1
|
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by biallelic mutations in the SMN1 (survival motor neuron 1) gene on chromosome 5q13.2, which leads to a progressive degeneration of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord and in motor nerve nuclei in the caudal brainstem. It is characterized by progressive proximally accentuated muscle weakness with loss of already acquired motor skills, areflexia and, depending on the phenotype, varying degrees of weakness of the respiratory and bulbar muscles. Over the past decade, disease-modifying therapies have become available based on splicing modulation of the SMN2 with SMN1 gene replacement, which if initiated significantly modifies the natural course of the disease. Newborn screening for SMA has been implemented in an increasing number of centers; however, available evidence for these new treatments is often limited to a small spectrum of patients concerning age and disease stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
| | - Jerry R Mendell
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jablonka S, Hennlein L, Sendtner M. Therapy development for spinal muscular atrophy: perspectives for muscular dystrophies and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurol Res Pract 2022; 4:2. [PMID: 34983696 PMCID: PMC8725368 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-021-00162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major efforts have been made in the last decade to develop and improve therapies for proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). The introduction of Nusinersen/Spinraza™ as an antisense oligonucleotide therapy, Onasemnogene abeparvovec/Zolgensma™ as an AAV9-based gene therapy and Risdiplam/Evrysdi™ as a small molecule modifier of pre-mRNA splicing have set new standards for interference with neurodegeneration. MAIN BODY Therapies for SMA are designed to interfere with the cellular basis of the disease by modifying pre-mRNA splicing and enhancing expression of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein, which is only expressed at low levels in this disorder. The corresponding strategies also can be applied to other disease mechanisms caused by loss of function or toxic gain of function mutations. The development of therapies for SMA was based on the use of cell culture systems and mouse models, as well as innovative clinical trials that included readouts that had originally been introduced and optimized in preclinical studies. This is summarized in the first part of this review. The second part discusses current developments and perspectives for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscular dystrophies, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, as well as the obstacles that need to be overcome to introduce RNA-based therapies and gene therapies for these disorders. CONCLUSION RNA-based therapies offer chances for therapy development of complex neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscular dystrophies, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The experiences made with these new drugs for SMA, and also the experiences in AAV gene therapies could help to broaden the spectrum of current approaches to interfere with pathophysiological mechanisms in neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Jablonka
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Luisa Hennlein
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frasquet M, Rojas-García R, Argente-Escrig H, Vázquez-Costa JF, Muelas N, Vílchez JJ, Sivera R, Millet E, Barreiro M, Díaz-Manera J, Turon-Sans J, Cortés-Vicente E, Querol L, Ramírez-Jiménez L, Martínez-Rubio D, Sánchez-Monteagudo A, Espinós C, Sevilla T, Lupo V. Distal hereditary motor neuropathies: Mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlation. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:1334-1343. [PMID: 33369814 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMNs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by degeneration of the motor component of peripheral nerves. Currently, only 15% to 32.5% of patients with dHMN are characterized genetically. Additionally, the prevalence of these genetic disorders is not well known. Recently, biallelic mutations in the sorbitol dehydrogenase gene (SORD) have been identified as a cause of dHMN, with an estimated frequency in undiagnosed cases of up to 10%. METHODS In the present study, we included 163 patients belonging to 108 different families who were diagnosed with a dHMN and who underwent a thorough genetic screening that included next-generation sequencing and subsequent Sanger sequencing of SORD. RESULTS Most probands were sporadic cases (62.3%), and the most frequent age of onset of symptoms was 2 to 10 years (28.8%). A genetic diagnosis was achieved in 37/108 (34.2%) families and 78/163 (47.8%) of all patients. The most frequent cause of distal hereditary motor neuropathies were mutations in HSPB1 (10.4%), GARS1 (9.8%), BICD2 (8.0%), and DNAJB2 (6.7%) genes. In addition, 3.1% of patients were found to be carriers of biallelic mutations in SORD. Mutations in another seven genes were also identified, although they were much less frequent. Eight new pathogenic mutations were detected, and 17 patients without a definite genetic diagnosis carried variants of uncertain significance. The calculated minimum prevalence of dHMN was 2.3 per 100,000 individuals. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the genetic heterogeneity of dHMN and that biallelic SORD mutations are a cause of dHMN in different populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Frasquet
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricard Rojas-García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain.,Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Herminia Argente-Escrig
- Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Vázquez-Costa
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Muelas
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Jesús Vílchez
- Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Sivera
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Francesc de Borja, Gandía, Spain
| | - Elvira Millet
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marisa Barreiro
- Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Díaz-Manera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain.,Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janina Turon-Sans
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain.,Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Cortés-Vicente
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain.,Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Querol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain.,Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ramírez-Jiménez
- Department of Genomics and Translational Genetics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Martínez-Rubio
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Rare Diseases Joint Units, INCLIVA and IIS La Fe-CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez-Monteagudo
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Rare Diseases Joint Units, INCLIVA and IIS La Fe-CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Espinós
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Rare Diseases Joint Units, INCLIVA and IIS La Fe-CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Sevilla
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Spain, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Lupo
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Rare Diseases Joint Units, INCLIVA and IIS La Fe-CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Perego MGL, Galli N, Nizzardo M, Govoni A, Taiana M, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Corti S. Current understanding of and emerging treatment options for spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1). Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3351-3367. [PMID: 32123965 PMCID: PMC11104977 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is an autosomal recessive motor neuron disease that is characterized by distal and proximal muscle weakness and diaphragmatic palsy that leads to respiratory distress. Without intervention, infants with the severe form of the disease die before 2 years of age. SMARD1 is caused by mutations in the IGHMBP2 gene that determine a deficiency in the encoded IGHMBP2 protein, which plays a critical role in motor neuron survival because of its functions in mRNA processing and maturation. Although it is rare, SMARD1 is the second most common motor neuron disease of infancy, and currently, treatment is primarily supportive. No effective therapy is available for this devastating disease, although multidisciplinary care has been an essential element of the improved quality of life and life span extension in these patients in recent years. The objectives of this review are to discuss the current understanding of SMARD1 through a summary of the presently known information regarding its clinical presentation and pathogenesis and to discuss emerging therapeutic approaches. Advances in clinical care management have significantly extended the lives of individuals affected by SMARD1 and research into the molecular mechanisms that lead to the disease has identified potential strategies for intervention that target the underlying causes of SMARD1. Gene therapy via gene replacement or gene correction provides the potential for transformative therapies to halt or possibly prevent neurodegenerative disease in SMARD1 patients. The recent approval of the first gene therapy approach for SMA associated with mutations in the SMN1 gene may be a turning point for the application of this strategy for SMARD1 and other genetic neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina G L Perego
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Galli
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Nizzardo
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Govoni
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Taiana
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1: A multicenter retrospective study. Neuromuscul Disord 2019; 29:114-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
6
|
Pedurupillay CRJ, Amundsen SS, Barøy T, Rasmussen M, Blomhoff A, Stadheim BF, Ørstavik K, Holmgren A, Iqbal T, Frengen E, Misceo D, Strømme P. Clinical and molecular characteristics in three families with biallelic mutations in IGHMBP2. Neuromuscul Disord 2016; 26:570-5. [PMID: 27450922 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in IGHMBP2 cause spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) or Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2S (CMT2S). We report three families variably affected by IGHMBP2 mutations. Patient 1, an 8-year-old boy with two homozygous variants: c.2T>C and c.861C>G, was wheelchair bound due to sensorimotor axonal neuropathy and chronic respiratory failure. Patient 2 and his younger sister, Patient 3, had compound heterozygous variants: c.983_987delAAGAA and c.1478C>T. However, clinical phenotypes differed markedly as the elder with sensorimotor axonal neuropathy had still unaffected respiratory function at 4.5 years, whereas the younger presented as infantile spinal muscular atrophy and died from relentless respiratory failure at 11 months. Patient 4, a 6-year-old girl homozygous for IGHMBP2 c.449+1G>T documented to result in two aberrant transcripts, was wheelchair dependent due to axonal polyneuropathy. The clinical presentation in Patients 1 and 3 were consistent with SMARD1, whereas Patients 2 and 4 were in agreement with CMT2S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christeen Ramane J Pedurupillay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silja S Amundsen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuva Barøy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnhild Rasmussen
- Women and Children's Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Unit for Congenital and Hereditary Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Blomhoff
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbro Fossøy Stadheim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Asbjørn Holmgren
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tahir Iqbal
- Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Eirik Frengen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Doriana Misceo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Strømme
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Women and Children's Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) Report of a Spanish case with extended clinicopathological follow-up. Clin Neuropathol 2015; 35:58-65. [PMID: 26709713 PMCID: PMC4806405 DOI: 10.5414/np300902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is a clinically and genetically distinct and uncommon variant of SMA that results from irreversible degeneration of α-motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and in ganglion cells on the spinal root ganglia. Aims: To describe the clinical, electrophysiological, neuropathological, and genetic findings, at different stages from birth to death, of a Spanish child diagnosed with SMARD1. Patient and methods: We report the case of a 3-month-old girl with severe respiratory insufficiency and, later, intense hypotonia. Paraclinical tests included biochemistry, chest X-ray, and electrophysiological studies, among others. Muscle and nerve biopsies were performed at 5 and 10 months and studied under light and electron microscopy. Post-mortem examination and genetic investigations were performed. Results: Pre- and post-mortem histopathological findings demonstrated the disease progression over time. Muscle biopsy at 5 months of age was normal, however a marked neurogenic atrophy was present in post-mortem samples. Peripheral motor and sensory nerves were severely involved likely due to a primary axonal disorder. Automatic sequencing of IGHMBP2 revealed a compound heterozygous mutation. Conclusions: The diagnosis of SMARD1 should be considered in children with early respiratory insufficiency or in cases of atypical SMA. Direct sequencing of the IGHMBP2 gene should be performed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Vanoli F, Rinchetti P, Porro F, Parente V, Corti S. Clinical and molecular features and therapeutic perspectives of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2058-66. [PMID: 26095024 PMCID: PMC4568910 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress (SMARD1) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by mutations in the IGHMBP2 gene, encoding the immunoglobulin μ-binding protein 2, leading to motor neuron degeneration. It is a rare and fatal disease with an early onset in infancy in the majority of the cases. The main clinical features are muscular atrophy and diaphragmatic palsy, which requires prompt and permanent supportive ventilation. The human disease is recapitulated in the neuromuscular degeneration (nmd) mouse. No effective treatment is available yet, but novel therapeutical approaches tested on the nmd mouse, such as the use of neurotrophic factors and stem cell therapy, have shown positive effects. Gene therapy demonstrated effectiveness in SMA, being now at the stage of clinical trial in patients and therefore representing a possible treatment for SMARD1 as well. The significant advancement in understanding of both SMARD1 clinical spectrum and molecular mechanisms makes ground for a rapid translation of pre-clinical therapeutic strategies in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Vanoli
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rinchetti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Porro
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Parente
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cottenie E, Kochanski A, Jordanova A, Bansagi B, Zimon M, Horga A, Jaunmuktane Z, Saveri P, Rasic VM, Baets J, Bartsakoulia M, Ploski R, Teterycz P, Nikolic M, Quinlivan R, Laura M, Sweeney MG, Taroni F, Lunn MP, Moroni I, Gonzalez M, Hanna MG, Bettencourt C, Chabrol E, Franke A, von Au K, Schilhabel M, Kabzińska D, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I, Brandner S, Lim SC, Song H, Choi BO, Horvath R, Chung KW, Zuchner S, Pareyson D, Harms M, Reilly MM, Houlden H. Truncating and missense mutations in IGHMBP2 cause Charcot-Marie Tooth disease type 2. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:590-601. [PMID: 25439726 PMCID: PMC4225647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of exome sequencing and linkage analysis, we investigated an English family with two affected siblings in their 40s with recessive Charcot-Marie Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2). Compound heterozygous mutations in the immunoglobulin-helicase-μ-binding protein 2 (IGHMBP2) gene were identified. Further sequencing revealed a total of 11 CMT2 families with recessively inherited IGHMBP2 gene mutations. IGHMBP2 mutations usually lead to spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1), where most infants die before 1 year of age. The individuals with CMT2 described here, have slowly progressive weakness, wasting and sensory loss, with an axonal neuropathy typical of CMT2, but no significant respiratory compromise. Segregating IGHMBP2 mutations in CMT2 were mainly loss-of-function nonsense in the 5' region of the gene in combination with a truncating frameshift, missense, or homozygous frameshift mutations in the last exon. Mutations in CMT2 were predicted to be less aggressive as compared to those in SMARD1, and fibroblast and lymphoblast studies indicate that the IGHMBP2 protein levels are significantly higher in CMT2 than SMARD1, but lower than controls, suggesting that the clinical phenotype differences are related to the IGHMBP2 protein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cottenie
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrzej Kochanski
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Albena Jordanova
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium
| | - Boglarka Bansagi
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Magdalena Zimon
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Horga
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Paola Saveri
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, IRCCS Foundation, C. Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vedrana Milic Rasic
- Clinic for Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jonathan Baets
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marina Bartsakoulia
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre of Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Teterycz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre of Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Milos Nikolic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ros Quinlivan
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Matilde Laura
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mary G Sweeney
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Franco Taroni
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Disease IRCCS Foundation, C. Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michael P Lunn
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Isabella Moroni
- Child Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation, C. Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Gonzalez
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael G Hanna
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Conceicao Bettencourt
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Elodie Chabrol
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andre Franke
- Christian-Albrechts-University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja von Au
- SPZ Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dagmara Kabzińska
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Siew Choo Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673
| | - Haiwei Song
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673; Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 137-710, Korea
| | - Rita Horvath
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ki-Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Chungnam 134-701, Korea
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, IRCCS Foundation, C. Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matthew Harms
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mary M Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Porro F, Rinchetti P, Magri F, Riboldi G, Nizzardo M, Simone C, Zanetta C, Faravelli I, Corti S. The wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1: A systematic review. J Neurol Sci 2014; 346:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Krieger F, Elflein N, Saenger S, Wirthgen E, Rak K, Frantz S, Hoeflich A, Toyka KV, Metzger F, Jablonka S. Polyethylene glycol-coupled IGF1 delays motor function defects in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1. Brain 2014; 137:1374-93. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
12
|
Fast motor axon loss in SMARD1 does not correspond to morphological and functional alterations of the NMJ. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:169-82. [PMID: 23295857 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is a childhood motoneuron disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding for IGHMBP2, an ATPase/Helicase. Paralysis of the diaphragm is an early and prominent clinical sign resulting both from denervation and myopathy. In skeletal muscles, muscle atrophy mainly results from loss of motoneuron cell bodies and axonal degeneration. Although it is well known that loss of motoneurons at the lumbar spinal cord is an early event in the pathogenesis of the disease, it is not clear whether the corresponding proximal axons and NMJs are also early affected. In order to address this question, we have investigated the time course of the disease progression at the level of the motoneuron cell body, proximal axon (ventral root), distal axon (sciatic nerve), NMJ, and muscle fiber in Nmd(2J) mice, a mouse model for SMARD1. Our results show an early and apparently parallel loss of motoneurons, proximal axons, and NMJs. In affected muscles, however, denervated fibers coexist with NMJs with normal morphology and unaltered neurotransmission. Furthermore, unaffected axons are able to sprout and reinnervate muscle fibers, suggesting selective vulnerability of neurons to Ighmbp2 deficiency. The preservation of the NMJ morphology and neurotransmission in the Nmd(2J) mouse until motor axon loss takes place, differs from that observed in SMA mouse models in which NMJ impairment is an early and more general phenomenon in affected muscles.
Collapse
|
13
|
Parman Y, Battaloğlu E. Recessively transmitted predominantly motor neuropathies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 115:847-861. [PMID: 23931818 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52902-2.00048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recessively transmitted predominantly motor neuropathies are rare and show a severe phenotype. They are frequently observed in populations with a high rate of consanguineous marriages. At least 15 genes and six loci have been found to be associated with autosomal recessive CMT (AR-CMT) and X-linked CMT (AR-CMTX) and also distal hereditary motor neuronopathy (AR-dHMN). These disorders are genetically heterogeneous but the clinical phenotype is relatively homogeneous. Distal muscle weakness and atrophy predominating in the lower extremities, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, distal sensory loss, and pes cavus are the main clinical features of this disorder with occasional cranial nerve involvement. Although genetic diagnosis of some of subtypes of AR-CMT are now available, rapid advances in the molecular genetics and cell biology show a great complexity. Animal models for the most common subtypes of human AR-CMT disease provide clues for understanding the pathogenesis of CMT and also help to reveal possible treatment strategies of inherited neuropathies. This chapter highlights the clinical features and the recent genetic and biological findings in these disorders based on the current classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Parman
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Hereditary neuropathies (HN) with onset in childhood are categorized according to clinical presentation, pathogenic mechanism based on electrophysiology, genetic transmission and, in selected cases, pathological findings. Especially relevant to pediatrics are the items "secondary" versus "primary" neuropathy, "syndromic versus nonsyndromic," and "period of life." Different combinations of these parameters frequently point toward specific monogenic disorders. Ruling out a neuropathy secondary to a generalized metabolic disorder remains the first concern in pediatrics. As a rule, metabolic diseases include additional, orienting symptoms or signs, and their biochemical diagnosis is based on logical algorithms. Primary, motor sensory are the most frequent HN and are dominated by demyelinating autosomal dominant (AD) forms (CMT1). Other forms include demyelinating autosomal recessive (AR) forms, axonal AD/AR forms, and forms with "intermediate" electrophysiological phenotype. Peripheral motor neuron disorders are dominated by AR SMN-linked spinal muscular atrophies. (Distal) hereditary motor neuropathies represent <10% of HN but exhibit large clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Sensory/dysautonomic HN involves five classic subtypes, each one related to specific genes. However, genetic heterogeneity is larger than initially suspected. Syndromic HN distinguish "purely neurological syndromes", which are multisystemic, such as spinocerebellar atrophies +, spastic paraplegias +, etc. Peripheral neuropathy is possibly the presenting feature, including in childhood. Autosomal recessive forms, on average, start more frequently in childhood. "Multiorgan syndromes", on the other hand, are more specific to Pediatrics. AR forms, which are clearly degenerative, prompt the investigation of a large set of pleiotropic genes. Other syndromes expressed in the perinatal period are mainly developmental disorders, and can sometimes be related to specific transcription factors. Systematic malformative workup and ethical considerations are necessary. Altogether, >40 genes with various biological functions have been found to be responsible for primary HN. Many are responsible for various phenotypes, including some without the polyneuropathic trait, and some for various types of transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Landrieu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, CHU Paris sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Landrieu P, Baets J, De Jonghe P. Hereditary motor-sensory, motor, and sensory neuropathies in childhood. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 113:1413-32. [PMID: 23622364 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59565-2.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary neuropathies (HN) are categorized according to clinical presentation, pathogenic mechanism based on electrophysiology, genetic transmission, age of occurrence, and, in selected cases, pathological findings. The combination of these parameters frequently orients towards specific genetic disorders. Ruling out a neuropathy secondary to a generalized metabolic disorder remains the first pediatric concern. Primary, motor-sensory are the most frequent HN and are dominated by demyelinating AD forms (CMT1). Others are demyelinating AR forms, axonal AD/AR forms, and forms with "intermediate" electrophysiological phenotype. Pure motor HN represent<10% of HN but exhibit large clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Sensory/dysautonomic HN cover five classical subtypes, each one related to specific genes. However, genetic heterogeneity is largly greater than initially suspected. Syndromic HN distinguish: "purely neurological syndromes", which are multisystemic, usually AD disorders, such as spinocerebellar atrophies +, spastic paraplegias +, etc. Peripheral Neuropathy may be the presenting feature, including in childhood. Clearly degenerative, AR forms prompt to investigate a large set of pleiotropic genes. Other syndromes, expressed in the perinatal period and comprising malformative features, are mainly developmental disorders, sometimes related to specific transcription factors. Altogether, >40 genes with various biological functions have been found responsible for HN. Many are responsible for various phenotypes, including some without the polyneuropathic trait: for the pediatric neurologist, phenotype/genotype correlations constitute a permanent bidirectional exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Landrieu
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Université Paris Sud, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee AJH, Awano T, Park GH, Monani UR. Limited phenotypic effects of selectively augmenting the SMN protein in the neurons of a mouse model of severe spinal muscular atrophy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46353. [PMID: 23029491 PMCID: PMC3459898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective vulnerability of motor neurons to paucity of Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein is a defining feature of human spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and indicative of a unique requirement for adequate levels of the protein in these cells. However, the relative contribution of SMN-depleted motor neurons to the disease process is uncertain and it is possible that their characteristic loss and the overall SMA phenotype is a consequence of low protein in multiple cell types including neighboring spinal neurons and non-neuronal tissue. To explore the tissue-specific requirements for SMN and, especially, the salutary effects of restoring normal levels of the protein to neuronal tissue of affected individuals, we have selectively expressed the protein in neurons of mice that model severe SMA. Expressing SMN pan-neuronally in mutant mice mitigated specific aspects of the disease phenotype. Motor performance of the mice improved and the loss of spinal motor neurons that characterizes the disease was arrested. Proprioceptive synapses on the motor neurons were restored and defects of the neuromuscular junctions mitigated. The improvements at the cellular level were reflected in a four-fold increase in survival. Nevertheless, mutants expressing neuronal SMN did not live beyond three weeks of birth, a relatively poor outcome compared to the effects of ubiquitously restoring SMN. This suggests that although neurons and, in particular, spinal motor neurons constitute critical cellular sites of action of the SMN protein, a truly effective treatment of severe SMA will require restoring the protein to multiple cell types including non-neuronal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J-H. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tomoyuki Awano
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gyu-Hwan Park
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Umrao R. Monani
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Devic P, Petiot P. [Distal hereditary motor neuropathy]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2011; 167:781-90. [PMID: 21529868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN), also known as spinal muscular atrophy, represents a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases caused by degenerations of spinal motor neurons and leading to distal muscle weakness and wasting. Nerve conduction studies reveal a pure motor axonopathy and needle examination shows chronic denervation. STATE OF ART dHMN were initially subdivided into seven subtypes according to mode of inheritance, age at onset, and clinical evolution. Recent studies have shown that these subtypes are still heterogeneous at the molecular genetic level and novel clinical and genetic entities have been characterized. To date, mutations in 11 different genes have been identified for autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, and X-linked recessive dHMN. Most of the genes encode protein involved in housekeeping functions, endosomal trafficking, axonal transport, translation synthesis, RNA processing, oxidative stress response and apoptosis. PERSPECTIVES The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying dHMN seem to be related to the "length-dependent" death of motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, likely because their large axons have higher metabolic requirements for maintenance. CONCLUSION dHMN remain heterogeneous at the clinical and molecular genetic level. The molecular pathomechanisms explaining why mutations in these ubiquitously expressed housekeeping genes result in the selective involvement of spinal motor neurons remain to be unravelled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Devic
- Service de Neurologie Fonctionnelle et d'Épileptologie, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, 59, Boulevard Pinel, 69003 Lyon, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Irobi J, Dierick I, Jordanova A, Claeys KG, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Unraveling the genetics of distal hereditary motor neuronopathies. Neuromolecular Med 2006; 8:131-46. [PMID: 16775372 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The hereditary motor neuronopathies (HMN [MIM 158590]) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by an exclusive involvement of the motor part of the peripheral nervous system. They are usually subdivided in proximal HMN, i.e., the classical spinal muscular atrophy syndromes and distal hereditary motor neuronopathies (distal HMN) that clinically resemble Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndromes. In this review, we concentrate on distal HMN. The distal HMN are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and were initially subdivided in seven subtypes according to mode of inheritance, age at onset, and clinical evolution. Recent studies have shown that these subtypes are still heterogeneous at the molecular genetic level and novel clinical and genetic entities have been delineated. Since the introduction of positional cloning, 13 chromosomal loci and seven disease-associated genes have been identified for autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, and X-linked recessive distal HMN. Most of the genes involved encode protein with housekeeping functions, such as RNA processing, translation synthesis, stress response, apoptosis, and others code for proteins involved in retrograde survival. Motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord seems to be vulnerable to defects in these housekeeping proteins, likely because their large axons have higher metabolic requirements for maintenance, transport over long distances and precise connectivity. Understanding the molecular pathomechanisms for mutations in these genes that are ubiquitous expressed will help unravel the neuronal mechanisms that underlie motor neuropathies leading to denervation of distal limb muscles, and might generate new insights for future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Irobi
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tachi N, Kikuchi S, Kozuka N, Nogami A. A new mutation of IGHMBP2 gene in spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1. Pediatr Neurol 2005; 32:288-90. [PMID: 15797190 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This report presents a new mutation in the first Japanese female infant with spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1. She manifested the characteristic clinical features, including early-onset respiratory failure due to diaphragmatic paralysis and severe distal muscle weakness. Muscle biopsy in the femoral muscle indicated massive neurogenic changes. Sural nerve biopsy disclosed a moderate reduction of myelinated fibers, predominantly reduced large fibers. She had a novel homozygous missense mutation 2685 C -->A, leading to a T879K substitution in the immunoglobulin mu-binding protein 2 gene. Both parents were heterozygous for this mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutada Tachi
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sangiuolo F, Filareto A, Giardina E, Nardone AM, Pilu G, Pietropolli A, Bertini E, Novelli G. Prenatal diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress (SMARD1) in a twin pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 2004; 24:839-41. [PMID: 15503272 DOI: 10.1002/pd.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
21
|
Grohmann K, Varon R, Stolz P, Schuelke M, Janetzki C, Bertini E, Bushby K, Muntoni F, Ouvrier R, Van Maldergem L, Goemans NMLA, Lochmüller H, Eichholz S, Adams C, Bosch F, Grattan-Smith P, Navarro C, Neitzel H, Polster T, Topaloğlu H, Steglich C, Guenther UP, Zerres K, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Hübner C. Infantile spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1). Ann Neurol 2003; 54:719-24. [PMID: 14681881 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is the second anterior horn cell disease in infants in which the genetic defect has been defined. SMARD1 results from mutations in the gene encoding the immunoglobulin micro-binding protein 2 (IGHMBP2) on chromosome 11q13. Our aim was to review the clinical features of 29 infants affected with SMARD1 and report on 26 novel IGHMBP2 mutations. Intrauterine growth retardation, weak cry, and foot deformities were the earliest symptoms of SMARD1. Most patients presented at the age of 1 to 6 months with respiratory distress due to diaphragmatic paralysis and progressive muscle weakness with predominantly distal lower limb muscle involvement. Sensory and autonomic nerves are also affected. Because of the poor prognosis, there is a demand for prenatal diagnosis, and clear diagnostic criteria for infantile SMARD1 are needed. The diagnosis of SMARD1 should be considered in infants with non-5q spinal muscular atrophy, neuropathy, and muscle weakness and/or respiratory distress of unclear cause. Furthermore, consanguineous parents of a child with sudden infant death syndrome should be examined for IGHMBP2 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Grohmann
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chapter 16 Spinal Muscular Atrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-3419(09)70117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
23
|
Viollet L, Barois A, Rebeiz JG, Rifai Z, Burlet P, Zarhrate M, Vial E, Dessainte M, Estournet B, Kleinknecht B, Pearn J, Adams RD, Urtizberea JA, Cros DP, Bushby K, Munnich A, Lefebvre S. Mapping of autosomal recessive chronic distal spinal muscular atrophy to chromosome 11q13. Ann Neurol 2002; 51:585-92. [PMID: 12112104 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Distal spinal muscular atrophy is a heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders caused by progressive anterior horn cell degeneration and characterized by progressive motor weakness and muscular atrophy, predominantly in the distal parts of the limbs. Here we report on chronic autosomal recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy in a large, inbred family with onset at various ages. Because this condition had some of the same clinical features as spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress, we tested the disease gene for linkage to chromosome 11q and mapped the disease locus to chromosome 11q13 in the genetic interval that included the spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress gene (D11S1889-D11S1321, Z(max) = 4.59 at theta = 0 at locus D11S4136). The sequencing of IGHMBP2, the human homologue of the mouse neuromuscular degeneration gene (nmd) that accounts for spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress, failed to detect any mutation in our chronic distal spinal muscular atrophy patients, suggesting that spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress and chronic distal spinal muscular atrophy are caused by distinct genes located in the same chromosomal region. In addition, the high intrafamilial variability in age at onset raises the question of whether nonallelic modifying genes could be involved in chronic distal spinal muscular atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Viollet
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U 393, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Grohmann K, Schuelke M, Diers A, Hoffmann K, Lucke B, Adams C, Bertini E, Leonhardt-Horti H, Muntoni F, Ouvrier R, Pfeufer A, Rossi R, Van Maldergem L, Wilmshurst JM, Wienker TF, Sendtner M, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Zerres K, Hübner C. Mutations in the gene encoding immunoglobulin mu-binding protein 2 cause spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1. Nat Genet 2001; 29:75-7. [PMID: 11528396 DOI: 10.1038/ng703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Classic spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by mutations in the telomeric copy of SMN1. Its product is involved in various cellular processes, including cytoplasmic assembly of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, pre-mRNA processing and activation of transcription. Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress (SMARD) is clinically and genetically distinct from SMA. Here we demonstrate that SMARD type 1 (SMARD1) results from mutations in the gene encoding immunoglobulin micro-binding protein 2 (IGHMBP2; on chromosome 11q13.2-q13.4). In six SMARD1 families, we detected three recessive missense mutations (exons 5, 11 and 12), two nonsense mutations (exons 2 and 5), one frameshift deletion (exon 5) and one splice donor-site mutation (intron 13). Mutations in mouse Ighmbp2 (ref. 14) have been shown to be responsible for spinal muscular atrophy in the neuromuscular degeneration (nmd) mouse, whose phenotype resembles the SMARD1 phenotype. Like the SMN1 product, IGHMBP2 colocalizes with the RNA-processing machinery in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Our results show that IGHMBP2 is the second gene found to be defective in spinal muscular atrophy, and indicate that IGHMBP2 and SMN share common functions important for motor neuron maintenance and integrity in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Grohmann
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt University, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wilmshurst JM, Bye A, Rittey C, Adams C, Hahn AF, Ramsay D, Pamphlett R, Pollard JD, Ouvrier R. Severe infantile axonal neuropathy with respiratory failure. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24:760-8. [PMID: 11360259 DOI: 10.1002/mus.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe 5 infants (4 male, 1 female) with a severe intractable form of motor-sensory axonal neuropathy. All became ventilator-dependent, 4 have since died and 1 remains static. Diaphragmatic paralysis was an early feature with generalized neuropathy evolving rapidly. Nerve conduction studies and biopsies were consistent with axonal disease. This disorder could be a new condition or part of the spectrum of inherited neuropathies of the axonal degenerative type. It may be that there is a "switching-off" in the infant's Schwann cell-axonal interactions in utero or in the early postnatal period, resulting in severe progressive deterioration and then a static period without recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Wilmshurst
- Institute for Neuromuscular Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, P.O. Box 3515, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Deterioration of respiratory function in patients with neuromuscular disorders is primarily responsible for the high mortality associated with these diseases. A review of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy, the leading neuromuscular disorders affecting children, will be followed by a critical analysis of the various pathophysiological mechanisms underlying respiratory manifestations in these patients. Among such mechanisms, the role of muscular weakness in preservation of lung function, mucociliary clearance, gas exchange at rest and during exercise, and respiratory control during wakefulness and sleep will be examined in detail. In addition, the potential benefits of respiratory muscle training and of early diagnosis and clinical intervention will be delineated. This review underscores the importance of periodic assessment of pulmonary function during wakefulness and sleep in children affected by neuromuscular diseases as an essential component of multidisciplinary care aimed at improving long-term morbidity, survival, and quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Gozal
- Constance S. Kaufman Pediatric Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Grohmann K, Wienker TF, Saar K, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Rossi R, Novelli G, Nürnberg G, Pfeufer A, Wirth B, Reis A, Zerres K, Hübner C. Diaphragmatic spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress is heterogeneous, and one form Is linked to chromosome 11q13-q21. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:1459-62. [PMID: 10521314 PMCID: PMC1288300 DOI: 10.1086/302636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
28
|
Zerres K, Davies KE. 59th ENMC International Workshop: Spinal Muscular Atrophies: recent progress and revised diagnostic criteria 17-19 April 1998, Soestduinen, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 1999; 9:272-8. [PMID: 10399757 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(99)00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Zerres
- Institute for Human Genetics, Technical University, Aachen Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wirth B, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Hahnen E, Röhrig D, Zerres K. Prenatal prediction in families with autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy (5q11.2-q13.3): molecular genetics and clinical experience in 109 cases. Prenat Diagn 1995; 15:407-17. [PMID: 7644431 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970150503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal prediction in families at risk for autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) mainly of type I is often requested due to the high incidence and the fetal outcome of the disease. So far, only indirect genotype analysis can be performed in SMA families, since the gene has not yet been identified. We present our experience of 109 prenatal diagnoses obtained in 91 families by use of single- and multi-locus polymorphic microsatellites of the region 5q11.2-q13.3. The marker combinations and specific features of the closest microsatellites are described in detail. From 137 requests for prenatal prediction of SMA between October 1991 and August 1994, 28 families were excluded, mostly because the clinical diagnosis was uncertain or doubtful. Others had to be classified as 'SMA-variants' or showed autosomal dominant transmission of SMA. Of the 109 prenatal diagnoses performed, 29 fetuses were diagnosed to be at high risk (> 99 per cent) of developing the disease, while in seven additional pregnancies no exact prediction could be made due to a recombination event in one parental haplotype. Altogether, recombinations between closely flanking markers were observed in 14 cases. In 35 cases, the parents decided to terminate the pregnancy. Of the remaining pregnancies, 32 could be followed beyond term. All infants were reported to develop normally without signs of SMA. Two children were born with transverse reduction defects of one hand, which was most likely related to early chorionic villus sampling at 9 and 10 weeks' gestation. No further abnormalities could be detected. The limits of indirect genotype analysis and the problems of diagnostic accuracy and heterogeneity of proximal SMA are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Novelli G, Capon F, Tamisari L, Grandi E, Angelini C, Guerrini P, Dallapiccola B. Neonatal spinal muscular atrophy with diaphragmatic paralysis is unlinked to 5q11.2-q13. J Med Genet 1995; 32:216-9. [PMID: 7783173 PMCID: PMC1050321 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two sibs affected by the severe neonatal form of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with diaphragmatic paralysis are described. The two sibs were discordant for the haplotypes determined by DNA markers flanking the SMA locus. This supports non-linkage of SMA to chromosome 5 in this family and indicates that the uncommon SMA type I variant associated with early onset respiratory failure maps outside the 5q11.2-q13.3 region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Novelli
- Istituto di Genetica Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Fifteen infants (11 families) with lethal arthrogryposis and anterior horn motor neuron loss are described. The clinical presentation was the fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) with multiple contractures and facial anomalies. At autopsy neurogenic muscular atrophy was present in all infants. The spinal cord showed a paucity of anterior horn motor neurons in the 12 infants studied. Both male and female infants were affected. Nine cases were sporadic, whereas in two families there were three affected cases. Consanguinity between the parents was reported in one family with one affected child. This and the recurrence of the condition speak for autosomal recessive inheritance. Detailed neuropathological examination and documentation of the clinical features are needed for a better delineation of and genetic counseling for perinatally lethal arthrogryposis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Vuopala
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|