1
|
Ahmetov II, John G, Semenova EA, Hall ECR. Genomic predictors of physical activity and athletic performance. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 111:311-408. [PMID: 38908902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity and athletic performance are complex phenotypes influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Recent advances in lifestyle and behavioral genomics led to the discovery of dozens of DNA polymorphisms (variants) associated with physical activity and allowed to use them as genetic instruments in Mendelian randomization studies for identifying the causal links between physical activity and health outcomes. On the other hand, exercise and sports genomics studies are focused on the search for genetic variants associated with athlete status, sports injuries and individual responses to training and supplement use. In this review, the findings of studies investigating genetic markers and their associations with physical activity and athlete status are reported. As of the end of September 2023, a total of 149 variants have been associated with various physical activity traits (of which 42 variants are genome-wide significant) and 253 variants have been linked to athlete status (115 endurance-related, 96 power-related, and 42 strength-related).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildus I Ahmetov
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - George John
- Transform Specialist Medical Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aslam MA, Ma EB, Huh JY. Pathophysiology of sarcopenia: Genetic factors and their interplay with environmental factors. Metabolism 2023; 149:155711. [PMID: 37871831 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a geriatric disorder characterized by a progressive decline in muscle mass and function. This disorder has been associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, including fractures, functional deterioration, and increased mortality. The pathophysiology of sarcopenia is highly complex and multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors as key contributors. This review consolidates current knowledge on the genetic factors influencing the pathogenesis of sarcopenia, particularly focusing on the altered gene expression of structural and metabolic proteins, growth factors, hormones, and inflammatory cytokines. While the influence of environmental factors such as physical inactivity, chronic diseases, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep disturbances on sarcopenia is relatively well understood, there is a dearth of studies examining their mechanistic roles. Therefore, this review emphasizes the interplay between genetic and environmental factors, elucidating their cumulative role in exacerbating the progression of sarcopenia beyond their individual effects. The unique contribution of this review lies in synthesizing the latest evidence on the genetic factors and their interaction with environmental factors, aiming to inform the development of novel therapeutic or preventive interventions for sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arif Aslam
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
KIANI AYSHAKARIM, BONETTI GABRIELE, DONATO KEVIN, KAFTALLI JURGEN, HERBST KARENL, STUPPIA LIBORIO, FIORETTI FRANCESCO, NODARI SAVINA, PERRONE MARCO, CHIURAZZI PIETRO, BELLINATO FRANCESCO, GISONDI PAOLO, BERTELLI MATTEO. Polymorphisms, diet and nutrigenomics. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E125-E141. [PMID: 36479483 PMCID: PMC9710387 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Every human being possesses an exclusive nutritional blueprint inside their genes. Bioactive food components and nutrients affect the expression of such genes. Nutrigenomics is the science that analyzes gene-nutrient interactions (nutrigenetics), which can lead to the development of personalized nutritional recommendations to maintain optimal health and prevent disease. Genomic diversity among various ethnic groups might affect nutrients bioavailability as well as their metabolism. Nutrigenomics combines different branches of science including nutrition, bioinformatics, genomics, molecular biology, molecular medicine, and epidemiology. Genes regulate intake and metabolism of different nutrients, while nutrients positively or negatively influence the expression of a number of genes; testing of specific genetic polymorphisms may therefore become a useful tool to manage weight loss and to fully understand gene-nutrient interactions. Indeed, several approaches are used to study gene-nutrient interactions: epigenetics, the study of genome modification not related to changes in nucleotide sequence; transcriptomics, the study of tissue-specific and time-specific RNA transcripts; proteomics, the study of proteins involved in biological processes; and metabolomics, the study of changes of primary and secondary metabolites in body fluids and tissues. Hence, the use of nutrigenomics to improve and optimize a healthy, balanced diet in clinical settings could be an effective approach for long-term lifestyle changes that might lead to consistent weight loss and improve quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - GABRIELE BONETTI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- Correspondence: Gabriele Bonetti, MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), 38068, Italy. E-mail:
| | | | | | - KAREN L. HERBST
- Total Lipedema Care, Beverly Hills California and Tucson Arizona, USA
| | - LIBORIO STUPPIA
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - FRANCESCO FIORETTI
- Department of Cardiology, University of Brescia and ASST “Spedali Civili” Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - SAVINA NODARI
- Department of Cardiology, University of Brescia and ASST “Spedali Civili” Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - MARCO PERRONE
- Department of Cardiology and CardioLab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - PIETRO CHIURAZZI
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - FRANCESCO BELLINATO
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - PAOLO GISONDI
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - MATTEO BERTELLI
- MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- MAGISNAT, Peachtree Corners (GA), USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aasdahl L, Nilsen TIL, Meisingset I, Nordstoga AL, Evensen KAI, Paulsen J, Mork PJ, Skarpsno ES. Genetic variants related to physical activity or sedentary behaviour: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:15. [PMID: 33482856 PMCID: PMC7821484 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research shows that part of the variation in physical activity and sedentary behaviour may be explained by genetic factors. Identifying genetic variants associated with physical activity and sedentary behaviour can improve causal inference in physical activity research. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an updated overview of the evidence of genetic variants associated with physical activity or sedentary behaviour. METHODS We performed systematic literature searches in PubMed and Embase for studies published from 1990 to April 2020 using keywords relating to "physical activity", "exercise", "sedentariness" and "genetics". Physical activity phenotypes were either based on self-report (e.g., questionnaires, diaries) or objective measures (e.g., accelerometry, pedometer). We considered original studies aiming to i) identify new genetic variants associated with physical activity or sedentary behaviour (i.e., genome wide association studies [GWAS]), or ii) assess the association between known genetic variants and physical activity or sedentary behaviour (i.e., candidate gene studies). Study selection, data extraction, and critical appraisal were carried out by independent researchers, and risk of bias and methodological quality was assessed for all included studies. RESULTS Fifty-four out of 5420 identified records met the inclusion criteria. Six of the included studies were GWAS, whereas 48 used a candidate gene approach. Only one GWAS and three candidate gene studies were considered high-quality. The six GWAS discovered up to 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with physical activity or sedentariness that reached genome-wide significance. In total, the candidate gene studies reported 30 different genes that were associated (p < 0.05) with physical activity or sedentary behaviour. SNPs in or close to nine candidate genes were associated with physical activity or sedentary behaviour in more than one study. CONCLUSION GWAS have reported up to 10 loci associated with physical activity or sedentary behaviour. Candidate gene studies have pointed to some interesting genetic variants, but few have been replicated. Our review highlights the need for high-quality GWAS in large population-based samples, and with objectively assessed phenotypes, in order to establish robust genetic instruments for physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Furthermore, consistent replications in GWAS are needed to improve credibility of genetic variants. TRIAL REGISTRATION Prospero CRD42019119456 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lene Aasdahl
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. .,Unicare Helsefort Rehabilitation Centre, Rissa, Norway.
| | - Tom Ivar Lund Nilsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Meisingset
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Lovise Nordstoga
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Anne I Evensen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,Unit for Physiotherapy Services, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julie Paulsen
- Department of Medical Genetics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Paul Jarle Mork
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Schjelderup Skarpsno
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Naureen Z, Miggiano GAD, Aquilanti B, Velluti V, Matera G, Gagliardi L, Zulian A, Romanelli R, Bertelli M. Genetic test for the prescription of diets in support of physical activity. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:e2020011. [PMID: 33170161 PMCID: PMC8023120 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i13-s.10584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the fields of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics today we can think of devising approaches to optimize health, delay onset of diseases and reduce its severity according to our genetic blue print. However this requires a deep understanding of nutritional impact on expression of genes that may result in a specific phenotype. The extensive research and observational studies during last two decades reporting interactions between genes, diet and physical activity suggest a cross talk between various genetic and environmental factors and lifestyle interventions. Although considerable efforts have been made in unraveling the mechanisms of gene-diet interactions the scientific evidences behind developing commercial genetic tests for providing personalized nutrition recommendations are still scarce. In this scenario the current mini-review aims to provide useful insights into salient feature of nutrition based genetic research and its commercial application and the ethical issue and concerns related to its outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakira Naureen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.
| | | | - Barbara Aquilanti
- UOC Nutrizione Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valeria Velluti
- UOC Nutrizione Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Matera
- UOC Nutrizione Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucilla Gagliardi
- UOC Nutrizione Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Matteo Bertelli
- MAGI'S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy; MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy; EBTNA-LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zagrodna A, Ksia Żek A, Słowińska-Lisowska M, Łaczmański Ł. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Gene Polymorphisms (CASRV1 and CASRV2) and the Physical Activity Level of Men in Lower Silesia, Poland. Front Genet 2020; 11:325. [PMID: 32373159 PMCID: PMC7186392 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptors (CASR) are a dimeric family of C-class G-protein-coupled receptors that play a crucial role in bone and mineral metabolism by regulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, skeletal development, and urinary Ca2+ excretion. Genetic factors mainly impact bone mineral density (BMD). However, many variable factors may affect bone health, including physical activity. The aim of our study was to investigate the potential associations between calcium-sensing receptor gene polymorphisms (CASRV1 and CASRV2) and the level of physical activity in adult males from Lower Silesia, a region in the south of Poland. A total of 428 adult male inhabitants of Lower Silesia were included in the study. Their physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The CASRV1 (rs 1801725, G>T, A986S) and CASRV2 (rs 761486, T>G, non-coding region) polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and mini-sequencing. The polymorphisms were identified with GeneScan software ver. 3.1.2. We did not observe any statistically significant differences between the total energy expenditure (total MET) and the CASRV1 and CASRV2 polymorphisms. We did not find any association between the level of physical activity and the frequency of genotypes at the polymorphic locus of the calcium-sensing receptor genes CASRV1 and CASRV2. We found that the number of hours the subjects spent in a sitting position was unrelated to the genotypes at the polymorphic locus of the calcium-sensing receptor gene CASRV1. Based on our studies, we concluded that there were no associations between CASR and physical activity in the men inhabiting Lower Silesia in Poland. Our results do not suggest any influence of the assessed genetic factors in the population variability of the level of physical activity of adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zagrodna
- Department of the Biological and Motor Basis of Sport, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Ksia Żek
- Department of the Biological and Motor Basis of Sport, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słowińska-Lisowska
- Department of the Biological and Motor Basis of Sport, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goleva-Fjellet S, Bjurholt AM, Kure EH, Larsen IK, Støren Ø, Sæbø M. Distribution of allele frequencies for genes associated with physical activity and/or physical capacity in a homogenous Norwegian cohort- a cross-sectional study. BMC Genet 2020; 21:8. [PMID: 31973699 PMCID: PMC6979285 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-0813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are large individual differences in physical activity (PA) behavior as well as trainability of physical capacity. Heritability studies have shown that genes may have as much impact on exercise participation behavior as environmental factors. Genes that favor both trainability and participation may increase the levels of PA. The present study aimed to assess the allele frequencies in genes associated with PA and/or physical capacity, and to see if there is any association between these polymorphisms and self-reported PA levels in a cohort of middle-aged Norwegians of Scandinavian descent (n = 831; mean age mean age (± SD) 55.5 ± 3.8 years). RESULTS The genotype distributions of the ACTN3 R577X, ACE I/D and MAOA uVNTR polymorphisms were similar to other populations of European descent. When comparing the genotype distribution between the low/medium level PA group (LMPA) and high level PA groups (HPA), a significant difference in ACTN3 577X allele distribution was found. The X allele frequency was 10% lower in the HPA level group (P = 0.006). There were no differences in the genotype distribution of the ACE I/D or MAOA uVNTR polymorphism. Education and previous participation in sports or outdoor activities was positively associated with the self-reported PA levels (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report association between ACTN3 R577X genotype and PA level in middle-aged Scandinavians. Nevertheless, the contribution of a single polymorphism to a complex trait, like PA level, is likely small. Socioeconomic variables, as education and previous participation in sports or outdoor activities, are positively associated with the self-reported PA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sannija Goleva-Fjellet
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway.
| | - Anne Mari Bjurholt
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway
| | - Elin H Kure
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway.,Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øyvind Støren
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway
| | - Mona Sæbø
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang X, Speakman JR. Genetic Factors Associated With Human Physical Activity: Are Your Genes Too Tight To Prevent You Exercising? Endocrinology 2019; 160:840-852. [PMID: 30721946 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness are well known. It has become apparent from studies of heritability that there is a considerable genetic component to PA. However, PA is such a complex phenotype that the measurement and quantification of it provide a challenge to a clearer understanding of its genetic basis. In this review, we assessed available evidence from family and twin studies that have estimated the heritability of PA. Heritability is greater when evaluated by accelerometry compared with questionnaires, and for questionnaires higher in twin than family studies. Accelerometry studies suggest heritability of PA is 51% to 56%. There have been many genome-wide linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and four genome-wide association studies that have highlighted specific genetic factors linked to different PA levels. These studies have generally failed to replicate identified loci, with the exception of the melanocortin 4 receptor, and this may be because of the variability in the measurement techniques used to characterize the behavior. Future work should aim to standardize the procedures used to measure PA in the context of trying to identify genetic causes. The link of genetics to physical exercise is not so tight that it prevents voluntary interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hypertension and longevity: role of genetic polymorphisms in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 455:61-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Lin X, Chan KKH, Huang YT, Luo X, Liang L, Wilson J, Correa A, Levy D, Liu S. Genetic Determinants for Leisure-Time Physical Activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:1620-1628. [PMID: 29538177 PMCID: PMC6087666 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is a well-established modifiable lifestyle determinant for multiple cardiometabolic outcomes. However, current understanding of the genetic architecture that may determine LTPA remains very limited. Therefore, we aimed to examine the role of genetic factors in affecting LTPA, which has yet to be investigated comprehensively and in-depth. METHODS We conducted a genomewide analysis using 1000 Genomes Project imputed data from the Women's Health Initiative (n = 11,865), the Jackson Heart Study (n = 3015), and the Framingham Heart Study (n = 7339). A series of secondary analyses, including candidate gene analysis, sequence kernel association tests, pathway analysis, functional annotation, and expression quantitative trait loci analysis, were performed to follow-up on the primary findings. RESULTS Ethnicity-specific genetic signals were investigated, respectively, for African Americans and European Americans. Two variants, rs116550874 (meta-analysis: P = 1.63 × 10) and rs3792874 (meta-analysis: P = 8.33 × 10), were associated with LTPA in African Americans; rs28524846 (meta-analysis: P = 1.30 × 10) was identified for EA. We also replicated four previously reported loci (GABRG3, CYP19A1, PAPSS2, and CASR; P for lead single nucleotide polymorphisms < 0.005). Further fine-mapping and functional annotation suggested that several identified loci (novel and replicated) are involved in 1) the homeostatic drive coupled with the reward system and 2) the development and regulation of the capacity to perform LTPA. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, our analysis is the first to comprehensively investigate the genomewide signals for LTPA in multiple ethnicities. These findings support the notion that genetic predisposition plays a critical role in determining LTPA, of which the biological and clinical implications warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for Global Cardio-metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Katie Kei-hang Chan
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for Global Cardio-metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - James Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Adolfo Correa
- The Jackson Heart Study and the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Daniel Levy
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA and the Population Sciences Branch, Nation Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for Global Cardio-metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Physical activity (PA) is a well-established modifiable lifestyle determinant for multiple cardio-metabolic outcomes. While many psychosocial and environmental correlates of PA have been identified, current understanding of the genetic architecture that contributes to PA is still very limited, especially when compared to other phenotypes such as obesity and diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS This review systematically and comprehensively assesses available evidence from animal experiments, family studies, population-based candidate gene analyses, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studying the genetics of physical activity patterns. It discusses the scientific evolution in the field of PA genetics, including the recognition of increased sample sizes, the shift from early family-based approaches to association-based design, and the rapidly advancement of enabling genotyping and sequencing technologies. In addition, this review points to the gaps in the current knowledge base, including the general lack of GWAS and whole-genome sequence analyses particularly understudied populations, and the need for large-scale collaborative effort in both observational and experimental settings. In this review, we also call for research utilizing systems biology strategies for PA genetic research and accounting for complex gene-environment interactions that may vary by race/ethnicity. The epidemic of physical inactivity has been a public health nemesis, encompassing a large burden of diseases and high societal costs. A better understanding of the genetic basis of PA can inform public health policies for the prevention, control, and treatment of many chronic diseases related to physical inactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Global Cardio-metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Charles B Eaton
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. .,Center for Global Cardio-metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. .,Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Brown University, 121 South Main St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bruneau M, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon P, Moyna N, Visich P, Zoeller R, Seip R, Bilbie S, Thompson P, Devaney J, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman E, Pescatello LS. The angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism rs4340 associates with habitual physical activity among European American adults. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2017; 5:524-530. [PMID: 28944236 PMCID: PMC5606874 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs4340) (ACE DIP) accounts for half of the variability in plasma ACE concentrations. ACE has been widely studied for its influence on sports performance; however, research on its influence in physical activity is limited and inconsistent. We examined the influence of the ACE DIP on physical activity among 461 European Americans. METHODS Subjects completed the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire for weekly walking distance. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) tested log-transformed differences in weekly walking distance among ACE DIP genotypes (II, ID, DD) with gender as a fixed factor, and age and body mass index (BMI) as covariates. Because we found a significant ACE DIPxBMI interaction (P = 0.03), we categorized the sample by normal weight (NW: BMI<25.0 kg/m2) and overweight (OW: BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2) and repeated the MANCOVA with multiple comparison adjustments. RESULTS NW adults with ACE II walked 15.8 ± 11.1 km/week, ID 13.2 ± 10.6 km/week, and DD 17.9 ± 13.0 km/week, with ID walking less than II (P = 0.03) and DD (P = 0.01). OW adults with ACE II walked 16.7 ± 12.6 km/week, ID 13.8 ± 11.6 km/week, and DD 9.7 ± 9.0 km/week, with DD walking less than II (P = 0.02). Weekly walking distance was 8.2 ± 2.4 km/week less among OW adults with ACE DD than NW (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION BMI interacted with ACE DD such that OW walked ~8.2 km/week less than NW, potentially equating to a body weight differential of ~3.5 kg annually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rick Seip
- Hartford HealthcareHartfordConnecticut
| | | | | | - Joseph Devaney
- Children's National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | | | - Eric Hoffman
- Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research GroupWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Linda S Pescatello
- University of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut.,University of Connecticut Institute for Systems GenomicsStorrsConnecticut
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nicklas BJ. Heterogeneity of Physical Function Responses to Exercise in Older Adults: Possible Contribution of Variation in the Angiotensin-1 Converting Enzyme (ACE) Gene? PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 5:575-84. [PMID: 26162198 DOI: 10.1177/1745691610383512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral exercise interventions, aimed at improving either aerobic endurance or muscular strength, are currently the only therapy found, on average, to consistently retard loss of physical function in aging adults. However, not all individuals experience the same magnitude of benefit from a given exercise treatment, and certain persons may respond more favorably to a particular mode of exercise than another. Research now shows that genetic predisposition is one of the factors accounting for interindividual differences in responses to exercise as well as differences in the propensity to engage in exercise. This article discusses how a common variant in a single gene (the angiotensin-1 converting enzyme gene) could emerge as a prospective tool to identify older individuals more likely to benefit from and adhere to a specific type of exercise activity over another type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Nicklas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Timmons JA. Genomics and genetics in the biology of adaptation to exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1603-48. [PMID: 23733655 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article is devoted to the role of genetic variation and gene-exercise interactions in the biology of adaptation to exercise. There is evidence from genetic epidemiology research that DNA sequence differences contribute to human variation in physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness in the untrained state, cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute exercise, and responsiveness to regular exercise. Methodological and technological advances have made it possible to undertake the molecular dissection of the genetic component of complex, multifactorial traits, such as those of interest to exercise biology, in terms of tissue expression profile, genes, and allelic variants. The evidence from animal models and human studies is considered. Data on candidate genes, genome-wide linkage results, genome-wide association findings, expression arrays, and combinations of these approaches are reviewed. Combining transcriptomic and genomic technologies has been shown to be more powerful as evidenced by the development of a recent molecular predictor of the ability to increase VO2max with exercise training. For exercise as a behavior and physiological fitness as a state to be major players in public health policies will require that the role of human individuality and the influence of DNA sequence differences be understood. Likewise, progress in the use of exercise in therapeutic medicine will depend to a large extent on our ability to identify the favorable responders for given physiological properties to a given exercise regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
den Hoed M, Brage S, Zhao JH, Westgate K, Nessa A, Ekelund U, Spector TD, Wareham NJ, Loos RJF. Heritability of objectively assessed daily physical activity and sedentary behavior. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1317-25. [PMID: 24047914 PMCID: PMC3798083 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.069849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twin and family studies that estimated the heritability of daily physical activity have been limited by poor measurement quality and a small sample size. OBJECTIVE We examined the heritability of daily physical activity and sedentary behavior assessed objectively by using combined heart rate and movement sensing in a large twin study. DESIGN Physical activity traits were assessed in daily life for a mean (± SD) 6.7 ± 1.1 d in 1654 twins from 420 monozygotic and 352 dizygotic same-sex twin pairs aged 56.3 ± 10.4 y with body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 26.1 ± 4.8. We estimated the average daily movement, physical activity energy expenditure, and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity and sedentary behavior from heart rate and acceleration data. We used structural equation modeling to examine the contribution of additive genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental factors to between-individual variation in traits. RESULTS Additive genetic factors (ie, heritability) explained 47% of the variance in physical activity energy expenditure (95% CI: 23%, 53%) and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (95% CI: 29%, 54%), 35% of the variance in acceleration of the trunk (95% CI: 0%, 44%), and 31% of the variance in the time spent in sedentary behavior (95% CI: 9%, 51%). The remaining variance was predominantly explained by unique environmental factors and random error, whereas shared environmental factors played only a marginal role for all traits with a range of 0-15%. CONCLUSIONS The between-individual variation in daily physical activity and sedentary behavior is mainly a result of environmental influences. Nevertheless, genetic factors explain up to one-half of the variance, suggesting that innate biological processes may be driving some of our daily physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel den Hoed
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (MdH, SB, JHZ, KW, UE, NJW, and RJFL); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (MdH); the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St Thomas' Campus, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom (AN and TDS); the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (UE); and The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (RJFL), The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (RJFL), and The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program (RJFL), The Icahn School of Medicine at Sinai School, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mäestu J, Lätt E, Rääsk T, Sak K, Laas K, Jürimäe J, Jürimäe T. Ace I/D polymorphism is associated with habitual physical activity in pubertal boys. J Physiol Sci 2013; 63:427-34. [PMID: 23912524 PMCID: PMC10717509 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism and physical activity levels in boys at early pubertal stage (calendar age 12.04 ± 0.77 years). Body composition by DXA, pubertal stage and cardiovascular fitness on cycle ergometer were measured in addition to 7-day accelerometry. DNA was separated from the whole blood. Sedentary behaviour level was significantly lower in DD subjects compared to I allele carriers. A significant main effect of the D allele was found on total physical activity (F 1,256 = 5,453; p = 0.020; η (2) = 0.021] and on light physical activity (F 1,256 = 4.74; p = 0.030; η (2) = 0.018). Adding screen time as a covariate did not change ACE I/D polymorphism effect on total physical activity levels (F 2,256 = 3,326; p = 0.041; η (2) = 0.025). Carriers of the D allele had significantly higher light physical activity (F 1,256 = 4,710; p = 0.031; η (2) = 0.20), with screen time as covariate. In conclusion, ACE gene has a significant effect on sedentary, light and total physical activity levels in healthy 12-year-old boys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarek Mäestu
- Department of Coaching Sciences, Centre of Social, Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kostrzewa E, Kas MJ. The use of mouse models to unravel genetic architecture of physical activity: a review. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:87-103. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Kostrzewa
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - M. J. Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Snyder EE, Bouchard C. The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2004 Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:381-490. [PMID: 15833932 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the eleventh update of the human obesity gene map, which incorporates published results up to the end of October 2004. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from animal cross-breeding experiments, association studies with candidate genes, and linkages from genome scans is reviewed. As of October 2004, 173 human obesity cases due to single-gene mutations in 10 different genes have been reported, and 49 loci related to Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. There are 166 genes which, when mutated or expressed as transgenes in the mouse, result in phenotypes that affect body weight and adiposity. The number of QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 221. The number of human obesity QTLs derived from genome scans continues to grow, and we have now 204 QTLs for obesity-related phenotypes from 50 genome-wide scans. A total of 38 genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to four studies. The number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and obesity phenotypes has also increased considerably with 358 findings of positive associations with 113 candidate genes. Among them, 18 genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. Overall, >600 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful publications and genomic and other relevant sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Pérusse
- Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Genetics of Physical Activity and Physical Inactivity in Humans. Behav Genet 2012; 42:559-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-012-9534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
20
|
De Moor MHM, Liu YJ, Boomsma DI, Li J, Hamilton JJ, Hottenga JJ, Levy S, Liu XG, Pei YF, Posthuma D, Recker RR, Sullivan PF, Wang L, Willemsen G, Yan H, De Geus EJC, Deng HW. Genome-wide association study of exercise behavior in Dutch and American adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 41:1887-95. [PMID: 19727025 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a2f646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to identify genetic variants that are associated with adult leisure time exercise behavior using genome-wide association (GWA) in two independent samples. METHODS Exercise behavior was measured in 1644 unrelated Dutch and 978 unrelated American adults of European ancestry with detailed questions about type, frequency, and duration of exercise. Individuals were classified into regular exercisers or nonexercisers using a threshold of 4 MET·h (metabolic equivalents-hours per week). GWA analyses of ∼1.6 million observed and imputed Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) were conducted in both samples independently using logistic regression in SNPTEST, including sex, age, and body mass index as covariates. A meta-analysis of the results was performed using the weighted inverse variance method in METAL. RESULTS Thirty-seven novel SNPs in the PAPSS2 gene and in two intergenic regions on chromosomes 2q33.1 and 18p11.32 were associated with exercise participation (pooled P values <1.0 × 10(-5)). Previously reported associations (ACE, CASR, CYP19A1, DRD2, LEPR, and MC4R genes) or linkage findings (2p22.3, 4q28, 4q31.21 7p13, 9q31, 11p15, 13q22, 15q13, 18q12.2, 18q21.1, 19p13.3, and 20q12) were not replicated, although suggestive evidence was found for association to rs12405556 in the LEPR gene (pooled P value 9.7 × 10(-4); American sample, P value 9.8 × 10(-5)) and for association to rs8036270 in the GABRG3 gene (pooled P value 4.6 × 10(-5)) in the linkage region 15q12-13. CONCLUSIONS The heritability of leisure time exercise behavior is likely to be accounted for by many genetic variants with small effect size. These can be detected by GWA as was shown here for the PAPSS2 gene, but larger samples with genome-wide genotypes and high-quality exercise data are needed for further progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marleen H M De Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Puthucheary Z, Skipworth JRA, Rawal J, Loosemore M, Van Someren K, Montgomery HE. The ACE gene and human performance: 12 years on. Sports Med 2011; 41:433-48. [PMID: 21615186 DOI: 10.2165/11588720-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some 12 years ago, a polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene became the first genetic element shown to impact substantially on human physical performance. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists not just as an endocrine regulator, but also within local tissue and cells, where it serves a variety of functions. Functional genetic polymorphic variants have been identified for most components of RAS, of which the best known and studied is a polymorphism of the ACE gene. The ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism has been associated with improvements in performance and exercise duration in a variety of populations. The I allele has been consistently demonstrated to be associated with endurance-orientated events, notably, in triathlons. Meanwhile, the D allele is associated with strength- and power-orientated performance, and has been found in significant excess among elite swimmers. Exceptions to these associations do exist, and are discussed. In theory, associations with ACE genotype may be due to functional variants in nearby loci, and/or related genetic polymorphism such as the angiotensin receptor, growth hormone and bradykinin genes. Studies of growth hormone gene variants have not shown significant associations with performance in studies involving both triathletes and military recruits. The angiotensin type-1 receptor has two functional polymorphisms that have not been shown to be associated with performance, although studies of hypoxic ascent have yielded conflicting results. ACE genotype influences bradykinin levels, and a common gene variant in the bradykinin 2 receptor exists. The high kinin activity haplotye has been associated with increased endurance performance at an Olympic level, and similar results of metabolic efficiency have been demonstrated in triathletes. Whilst the ACE genotype is associated with overall performance ability, at a single organ level, the ACE genotype and related polymorphism have significant associations. In cardiac muscle, ACE genotype has associations with left ventricular mass changes in response to stimulus, in both the health and diseased states. The D allele is associated with an exaggerated response to training, and the I allele with the lowest cardiac growth response. In light of the I-allele association with endurance performance, it seems likely that other regulatory mechanisms exist. Similarly in skeletal muscle, the D allele is associated with greater strength gains in response to training, in both healthy individuals and chronic disease states. As in overall performance, those genetic polymorphisms related to the ACE genotype, such as the bradykinin 2 gene, also influence skeletal muscle strength. Finally, the ACE genotype may influence metabolic efficiency, and elite mountaineers have demonstrated an excess of I alleles and I/I genotype frequency in comparison to controls. Interestingly, this was not seen in amateur climbers. Corroboratory evidence exists among high-altitude settlements in both South America and India, where the I allele exists in greater frequency in those who migrated from the lowlands. Unfortunately, if the ACE genotype does influence metabolic efficiency, associations with peak maximal oxygen consumption have yet to be rigorously demonstrated. The ACE genotype is an important but single factor in the determinant of sporting phenotype. Much of the mechanisms underlying this remain unexplored despite 12 years of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zudin Puthucheary
- University College London Institute for Human Health and Performance, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Driven to be inactive? The genetics of physical activity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 94:271-90. [PMID: 21036329 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-375003-7.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The health implications of physical inactivity, including its integral role in promoting obesity, are well known and have been well documented. Physical activity is a multifactorial behavior with various factors playing a role in determining individual physical activity levels. Research using both human and animal models in the past several years has clearly indicated that genetics is associated with physical activity. Furthermore, researchers have identified several significant and suggestive genomic quantitative trait loci associated with physical activity. To date, the identities of the causal genes underlying physical activity regulation are unclear, with few strong candidate genes. The current research provides a foundation from which future confirmatory research can be launched as well as determination of the mechanisms through which the genetic factors act. The application of this knowledge could significantly augment the information available for physical activity behavior change interventions resulting in more efficient programs for those predisposed to be inactive.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006-2007 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:35-73. [PMID: 19123262 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181844179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes covers the research advances reported in 2006 and 2007. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or a fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in responses to acute exercise, or for training-induced adaptations are positioned on the map of all autosomes and sex chromosomes. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or a locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. A brief discussion on the nature of the evidence and on what to look for in assessing human genetic studies of relevance to fitness and performance is offered in the introduction, followed by a review of all studies published in 2006 and 2007. The findings from these new studies are added to the appropriate tables that are designed to serve as the cumulative summary of all publications with positive genetic associations available to date for a given phenotype and study design. The fitness and performance map now includes 214 autosomal gene entries and quantitative trait loci plus seven others on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 18 mitochondrial genes that have been shown to influence fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus,the map is growing in complexity. Although the map is exhaustive for currently published accounts of genes and exercise associations and linkages, there are undoubtedly many more gene-exercise interaction effects that have not even been considered thus far. Finally, it should be appreciated that most studies reported to date are based on small sample sizes and cannot therefore provide definitive evidence that DNA sequence variants in a given gene are reliably associated with human variation in fitness and performance traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Bray
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Teran-Garcia M, Rankinen T, Bouchard C. Genes, exercise, growth, and the sedentary, obese child. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:988-1001. [PMID: 18535128 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00070.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is still not possible to provide an evidence-based answer to the question of whether regular exercise is essential for normal growth. It is also unclear whether very low levels of exercise result in growth deficits. Regular exposure to exercise is characterized by heterogeneity in responsiveness, with most individuals experiencing improvements in fitness traits but a significant proportion showing only very minor gains. Whether a sedentary mode of life during the growing years results in a permanent deficit in cardiorespiratory fitness or a diminished ability to respond favorably to regular exercise later in life remains to be investigated. Although several genes have been associated with fitness levels or response to regular exercise, the quality of the evidence is weak mainly because studies are statistically underpowered. The special case of the obese, sedentary child is discussed, and the importance of the "energy gap" in the excess weight gain during growth is highlighted. Obese, sedentary children have high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, elevated glycemia and type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, respiratory problems, orthopedic complications, and other health disorders more frequently than normal weight, physically active children. The role of genetic differences in the inclination to be sedentary or physically active is reviewed. An understanding of the true role of genetic differences and regular exercise on the growth of children will require more elaborate paradigms incorporating not only DNA sequence variants and exercise exposure but also information on nutrition, programming, and epigenetic events during fetal life and early postnatal years.
Collapse
|
26
|
Rush JWE, Aultman CD. Vascular biology of angiotensin and the impact of physical activity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:162-72. [PMID: 18347668 DOI: 10.1139/h07-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is important for regulating blood pressure and extracellular fluid. The concept of the RAS has recently evolved from a classical systemic endocrine system to an appreciation of local RASs functioning in a paracrine manner, including in the vascular wall. Angiotensin II (AII), the main effector of the RAS, is a potent vasoconstrictor formed by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE is multifunctional and also destroys the endogenous vasodilator bradykinin. A recently discovered novel ACE2 enzyme is responsible for forming a vasodilatory compound, angiotensin 1-7, from AII. Thus, the actions of ACE and ACE2 are antagonistic. Tissue actions of AII are mediated by specific receptors, AT1 and AT2, with AT1 mediating the classical actions. AT1-stimulated vasoconstricton occurs via phospholipase-D-mediated second messenger generation directly, and indirectly via the coupling of AT1 to the prooxidant enzyme NADPH oxidase. Since the vascular NADPH oxidase is a major source of vascular reactive oxygen species generation and is responsible for the breakdown of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO), there is another potential link between RAS and regulation of vasodilatory pathways. AT2 signaling is antagonistic to AT1 signaling, and results in bradykinin and NO formation. Chronic AII signaling induces vascular dysfunction, whereas pharmacological management of the RAS can not only control blood pressure, but also correct endothelial dysfunction in hypertensives. Exercise training can also improve endothelial function in hypertensives, raising the question of whether there is a potential role for RAS in mediating the vascular effects of exercise training. Recent studies have demonstrated reductions in the expression of NADPH oxidase components in the vascular wall in response to exercise training, thus tempering one of the main cellular effectors of AII, and this is associated with reduced vascular ROS production and enhanced NO bioavailability. Importantly, it has now been demonstrated in human arteries that exercise training also tempers vascular AT1 receptor expression and AII-induced vasoconstriction, while enhancing endothelium-dependent dilation. The signals responsible for these chronic adaptations are not clearly understood, and may include changes in RAS components prompted by acute exercise. ACE genotype may have an effect on physical activity levels and on the cardiovascular responses to exercise training, and the II genotype (compared with ID and DD) is associated with the largest endothelium-dependent dilations in athletes compared with those in sedentary individuals. Thus, the tissue location of the RAS, the complement of ACE/ACE2, the receptor expression of AT1/AT2, and the ACE genotype are all variables that could impact the vascular responses to exercise training, but the responses of most of these variables to regular exercise training and the mechanisms responsible have not been systematically studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W E Rush
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
De Moor MHM, Posthuma D, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, De Geus EJC. Genome-wide linkage scan for exercise participation in Dutch sibling pairs. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:1252-9. [PMID: 17700629 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at identifying the genomic loci linked to exercise participation in males and females. Cross-sectional exercise data of twins and siblings (18-50 years) were used from the Netherlands Twin Registry. The sample consisted of 1432 genotyped sibling pairs from 622 families (1120 sibling pairs were genotyped on all chromosomes). Exercise participation (no/yes, based on a cutoff criterion of four metabolic equivalents and 60 min weekly) was assessed by survey. Genotyping was based on 361 markers and an average marker density of 10.6 cM. Identical by descent status was estimated for a 1 cM grid. A variance components-based sex-limited linkage scan was carried out for exercise participation. The heritability of exercise participation in males was 68.5% and in females 46.3%. The genetic overlap was estimated at 0.32, indicating that partly different genes affect exercise in the two sexes. Suggestive linkage was found in all subjects on chromosome 19p13.3 (LOD=2.18). Although sex differences in linkage effect were not significant, mainly females contributed to the suggestive linkage. The 19p13.3-13.2 region harbors a number of genes related to muscle performance and muscle blood flow, which might affect exercise behavior through exercise ability. Most likely, a large number of genes with each small effects affect exercise participation in males and females. Large collaborative samples are needed to detect these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marleen H M De Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rankinen T, Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2005 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 38:1863-88. [PMID: 17095919 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000233789.01164.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current review presents the 2005 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2005. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, in the early version of the gene map, 29 loci were depicted. In contrast, the 2005 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 165 autosomal gene entries and QTL, plus five others on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 17 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus, the map is growing in complexity. Unfortunately, progress is slow in the field of genetics of fitness and performance, primarily because the number of laboratories and scientists focused on the role of genes and sequence variations in exercise-related traits continues to be quite limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gao J, Gao X, Qin W, Dang F, Zhang F, Qian X, Zeng X, Xing Q, Zheng Z, Li J, Guo T, Chang H, Feng G, He L. No observable relationship between the ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and psychometric IQ and psychomotor ability in Chinese children. Neuropsychobiology 2006; 53:196-202. [PMID: 16874006 DOI: 10.1159/000094728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene (ACE) on general cognitive ability, specific cognitive ability and psychomotor function in Chinese children. In total, 450 children completed both C-WISC tests and ACE I/D genotyping. Of these, 320 children were examined using psychomotor tests. The quantitative traits of psychometric IQ and psychomotor abilities were calculated to determine whether there were any significant differences related to their ACE genotypes on the basis of an analysis of variance. F test results showed no significant differences with regard to any aspect of intelligence or psychomotor performance relative to the various ACE I/D genotypes (all p > 0.05). Our study suggests that ACE I/D do not have a measurable impact on any aspects of IQ or psychomotor ability and that psychomotor ability correlates well with IQ in Chinese children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Gao
- Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Franks PW, Ravussin E, Hanson RL, Harper IT, Allison DB, Knowler WC, Tataranni PA, Salbe AD. Habitual physical activity in children: the role of genes and the environment. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:901-8. [PMID: 16210723 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/82.4.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the factors that contribute to physical inactivity in children is important because sedentary behavior strongly relates to metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. OBJECTIVE We aimed to quantify the genetic and environmental influences on physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) in 100 sex-concordant dizygotic (n = 38) and monozygotic (n = 62) twin pairs aged 4-10 y. DESIGN Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was assessed by using respiratory gas exchange, total energy expenditure (TEE) by using doubly labeled water, and body composition by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Structural equation modeling was used to partition the phenotypic variance into additive genetic (a2) and common (c2) and unshared (e2) environmental components. RESULTS Because PAEE [TEE - (RMR + 0.1 x TEE)] depends on body weight, which is highly heritable, we tested several models: 1) after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, study date, season, and weight, a2 explained none of the phenotypic variance in PAEE (95% CI: 0%, 38%), whereas c2 and e2 accounted for 69% (33%, 77%; P = 0.001) and 31% (23%, 39%; P < 0.001) of the variance, respectively; 2) after adjustment for the cofactors in model 1, a2 explained 19% of the phenotypic variance in TEE (0%, 60%; P = 0.13), whereas c2 and e2 accounted for 59% (16%, 79%; P = 0.007) and 23% (17%, 31%; P < 0.0001) of the variance, respectively; 3) in models adjusted as above (excluding weight), a2 explained no variance in physical activity level (TEE/RMR) (0%, 32%; P = 0.50), whereas c2 and e2 explained 65% (34%, 60%; P = 0.001) and 35% (28%, 45%; P < 0.0001) of the variance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the familial resemblance in physical activity in these children is explained predominantly by shared environmental factors and not by genetic variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Franks
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ 85014, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Koch W, Latz W, Eichinger M, Ganser C, Schömig A, Kastrati A. Genotyping of the Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism by the TaqMan Method. Clin Chem 2005; 51:1547-9. [PMID: 16040856 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.051656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Koch
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München and 1. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|