10, 15 kg), both with and without the use of an ULE. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, Required Coefficient of Friction (RCoF), Minimum Foot Clearance (MFC), and Margin of Stability (MoS) were analysed. The findings indicate that while the ULE does not significantly alter most gait parameters or slip risk, it may negatively impact trip risk. Furthermore, while mediolateral stability remains unaffected, anteroposterior stability is compromised by ULE usage. These insights are critical for ensuring the safe implementation of ULEs in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Tounekti
- Sorbonne Universities, University of Technology of Compiègne, BMBI UMR CNRS 7338, Compiègne, 60200, France.
| | - Théophile Cocquerz
- Sorbonne Universities, University of Technology of Compiègne, BMBI UMR CNRS 7338, Compiègne, 60200, France.
| | - Khalil Ben Mansour
- Sorbonne Universities, University of Technology of Compiègne, BMBI UMR CNRS 7338, Compiègne, 60200, France.
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Vallée A. Exoskeleton technology in nursing practice: assessing effectiveness, usability, and impact on nurses' quality of work life, a narrative review. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:156. [PMID: 38443892 PMCID: PMC10913291 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-01821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of exoskeletons in nursing practice has gained attention as a potential solution to address the physical demands and risks associated with the profession. This narrative review examines the effectiveness, usability, and impact of exoskeleton technology on nurses' quality of work life. The review focuses on the reduction of physical strain and fatigue, improved posture and body mechanics, enhanced patient care, usability and acceptance factors, and the broader impact on work life. The effectiveness of exoskeletons in reducing physical strain and fatigue among nurses is supported by evidence showing decreased muscle activation and reduced forces exerted on the body. The usability and acceptance of exoskeletons are critical considerations, including device comfort and fit, ease of use and integration into workflows, user experience and training, compatibility with the work environment, and user feedback for iterative design improvements. The implementation of exoskeletons has the potential to positively impact nurses' work life by reducing work-related injuries, improving physical well-being, enhancing job satisfaction, and promoting psychological and psychosocial benefits. Additionally, the use of exoskeletons can lead to improved patient care outcomes. Challenges and future directions in the field of exoskeleton technology for nurses include cost and accessibility, adaptability to nursing specialties and tasks, long-term durability and maintenance, integration with personal protective equipment, and ethical considerations. Addressing these challenges and considering future research and development efforts are crucial for the successful integration of exoskeleton technology in nursing practice, ultimately improving nurses' quality of work life and patient care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France.
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Coccia A, Capodaglio EM, Amitrano F, Gabba V, Panigazzi M, Pagano G, D'Addio G. Biomechanical Effects of Using a Passive Exoskeleton for the Upper Limb in Industrial Manufacturing Activities: A Pilot Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1445. [PMID: 38474980 DOI: 10.3390/s24051445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the biomechanical impact of a passive Arm-Support Exoskeleton (ASE) on workers in wool textile processing. Eight workers, equipped with surface electrodes for electromyography (EMG) recording, performed three industrial tasks, with and without the exoskeleton. All tasks were performed in an upright stance involving repetitive upper limbs actions and overhead work, each presenting different physical demands in terms of cycle duration, load handling and percentage of cycle time with shoulder flexion over 80°. The use of ASE consistently lowered muscle activity in the anterior and medial deltoid compared to the free condition (reduction in signal Root Mean Square (RMS) -21.6% and -13.6%, respectively), while no difference was found for the Erector Spinae Longissimus (ESL) muscle. All workers reported complete satisfaction with the ASE effectiveness as rated on Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST), and 62% of the subjects rated the usability score as very high (>80 System Usability Scale (SUS)). The reduction in shoulder flexor muscle activity during the performance of industrial tasks is not correlated to the level of ergonomic risk involved. This preliminary study affirms the potential adoption of ASE as support for repetitive activities in wool textile processing, emphasizing its efficacy in reducing shoulder muscle activity. Positive worker acceptance and intention to use ASE supports its broader adoption as a preventive tool in the occupational sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Coccia
- Bioengineering Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 82037 Telese Terme, BN, Italy
| | - Edda Maria Capodaglio
- Occupational Therapy and Ergonomics Unit of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Federica Amitrano
- Bioengineering Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 82037 Telese Terme, BN, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gabba
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatrics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Monica Panigazzi
- Occupational Therapy and Ergonomics Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, PV, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pagano
- Bioengineering Unit of Bari Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 70124 Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Addio
- Bioengineering Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 82037 Telese Terme, BN, Italy
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Okpala I, Nnaji C. Insidious risks of wearable robots to worker safety and health: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2024; 88:382-394. [PMID: 38485381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The construction industry is tormented by a high rate of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and flat or declining productivity rates. To improve construction workers' safety, health, and productivity, construction researchers and practitioners are investigating the safe implementation of exoskeletons. However, concern exists that these human-robot interactions (HRI) could amplify the effects of existing health and safety risks and lead to new health and safety risks. Only a few comprehensive studies have identified safety and health hazards inherent in using exoskeletons within construction trades and potential strategies for mitigating these threats. This study attempts to bridge this gap. METHOD A literature search was conducted using electronic databases. The authors relied on a 5-step scoping review process to examine academic publications, industry reports, and fact sheets to generate helpful information for this study. RESULTS The review revealed 36 health and safety hazards associated with using wearable robots in high-risk construction trades. Twenty-two organizational and field-facing strategies were introduced as potential controls to mitigate the identified hazards. CONCLUSIONS The study provided a knowledge-based foundation for HRI safety risk assessment and guidance to optimize pre-task planning. This foundation could lead to significant advances in construction trade safety and the successful execution of tasks by robotic technology. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Results from the present study can guide construction practitioners and safety professionals involved in technology integration and safety risk assessment on safe ways to implement wearable robots. Moreover, the present study provides critical insight that could inform the design and implementation of job hazard analysis and shape continuous education programs and safety training. This study prompts policymakers, standard developers, and exoskeleton manufacturers to work closely to ensure a safe future for exoskeletons in the construction industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi Okpala
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, 3043 HM Comer, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States.
| | - Chukwuma Nnaji
- Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, 574 Ross St, College Station, TX 77840, United States.
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Arauz PG, Chavez G, Reinoso V, Ruiz P, Ortiz E, Cevallos C, Garcia G. Influence of a passive exoskeleton on kinematics, joint moments, and self-reported ratings during a lifting task. J Biomech 2024; 162:111886. [PMID: 38043494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
It was found that the Auxivo LiftSuit reduced the load on the back and hip muscles when lifting heavy loads, but its effect on lower body kinematics, joint moments, and self-reported ratings was unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of this passive lift-exoskeleton design, on lower body kinematics, joint moments, and self-reported ratings during lifting of heavy loads. Twenty healthy subjects performed lifting of heavy loads with and without the exoskeleton under surveillance of a motion capture system. Medium and maximum level adjustments of the exoskeleton, as well as no exoskeleton use were analyzed. Our results indicate significant reduction (p <.01) in pelvis segment tilt and hip flexion ROM with the exoskeleton at maximum level adjustment in males during lifting. Lumbosacral flexion moment ranges were significantly decreased (p <.013) with the exoskeleton at maximum and medium level adjustment in males during lifting. The general user impressions were mostly positive, with participants reporting that it was easier to perform the task with the exoskeleton than without it (p <.0.001), and preferring and recommending the exoskeleton for the task. Although our findings may suggest negative effects of the Auxivo LiftSuit in males and females due to a ROM restriction and loose fit, respectively, it does not mean that the Auxivo LiftSuit is not useful for lifting tasks. Further design improvements are required to allow full range of motion of hips and pelvis, as well to provide better adjustment and level of support in female users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Arauz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Guillermo Chavez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Valentina Reinoso
- Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pablo Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Movimiento, CELMOST Vivir, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Ortiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Carlos Cevallos
- Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Garcia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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Golabchi A, Riahi N, Fix M, Miller L, Rouhani H, Tavakoli M. A framework for evaluation and adoption of industrial exoskeletons. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 113:104103. [PMID: 37499526 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) account for a significant portion of worker illnesses and injuries, resulting in high costs and productivity losses to employers globally. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the use of exoskeleton technology to reduce rates of WMSDs in industrial worksites. Despite the potential of exoskeletons to mitigate the risks of WMSDs, the required steps to properly assess and implement the technology for industrial applications are not clear. This paper proposes a framework that can help organizations successfully evaluate and adopt industrial exoskeletons. Through a focus group of industry professionals, researchers, and exoskeleton experts, and by building on existing literature, an overarching adoption framework is developed. The identified stages and tasks within the framework enable an organization to evaluate and adopt exoskeletons through a systematic approach and to identify the existing gaps in their technology adoption process. The findings also highlight the areas where further studies are needed to promote the adoption of industrial exoskeletons, including large-scale field studies and long-term monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Golabchi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; EWI Works International Inc, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Negar Riahi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Fix
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Linda Miller
- EWI Works International Inc, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hossein Rouhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mahdi Tavakoli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
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Ma T, Zhang Y, Choi SD, Xiong S. Modelling for design and evaluation of industrial exoskeletons: A systematic review. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 113:104100. [PMID: 37490791 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Industrial exoskeletons are developed to relieve workers' physical demands in the workplace and to alleviate ergonomic issues associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. As a safe and economical alternative to empirical/experimental methods, modelling is considered as a powerful tool for design and evaluation of industrial exoskeletons. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current literature on the design and evaluation of industrial exoskeletons through modelling. A systematic study was conducted by general keyword searches of five electronic databases over the last two decades (2003-2022). Out of the 701 records initially retrieved, 33 eligible articles were included and analyzed in the final review, presenting a variety of model inputs, model development, and model outputs used in the modelling. This systematic review study revealed that existing modelling methods can evaluate the biomechanical and physiological effects of industrial exoskeletons and provide some design parameters. However, the modelling method is currently unable to cover some of the main evaluation metrics supported by experimental assessments, such as task performance, user experience/discomfort, change in metabolic costs etc. Standard guidelines for model construction and implementation, as well as validation of human-exoskeleton interactions, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Ma
- Human Factors and Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, 4703906, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sang D Choi
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Shuping Xiong
- Human Factors and Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.
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Mitterlehner L, Li YX, Wolf M. Objective and subjective evaluation of a passive low-back exoskeleton during simulated logistics tasks. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 4:e24. [PMID: 38487776 PMCID: PMC10936295 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2023.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders remain the most common work-related health problem in the European Union. The most common work-related musculoskeletal disorder reported by workers is backache, especially in the logistics sector. Thus, this article aims to evaluate the effects of a commercial passive low-back exoskeleton during simulated logistics tasks. Thirty participants were recruited for this study. Typical logistics tasks were simulated in a laboratory environment. Cross-over research design was utilized to assess the effects of the exoskeleton on heart rate, trunk inclination, trunk acceleration, throughput, and perceived exertion. Also, usability and acceptance were obtained using a custom questionnaire. We found mostly non-significant differences. Effects on throughput varied widely between workplaces. Usability ratings were poor and acceptance moderate. The study suggests that a holistic evaluation and implementation approach for industrial exoskeletons is necessary. Further, prior to exoskeleton implementation, workplace adaptation might be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mitterlehner
- Institute of Innovation and Industrial Management, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Yasmin Xinyue Li
- Institute of Innovation and Industrial Management, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Wolf
- Institute of Innovation and Industrial Management, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Flor-Unda O, Casa B, Fuentes M, Solorzano S, Narvaez-Espinoza F, Acosta-Vargas P. Exoskeletons: Contribution to Occupational Health and Safety. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1039. [PMID: 37760141 PMCID: PMC10647659 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to characterize the current landscape of exoskeletons designed to promote medical care and occupational safety in industrial settings. Extensive exploration of scientific databases spanning industries, health, and medicine informs the classification of exoskeletons according to their distinctive attributes and specific footholds on the human physique. Within the scope of this review, a comprehensive analysis is presented, contextualizing the integration of exoskeletons based on different work activities. The reviewers extracted the most relevant articles published between 2008 and 2023 from IEEE, Proquest, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and other databases. In this review, the PRISMA-ScR checklist was used, and a Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.642 was applied, implying moderate agreement among the reviewers; 75 primary studies were extracted from a total of 344. The future of exoskeletons in contributing to occupational health and safety will depend on continued collaboration between researchers, designers, healthcare professionals, and industries. With the continued development of technologies and an increasing understanding of how these devices interact with the human body, exoskeletons will likely remain valuable for improving working conditions and safety in various work environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Flor-Unda
- Ingeniería Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador;
| | - Bregith Casa
- Ingeniería en Diseño Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170125, Ecuador; (B.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Mauricio Fuentes
- Ingeniería en Diseño Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170125, Ecuador; (B.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Santiago Solorzano
- Unidad de Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador;
| | | | - Patricia Acosta-Vargas
- Ingeniería Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador;
- Intelligent and Interactive Systems Laboratory, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador
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Slaughter PR, Rodzak KM, Fine SJ, Ice CC, Wolf DN, Zelik KE. Evaluation of U.S. Army Soldiers wearing a back exosuit during a field training exercise. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 4:e20. [PMID: 38487775 PMCID: PMC10936316 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2023.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Back overuse injuries are a significant problem in the U.S. Army, responsible for nearly a quarter of musculoskeletal injuries. Back exosuits are wearable devices that relieve musculoskeletal strain, make lifting easier, and could potentially reduce Soldier overuse injuries. But published studies have not evaluated exosuits during realistic field operations to assess acceptability to Soldiers. We tested a back exosuit on field artillery Soldiers during a field training exercise. Afterward, Soldiers completed a survey to quantify their satisfaction, intent to use, and performance impact of the exosuit. Feedback was overwhelmingly positive: Approximately 90% of Soldiers reported that exosuits increased their ability to perform their duties, and 100% said that if the exosuit were further developed and made available to them, they would be likely to wear it. These numerical survey results indicated that exosuits can provide a practical and acceptable way to assist lifting and augment physical performance during realistic Army operations without interfering with other duties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Slaughter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - K. M. Rodzak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - S. J. Fine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - C. C. Ice
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - D. N. Wolf
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - K. E. Zelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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15
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Fisher E, Flynn MA, Pratap P, Vietas JA. Occupational Safety and Health Equity Impacts of Artificial Intelligence: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6221. [PMID: 37444068 PMCID: PMC10340692 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to either reduce or exacerbate occupational safety and health (OSH) inequities in the workplace, and its impact will be mediated by numerous factors. This paper anticipates challenges to ensuring that the OSH benefits of technological advances are equitably distributed among social groups, industries, job arrangements, and geographical regions. A scoping review was completed to summarize the recent literature on AI's role in promoting OSH equity. The scoping review was designed around three concepts: artificial intelligence, OSH, and health equity. Scoping results revealed 113 articles relevant for inclusion. The ways in which AI presents barriers and facilitators to OSH equity are outlined along with priority focus areas and best practices in reducing OSH disparities and knowledge gaps. The scoping review uncovered priority focus areas. In conclusion, AI's role in OSH equity is vastly understudied. An urgent need exists for multidisciplinary research that addresses where and how AI is being adopted and evaluated and how its use is affecting OSH across industries, wage categories, and sociodemographic groups. OSH professionals can play a significant role in identifying strategies that ensure the benefits of AI in promoting workforce health and wellbeing are equitably distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fisher
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (E.F.); (P.P.)
| | - Michael A. Flynn
- Division of Science Integration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA;
| | - Preethi Pratap
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (E.F.); (P.P.)
| | - Jay A. Vietas
- Division of Science Integration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA;
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16
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Li-Baboud YS, Virts A, Bostelman R, Yoon S, Rahman A, Rhode L, Ahmed N, Shah M. Evaluation Methods and Measurement Challenges for Industrial Exoskeletons. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5604. [PMID: 37420770 DOI: 10.3390/s23125604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, exoskeleton test methods for industrial exoskeletons have evolved to include simulated laboratory and field environments. Physiological, kinematic, and kinetic metrics, as well as subjective surveys, are used to evaluate exoskeleton usability. In particular, exoskeleton fit and usability can also impact the safety of exoskeletons and their effectiveness at reducing musculoskeletal injuries. This paper surveys the state of the art in measurement methods applied to exoskeleton evaluation. A notional classification of the metrics based on exoskeleton fit, task efficiency, comfort, mobility, and balance is proposed. In addition, the paper describes the test and measurement methods used in supporting the development of exoskeleton and exosuit evaluation methods to assess their fit, usability, and effectiveness in industrial tasks such as peg in hole, load align, and applied force. Finally, the paper includes a discussion of how the metrics can be applied towards a systematic evaluation of industrial exoskeletons, current measurement challenges, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Shian Li-Baboud
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Ann Virts
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Roger Bostelman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Smart HLPR LLC, Troutman, NC 28166, USA
| | - Soocheol Yoon
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Soft Matter, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Amaan Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Albert Nerken School of Engineering, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Lucia Rhode
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Albert Nerken School of Engineering, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Nishat Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Albert Nerken School of Engineering, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Mili Shah
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Albert Nerken School of Engineering, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, NY 10003, USA
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17
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Liang CJ, Cheng MH. Trends in Robotics Research in Occupational Safety and Health: A Scientometric Analysis and Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105904. [PMID: 37239630 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Robots have been deployed in workplaces to assist, work alongside, or collaborate with human workers on various tasks, which introduces new occupational safety and health hazards and requires research efforts to address these issues. This study investigated the research trends for robotic applications in occupational safety and health. The scientometric method was applied to quantitatively analyze the relationships between robotics applications in the literature. The keywords "robot", "occupational safety and health", and their variants were used to find relevant articles. A total of 137 relevant articles published during 2012-2022 were collected from the Scopus database for this analysis. Keyword co-occurrence, cluster, bibliographic coupling, and co-citation analyses were conducted using VOSviewer to determine the major research topics, keywords, co-authorship, and key publications. Robot safety, exoskeletons and work-related musculoskeletal disorders, human-robot collaboration, and monitoring were four popular research topics in the field. Finally, research gaps and future research directions were identified based on the analysis results, including additional efforts regarding warehousing, agriculture, mining, and construction robots research; personal protective equipment; and multi-robot collaboration. The major contributions of the study include identifying the current trends in the application of robotics in the occupational safety and health discipline and providing pathways for future research in this discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci-Jyun Liang
- Division of Safety Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Marvin H Cheng
- Division of Safety Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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18
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Kranenborg SE, Greve C, Reneman MF, Roossien CC. Side-effects and adverse events of a shoulder- and back-support exoskeleton in workers: A systematic review. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 111:104042. [PMID: 37146320 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While the biomechanical effects of exoskeletons are well studied, research about potential side-effects and adverse events are limited. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the side-effects and adverse events on shoulder- and back-support exoskeletons during work tasks. METHODS Four in-field studies and 32 laboratory studies were included in this review, reporting on n = 18 shoulder exoskeletons, n = 9 back exoskeletons, n = 1 full body with a supernumerary arm, and n = 1 combination of shoulder and back exoskeleton. RESULTS The most frequent side-effect reported is discomfort (n = 30), followed by a limited usability of the exoskeleton (n = 16). Other identified side-effects and adverse events were changes in muscle activity, mobility, task performance, balance and posture, neurovascular supply, gait parameters and precision. An incorrect fit of the exoskeleton and the decreased degrees of freedom are most often reported as causes of these side-effects. Two studies did not find any side-effects. This review also showed that there are differences in the occurrence of side-effects in gender, age, and physical fitness. Most studies (89%) were conducted in a laboratory setting. Most studies (97%) measured short-term effects only. Psychological and social side-effects or adverse events were not reported. Side-effects and adverse events for active exoskeletons were understudied (n = 4). CONCLUSION It was concluded that the evidence for side-effects and adverse events is limited. If available, it mainly consists of reports of mild discomfort and limited usability. Generalisation is limited because studies were conducted in lab settings and measured short term only, and most participants were young male workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Kranenborg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Human Movement Science, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Greve
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Human Movement Science, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - M F Reneman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C C Roossien
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Human Movement Science, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
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19
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A Statistical Parametric Mapping Analysis Approach for the Evaluation of a Passive Back Support Exoskeleton on Mechanical Loading During a Simulated Patient Transfer Task. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:22-33. [PMID: 36649717 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effectiveness of a passive back support exoskeleton during a mechanical loading task. Fifteen healthy participants performed a simulated patient transfer task while wearing the Laevo (version 2.5) passive back support exoskeleton. Collected metrics encompassed L5-S1 joint moments, back and abdominal muscle activity, lower body and back kinematics, center of mass displacement, and movement smoothness. A statistical parametric mapping analysis approach was used to overcome limitations from discretization of continuous data. The exoskeleton reduced L5-S1 joint moments during trunk flexion, but wearing the device restricted L5-S1 joint flexion when flexing the trunk as well as hip and knee extension, preventing participants from standing fully upright. Moreover, wearing the device limited center of mass motion in the caudal direction and increased its motion in the anterior direction. Therefore, wearing the exoskeleton partly reduced lower back moments during the lowering phase of the patient transfer task, but there were some undesired effects such as altered joint kinematics and center of mass displacement. Statistical parametric mapping analysis was useful in determining the benefits and hindrances produced by wearing the exoskeleton while performing the simulated patient transfer task and should be utilized in further studies to inform design and appropriate usage.
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20
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Wang Q, Shi P, He C, Yu H. Design and evaluation of a parallel mechanism for wearable lumbar support exoskeleton. Work 2023; 76:637-651. [PMID: 36872816 DOI: 10.3233/wor-211381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a serious problem, and manual material handling (MMH) tasks remain common in most industries. Thus, a lightweight and active exoskeleton is needed. OBJECTIVE A facile, convenient, multifunctional, wearable lumbar support exoskeleton (WLSE) was proposed to relieve the muscular tension and fatigue especially in the way of WMSDs. METHOD Based on the screw theory and virtual power principle, the parallel structure was used as the scheme choice for selecting suitable actuators and joints. The exoskeleton, which was characterized by high adaptability and complied with human motion, included branch unit, mechanism branch units, control units and sensors. Furthermore, using surface electromyography (sEMG) signal evaluation, an experiment which contains several tests was designed to evaluate whether WLSE had effect on supporting and reliving muscular fatigue while lifting-up different weight of objects under wearing without traction (T1) and wearing with traction (T2). RESULTS Data collected were analyzed statistically by the two-way ANOVA. It showed that the RMS of sEMG was obviously reduced while carrying the heavy objects with WLSE under T2, and the MF values always performed the decreasing trend in T2/T1. CONCLUSION This paper proposed a facile, convenient, multifunctional WLSE. From the results, it was concluded that the WLSE was significantly effective in reliving the muscle tension and muscle fatigue while lifting to prevent and treat WMSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Shi
- Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen He
- Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliu Yu
- Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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21
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Baldassarre A, Lulli LG, Cavallo F, Fiorini L, Mariniello A, Mucci N, Arcangeli G. Industrial exoskeletons from bench to field: Human-machine interface and user experience in occupational settings and tasks. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1039680. [PMID: 36478728 PMCID: PMC9720272 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1039680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are considered nowadays the most serious issue in the Occupational Health and Safety field and industrial exoskeletons appear to be a new approach to addressing this medical burden. A systematic review has been carried out to analyze the real-life data of the application of exoskeletons in work settings considering the subjective responses of workers. Methods The review was registered on PROSPERO. The literature search and its report have been performed following the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus. Results Twenty-four original studies were included in the literature review; 42% of the papers retrieved included automobilist industry workers, 17% of the studies evaluated the use of exoskeletons in logistic facilities, and 17% of articles involved healthcare. The remaining six papers recruited farmers, plasterers, wasting collectors, construction workers, and other workmen. All the papers selected tested the use of passive exoskeletons, supporting upper arms or back. Usability, perceived comfort, perceived exertion and fatigue, acceptability and intention to use, occupational safety and health, and job performance and productivity were the main topic analyzed. Conclusion Exoskeletons are not a fix-all technology, neither for workers nor for job tasks; they tend to show more of their potential in static activities, while in dynamic tasks, they can obstacle regular job performance. Comfort and easiness of use are the key factors influencing the user's experience. More research is needed to determine the most effective and safe ways to implement exoskeleton use in occupational settings. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=275728, identifier CRD42021275728.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Baldassarre
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Ginevra Lulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Cavallo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Fiorini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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22
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Ishii C, Hirasawa K. The effect of a movable headrest in shoulder assist device for overhead work. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 3:e25. [PMID: 38486911 PMCID: PMC10936258 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2022.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Recently, many kinds of shoulder-support exoskeletons have been developed and some of them are commercially available. However, to the best of our knowledge, shoulder-support exoskeletons that have neck-support mechanism have not been found. During the overhead work, physical strain is added to not only upper limb and shoulder but also neck of workers since the workers work keeping their face raised. Therefore, in this study, to reduce the physical strain on the neck during the overhead work, a movable headrest that can be attached to the shoulder assist device was developed, which has reclining and slide functions of a head. The main purpose of this article was to evaluate usefulness of the proposed movable headrest. To this end, measurements of electromyogram were carried out under simulating an overhead work activity, and the reduction effect for physical strain of the neck was compared among three types of headrests: (a) slide-type headrest which can slide the head backward and forward, (b) reclining-type headrest which can recline the head, and (c) reclining and slide-type headrest which can recline and slide the head. In addition, usefulness of the shoulder assist device with the proposed headrest was evaluated for a realistic overhead work activity through measurements of muscular stiffness of neck and shoulder. The experimental results showed that the existence of the headrest in the shoulder assist device is effective to reduce the physical strain to the workers, and that (c) reclining and slide-type headrest is the most effective among these three types of headrests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ishii
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanta Hirasawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Gillette JC, Saadat S, Butler T. Electromyography-based fatigue assessment of an upper body exoskeleton during automotive assembly. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 3:e23. [PMID: 38486890 PMCID: PMC10936263 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2022.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess an upper body exoskeleton during automotive assembly processes that involve elevated arm postures. Sixteen team members at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada were fitted with a Levitate Airframe, and each team member performed between one and three processes with and without the exoskeleton. A total of 16 assembly processes were studied. Electromyography (EMG) data were collected on the anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, upper trapezius, and erector spinae. Team members also completed a usability survey. The exoskeleton significantly reduced anterior deltoid mean active EMG amplitude (p = .01, Δ = -3.2 %MVC, d = 0.56 medium effect) and fatigue risk value (p < .01, Δ = -5.1 %MVC, d = 0.62 medium effect) across the assembly processes, with no significant changes for the other muscles tested. A subset of nine assembly processes with a greater amount of time spent in arm elevations at or above 90° (30 vs. 24%) and at or above 135° (18 vs. 9%) appeared to benefit more from exoskeleton usage. For these processes, the exoskeleton significantly reduced anterior deltoid mean active EMG amplitude (p < .01, Δ = -5.1 %MVC, d = 0.95 large effect) and fatigue risk value (p < .01, Δ = -7.4 %MVC, d = 0.96 large effect). Team members responded positively about comfort and fatigue benefits, although there were concerns about the exoskeleton hindering certain job duties. The results support quantitative testing to match exoskeleton usage with specific job tasks and surveying team members for perceived benefits/drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shekoofe Saadat
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Terry Butler
- Lean Steps Consulting Inc., West Des Moines, IA, USA
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24
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Ergonomic Assessment of a Lower-Limb Exoskeleton through Electromyography and Anybody Modeling System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138088. [PMID: 35805747 PMCID: PMC9265844 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the muscle load reduction of the upper extremities and lower extremities associated with wearing an exoskeleton, based on analyses of muscle activity (electromyography: EMG) and the AnyBody Modeling System (AMS). Twenty healthy males in their twenties participated in this study, performing bolting tasks at two working heights (60 and 85 cm). The muscle activities of the upper trapezius (UT), middle deltoid (MD), triceps brachii (TB), biceps brachii (BB), erector spinae (ES), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and tibialis anterior (TA) were measured by EMG and estimated by AMS, respectively. When working at the 60 cm height with the exoskeleton, the lower extremity muscle (BF, RF, TA) activities of EMG and AMS decreased. When working at the 85 cm height, the lower extremity muscle activity of EMG decreased except for TA, and those of AMS decreased except for RF. The muscle activities analyzed by the two methods showed similar patterns, in that wearing the exoskeleton reduced loads of the lower extremity muscles. Therefore, wearing an exoskeleton can be recommended to prevent an injury. As the results of the two methods show a similar tendency, the AMS can be used.
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25
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Pacifico I, Parri A, Taglione S, Sabatini AM, Violante FS, Molteni F, Giovacchini F, Vitiello N, Crea S. Exoskeletons for workers: A case series study in an enclosures production line. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 101:103679. [PMID: 35066399 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This case-series study aims to investigate the effects of a passive shoulder support exoskeleton on experienced workers during their regular work shifts in an enclosures production site. Experimental activities included three sessions, two of which were conducted in-field (namely, at two workstations of the painting line, where panels were mounted and dismounted from the line; each session involved three participants), and one session was carried out in a realistic simulated environment (namely, the workstations were recreated in a laboratory; this session involved four participants). The effect of the exoskeleton was evaluated through electromyographic activity and perceived effort. After in-field sessions, device usability and user acceptance were also assessed. Data were reported individually for each participant. Results showed that the use of the exoskeleton reduced the total shoulder muscular activity compared to normal working conditions, in all subjects and experimental sessions. Similarly, the use of the exoskeleton resulted in reductions of the perceived effort in the shoulder, arm, and lower back. Overall, participants indicated high usability and acceptance of the device. This case series invites larger validation studies, also in diverse operational contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pacifico
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy; Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Parri
- IUVO S.r.l., via Puglie 9, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silverio Taglione
- ABB S.p.A. PG Breakers & Enclosures, Hub Italy, Electrification Business Area, Smart Power Division, Via Italia, 58, 23846, Garbagnate Monastero, Lecco, Italy
| | - Angelo Maria Sabatini
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Violante
- Division of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy; Occupational Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Franco Molteni
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital, Via N. Sauro 17, 23845, Costa Masnaga, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Vitiello
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy; Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 50143, Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Crea
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy; Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 50143, Florence, Italy.
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Garosi E, Mazloumi A, Jafari AH, Keihani A, Shamsipour M, Kordi R, Kazemi Z. Design and ergonomic assessment of a passive head/neck supporting exoskeleton for overhead work use. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 101:103699. [PMID: 35114511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Overhead work is an important risk factor associated with musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and shoulder region. This study aimed to propose and evaluate a passive head/neck supporting exoskeleton (HNSE) as a potential ergonomic intervention for overhead work applications. Fourteen male participants were asked to perform a simulated overhead task of fastening/unfastening nut in 4 randomized sessions, characterized by two variables: neck extension angle (40% and 80% of neck maximum range of motion) and exoskeleton condition (wearing and not wearing the HNSE). Using the HNSE, significantly alleviated perceived discomfort in the neck (p-value = 0.009), right shoulder (p-value = 0.05) and left shoulder (p-value = 0.02) and reduced electromyographic activity of the right (p-value = 0.005) and left (p-value = 0.01) sternocleidomastoid muscles. However, utilizing the exoskeleton caused a remarkable increase in right (p-value = 0.04) and left (p-value = 0.05) trapezius electromyographic activities. Performance was not significantly affected by the HNSE. Although the HNSE had promising effects with respect to discomfort and muscular activity in the static overhead task, future work is still needed to investigate its effect on performance and to provide support for the generalizability of study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Garosi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Adel Mazloumi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Homayoun Jafari
- Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Keihani
- Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Shamsipour
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Kordi
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Kazemi
- Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Smets M. Usability, User Acceptance, and Health Outcomes of Arm-Support Exoskeleton Use in Automotive Assembly: An 18-month Field Study. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:202-211. [PMID: 34873132 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine arm-support exoskeleton (ASE) user experience over time, identify factors contributing to ASE intention-to-use, and explore whether ASE use may influence the number of medical visits. METHODS An 18-month, longitudinal study with ASE (n = 65) and control groups (n = 133) completed at nine automotive manufacturing facilities. RESULTS Responses to six usability questions were rather consistent over time. ASE use perceived effective in reducing physical demands on the shoulders, neck, and back. Perceived job performance, and overall fit and comfort, appeared to be key determinants for ASE intention-to-use. Based on medical visits among both groups, ASE use may decrease the likelihood of such visits. CONCLUSIONS These field results support the potential of ASEs as a beneficial ergonomic intervention, but also highlight needs for further research on ASE designs, factors driving intention-to-use, and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwook Kim
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (Dr Kim, Dr Nussbaum); Manufacturing Technology Development, Ford Motor Company, Glendale, Michigan (Mr Smets)
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28
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Zelik KE, Nurse CA, Schall MC, Sesek RF, Marino MC, Gallagher S. An ergonomic assessment tool for evaluating the effect of back exoskeletons on injury risk. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 99:103619. [PMID: 34740072 PMCID: PMC9827614 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Low back disorders (LBDs) are a leading injury in the workplace. Back exoskeletons (exos) are wearable assist devices that complement traditional ergonomic controls and reduce LBD risks by alleviating musculoskeletal overexertion. However, there are currently no ergonomic assessment tools to evaluate risk for workers wearing back exos. Exo-LiFFT, an extension of the Lifting Fatigue Failure Tool, is introduced as a means to unify the etiology of LBDs with the biomechanical function of exos. We present multiple examples demonstrating how Exo-LiFFT can assess or predict the effect of exos on LBD risk without costly, time-consuming electromyography studies. For instance, using simulated and real-world material handling data we show an exo providing a 30 Nm lumbar moment is projected to reduce cumulative back damage by ∼70% and LBD risk by ∼20%. Exo-LiFFT provides a practical, efficient ergonomic assessment tool to assist safety professionals exploring back exos as part of a comprehensive occupational health program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Zelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; HeroWear, LLC, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Cameron A Nurse
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark C Schall
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Richard F Sesek
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Sean Gallagher
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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29
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Hoffmann H, Pitz I, Adomssent B, Russmann C. [Association, expectations and barriers of the use of exoskeletons in small and medium-sized enterprises]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR ARBEITSMEDIZIN, ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2022; 72:68-77. [PMID: 35068706 PMCID: PMC8762628 DOI: 10.1007/s40664-021-00453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background In the manufacturing industry, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) result in sick days and have substantial economic consequences for the enterprise and the national economy. Exoskeletons can support the body when handling heavy loads and enduring enforced postures. Exoskeletons are being piloted particularly in large companies in the automotive industry; however, exoskeletons have so far attracted little interest in small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) and their use has so far barely been scientifically examined. The aim of this work was to determine barriers to exoskeleton implementation and expectations for their use in the manufacturing sector. Method Semi-structured guided interviews in six manufacturing companies were carried out and analyzed. Results In the enterprises a variety of activities up to the loading limits are carried out. Exoskeletons are generally expected to facilitate work and provide economic advantages. There are concerns with respect to their use due to cost factors, uncertain benefits and wearing discomfort. Particularly uncertainties about the effects of exoskeletons become evident. Conclusion The presented interview results are one step in an interdisciplinary process of further developing and implementing exoskeletons in the manufacturing industry. Concerns and unawareness of potential enterprises and users must be addressed, also to achieve a high user acceptance. Further studies that survey the identification of needs with better discriminatory power could provide additional insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Hoffmann
- Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften und Gesundheit, HAWK Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - Imke Pitz
- Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften und Gesundheit, HAWK Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - Björn Adomssent
- Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften und Gesundheit, HAWK Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - Christoph Russmann
- Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften und Gesundheit, HAWK Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
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30
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Weston EB, Alizadeh M, Hani H, Knapik GG, Souchereau RA, Marras WS. A physiological and biomechanical investigation of three passive upper-extremity exoskeletons during simulated overhead work. ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:105-117. [PMID: 34338595 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1963490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate three passive upper-extremity exoskeletons relative to a control condition. Twelve subjects performed an hour-long, simulated occupational task in a laboratory setting. Independent measures of exoskeleton, exertion height (overhead, head height), time, and their interactions were assessed. Dependent measures included changes in tissue oxygenation (ΔTSI) in the anterior deltoid and middle trapezius, peak resultant lumbar spine loading, and subjective discomfort in various body regions. A statistically significant reduction in ΔTSI between exoskeleton and control was only observed in one instance. Additionally, neither increases in spinal loading nor increases in subjective discomfort ratings were observed for any of the exoskeletons. Ultimately, the exoskeletons offered little to no physiological benefit for the conditions tested. However, the experimental task was not highly fatiguing to the subjects, denoted by low ΔTSI values across conditions. Results may vary for tasks requiring constant arm elevation or higher force demands. Practitioner summary This study quantified the benefits of upper-extremity exoskeletons using NIRS, complementary to prior studies using EMG. The exoskeletons offered little to no physiological benefit for the conditions tested. However, the experimental task was not highly fatiguing, and results may vary for an experimental task with greater demand on the shoulders. Abbreviations: WMSD: work-related musculoskeletal disorder; EMG: electromyography; NIRS: near-infrared spectroscopy; NIR: near-infrared; Hb: haemoglobin; Mb: myoglobin; TSI: tissue saturation index; ATT: adipose tissue thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Weston
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mina Alizadeh
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hamed Hani
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory G Knapik
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reid A Souchereau
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William S Marras
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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31
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Industrial Upper-Limb Exoskeleton Characterization: Paving the Way to New Standards for Benchmarking. MACHINES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/machines9120362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exoskeletons have been introduced in industrial environments to prevent overload or repetitive stress injuries in workers. However, due to the lack of public detailed information about most of the commercial exoskeletons, it is necessary to further assess their load capacity and evolution over time, as their performance may change with use. We present the design and construction of a controlled device to measure the torque of industrial exoskeletons, along with the results of static and dynamic testing of an exoskeleton model. A step motor in the test bench moves the exoskeleton arm in a pre-defined path at a prescribed speed. The force measured with a beam load cell located at the interface between the exoskeleton arm and the test bench is used to derive the torque. The proposed test bench can be easily modified to allow different exoskeleton models to be tested under the same conditions.
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32
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Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Smets M, Ranganathan S. Effects of an arm-support exoskeleton on perceived work intensity and musculoskeletal discomfort: An 18-month field study in automotive assembly. Am J Ind Med 2021; 64:905-914. [PMID: 34363229 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exoskeleton (EXO) technologies are a promising ergonomic intervention to reduce the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, with efficacy supported by laboratory- and field-based studies. However, there is a lack of field-based evidence on long-term effects of EXO use on physical demands. METHODS A longitudinal, controlled research design was used to examine the effects of arm-support exoskeleton (ASE) use on perceived physical demands during overhead work at nine automotive manufacturing facilities. Data were collected at five milestones (baseline and at 1, 6, 12, and 18 months) using questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to understand the effects of ASE use on perceived work intensity and musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD). Analyses were based on a total of 41 participants in the EXO group and 83 in a control group. RESULTS Across facilities, perceived work intensity and MSD scores did not differ significantly between the EXO and control groups. In some facilities, however, neck and shoulder MSD scores in the EXO group decreased over time. Wrist MSD scores in the EXO group in some facilities remained unchanged, while those scores increased in the control group over time. Upper arm and low back MSD scores were comparable between the experimental groups. CONCLUSION Longitudinal effects of ASE use on perceived physical demands were not found, though some suggestive results were evident. This lack of consistent findings is discussed, particularly supporting the need for systematic and evidence-based ASE implementation approaches in the field that can guide the optimal selection of a job for ASE use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwook Kim
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Marty Smets
- Manufacturing Technology Development, Ford Motor Company, Glendale, Michigan, USA
| | - Shyam Ranganathan
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech Virginia Tech Blacksburg, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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33
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New and Emerging Hazards for Health and Safety within Digitalized Manufacturing Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131910948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is radically reshaping the procedures and the manufacturing environments through the digitalization process. The digitalization process can change according to the context and to specific solutions, and it is able to modify manufacturing systems and production areas. All the employees are directly affected by the transformation of the working environment, manufacturing tools, and working conditions and by the increasing need for new competencies. In this context, it is crucial to identify new and emerging hazards concerning the health and safety of the employees to ensure a conscious and safe digital transformation for everyone involved. In this regard, the paper presents the state of the research and defines seven areas of interest for a safe and harmless digital transformation for the employees, drawing attention to the hazards in the different technological areas. The state of the research unveils the absence of detailed analysis to identify specific hazards of 4.0 technologies. Therefore, every specific 4.0 technologies is analyzed by an extensive review to provide a comprehensive matrix of new and emerging hazards for health and safety within digitalized manufacturing systems. The results can help manufacturing organizations to perform robust risk assessments for worker when introducing specific 4.0 technologies.
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34
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Crea S, Beckerle P, De Looze M, De Pauw K, Grazi L, Kermavnar T, Masood J, O’Sullivan LW, Pacifico I, Rodriguez-Guerrero C, Vitiello N, Ristić-Durrant D, Veneman J. Occupational exoskeletons: A roadmap toward large-scale adoption. Methodology and challenges of bringing exoskeletons to workplaces. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 2:e11. [PMID: 38486625 PMCID: PMC10936259 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2021.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The large-scale adoption of occupational exoskeletons (OEs) will only happen if clear evidence of effectiveness of the devices is available. Performing product-specific field validation studies would allow the stakeholders and decision-makers (e.g., employers, ergonomists, health, and safety departments) to assess OEs' effectiveness in their specific work contexts and with experienced workers, who could further provide useful insights on practical issues related to exoskeleton daily use. This paper reviews present-day scientific methods for assessing the effectiveness of OEs in laboratory and field studies, and presents the vision of the authors on a roadmap that could lead to large-scale adoption of this technology. The analysis of the state-of-the-art shows methodological differences between laboratory and field studies. While the former are more extensively reported in scientific papers, they exhibit limited generalizability of the findings to real-world scenarios. On the contrary, field studies are limited in sample sizes and frequently focused only on subjective metrics. We propose a roadmap to promote large-scale knowledge-based adoption of OEs. It details that the analysis of the costs and benefits of this technology should be communicated to all stakeholders to facilitate informed decision making, so that each stakeholder can develop their specific role regarding this innovation. Large-scale field studies can help identify and monitor the possible side-effects related to exoskeleton use in real work situations, as well as provide a comprehensive scientific knowledge base to support the revision of ergonomics risk-assessment methods, safety standards and regulations, and the definition of guidelines and practices for the selection and use of OEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Crea
- Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Pontedera, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Philipp Beckerle
- Chair of Autonomous Systems and Mechatronics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Mechatronic Systems, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, and Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Grazi
- Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Tjaša Kermavnar
- School of Design, and Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jawad Masood
- Processes and Factory of the Future Department, CTAG – Centro Tecnológico de Automoción de Galicia, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Leonard W. O’Sullivan
- School of Design, and Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ilaria Pacifico
- Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Guerrero
- Robotics and Multibody Mechanics Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Nicola Vitiello
- Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Pontedera, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Jan Veneman
- Chair of COST Action 16116, Hocoma Medical GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Ciullo AS, Catalano MG, Bicchi A, Ajoudani A. A Supernumerary Soft Robotic Limb for Reducing Hand-Arm Vibration Syndromes Risks. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:650613. [PMID: 34490355 PMCID: PMC8418115 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.650613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common causes of the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) have been identified as joint overloading, bad postures, and vibrations. In the last two decades, various solutions ranging from human-robot collaborative systems to robotic exoskeletons have been proposed to mitigate them. More recently, a new approach has been proposed with a high potential in this direction: the supernumerary robotic limbs SRLs are additional robotic body parts (e.g., fingers, legs, and arms) that can be worn by the workers, augmenting their natural ability and reducing the risks of injuries. These systems are generally proposed in the literature for their potentiality of augmenting the user's ability, but here we would like to explore this kind of technology as a new generation of (personal) protective equipment. A supernumerary robotic upper limb, for example, allows for indirectly interacting with hazardous objects like chemical products or vibrating tools. In particular, in this work, we present a supernumerary robotic limbs system to reduce the vibration transmitted along the arms and minimize the load on the upper limb joints. For this purpose, an off-the-shelf wearable gravity compensation system is integrated with a soft robotic hand and a custom damping wrist, designed starting from theoretical considerations on a mass-spring-damper model. The real efficacy of the system was experimentally tested within a simulated industrial work environment, where seven subjects performed a drilling task on two different materials. Experimental analysis was conducted according to the ISO-5349. Results showed a reduction from 40 to 60% of vibration transmission with respect to the traditional hand drilling using the presented SRL system without compromising the time performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Ciullo
- Soft Robotics for Human Cooperation and Rehabilitation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuel G Catalano
- Soft Robotics for Human Cooperation and Rehabilitation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Bicchi
- Soft Robotics for Human Cooperation and Rehabilitation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arash Ajoudani
- Human-Robot Interfaces and Physical Interaction, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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36
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Harith HH, Mohd MF, Nai Sowat S. A preliminary investigation on upper limb exoskeleton assistance for simulated agricultural tasks. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 95:103455. [PMID: 33991852 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Manual harvesting is still prevalent in the agricultural industry. Accordingly, it is one of the largest contributors toward work-related musculoskeletal disorder. The cutting task in oil palm harvesting uses a long pole and involves repetitive and forceful motion of the upper limbs. Exoskeleton technology is increasingly explored to assist manual tasks performance in manufacturing and heavy industries, mainly for reducing discomfort and injuries, and improving productivity. This paper reports an initial investigation on the feasibility of using an upper limb exoskeleton to assist oil palm harvesting tasks. Previous studies highlighted that exoskeletons for agricultural activities should be adaptable to changing field tasks, tools and equipment. The immediate difference in the activity of three muscles were analyzed for a range of harvesting-simulated tasks. Lower activities were observed for tasks involving overhead work when using the prototype. Nevertheless, users' feedback highlighted that its design should be optimized for better acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazreen H Harith
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Fuad Mohd
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharence Nai Sowat
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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37
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Kermavnar T, de Vries AW, de Looze MP, O'Sullivan LW. Effects of industrial back-support exoskeletons on body loading and user experience: an updated systematic review. ERGONOMICS 2021; 64:685-711. [PMID: 33369518 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1870162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is an updated systematic review of papers published in the last 5 years on industrial back-support exoskeletons. The research questions were aimed at addressing the recent findings regarding objective (e.g. body loading, user performance) and subjective evaluations (e.g. user satisfaction), potential side effects, and methodological aspects of usability testing. Thirteen studies of active and twenty of passive exoskeletons were identified. The exoskeletons were tested during lifting and bending tasks, predominantly in laboratory settings and among healthy young men. In general, decreases in participants' back-muscle activity, peak L5/S1 moments and spinal compression forces were reported. User endurance during lifting and static bending improved, but performance declined during tasks that required increased agility. The overall user satisfaction was moderate. Some side effects were observed, including increased abdominal/lower-limb muscle activity and changes in joint angles. A need was identified for further field studies, involving industrial workers, and reflecting actual work situations. Practitioner summary: Due to increased research activity in the field, a systematic review was performed of recent studies on industrial back-support exoskeletons, addressing objective and subjective evaluations, side effects, and methodological aspects of usability testing. The results indicate the efficiency of exoskeletons in back-load reduction and a need for further studies in real work situations. Abbrevaitions: BB: biceps brachii; BF: biceps femoris; CoM: centre of mass; DA: deltoideus anterior; EMG: electromyography; ES: erector spinae; ES-C: erector spinae-cervical; ESI: erector spinae iliocostalis; ESI-L: erector spinae iliocostalis-lumborum; ESL: erector spinae longissimus; ES-L: erector spinae-lumbar; ESL-L: erector spinae longissimus-lumborum; ESL-T: erector spinae longissimus-thoracis; ES-T: erector spinae-thoracic; GM: glutaeus maximus; LBP: low back pain; LD: latissimus dorsi; LPD: local perceived discomfort scale; LPP: local perceived pressure scale; MS: multifidus spinae; MSD: musculoskeletal disorder; M-SFS: modified spinal function sort; NMV: no mean value provided; OA: obliquus abdominis (internus and externus); OEA: obliquus externus abdominis; OIA : obliquus internus abdominis; RA: rectus abdominis; RF: rectus femoris; RoM: range of motion; SUS: system usability scale; T: trapezius (pars Ascendens and Descendens); TA: trapezius pars ascendens; TC: mid-cervical trapezius; TD: trapezius pars descendens; VAS: visual analog scale; VL: vastus lateralis; VM: vastus medialis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leonard W O'Sullivan
- School of Design, Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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De Bock S, Ghillebert J, Govaerts R, Elprama SA, Marusic U, Serrien B, Jacobs A, Geeroms J, Meeusen R, De Pauw K. Passive Shoulder Exoskeletons: More Effective in the Lab Than in the Field? IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:173-183. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.3041906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tamers SL, Streit J, Pana‐Cryan R, Ray T, Syron L, Flynn MA, Castillo D, Roth G, Geraci C, Guerin R, Schulte P, Henn S, Chang C, Felknor S, Howard J. Envisioning the future of work to safeguard the safety, health, and well-being of the workforce: A perspective from the CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:1065-1084. [PMID: 32926431 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The future of work embodies changes to the workplace, work, and workforce, which require additional occupational safety and health (OSH) stakeholder attention. Examples include workplace developments in organizational design, technological job displacement, and work arrangements; work advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, and technologies; and workforce changes in demographics, economic security, and skills. This paper presents the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Future of Work Initiative; suggests an integrated approach to address worker safety, health, and well-being; introduces priority topics and subtopics that confer a framework for upcoming future of work research directions and resultant practical applications; and discusses preliminary next steps. All future of work issues impact one another. Future of work transformations are contingent upon each of the standalone factors discussed in this paper and their combined effects. Occupational safety and health stakeholders are becoming more aware of the significance and necessity of these factors for the workplace, work, and workforce to flourish, merely survive, or disappear altogether as the future evolves. The future of work offers numerous opportunities, while also presenting critical but not clearly understood difficulties, exposures, and hazards. It is the responsibility of OSH researchers and other partners to understand the implications of future of work scenarios to translate effective interventions into practice for employers safeguarding the safety, health, and well-being of their workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Tamers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Jessica Streit
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Rene Pana‐Cryan
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Tapas Ray
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Laura Syron
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Spokane Washington USA
| | - Michael A. Flynn
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Dawn Castillo
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Gary Roth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Charles Geraci
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Rebecca Guerin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Paul Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Scott Henn
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Chia‐Chia Chang
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Sarah Felknor
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - John Howard
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Washington District of Columbia USA
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Kim S, Madinei S, Alemi MM, Srinivasan D, Nussbaum MA. Assessing the potential for "undesired" effects of passive back-support exoskeleton use during a simulated manual assembly task: Muscle activity, posture, balance, discomfort, and usability. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 89:103194. [PMID: 32854824 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Back-support exoskeletons (BSEs) are wearable systems designed to reduce physical demands on the back, but which could have undesired effects beyond this design intention. Participants (n = 18) used two commercial BSEs to complete a brief (~15-20 s) simulated manual assembly task in varying conditions, with outcome measures that included: working posture, activity levels in "secondary" muscle groups (shoulders and thighs), perceived balance, discomfort, and usability. Using a BSE led to small and inconsistent changes in working postures (e.g., < ~14° change in lumbar flexion), muscular activity in the secondary muscle groups (<±2% of maximum voluntary isometric contractions), or perceived balance. Limitations in movement were reported for both BSEs, however, along with moderate levels of discomfort. Task-specific responses were evident for all outcome measures, though these depended on the specific BSE used and differed between genders in many cases. Future work should focus on interactions between a given user, BSE design, and task conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwook Kim
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Saman Madinei
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Alemi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Divya Srinivasan
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Del Ferraro S, Falcone T, Ranavolo A, Molinaro V. The Effects of Upper-Body Exoskeletons on Human Metabolic Cost and Thermal Response during Work Tasks-A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7374. [PMID: 33050273 PMCID: PMC7600262 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New wearable assistive devices (exoskeletons) have been developed for assisting people during work activity or rehabilitation. Although exoskeletons have been introduced into different occupational fields in an attempt to reduce the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, the effectiveness of their use in workplaces still needs to be investigated. This systematic review focused on the effects of upper-body exoskeletons (UBEs) on human metabolic cost and thermophysiological response during upper-body work tasks. METHODS articles published until 22 September 2020 were selected from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed for eligibility and the potential risk of bias was assessed. RESULTS Nine articles resulted in being eligible for the metabolic aspects, and none for the thermal analysis. All the studies were based on comparisons between conditions with and without exoskeletons and considered a total of 94 participants (mainly males) performing tasks involving the trunk or overhead work, 7 back-support exoskeletons, and 1 upper-limb support exoskeleton. Eight studies found a significant reduction in the mean values of the metabolic or cardiorespiratory parameters considered and one found no differences. CONCLUSIONS The reduction found represents a preliminary finding that needs to be confirmed in a wider range of conditions, especially in workplaces, where work tasks show different characteristics and durations compared to those simulated in the laboratory. Future developments should investigate the dependence of metabolic cost on specific UBE design approaches during tasks involving the trunk and the possible statistical correlation between the metabolic cost and the surface ElectroMyoGraphy (sEMG) parameters. Finally, it could be interesting to investigate the effect of exoskeletons on the human thermophysiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Del Ferraro
- INAIL—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene—Laboratory of Ergonomics and Physiology, via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy; (T.F.); (A.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Tiziana Falcone
- INAIL—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene—Laboratory of Ergonomics and Physiology, via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy; (T.F.); (A.R.); (V.M.)
- Unit of Advanced Robotics and Human-Centred Technologies, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ranavolo
- INAIL—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene—Laboratory of Ergonomics and Physiology, via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy; (T.F.); (A.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Molinaro
- INAIL—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene—Laboratory of Ergonomics and Physiology, via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy; (T.F.); (A.R.); (V.M.)
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Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Semi-Passive Upper-Limb Exoskeleton for Workers With Motorized Tuning of Assistance. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2020; 28:2276-2285. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.3014408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nussbaum MA, Lowe BD, de Looze M, Harris-Adamson C, Smets M. An Introduction to the Special Issue on Occupational Exoskeletons. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2019.1709695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maury A. Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Brian D. Lowe
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Carisa Harris-Adamson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marty Smets
- Advanced Manufacturing, Ford Motor Company, Glendale, MI, USA
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