1
|
Neuhauser S, Handler J, Schelling C, Pieńkowska-Schelling A. Disorder of Sexual Development in a Mare with an Unusual Tentative Mosaic Karyotype: 63,X/64,Xdel(Y). Sex Dev 2018; 12:232-238. [PMID: 30071527 DOI: 10.1159/000490861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present report describes a 4-year-old Trakehner mare which was referred to the clinic for a breeding soundness evaluation. Clinical, histological, and postmortem examination revealed an underdeveloped genital tract, the absence of a cervix uteri, and small inactive ovaries without male gonadal tissue. Blood lymphocyte analysis revealed an unusual mosaic karyotype consisting of 2 cell lines. For the majority of cells (70%), monosomy X (63,X) was observed. The remaining cells (30%) contained 64 chromosomes including one X chromosome and a small rudimentary Y chromosome consisting mostly of heterochromatin. The centromere was retained, but its full functionality was questionable. PCR analysis revealed that the entire male-specific region of Y (Yq14), including the SRY gene, was deleted. It remained unclear if the pseudoautosomal region (Yq15) and parts of the heterochromatic region (Yq13) were affected by this deletion. The phenotype of the mare with this disorder of sex development associated with sex chromosome abnormalities is genetically comparable to 63,X monosomy which fully explains the clinical findings.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim KE, Kim YJ, Jung MK, Chae HW, Kwon AR, Lee WJ, Kim DH, Kim HS. A boy with 46,X,+mar presenting gynecomastia and short stature. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 22:266-271. [PMID: 29301188 PMCID: PMC5769836 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.4.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A 15-year-old boy was referred due to gynecomastia and short stature. He was overweight and showed the knuckle-dimple sign on the left hand, a short fourth toe on the left foot, and male external genitalia with a small phallus. His levels of estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone were increased, and his testosterone concentration was normal. Other hormonal tests were within the normal range. Radiographs showed short fourth and fifth metacarpals and fourth metatarsal bones. The karyotype was reported as 46,X,+mar, and the marker chromosome was shown to originate from the Y chromosome, which was identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing were used to clarify the deleted loci of the Y chromosome by making use of Y-specific sequence-tagged sites (STSs). The sex-determining region Y and centromere were verified, and there were microdeletions on the long arm of the Y chromosome. The azoospermia factor (AZF) b region was partially deleted, and AZFa and AZFc were completely deleted. Two STS probes of sY143 and the Y chromosome RNA recognition motif in AZFb showed positive signals corresponding to Yq11.223. The karyotype of the patient was interpreted as 46,X,der(Y)del(Y)(q11.21q11.222)del(Y)(q11.23qter). Herein, we report a rare case of a boy presenting with gynecomastia and short stature with 46, X, +mar, which originated from the Y chromosome, which was identified to have Yq microdeletions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye Jin Kim
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mo Kyoung Jung
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Chae
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah Reum Kwon
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Sowha Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Address for correspondence: Ho-Seong Kim, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1135-099X Division of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea Tel: +82-2-2228-2069 Fax: +82-2-393-9118 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Demirhan O, Yilmaz MB, Tanriverdi N, Kocaturk-Sel S, Erkoc MA, Oksuz H. Identification of the short arm of the Y chromosome by cytogenetic and molecular analyses. CYTOL GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271701011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Nistal M, Paniagua R, González-Peramato P, Reyes-Múgica M. Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology, Chapter 16. Klinefelter Syndrome and Other Anomalies in X and Y Chromosomes. Clinical and Pathological Entities. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2016; 19:259-77. [PMID: 25105890 DOI: 10.2350/14-06-1512-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nistal
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo No. 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ricardo Paniagua
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Peramato
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo No. 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- 3 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
González M, Gutiérrez C, Martínez R. Expectation-maximization algorithm for determining natural selection of Y-linked genes through two-sex branching processes. J Comput Biol 2012; 19:1015-26. [PMID: 22924631 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2010.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-dimensional bisexual branching process has recently been presented for the analysis of the generation-to-generation evolution of the number of carriers of a Y-linked gene. In this model, preference of females for males with a specific genetic characteristic is assumed to be determined by an allele of the gene. It has been shown that the behavior of this kind of Y-linked gene is strongly related to the reproduction law of each genotype. In practice, the corresponding offspring distributions are usually unknown, and it is necessary to develop their estimation theory in order to determine the natural selection of the gene. Here we deal with the estimation problem for the offspring distribution of each genotype of a Y-linked gene when the only observable data are each generation's total numbers of males of each genotype and of females. We set out the problem in a non parametric framework and obtain the maximum likelihood estimators of the offspring distributions using an expectation-maximization algorithm. From these estimators, we also derive the estimators for the reproduction mean of each genotype and forecast the distribution of the future population sizes. Finally, we check the accuracy of the algorithm by means of a simulation study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M González
- Department of Mathematics, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Adkins-Regan E. Hormonal organization and activation: evolutionary implications and questions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 176:279-85. [PMID: 22248442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Comparative endocrinology is a fascinating field of science in part because it addresses both ultimate and proximate causation. Research on sexual dimorphism and sexual differentiation has excellent potential for this kind of integration. Vertebrate comparative endocrinologists have made many important discoveries about the role of genes and sex steroid hormones in the organization and activation of sexually differentiated behavior, brain function, anatomy and physiology. In addition to taxonomically general principles and conserved features, there is also striking diversity in sexual differentiation processes. Much of the evolutionary basis of this diversity (its phylogenetic history and adaptive functions) is not well understood. A set of questions is raised to illustrate this point, with an emphasis on mechanisms of sexual dimorphism in body size and ornamentation, sexual differentiation of avian behavior, particularly in Japanese quail and zebra finches, and the puzzle of the phylogenetic distribution of vertebrate sex determining mechanisms. Applying a comparative approach grounded in established phylogenies and concepts from evolutionary developmental biology such as developmental modules holds promise for generating and testing new hypotheses and eventually answering some of these questions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Prenatal Diagnosis of mos45,X/46,X,+mar in a Fetus With Normal Male External Genitalia and a Literature Review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 48:292-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s1028-4559(09)60307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
8
|
González M, Martínez R, Mota M. Bisexual branching processes to model extinction conditions for Y-linked genes. J Theor Biol 2009; 258:478-88. [PMID: 19071140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In a two-sex monogamic population, the evolution of the number of carriers of the two alleles of a Y-linked gene is considered. To this end, a multitype bisexual branching model is presented in which it is assumed that the gene has no influence on the mating process. It is deduced from this model that the average numbers of female and male descendants per mating unit constitute the key to determining the extinction or survival of each allele. Moreover, the destiny of each allele in the population is found not to depend on the behavior of the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González
- Department of Mathematics, University of Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Approximately one in ten couples experience infertility, and in about 40% of these infertile unions there are abnormalities in the fertility of the male partner. The clinical management of these infertile men is less than satisfactory because in 40% of such patients the cause of the abnormalities of sperm production and quality is unknown. The possibility that genetic disorders may account for a proportion of these disturbances of sperm production has been raised. It is well recognized that chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter's syndrome cause azoospermia and that gene defects are the basis of testicular feminization, Kallman's syndrome and Reifenstein's syndrome. With the explosion in our knowledge of the human genome, the possibility exists that other genetic disorders may form the basis of other sperma-togenic abnormalities. The past decade has witnessed the accumulation of evidence linking abnormalities of the Y chromosome with disturbances in sperm production and these observations form the basis of this review.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kawa S, Ito C, Toyama Y, Maekawa M, Tezuka T, Nakamura T, Nakazawa T, Yokoyama K, Yoshida N, Toshimori K, Yamamoto T. Azoospermia in mice with targeted disruption of the Brek/Lmtk2 (brain-enriched kinase/lemur tyrosine kinase 2) gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19344-9. [PMID: 17158803 PMCID: PMC1748228 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603603103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brek/Lmtk2 (brain-enriched kinase/lemur tyrosine kinase 2) is a member of the Aatyk family of kinases that comprises Aatyk1, Brek/Lmtk2/Aatyk2, and Aatyk3. Although several potential roles have been proposed for Brek and other Aatyk family members, the physiological functions of these kinases remain unclear. Here, we report that Brek(-/-) male mice are infertile, with azoospermia. Detailed histological analysis revealed that Brek(-/-) germ cells differentiated normally until the round-spermatid stage, but failed to undergo the normal change in morphology to become elongated spermatids. Testicular somatic cells appeared normal in these mice. Expression of Brek in testis was restricted to the germ cells, suggesting that the maturations of germ cells in Brek(-/-) mice are affected in a cell-autonomous manner. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that Brek is essential for a late stage of spermatogenesis. Further clarification of the mechanism by which Brek regulates spermatogenesis may help identify new targets for reproductive contraceptives and treatments against infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chizuru Ito
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Regulation, Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | - Yoshiro Toyama
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Regulation, Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | - Mamiko Maekawa
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Regulation, Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Nobuaki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Regulation, Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | - Kiyotaka Toshimori
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- *Division of Oncology, and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fox MS, Reijo Pera RA. Male infertility, genetic analysis of the DAZ genes on the human Y chromosome and genetic analysis of DNA repair. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 184:41-9. [PMID: 11694340 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many genes that are required for fertility have been identified in model organisms (). Mutations in these genes cause infertility due to defects in development of the germ cell lineage, but the organism is otherwise healthy. Although human reproduction is undoubtedly as complex as that of other organisms, very few fertility loci have been mapped (). This is in spite of the prevalence of human infertility, the lack of effective treatments to remedy germ cell defects, and the cost to couples and society of assisted reproductive techniques. Fifteen percent of couples are infertile and half of all cases can be traced to the male partner. Aside from defects in sperm production, most infertile men are otherwise healthy. This review is divided into two distinct parts to discuss work that: (i) led to the identification of several genes on the Y chromosome that likely function in sperm production; and (ii) implicates DNA repair in male infertility via increased frequency of mutations in DNA from men with meiotic arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Fox
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0546, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Baba K, Iwamoto T, Nakagome Y, Kuroki Y, Nakahori Y, Yajima M, Tanaka H, Osada T. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the Y chromosome long arm in azoospermic patients: lack of the Y chromosome recognition motif (YRRM1) gene. Int J Urol 1998; 5:507-9. [PMID: 9781447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.1998.tb00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed DNA from a patient with azoospermia whose Y chromosome was cytogenetically normal. A total of 16 loci on the Y chromosome long arm were examined: 15 loci between DYS7E and DYZ1, and the Y chromosome RNA recognition motif (YRRM1) locus, a candidate gene for the azoospermic factor AZF. We did not detect the YRRM1 gene in this patient. This finding supports the theory that YRRM1 is an essential gene for spermatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Baba
- Department of Urology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Johnson MD. Genetic risks of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of male infertility: recommendations for genetic counseling and screening. Fertil Steril 1998; 70:397-411. [PMID: 9757865 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the most clinically significant genetic disorders associated with severe oligospermia and azoospermia in males, and to present recommendations for the genetic counseling and screening of infertile males and their partners before undertaking intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-assisted reproduction. DESIGN The literature on genetic disorders associated with severe oligospermia and azoospermia was reviewed, and the most recent outcome data from surveys of ICSI-derived offspring are presented. Studies related to this topic were identified through MEDLINE. RESULT(S) Genetic disorders are not infrequent causes of severe oligospermia and azoospermia in males undergoing ICSI-assisted reproduction. The application of ICSI in the treatment of oligospermic or azoospermic males may result in the transmission or de novo introduction of genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities in their offspring. Genetic counseling and appropriate screening of couples with male infertility should be performed before their undertaking ICSI-assisted reproduction. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of the genetic risks and possible consequences that are inherent when ICSI is used to assist fertilization in couples with male infertility is necessary for clinicians and their patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shirakawa T, Fujisawa M, Kanzaki M, Okada H, Arakawa S, Kamidono S. Y chromosome (Yq11) microdeletions in idiopathic azoospermia. Int J Urol 1997; 4:198-201. [PMID: 9179696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.1997.tb00170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytogenetic anomalies and molecular deletions of the Y chromosome in idiopathically sterile men suggest that genetic factor(s) controlling spermatogenesis are located in the distal portion of Yq11. We studied Y chromosome microdeletions in the Yq11.23 region in idiopathic azoospermia. METHODS We studied 25 azoospermic male patients with a cytogenetically normal 46XY karyotype; 13 exhibited Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and 12 exhibited maturation arrest. Microdeletions in the Yq11 region were examined using the PCR technique with 4 pairs of primers from DNA loci in Yq11.23. RESULTS Microdeletions in Yq11.23 were detected in 4 of the 25 azoospermic men. The most common deletion was of the Y6HP52pr sequence, which was detected in 3 of 13 men with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome but in only 1 of 12 with maturation arrest. CONCLUSION Detection of microdeletions within the Yq11 sequence is an important clue to the genetic factor(s) underlying azoospermia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Shirakawa
- Department of Urology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Iwamoto T, Nakahori Y, Nakagome Y, Yajima M, Satomi Y, Osada T. Pericentric inversion with a minute deletion of the Y chromosome in a severely oligozoospermic man. Clin Genet 1995; 48:272-4. [PMID: 8825608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1995.tb04104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An apparent pericentric inversion of the Y chromosome in a severely oligozoospermic infertile patient is described. The karyotype was 46,X,inv (Y) (p11.2 q11.23). DNA analysis, however, revealed a deletion involving nine loci within the most distal part of the euchromatic region of the long arm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Iwamoto
- Department of Urology, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Reijo R, Lee TY, Salo P, Alagappan R, Brown LG, Rosenberg M, Rozen S, Jaffe T, Straus D, Hovatta O. Diverse spermatogenic defects in humans caused by Y chromosome deletions encompassing a novel RNA-binding protein gene. Nat Genet 1995; 10:383-93. [PMID: 7670487 DOI: 10.1038/ng0895-383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 742] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have detected deletions of portions of the Y chromosome long arm in 12 of 89 men with azoospermia (no sperm in semen). No Y deletions were detected in their male relatives or in 90 other fertile males. The 12 deletions overlap, defining a region likely to contain one or more genes required for spermatogenesis (the Azoospermia Factor, AZF). Deletion of the AZF region is associated with highly variable testicular defects, ranging from complete absence of germ cells to spermatogenic arrest with occasional production of condensed spermatids. We find no evidence of YRRM genes, recently proposed as AZF candidates, in the AZF region. The region contains a single-copy gene, DAZ (Deleted in AZoospermia), which is transcribed in the adult testis and appears to encode an RNA binding protein. The possibility that DAZ is AZF should now be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Reijo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hsu LY. Phenotype/karyotype correlations of Y chromosome aneuploidy with emphasis on structural aberrations in postnatally diagnosed cases. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 53:108-40. [PMID: 7856637 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320530204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over 600 cases with a Y aneuploidy (other than non-mosaic 47,XYY) were reviewed for phenotype/karyotype correlations. Except for 93 prenatally diagnosed cases of mosaicism 45,X/46,XY (79 cases), 45,X/47,XYY (8 cases), and 45,X/46,XY/47,XYY (6 cases), all other cases were ascertained postnatally. Special emphasis was placed on structural abnormalities. This review includes 11 cases of 46,XYp-; 90 cases of 46,XYq- (52 cases non-mosaic; 38 cases 45,X mosaic); 34 cases of 46,X,r(Y) (9 cases non-mosaic and 25 cases 45,X mosaic); 8 cases of 46,X,i(Yp) (4 non-mosaic and 4 mosaic with 45,X); 12 cases of 46,X,i(Yq) (7 non-mosaic and 5 mosaic); 44 cases of 46,X,idic(Yq); 80 cases of 46,X, idic(Yp) (74 cases had breakpoints at Yq11 and 6 cases had breakpoints at Yq12); 130 cases of Y/autosome translocations (50 cases with a Y/A reciprocal translocation, 20 cases of Y/A translocation in 45,X males, 60 cases of Y/DP or Y/Gp translocations); 52 cases of Y/X translocations [47 cases with der(X); 4 cases with der(Y), and 1 case with 45,X with a der(X)], 7 cases of Y/Y translocations; 151 postnatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/46,XY; 14 postnatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/47,XYY; 18 cases of 45,X/46,XY/47,XYY; and 93 aforementioned prenatally diagnosed cases with a 45,X cell line. It is clear that in the absence of a 45,X cell line, the presence of an entire Yp or a region of it including SRY would lead to a male phenotype in an individual with a Y aneuploidy, whereas the lack of Yp invariably leads to a female phenotype with typical or atypical Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS). Once there is a 45,X cell line, regardless of whether there is Yp, Yq, or both Yp and Yq, or even a free Y chromosome in other cell line, there is an increased chance for that individual to be a phenotypic female with UTS manifestations or to have ambiguous external genitalia. This review once again shows a major difference in reported phenotypes between postnatally and prenatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/46,XY, 45,X/47,XYY, and 45,X/46,XY/47,XYY mosaicism. It appears that ascertainment bias can explain the fact that all known patients with postnatal diagnosis are phenotypically abnormal, while over 90% of prenatally diagnosed cases are reported to have a normal male phenotype. Further elucidation of major Y genes and their clinical significance can be expected in the rapidly expanding gene mapping projects. More, consequently better, phenotype/karyotype correlations can be anticipated at both the cytogenetic and the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Y Hsu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory of New York City, NY 10016
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nagafuchi S, Namiki M, Nakahori Y, Kondoh N, Okuyama A, Nakagome Y. A minute deletion of the Y chromosome in men with azoospermia. J Urol 1993; 150:1155-7. [PMID: 8371377 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed deoxyribonucleic acid from 50 Japanese men with azoospermia whose Y chromosomes were cytogenetically normal. A total of 26 loci was examined in each patient. Of these patients 6 had small interstitial deletions, each of which was located within the distal part of Yq11. Five of these 6 patients lacked the same 2 loci, DYS7C and DYS1, while 1 patient had a larger deletion including DYS7C but not DYS1. More than 10% of all men with azoospermia of unknown origin may have minute interstitial deletions of the Y chromosome surrounding the DYS7C locus. The proximal part of this zone presumably encompasses the gene deletion that causes azoospermia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nagafuchi
- Department of Human Genetics, School of International Health, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cantrell MA, Bogan JS, Simpson E, Bicknell JN, Goulmy E, Chandler P, Pagon RA, Walker DC, Thuline HC, Graham JM. Deletion mapping of H-Y antigen to the long arm of the human Y chromosome. Genomics 1992; 13:1255-60. [PMID: 1505957 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90043-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding or controlling the expression of the H-Y transplantation antigen was previously mapped to the human Y chromosome. We now report the sublocalization of this gene on the long arm of the human Y chromosome. Eight patients with Y-chromosomal abnormalities were examined with a series of existing and new DNA markers for the Y chromosome. The resulting deletion map was correlated with H-Y antigen expression. We conclude that the H-Y antigen gene maps to a portion of deletion interval 6 that is identified by specific DNA markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Cantrell
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fechner PY, Smith KD, Jabs EW, Migeon CJ, Berkovitz GD. Partial gonadal dysgenesis in a patient with a marker Y chromosome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1992; 42:807-12. [PMID: 1313209 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320420612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated a patient with partial gonadal dysgenesis including a right dysgenetic testis and a left streak gonad with rudimentary fallopian tube and uterus. She had ambiguous external genitalia and was raised female. Although her height is normal (25th centile at age 12 years), she has some findings of Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Her karyotype was reported to be 46,X,+marker; subsequent molecular investigations showed the marker to be the short arm of the Y chromosome. Genomic DNA, isolated from leukocytes of the patient and her father, was digested with a variety of restriction endonucleases and subjected to Southern blot analysis. A positive hybridization signal was obtained with probes for the short arm of the Y chromosome (pRsY0.55, SRY, ZFY, 47Z, pY-190, and YC-2) in DNA from the patient, indicating the presence of most if not all of the short arm, while long arm probes (HinfA and pY3.4) indicated that at least 75% of the long arm of the Y chromosome was missing. The gene responsible for testicular determination (TDF) is on the distal portion of the short arm of the Y chromosome; Yq has no known influence on sex determination. Hence, the deletion of the long arm of the Y chromosome cannot explain the gonadal dysgenesis in this patient. One explanation for the gonadal dysgenesis and Ullrich-Turner phenotype in the patient could be undetected 45,X/46,X,+marY mosaicism but no such mosaicism was observed in peripheral lymphocytes. Several investigators have suggested the presence of an "anti-Turner" gene near TDF. Hence it is possible that the clinical phenotype in our patient results from a Y chromosomal defect in sequences flanking TDF, which reduces the function of both TDF and the "anti-Turner" genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Y Fechner
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Donlon TA, Müller U. Deletion mapping of DNA segments from the Y chromosome long arm and their analysis in an XX male. Genomics 1991; 10:51-6. [PMID: 2045109 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90483-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Twelve DNA segments have been localized to the long arm of the Y chromosome and were assigned to three intervals by deletion mapping. Of these segments, six were from distal Yq11.23, which is supposed to contain a spermatogenesis locus. The physical mapping information was used to analyze an XX male who is positive for DNA sequences both from distal Yp and from Yq. Two of the twelve sequences from Yq (Y-198 and Y-253) were detected in this patient along with two of six short-arm segments tested. Long-range physical mapping placed Y-198 and Y-253 on a common 1100-kb BssHII fragment. In this patient, the long-arm sequences were assigned to distal Xp by in situ hybridization. The data suggest that this XX male derived from an unequal interchange between an X and an inverted Y chromosome presumed to have been present in the patient's father.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Donlon
- Clinical Cytogenetics, Stanford University Hospital, California 94305
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Johnson VP, McDonough PG, Cheung SW, Sun L. Sex chromosome marker: clinical significance and DNA characterization. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 39:97-101. [PMID: 1867271 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320390121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two patients are described with a virtually identical marker sex chromosome that was so small as to defy classification by conventional cytogenetic studies. DNA hybridization with Y probes allows classification into Y or non-Y, and in situ hybridization with X centromere specific sequences, into X or non-X. One patient was proven to have a Y fragment, and the second, an X fragment. DNA characterization is important since prognosis and clinical management depends on proper identification of the small marker sex chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V P Johnson
- Department of OB/GYN, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ozaki K, Shinohara O, Kato S, Takakura I, Kimura M, Ishikawa K. Pachyonychia congenita associated with 46,XYq-karyotype. ACTA PAEDIATRICA JAPONICA : OVERSEAS EDITION 1990; 32:579-81. [PMID: 2284939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1990.tb00886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Ozaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Skare J, Drwinga H, Wyandt H, vanderSpek J, Troxler R, Milunsky A. Interstitial deletion involving most of Yq. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1990; 36:394-7. [PMID: 2389795 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320360405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Males with a Yq deletion are well described, but few have been studied with both cytogenetic and molecular techniques to define the deletion and relate it to the phenotype. This study reports an analysis of cells obtained from a college student with azoospermia, short stature, and a small penis. Cytogenetic analysis indicated that the entire Yq was deleted, but DNA hybridization showed that a portion of Yq12 remained. We conclude that the deletion is interstitial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Skare
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Johnson MD, Tho SP, Behzadian A, McDonough PG. Molecular scanning of Yq11 (interval 6) in men with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161:1732-7. [PMID: 2603934 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Data suggesting that probes pDP105/B and 50f2/C,E may identify sequences on distal Yq11 (interval 6) that are critical for spermatogenesis stimulated a study of this region by means of these two probes in azoospermic 46,XY men with biopsy-proved Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. Deoxyribonucleic acid samples from controls and study subjects were digested with the restriction enzymes TaqI, EcoRI, and BamHI. These samples were blotted and hybridized with pDP105/B, 50f2/C,E, and two more proximal Yq11 probes 4B-2 and pAS1. The sequence hydridizing to 50f2/C was absent in one study subject. No deletions were detected with pDP105/B and the two more proximal probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-3360
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Beverstock GC, MacFarlane JD, Veenema H, Hoekman H, Goodfellow PJ. Y chromosome specific probes identify breakpoint in a 45,X/46,X,del(Y)(pter----q11.1:) karyotype of an infertile male. J Med Genet 1989; 26:330-3. [PMID: 2659792 PMCID: PMC1015601 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.26.5.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An infertile male patient with a 45,X peripheral blood karyotype and a 45,X/46,X,del(Y)(pter----q11.1:) mosaic skin fibroblast karyotype is described. Steroid sulphatase (STS) activity was normal. Recombinant DNA studies using Y chromosome specific probes suggest that almost the entire long arm of the Y chromosome is deleted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Beverstock
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Neu RL, O'Brien WF, Kousseff BG, Tedesco TA, Farmelo MJ, Essig YP, Miller KL, Nichols PM. Ultrasound identification of apparently normal male genitalia in a 46,X,+mar fetus. J Med Genet 1987; 24:782-3. [PMID: 3323519 PMCID: PMC1050409 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.24.12.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A level II ultrasound examination revealed a scrotum and penis in a fetus with a 46,X,+mar chromosome complement. The marker was subsequently considered to be a del(Y)(q11). A phenotypically normal male infant was born. Detailed ultrasound examination of similar cases for visualisation of the genitalia is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ostrer H, Henderson AL, Stringer LC. Characterization of Y chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid fragments and translocations by Southern blot analysis. J Pediatr 1987; 111:678-83. [PMID: 3312551 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization of Y chromosome-specific probes to Southern blots of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid from patients with chromosomal variants permits direct and rapid characterization of the chromosomal content. We have used two single-copy Y chromosomal sequences specific for the short arm (47z and DP34) and one repeated sequence specific to the long arm (Y3.4) to study several patients with different types of sex chromosomal abnormalities, including three patients with gonadal dysgenesis and the karyotype 45,X/46,X + fragment, two females with Y autosomal translocations involving similar regions of the Y chromosome (46,XX,t(Y;14)(q11,p11) and 46,XY,t(Y;15)(q11,p11), two males with very small Y chromosomes (del(Y)(q12) and i(Yp], and a 45,X male with a small Y autosomal translocation. These techniques are more sensitive than chromosome banding and thus are an important adjunct to karyotyping for analysis of chromosomal content. For patients with gonadal dysgenesis and uncharacterized fragments, demonstration of Y chromosomal sequences identifies an important risk factor for the development of gonadoblastoma. For other patients, accurate identification of Y chromosomal content may facilitate prediction of the patient's phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ostrer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Müller U, Donlon T, Schmid M, Fitch N, Richer CL, Lalande M, Latt SA. Deletion mapping of the testis determining locus with DNA probes in 46,XX males and in 46,XY and 46,X,dic(Y) females. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:6489-505. [PMID: 3748818 PMCID: PMC311659 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.16.6489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eleven Y-specific DNA probes hybridizing with DNA from one or more 46,XX males were isolated from a recombinant phage DNA library constructed from flow sorted human Y chromosomes. Two probes hybridized with DNA from nine out of eleven, i.e. greater than 80% of these 46,XX males. The relative frequency of hybridization of the probes in the 46,XX males and in a 46,X,dic(Y) female, together with in situ hybridization data, allowed mapping of the probes on Yp in relation to a putative testis determining locus. Several of those probes were also absent in a 46,XY female, further refining a model for ordering the probes on Yp. The DNA of one XX male hybridized both with probes from Yp and probes from proximal Yq (excluding the pericentral region). This suggests that complex translocations may occur into the DNA of 46,XX males that involve not only parts of Yp but also parts of Yq.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Münke M, de Martinville B, Lieber E, Francke U. Minute chromosomes replacing the Y chromosome carry Y-specific sequences by restriction fragment analysis and in situ hybridization. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1985; 22:361-74. [PMID: 2996350 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320220221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two unrelated males, a 43-year-old man with azoospermia and a 4-year-old boy with stature at the 10th centile, had similar karyotypes: 46,X,min. The minutes, present in all cells analyzed, stained weakly with G-, C-, and Q-banding methods. To elucidate their origin we used molecular techniques: In HaeIII digests of total genomic DNA from both individuals, no Y-specific reiterated sequences were detected. However, restriction fragment analysis with probe pDP31 demonstrated that the patients' DNA contained the Y-specific fragment. In situ hybridization with the same probe showed that these sequences were present on the minute chromosomes and have not been translocated elsewhere.
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
|