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Lomeli C. S, Kristin B. A. Epigenetic regulation of craniofacial development and disease. Birth Defects Res 2024; 116:e2271. [PMID: 37964651 PMCID: PMC10872612 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of the craniofacial complex relies on proper neural crest development. The gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and signaling pathways orchestrating this process have been extensively studied. These GRNs and signaling cascades are tightly regulated as alterations to any stage of neural crest development can lead to common congenital birth defects, including multiple syndromes affecting facial morphology as well as nonsyndromic facial defects, such as cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Epigenetic factors add a hierarchy to the regulation of transcriptional networks and influence the spatiotemporal activation or repression of specific gene regulatory cascades; however less is known about their exact mechanisms in controlling precise gene regulation. AIMS In this review, we discuss the role of epigenetic factors during neural crest development, specifically during craniofacial development and how compromised activities of these regulators contribute to congenital defects that affect the craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shull Lomeli C.
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Artinger Kristin B.
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Muhammad T, Pastore SF, Good K, Ausió J, Vincent JB. Chromatin gatekeeper and modifier CHD proteins in development, and in autism and other neurological disorders. Psychiatr Genet 2023; 33:213-232. [PMID: 37851134 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin, a protein-DNA complex, is a dynamic structure that stores genetic information within the nucleus and responds to molecular/cellular changes in its structure, providing conditional access to the genetic machinery. ATP-dependent chromatin modifiers regulate access of transcription factors and RNA polymerases to DNA by either "opening" or "closing" the structure of chromatin, and its aberrant regulation leads to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. The chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) proteins are ATP-dependent chromatin modifiers involved in the organization of chromatin structure, act as gatekeepers of genomic access, and deposit histone variants required for gene regulation. In this review, we first discuss the structural and functional domains of the CHD proteins, and their binding sites, and phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation sites. The conservation of important amino acids in SWItch/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) domains, and their protein and mRNA tissue expression profiles are discussed. Next, we convey the important binding partners of CHD proteins, their protein complexes and activities, and their involvements in epigenetic regulation. We also show the ChIP-seq binding dynamics for CHD1, CHD2, CHD4, and CHD7 proteins at promoter regions of histone genes, as well as several genes that are critical for neurodevelopment. The role of CHD proteins in development is also discussed. Finally, this review provides information about CHD protein mutations reported in autism and neurodevelopmental disorders, and their pathogenicity. Overall, this review provides information on the progress of research into CHD proteins, their structural and functional domains, epigenetics, and their role in stem cell, development, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Muhammad
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Stephen F Pastore
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Katrina Good
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC
| | - Juan Ausió
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC
| | - John B Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Lewis EMA, Chapman G, Kaushik K, Determan J, Antony I, Meganathan K, Narasimhan M, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Kroll KL. Regulation of human cortical interneuron development by the chromatin remodeling protein CHD2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15636. [PMID: 36115870 PMCID: PMC9482661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2 (CHD2) gene are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, mechanisms by which CHD2 regulates human brain development remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we used a human embryonic stem cell model of cortical interneuron (hcIN) development to elucidate its roles in this process. We identified genome-wide CHD2 binding profiles during hcIN differentiation, defining direct CHD2 targets related to neurogenesis in hcIN progenitors and to neuronal function in hcINs. CHD2 bound sites were frequently coenriched with histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) and associated with high gene expression, indicating roles for CHD2 in promoting gene expression during hcIN development. Binding sites for different classes of transcription factors were enriched at CHD2 bound regions during differentiation, suggesting transcription factors that may cooperatively regulate stage-specific gene expression with CHD2. We also demonstrated that CHD2 haploinsufficiency altered CHD2 and H3K27ac coenrichment on chromatin and expression of associated genes, decreasing acetylation and expression of cell cycle genes while increasing acetylation and expression of neuronal genes, to cause precocious differentiation. Together, these data describe CHD2 direct targets and mechanisms by which CHD2 prevents precocious hcIN differentiation, which are likely to be disrupted by pathogenic CHD2 mutation to cause neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M A Lewis
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - G Chapman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - K Kaushik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - J Determan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - I Antony
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - K Meganathan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - M Narasimhan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - P Gontarz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - B Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - K L Kroll
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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4
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Terhune EA, Monley AM, Cuevas MT, Wethey CI, Gray RS, Hadley-Miller N. Genetic animal modeling for idiopathic scoliosis research: history and considerations. Spine Deform 2022; 10:1003-1016. [PMID: 35430722 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is defined as a structural lateral spinal curvature ≥ 10° in otherwise healthy children and is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. IS is known to have a strong genetic component; however, the underlying etiology is still largely unknown. Animal models have been used historically to both understand and develop treatments for human disease, including within the context of IS. This intended audience for this review is clinicians in the fields of musculoskeletal surgery and research. METHODS In this review article, we synthesize current literature of genetic animal models of IS and introduce considerations for researchers. RESULTS Due to complex genetic and unique biomechanical factors (i.e., bipedalism) hypothesized to contribute to IS in humans, scoliosis is a difficult condition to replicate in model organisms. CONCLUSION We advocate careful selection of animal models based on the scientific question and introduce gaps and limitations in the current literature. We advocate future research efforts to include animal models with multiple characterized genetic or environmental perturbations to reflect current understanding of the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna M Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Melissa T Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cambria I Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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5
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Kohzaki M. Mammalian Resilience Revealed by a Comparison of Human Diseases and Mouse Models Associated With DNA Helicase Deficiencies. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:934042. [PMID: 36032672 PMCID: PMC9403131 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.934042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining genomic integrity is critical for sustaining individual animals and passing on the genome to subsequent generations. Several enzymes, such as DNA helicases and DNA polymerases, are involved in maintaining genomic integrity by unwinding and synthesizing the genome, respectively. Indeed, several human diseases that arise caused by deficiencies in these enzymes have long been known. In this review, the author presents the DNA helicases associated with human diseases discovered to date using recent analyses, including exome sequences. Since several mouse models that reflect these human diseases have been developed and reported, this study also summarizes the current knowledge regarding the outcomes of DNA helicase deficiencies in humans and mice and discusses possible mechanisms by which DNA helicases maintain genomic integrity in mammals. It also highlights specific diseases that demonstrate mammalian resilience, in which, despite the presence of genomic instability, patients and mouse models have lifespans comparable to those of the general population if they do not develop cancers; finally, this study discusses future directions for therapeutic applications in humans that can be explored using these mouse models.
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Bagi Z, Balog K, Tóth B, Fehér M, Bársony P, Baranyai E, Harangi S, Ashrafzadeh MR, Hegedűs B, Stündl L, Kusza S. Genes and elements involved in the regulation of the nervous system and growth affect the development of spinal deformity in Cyprinus carpio. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266447. [PMID: 35395053 PMCID: PMC8993014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal deformity is a serious economic and animal welfare problem in intensive fish farming systems, which will be a significant unsolved problem for the fish sector. The aim of this study was to determine the relative expression of genes (Akt1 substrate 1, Calreticulin, Collagen type I alpha 2 chain, Corticotropin-releasing hormone, Chromodomain-Helicase DNA-binding, Growth hormone, Insulin like growth factor 1, Myostatin, Sine oculis-related homeobox 3, Toll-like receptor 2) in different tissues associated with spinal deformity and to determine the macroelement (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur) and microelement (barium, copper, iron, manganese, strontium, zinc) content of spine in healthy and deformed common carps (Cyprinus carpio) in Hungary. The mRNA levels of the genes were measured in 7 different tissues (abdominal fat, blood, brain, dorsal muscle, genitals, heart, liver) by qRT-PCR. Correlations between gene expression and element content were analyzed by using linear regression and Spearman rank correlation. In a total of 15 cases, we found a statistically significant connection between gene expression in a tissue and the macro- or microelement content of the spine. In these contexts, the genes Akt1 substrate 1 (3), Collagen type I alpha 2 chain (2), Corticotropin-releasing hormone (4), Insulin-like growth factor 1 (4), and Myostatin (2), the tissue’s blood (3), brain (6), heart (5), and liver (1), the macroelements sodium (4), magnesium (4), phosphorus (1) and sulfur (2) as well as the microelement iron (4) were involved. We also found statistically significant mRNA level differences between healthy and deformed common carps in tissues that were not directly affected by the deformation. Based on our results, genes regulating the nervous system and growth, elements, and tissues are the most associated components in the phenomenon of spinal deformity. With our study, we wish to give direction to and momentum for the exploration of these complex processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bagi
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Balog
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bianka Tóth
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Milán Fehér
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bársony
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Food Biotechnology Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Edina Baranyai
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Atomic Spectroscopy Laboratory, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Harangi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Atomic Spectroscopy Laboratory, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mohammad Reza Ashrafzadeh
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Bettina Hegedűs
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Kusza
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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7
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Zhu L, Peng F, Deng Z, Feng Z, Ma X. A Novel Variant of the CHD2 Gene Associated With Developmental Delay and Myoclonic Epilepsy. Front Genet 2022; 13:761178. [PMID: 35222528 PMCID: PMC8873980 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.761178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in CHD2 have been reported to have a wide range of phenotypic variability in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as early-onset epileptic encephalopathy, developmental delay, and behavior problems. So far, there is no clear correlation between genotypes and phenotypes. This study reports a Chinese patient with a novel heterozygous CHD2 mutation (c.4318C>T, pArg1440*). Her main clinical manifestations include developmental delay, myoclonic epilepsy, and hypothyroidism. Then, we reviewed a total of 144 individuals carrying CHD2 variants with epileptic encephalopathy. In terms of clinical manifestations, these patients are usually described with variable epilepsy phenotypes, including idiopathic photosensitive occipital epilepsy, Dravet syndrome, Jeavons syndrome, Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and non-specific epileptic encephalopathy. Among them, myoclonic seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures are the main seizure types in all patients hosting CHD2 single-nucleotide or indel variants (non-CNVs). At the molecular level, there are 102 types of CHD2 non-CNVs in 126 patients, almost one mutational type corresponding to one person, and there is no difference in the incidence ratio of each position. Furthermore, we summarized that a small proportion of patients inherited CHD2 variants, and not all patients with CHD2 variants had seizures. Importantly, the phenotypes, especially seizures control and fever sensitivity, and genotypes had a relative association. These results enriched the database of CHD2-relative neurodevelopmental disorders and provided a theoretical foundation for researching the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhu
- Faculty of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, BaYi Children’s Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fujun Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | | | - Zhichun Feng
- Faculty of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, BaYi Children’s Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuwei Ma
- Faculty of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, BaYi Children’s Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuwei Ma,
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8
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Cardoso AR, Lopes-Marques M, Oliveira M, Amorim A, Prata MJ, Azevedo L. Genetic Variability of the Functional Domains of Chromodomains Helicase DNA-Binding (CHD) Proteins. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111827. [PMID: 34828433 PMCID: PMC8623811 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, there has been an increasing neuroscientific interest in understanding the function of mammalian chromodomains helicase DNA-binding (CHD) proteins due to their association with severe developmental syndromes. Mammalian CHDs include nine members (CHD1 to CHD9), grouped into subfamilies according to the presence of specific functional domains, generally highly conserved in evolutionary terms. Mutations affecting these domains hold great potential to disrupt protein function, leading to meaningful pathogenic scenarios, such as embryonic defects incompatible with life. Here, we analysed the evolution of CHD proteins by performing a comparative study of the functional domains of CHD proteins between orthologous and paralogous protein sequences. Our findings show that the highest degree of inter-species conservation was observed at Group II (CHD3, CHD4, and CHD5) and that most of the pathological variations documented in humans involve amino acid residues that are conserved not only between species but also between paralogs. The parallel analysis of both orthologous and paralogous proteins, in cases where gene duplications have occurred, provided extra information showing patterns of flexibility as well as interchangeability between amino acid positions. This added complexity needs to be considered when the impact of novel mutations is assessed in terms of evolutionary conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Cardoso
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.C.); (M.L.-M.); (M.O.); (A.A.); (M.J.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FCUP—Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Lopes-Marques
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.C.); (M.L.-M.); (M.O.); (A.A.); (M.J.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FCUP—Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.C.); (M.L.-M.); (M.O.); (A.A.); (M.J.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FCUP—Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Amorim
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.C.); (M.L.-M.); (M.O.); (A.A.); (M.J.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FCUP—Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Prata
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.C.); (M.L.-M.); (M.O.); (A.A.); (M.J.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FCUP—Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Azevedo
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.C.); (M.L.-M.); (M.O.); (A.A.); (M.J.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FCUP—Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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9
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Lv X, Xu J, Jiang J, Wu P, Tan R, Wang B. Genetic animal models of scoliosis: A systematical review. Bone 2021; 152:116075. [PMID: 34174503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Scoliosis is a complex disease with undetermined pathogenesis and has a strong relationship with genetics. Models of scoliosis in animals have been established for better comprehending its pathogenesis and treatment. In this review, we searched all the genetic animal models with body curvature in databases, and reviewed the related genes and scoliosis types. Meanwhile, we also summarized the pathogenesis of scoliosis reported so far. Summarizing the positive phenotypic animal models contributes to a better understanding on the pathogenesis of scoliosis and facilitates the selection of experimental models when a possible pathogenic factor is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jinghong Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiajiong Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Renchun Tan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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10
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Abstract
Chromatin is highly dynamic, undergoing continuous global changes in its structure and type of histone and DNA modifications governed by processes such as transcription, repair, replication, and recombination. Members of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) family of enzymes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers that are intimately involved in the regulation of chromatin dynamics, altering nucleosomal structure and DNA accessibility. Genetic studies in yeast, fruit flies, zebrafish, and mice underscore essential roles of CHD enzymes in regulating cellular fate and identity, as well as proper embryonic development. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, evidence is emerging that these enzymes are subjected to frequent DNA copy number alterations or mutations and show aberrant expression in malignancies and other human diseases. As such, they might prove to be valuable biomarkers or targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Alendar
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Berns
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
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11
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Benbouchta Y, De Leeuw N, Amasdl S, Sbiti A, Smeets D, Sadki K, Sefiani A. 15q26 deletion in a patient with congenital heart defect, growth restriction and intellectual disability: case report and literature review. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:188. [PMID: 34530895 PMCID: PMC8447573 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 15q26 deletion is a relatively rare chromosomal disorder, and it is described only in few cases. Patients with this aberration show many signs and symptoms, particularly pre- and postnatal growth restriction, developmental delay, microcephaly, intellectual disability and various congenital malformations. Case presentation We report on a girl, 4 years old, of consanguineous parents, with a 15q26 deletion. Clinical manifestations included failure to thrive, developmental delay, microcephaly, dysmorphic facies with broad forehead, hypertelorism, narrowed eyelid slits and protruding columella. The patient also showed skeletal abnormalities, especially clinodactyly of the 5th finger, varus equine right foot and left club foot. Additionally, she had teething delay and divergent strabismus. Heart ultrasound displayed two atrial septal defects with left-to-right shunt, enlarging the right cavities. Routine cytogenetic analysis revealed a shortened 15q chromosome. Subsequent array analysis disclosed a terminal 9.15 Mb deletion at subband 15q26.1-q26.3. Four candidate genes associated with 15q26 deletion phenotype were within the deleted region, i.e. IGF1R, NR2F2, CHD2 and MEF2A. Conclusion We report on an additional case of 15q26 monosomy, characterized by array-CGH. Molecular cytogenetic analysis allowed us to identify the exact size of the deletion, and four candidate genes for genotype-phenotype correlation. 15q26 monosomy should be considered when growth retardation is associated with hearing anomalies and congenital heart defect, especially atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs) and/or aortic arch anomaly (AAA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Benbouchta
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Health, Rabat, Morocco. .,Laboratory of Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Nicole De Leeuw
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Saadia Amasdl
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aziza Sbiti
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Dominique Smeets
- Research Team in Genomics and Molecular Epidemiology of Genetic Diseases, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Medical School and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khalid Sadki
- Laboratory of Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Sefiani
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Health, Rabat, Morocco.,Research Team in Genomics and Molecular Epidemiology of Genetic Diseases, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Medical School and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
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12
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Wilson MM, Henshall DC, Byrne SM, Brennan GP. CHD2-Related CNS Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E588. [PMID: 33435571 PMCID: PMC7827033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epileptic encephalopathies (EE) are severe epilepsy syndromes characterized by multiple seizure types, developmental delay and even regression. This class of disorders are increasingly being identified as resulting from de novo genetic mutations including many identified mutations in the family of chromodomain helicase DNA binding (CHD) proteins. In particular, several de novo pathogenic mutations have been identified in the gene encoding chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2 (CHD2), a member of the sucrose nonfermenting (SNF-2) protein family of epigenetic regulators. These mutations in the CHD2 gene are causative of early onset epileptic encephalopathy, abnormal brain function, and intellectual disability. Our understanding of the mechanisms by which modification or loss of CHD2 cause this condition remains poorly understood. Here, we review what is known and still to be elucidated as regards the structure and function of CHD2 and how its dysregulation leads to a highly variable range of phenotypic presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Michel Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 02, Ireland; (M.-M.W.); (D.C.H.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland;
| | - David C. Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 02, Ireland; (M.-M.W.); (D.C.H.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland;
| | - Susan M. Byrne
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland;
- Department of Paediatrics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 02, Ireland
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Our Ladies Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Gary P. Brennan
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland;
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 04, Ireland
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13
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Sadler B, Wilborn J, Antunes L, Kuensting T, Hale AT, Gannon SR, McCall K, Cruchaga C, Harms M, Voisin N, Reymond A, Cappuccio G, Brunetti-Pierri N, Tartaglia M, Niceta M, Leoni C, Zampino G, Ashley-Koch A, Urbizu A, Garrett ME, Soldano K, Macaya A, Conrad D, Strahle J, Dobbs MB, Turner TN, Shannon CN, Brockmeyer D, Limbrick DD, Gurnett CA, Haller G. Rare and de novo coding variants in chromodomain genes in Chiari I malformation. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:100-114. [PMID: 33352116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiari I malformation (CM1), the displacement of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum into the spinal canal, is one of the most common pediatric neurological conditions. Individuals with CM1 can present with neurological symptoms, including severe headaches and sensory or motor deficits, often as a consequence of brainstem compression or syringomyelia (SM). We conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES) on 668 CM1 probands and 232 family members and performed gene-burden and de novo enrichment analyses. A significant enrichment of rare and de novo non-synonymous variants in chromodomain (CHD) genes was observed among individuals with CM1 (combined p = 2.4 × 10-10), including 3 de novo loss-of-function variants in CHD8 (LOF enrichment p = 1.9 × 10-10) and a significant burden of rare transmitted variants in CHD3 (p = 1.8 × 10-6). Overall, individuals with CM1 were found to have significantly increased head circumference (p = 2.6 × 10-9), with many harboring CHD rare variants having macrocephaly. Finally, haploinsufficiency for chd8 in zebrafish led to macrocephaly and posterior hindbrain displacement reminiscent of CM1. These results implicate chromodomain genes and excessive brain growth in CM1 pathogenesis.
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14
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Fang C, Rao S, Crispino JD, Ntziachristos P. Determinants and role of chromatin organization in acute leukemia. Leukemia 2020; 34:2561-2575. [PMID: 32690881 PMCID: PMC7999176 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA is compacted into higher order structures that have major implications in gene regulation. These structures allow for long-range interactions of DNA elements, such as the association of promoters with their cognate enhancers. In recent years, mutations in genes that control these structures, including the cohesin-complex and the insulator-binding protein CTCF, have been found in a spectrum of hematologic disorders, and especially in acute leukemias. Cohesin and CTCF are critical for mediating looping and establishing boundaries within chromatin. Cells that harbor mutations in these genes display aberrant chromatin architecture and resulting differences in gene expression that contribute to leukemia initiation and progression. Here, we provide detailed discussion of the nature of 3D interactions and the way that they are disrupted in acute leukemia. Continued research in this area will provide new insights into the mechanisms of leukemogenesis and may shed light on novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestia Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - John D Crispino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Panagiotis Ntziachristos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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15
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Gawel K, Langlois M, Martins T, van der Ent W, Tiraboschi E, Jacmin M, Crawford AD, Esguerra CV. Seizing the moment: Zebrafish epilepsy models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:1-20. [PMID: 32544542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are now widely accepted as a valuable animal model for a number of different central nervous system (CNS) diseases. They are suitable both for elucidating the origin of these disorders and the sequence of events culminating in their onset, and for use as a high-throughput in vivo drug screening platform. The availability of powerful and effective techniques for genome manipulation allows the rapid modelling of different genetic epilepsies and of conditions with seizures as a core symptom. With this review, we seek to summarize the current knowledge about existing epilepsy/seizures models in zebrafish (both pharmacological and genetic) and compare them with equivalent rodent and human studies. New findings obtained from the zebrafish models are highlighted. We believe that this comprehensive review will highlight the value of zebrafish as a model for investigating different aspects of epilepsy and will help researchers to use these models to their full extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Gawel
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego St. 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Teresa Martins
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Wietske van der Ent
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ettore Tiraboschi
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Neurophysics Group, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza Manifattura 1, Building 14, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Maxime Jacmin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander D Crawford
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Camila V Esguerra
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Shahin Varnoosfaderani F, Palau A, Dong W, Persson J, Durand-Dubief M, Svensson JP, Lennartsson A. A regulatory role for CHD2 in myelopoiesis. Epigenetics 2020; 15:702-714. [PMID: 31900031 PMCID: PMC7574388 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1710913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional program that dictates haematopoietic cell fate and differentiation requires an epigenetic regulatory and memory function, provided by a network of epigenetic factors that regulate DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications and chromatin structure. Disturbed epigenetic regulation causes perturbations in the blood cell differentiation program that results in various types of haematopoietic disorders. Thus, accurate epigenetic regulation is essential for functional haematopoiesis. In this study, we used a CRISPR-Cas9 screening approach to identify new epigenetic regulators in myeloid differentiation. We designed a Chromatin-UMI CRISPR guide library targeting 1092 epigenetic regulators. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of the chronic myeloid leukaemia cell line K-562 was used as a megakaryocytic myeloid differentiation model. Both previously described developmental epigenetic regulators and novel factors were identified in our screen. In this study, we validated and characterized a role for the chromatin remodeller CHD2 in myeloid proliferation and megakaryocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Palau
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenbo Dong
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenna Persson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden.,High Throughput Genome Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mickaël Durand-Dubief
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Peter Svensson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lennartsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Rom A, Melamed L, Gil N, Goldrich MJ, Kadir R, Golan M, Biton I, Perry RBT, Ulitsky I. Regulation of CHD2 expression by the Chaserr long noncoding RNA gene is essential for viability. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5092. [PMID: 31704914 PMCID: PMC6841665 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2 (Chd2) is a chromatin remodeller implicated in neurological disease. Here we show that Chaserr, a highly conserved long noncoding RNA transcribed from a region near the transcription start site of Chd2 and on the same strand, acts in concert with the CHD2 protein to maintain proper Chd2 expression levels. Loss of Chaserr in mice leads to early postnatal lethality in homozygous mice, and severe growth retardation in heterozygotes. Mechanistically, loss of Chaserr leads to substantially increased Chd2 mRNA and protein levels, which in turn lead to transcriptional interference by inhibiting promoters found downstream of highly expressed genes. We further show that Chaserr production represses Chd2 expression solely in cis, and that the phenotypic consequences of Chaserr loss are rescued when Chd2 is perturbed as well. Targeting Chaserr is thus a potential strategy for increasing CHD2 levels in haploinsufficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Rom
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liliya Melamed
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Gil
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Rotem Kadir
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Matan Golan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inbal Biton
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rotem Ben-Tov Perry
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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18
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Khanshour AM, Kou I, Fan Y, Einarsdottir E, Makki N, Kidane YH, Kere J, Grauers A, Johnson TA, Paria N, Patel C, Singhania R, Kamiya N, Takeda K, Otomo N, Watanabe K, Luk KDK, Cheung KMC, Herring JA, Rios JJ, Ahituv N, Gerdhem P, Gurnett CA, Song YQ, Ikegawa S, Wise CA. Genome-wide meta-analysis and replication studies in multiple ethnicities identify novel adolescent idiopathic scoliosis susceptibility loci. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3986-3998. [PMID: 30395268 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common musculoskeletal disorder of childhood development. The genetic architecture of AIS is complex, and the great majority of risk factors are undiscovered. To identify new AIS susceptibility loci, we conducted the first genome-wide meta-analysis of AIS genome-wide association studies, including 7956 cases and 88 459 controls from 3 ancestral groups. Three novel loci that surpassed genome-wide significance were uncovered in intragenic regions of the CDH13 (P-value_rs4513093 = 1.7E-15), ABO (P-value_ rs687621 = 7.3E-10) and SOX6 (P-value_rs1455114 = 2.98E-08) genes. Restricting the analysis to females improved the associations at multiple loci, most notably with variants within CDH13 despite the reduction in sample size. Genome-wide gene-functional enrichment analysis identified significant perturbation of pathways involving cartilage and connective tissue development. Expression of both SOX6 and CDH13 was detected in cartilage chondrocytes and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing experiments in that tissue revealed multiple HeK27ac-positive peaks overlapping associated loci. Our results further define the genetic architecture of AIS and highlight the importance of vertebral cartilage development in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas M Khanshour
- Sarah M. & Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ikuyo Kou
- Laboratory of Bone & Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yanhui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences & Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nadja Makki
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yared H Kidane
- Sarah M. & Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, K54 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Grauers
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, K54 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sundsvall and Härnösand County Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Todd A Johnson
- Laboratory of Bone & Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nandina Paria
- Sarah M. & Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chandreshkumar Patel
- McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Richa Singhania
- Sarah M. & Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Kazuki Takeda
- Laboratory of Bone & Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Otomo
- Laboratory of Bone & Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keith D K Luk
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M C Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John A Herring
- Sarah M. & Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan J Rios
- Sarah M. & Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Gerdhem
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, K54 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Karolinska University Hospital, K54 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone & Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carol A Wise
- Sarah M. & Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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19
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Cabrera-Salcedo C, Hawkes CP, Tyzinski L, Andrew M, Labilloy G, Campos D, Feld A, Deodati A, Hwa V, Hirschhorn JN, Grimberg A, Dauber A. Targeted Searches of the Electronic Health Record and Genomics Identify an Etiology in Three Patients with Short Stature and High IGF-I Levels. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 92:186-195. [PMID: 31865343 PMCID: PMC7173346 DOI: 10.1159/000504884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Short stature is one of the most common reasons for referral to a pediatric endocrinologist and can result from many etiologies. However, many patients with short stature do not receive a definitive diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether integrating targeted bioinformatics searches of electronic health records (EHRs) combined with genomic studies could identify patients with previously undiagnosed rare genetic etiologies of short stature. We focused on a specific rare phenotypic subgroup: patients with short stature and elevated IGF-I levels. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional cohort study at three large academic pediatric healthcare networks. Eligible subjects included children with heights below -2 SD, IGF-I levels >90th percentile, and no known etiology for short stature. We performed a search of the EHRs to identify eligible patients. Patients were then recruited for phenotyping followed by exome sequencing and in vitro assays of IGF1R function. RESULTS A total of 234 patients were identified by the bioinformatics algorithm with 39 deemed eligible after manual review (17%). Of those, 9 were successfully recruited. A genetic etiology was identified in 3 of the 9 patients including 2 novel variants in IGF1R and a de novo variant in CHD2. In vitro studies supported the pathogenicity of the IGF1R variants. CONCLUSIONS This study provides proof of principle that patients with rare phenotypic subgroups can be identified based on discrete data elements in the EHRs. Although limitations exist to fully automating this approach, these searches may help find patients with previously unidentified rare genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Cabrera-Salcedo
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Colin P. Hawkes
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah Tyzinski
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Melissa Andrew
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Division of Endocrinology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Guillaume Labilloy
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Diego Campos
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amalia Feld
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annalisa Deodati
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA,Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital-Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vivian Hwa
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, .,Division of Endocrinology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA, .,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA,
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20
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Kim YJ, Khoshkhoo S, Frankowski JC, Zhu B, Abbasi S, Lee S, Wu YE, Hunt RF. Chd2 Is Necessary for Neural Circuit Development and Long-Term Memory. Neuron 2018; 100:1180-1193.e6. [PMID: 30344048 PMCID: PMC6479120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests loss-of-function mutations in the chromatin remodeler CHD2 contribute to a broad spectrum of human neurodevelopmental disorders. However, it is unknown how CHD2 mutations lead to impaired brain function. Here we report mice with heterozygous mutations in Chd2 exhibit deficits in neuron proliferation and a shift in neuronal excitability that included divergent changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic function. Further in vivo experiments show that Chd2+/- mice displayed aberrant cortical rhythmogenesis and severe deficits in long-term memory, consistent with phenotypes observed in humans. We identified broad, age-dependent transcriptional changes in Chd2+/- mice, including alterations in neurogenesis, synaptic transmission, and disease-related genes. Deficits in interneuron density and memory caused by Chd2+/- were reproduced by Chd2 mutation restricted to a subset of inhibitory neurons and corrected by interneuron transplantation. Our results provide initial insight into how Chd2 haploinsufficiency leads to aberrant cortical network function and impaired memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Sattar Khoshkhoo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jan C Frankowski
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Bingyao Zhu
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Saad Abbasi
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ye Emily Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert F Hunt
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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21
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Kasah S, Oddy C, Basson MA. Autism-linked CHD gene expression patterns during development predict multi-organ disease phenotypes. J Anat 2018; 233:755-769. [PMID: 30277262 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent large-scale exome sequencing studies have identified mutations in several members of the CHD (Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding protein) gene family in neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations in the CHD2 gene have been linked to developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism and seizures, CHD8 mutations to autism and intellectual disability, whereas haploinsufficiency of CHD7 is associated with executive dysfunction and intellectual disability. In addition to these neurodevelopmental features, a wide range of other developmental defects are associated with mutants of these genes, especially with regards to CHD7 haploinsufficiency, which is the primary cause of CHARGE syndrome. Whilst the developmental expression of CHD7 has been reported previously, limited information on the expression of CHD2 and CHD8 during development is available. Here, we compare the expression patterns of all three genes during mouse development directly. We find high, widespread expression of these genes at early stages of development that gradually becomes restricted during later developmental stages. Chd2 and Chd8 are widely expressed in the developing central nervous system (CNS) at all stages of development, with moderate expression remaining in the neocortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and cerebellum of the postnatal brain. Similarly, Chd7 expression is seen throughout the CNS during late embryogenesis and early postnatal development, with strong enrichment in the cerebellum, but displays low expression in the cortex and neurogenic niches in early life. In addition to expression in the brain, novel sites of Chd2 and Chd8 expression are reported. These findings suggest additional roles for these genes in organogenesis and predict that mutation of these genes may predispose individuals to a range of other, non-neurological developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahrunizam Kasah
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Oddy
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Albert Basson
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
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22
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G-quadruplexes in the BAP1 promoter positively regulate its expression. Exp Cell Res 2018; 369:147-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Lamar KMJ, Carvill GL. Chromatin Remodeling Proteins in Epilepsy: Lessons From CHD2-Associated Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:208. [PMID: 29962935 PMCID: PMC6013553 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) family of proteins are ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers that contribute to the reorganization of chromatin structure and deposition of histone variants necessary to regulate gene expression. CHD proteins play an important role in neurodevelopment, as pathogenic variants in CHD1, CHD2, CHD4, CHD7 and CHD8 have been associated with a range of neurological phenotypes, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy. Pathogenic variants in CHD2 are associated with developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) in humans, however little is known about how these variants contribute to this disorder. Of the nine CHD family members, CHD2 is the only one that leads to a brain-restricted phenotype when disrupted in humans. This suggests that despite being expressed ubiquitously, CHD2 has a unique role in human brain development and function. In this review, we will discuss the phenotypic spectrum of patients with pathogenic variants in CHD2, current animal models of CHD2 deficiency, and the role of CHD2 in proliferation, neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, chromatin remodeling and DNA-repair. We also consider how CHD2 depletion can affect each of these biological mechanisms and how these defects may underpin neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay-Marie J Lamar
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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24
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Chen CP, Chen CY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Lai ST, Lee CC, Yang CW, Wang W. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a duplication of 15q24.2-q26.2 associated with anencephaly and neural tube defect. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 56:550-553. [PMID: 28805617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present molecular cytogenetic characterization of a duplication of 15q24.2-q26.2 associated with anencephaly and neural tube defect (NTD). CASE REPORT A 35-year-old pregnant woman was found to have a fetus with anencephaly by prenatal ultrasound at 12 weeks of gestation. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated, and a malformed fetus was delivered with anencephaly. Cytogenetic analysis of the cultured placental tissues revealed a karyotype of 46,XX,dup(15) (q24.2q26.2). Parental karyotypes were normal. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of the placental tissues revealed a 20.36-Mb duplication of 15q24.2-q26.2 encompassing 100 Online Mendelian Inheritance of in Man (OMIM) genes including LINGO1, MTHFS, KIF7 and CHD2. Metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using 15q25.1-specidic probe confirmed a duplication of 15q25.1. Polymorphic DNA marker analysis showed a maternal origin of the duplication. CONCLUSION A duplication of chromosome 15q24.2-q26.2 can be associated with NTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Yang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Mills AA. The Chromodomain Helicase DNA-Binding Chromatin Remodelers: Family Traits that Protect from and Promote Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026450. [PMID: 28096241 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of mutations in chromatin regulators in diverse human cancers is emerging, attesting to the pivotal role of chromatin dynamics in tumorigenesis. A recurrent theme is inactivation of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) family of proteins-ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers that govern the cellular machinery's access to DNA, thereby controlling fundamental processes, including transcription, proliferation, and DNA damage repair. This review highlights what is currently known about how genetic and epigenetic perturbation of CHD proteins and the pathways that they regulate set the stage for cancer, providing new insight for designing more effective anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 11724
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26
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Shen T, Ji F, Yuan Z, Jiao J. CHD2 is Required for Embryonic Neurogenesis in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1794-806. [PMID: 25786798 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2 (CHD2) has been associated with a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. However, it is largely unknown whether and how CHD2 is involved in brain development. Here, we demonstrate that CHD2 is predominantly expressed in Pax6(+) radial glial cells (RGs) but rarely expressed in Tbr2(+) intermediate progenitors (IPs). Importantly, the suppression of CHD2 expression inhibits the self-renewal of RGs and increases the generation of IPs and the production of neurons. CHD2 mediates these functions by directly binding to the genomic region of repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST), thereby regulating the expression of REST. Furthermore, the overexpression of REST rescues the defect in neurogenesis caused by CHD2 knockdown. Taken together, these findings demonstrate an essential role of CHD2 in the maintenance of the RGs self-renewal levels, the subsequent generation of IPs, and neuronal output during neurogenesis in cerebral cortical development, suggesting that inactivation of CHD2 during neurogenesis might contribute to abnormal neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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27
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Erickson RP. The importance of de novo mutations for pediatric neurological disease--It is not all in utero or birth trauma. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 767:42-58. [PMID: 27036065 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS, which consists of massively parallel sequencing to perform TGS (total genome sequencing) or WES (whole exome sequencing)) has abundantly discovered many causative mutations in patients with pediatric neurological disease. A surprisingly high number of these are de novo mutations which have not been inherited from either parent. For epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders, and neuromotor disorders, including cerebral palsy, initial estimates put the frequency of causative de novo mutations at about 15% and about 10% of these are somatic. There are some shared mutated genes between these three classes of disease. Studies of copy number variation by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) proceded the NGS approaches but they also detect de novo variation which is especially important for ASDs. There are interesting differences between the mutated genes detected by CGS and NGS. In summary, de novo mutations cause a very significant proportion of pediatric neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Erickson
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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28
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De Rubeis S, Buxbaum JD. Genetics and genomics of autism spectrum disorder: embracing complexity. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:R24-31. [PMID: 26188008 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) characterized by impairments in social communication and social interaction and the presence of repetitive behaviors and/or restricted interests. ASD has profound etiological and clinical heterogeneity, which has impeded the identification of risk factors and pathophysiological processes underlying the disorder. A constellation of (i) types of genetic variation, (ii) modes of inheritance and (iii) specific genomic loci and genes have all recently been implicated in ASD risk, and these findings are currently being extended with functional analyses in model organisms and genotype-phenotype correlation studies. The overlap of risk loci between ASD and other NDDs raises intriguing questions around the mechanisms of risk. In this review, we will touch upon these aspects of ASD and how they might be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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29
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Li W, Mills AA. Architects of the genome: CHD dysfunction in cancer, developmental disorders and neurological syndromes. Epigenomics 2015; 6:381-95. [PMID: 25333848 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin is vital to normal cells, and its deregulation contributes to a spectrum of human ailments. An emerging concept is that aberrant chromatin regulation culminates in gene expression programs that set the stage for the seemingly diverse pathologies of cancer, developmental disorders and neurological syndromes. However, the mechanisms responsible for such common etiology have been elusive. Recent evidence has implicated lesions affecting chromatin-remodeling proteins in cancer, developmental disorders and neurological syndromes, suggesting a common source for these different pathologies. Here, we focus on the chromodomain helicase DNA binding chromatin-remodeling family and the recent evidence for its deregulation in diverse pathological conditions, providing a new perspective on the underlying mechanisms and their implications for these prevalent human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangzhi Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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30
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Galizia EC, Myers CT, Leu C, de Kovel CGF, Afrikanova T, Cordero-Maldonado ML, Martins TG, Jacmin M, Drury S, Krishna Chinthapalli V, Muhle H, Pendziwiat M, Sander T, Ruppert AK, Møller RS, Thiele H, Krause R, Schubert J, Lehesjoki AE, Nürnberg P, Lerche H, Palotie A, Coppola A, Striano S, Gaudio LD, Boustred C, Schneider AL, Lench N, Jocic-Jakubi B, Covanis A, Capovilla G, Veggiotti P, Piccioli M, Parisi P, Cantonetti L, Sadleir LG, Mullen SA, Berkovic SF, Stephani U, Helbig I, Crawford AD, Esguerra CV, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DGA, Koeleman BPC, Mefford HC, Scheffer IE, Sisodiya SM. CHD2 variants are a risk factor for photosensitivity in epilepsy. Brain 2015; 138:1198-207. [PMID: 25783594 PMCID: PMC4407192 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitivity in epilepsy is common and has high heritability, but its genetic basis remains uncertain. Galizia et al. reveal an overrepresentation of unique variants of CHD2 — which encodes the transcriptional regulator ‘chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2’ — in photosensitive epilepsies, and show that chd2 knockdown in zebrafish causes photosensitivity. Photosensitivity is a heritable abnormal cortical response to flickering light, manifesting as particular electroencephalographic changes, with or without seizures. Photosensitivity is prominent in a very rare epileptic encephalopathy due to de novo CHD2 mutations, but is also seen in epileptic encephalopathies due to other gene mutations. We determined whether CHD2 variation underlies photosensitivity in common epilepsies, specific photosensitive epilepsies and individuals with photosensitivity without seizures. We studied 580 individuals with epilepsy and either photosensitive seizures or abnormal photoparoxysmal response on electroencephalography, or both, and 55 individuals with photoparoxysmal response but no seizures. We compared CHD2 sequence data to publicly available data from 34 427 individuals, not enriched for epilepsy. We investigated the role of unique variants seen only once in the entire data set. We sought CHD2 variants in 238 exomes from familial genetic generalized epilepsies, and in other public exome data sets. We identified 11 unique variants in the 580 individuals with photosensitive epilepsies and 128 unique variants in the 34 427 controls: unique CHD2 variation is over-represented in cases overall (P = 2·17 × 10−5). Among epilepsy syndromes, there was over-representation of unique CHD2 variants (3/36 cases) in the archetypal photosensitive epilepsy syndrome, eyelid myoclonia with absences (P = 3·50 × 10−4). CHD2 variation was not over-represented in photoparoxysmal response without seizures. Zebrafish larvae with chd2 knockdown were tested for photosensitivity. Chd2 knockdown markedly enhanced mild innate zebrafish larval photosensitivity. CHD2 mutation is the first identified cause of the archetypal generalized photosensitive epilepsy syndrome, eyelid myoclonia with absences. Unique CHD2 variants are also associated with photosensitivity in common epilepsies. CHD2 does not encode an ion channel, opening new avenues for research into human cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Galizia
- 1 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK 2 Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
| | | | - Costin Leu
- 1 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK 2 Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
| | - Carolien G F de Kovel
- 4 Department of Medical Genetics Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tatiana Afrikanova
- 5 Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Teresa G Martins
- 5 Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maxime Jacmin
- 5 Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Suzanne Drury
- 6 North East Thames Regional Genetics Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - V Krishna Chinthapalli
- 1 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK 2 Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- 7 Department of Neuropaediatrics, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- 7 Department of Neuropaediatrics, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Sander
- 8 Cologne Centre for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Rikke S Møller
- 9 Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark 10 Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Holger Thiele
- 8 Cologne Centre for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland Krause
- 5 Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Julian Schubert
- 11 Deptartment of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institut for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- 12 Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Neuroscience Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 13 Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- 8 Cologne Centre for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- 11 Deptartment of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institut for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Aarno Palotie
- 14 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK 15 Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 16 Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Antonietta Coppola
- 1 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK 2 Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK 17 Epilepsy Centre, Neurology Department, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Striano
- 17 Epilepsy Centre, Neurology Department, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Del Gaudio
- 17 Epilepsy Centre, Neurology Department, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Christopher Boustred
- 6 North East Thames Regional Genetics Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amy L Schneider
- 18 Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas Lench
- 6 North East Thames Regional Genetics Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Bosanka Jocic-Jakubi
- 19 Department of Child Neurology, Paediatric Clinic, Clinical Centre Nis, Serbia 20 Department of Paediatric Neurology, Paediatric Clinic, Al Sabah Hospital, Kuwait
| | - Athanasios Covanis
- 21 Neurology Department, The Children's Hospital Agia Sophia, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- 23 Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Via Mondino, 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy 24 Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Piccioli
- 25 Neurophysiopathology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- 26 Child Neurology, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cantonetti
- 27 Neurorehabilitation Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lynette G Sadleir
- 28 Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Saul A Mullen
- 29 Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- 18 Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulrich Stephani
- 7 Department of Neuropaediatrics, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingo Helbig
- 7 Department of Neuropaediatrics, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander D Crawford
- 5 Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Camila V Esguerra
- 30 Chemical Neuroscience Group, Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 31 Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bobby P C Koeleman
- 4 Department of Medical Genetics Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- 18 Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia 29 Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- 1 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK 2 Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
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31
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Micucci JA, Sperry ED, Martin DM. Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding proteins in stem cells and human developmental diseases. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:917-26. [PMID: 25567374 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of gene expression is vital for proper cellular development and maintenance of differentiated states. Over the past 20 years, chromatin remodeling and epigenetic modifications of histones have emerged as key controllers of rapid reversible changes in gene expression. Mutations in genes encoding enzymes that modify chromatin have also been identified in a variety of human neurodevelopmental disorders, ranging from isolated intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder to multiple congenital anomaly conditions that affect major organ systems and cause severe morbidity and mortality. In this study, we review recent evidence that chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) proteins regulate stem cell proliferation, fate, and differentiation in a wide variety of tissues and organs. We also highlight known roles of CHD proteins in human developmental diseases and present current unanswered questions about the pleiotropic effects of CHD protein complexes, their genetic targets, nucleosome sliding functions, and enzymatic effects in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Micucci
- 1 Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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32
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Thomas RH, Zhang LM, Carvill GL, Archer JS, Heavin SB, Mandelstam SA, Craiu D, Berkovic SF, Gill DS, Mefford HC, Scheffer IE. CHD2 myoclonic encephalopathy is frequently associated with self-induced seizures. Neurology 2015; 84:951-8. [PMID: 25672921 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the phenotype of early childhood epileptic encephalopathy due to de novo mutations of CHD2, which encodes the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2. METHODS We analyzed the medical history, MRI, and video-EEG recordings of 9 individuals with de novo CHD2 mutations and one with a de novo 15q26 deletion encompassing CHD2. RESULTS Seizures began at a mean of 26 months (12-42) with myoclonic seizures in all 10 cases. Seven exhibited exquisite clinical photosensitivity; 6 self-induced with the television. Absence seizures occurred in 9 patients including typical (4), atypical (2), and absence seizures with eyelid myoclonias (4). Generalized tonic-clonic seizures occurred in 9 of 10 cases with a mean onset of 5.8 years. Convulsive and nonconvulsive status epilepticus were later features (6/10, mean onset 9 years). Tonic (40%) and atonic (30%) seizures also occurred. In 3 cases, an unusual seizure type, the atonic-myoclonic-absence was captured on video. A phenotypic spectrum was identified with 7 cases having moderate to severe intellectual disability and refractory seizures including tonic attacks. Their mean age at onset was 23 months. Three cases had a later age at onset (34 months) with relative preservation of intellect and an initial response to antiepileptic medication. CONCLUSION The phenotypic spectrum of CHD2 encephalopathy has distinctive features of myoclonic epilepsy, marked clinical photosensitivity, atonic-myoclonic-absence, and intellectual disability ranging from mild to severe. Recognition of this genetic entity will permit earlier diagnosis and enable the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys H Thomas
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lin Mei Zhang
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - John S Archer
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sinéad B Heavin
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simone A Mandelstam
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dana Craiu
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deepak S Gill
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Heather C Mefford
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre (R.H.T., L.M.Z., J.S.A., S.B.H., S.A.M., S.F.B., I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics (R.H.T.), Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff University, UK; Department of Neurology (L.M.Z.), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (G.L.C., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics (S.A.M., I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Australia; Carol Davila University of Medicine (D.C.), Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and TY Nelson Department of Neurology (D.S.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
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Liu JC, Ferreira CG, Yusufzai T. Human CHD2 is a chromatin assembly ATPase regulated by its chromo- and DNA-binding domains. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:25-34. [PMID: 25384982 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.609156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2 (CHD2) is an ATPase and a member of the SNF2-like family of helicase-related enzymes. Although deletions of CHD2 have been linked to developmental defects in mice and epileptic disorders in humans, little is known about its biochemical and cellular activities. In this study, we investigate the ATP-dependent activity of CHD2 and show that CHD2 catalyzes the assembly of chromatin into periodic arrays. We also show that the N-terminal region of CHD2, which contains tandem chromodomains, serves an auto-inhibitory role in both the DNA-binding and ATPase activities of CHD2. While loss of the N-terminal region leads to enhanced chromatin-stimulated ATPase activity, the N-terminal region is required for ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling by CHD2. In contrast, the C-terminal region, which contains a putative DNA-binding domain, selectively senses double-stranded DNA of at least 40 base pairs in length and enhances the ATPase and chromatin remodeling activities of CHD2. Our study shows that the accessory domains of CHD2 play central roles in both regulating the ATPase domain and conferring selectivity to chromatin substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Liu
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 and Graduate Program: Molecules, Cells, and Organisms, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Catarina G Ferreira
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 and
| | - Timur Yusufzai
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 and
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15q26.1 microdeletion encompassing only CHD2 and RGMA in two adults with moderate intellectual disability, epilepsy and truncal obesity. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:520-3. [PMID: 24932903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report two patients with microdeletions in chromosomal subdomain 15q26.1 encompassing only two genes, CHD2 and RGMA. Both patients present a distinct phenotype with intellectual disability, epilepsy, behavioral issues, truncal obesity, scoliosis and facial dysmorphism. CHD2 haploinsufficiency is known to cause intellectual disability and epilepsy, RGMA haploinsufficiency might explain truncal obesity with onset around puberty observed in our two patients.
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Chénier S, Yoon G, Argiropoulos B, Lauzon J, Laframboise R, Ahn JW, Ogilvie CM, Lionel AC, Marshall CR, Vaags AK, Hashemi B, Boisvert K, Mathonnet G, Tihy F, So J, Scherer SW, Lemyre E, Stavropoulos DJ. CHD2 haploinsufficiency is associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy and neurobehavioural problems. J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:9. [PMID: 24834135 PMCID: PMC4022362 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chromodomain helicase DNA binding domain (CHD) proteins modulate gene expression via their ability to remodel chromatin structure and influence histone acetylation. Recent studies have shown that CHD2 protein plays a critical role in embryonic development, tumor suppression and survival. Like other genes encoding members of the CHD family, pathogenic mutations in the CHD2 gene are expected to be implicated in human disease. In fact, there is emerging evidence suggesting that CHD2 might contribute to a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite growing evidence, a description of the full phenotypic spectrum of this condition is lacking. Methods We conducted a multicentre study to identify and characterise the clinical features associated with haploinsufficiency of CHD2. Patients with deletions of this gene were identified from among broadly ascertained clinical cohorts undergoing genomic microarray analysis for developmental delay, congenital anomalies and/or autism spectrum disorder. Results Detailed clinical assessments by clinical geneticists showed recurrent clinical symptoms, including developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, behavioural problems and autism-like features without characteristic facial gestalt or brain malformations observed on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Parental analysis showed that the deletions affecting CHD2 were de novo in all four patients, and analysis of high-resolution microarray data derived from 26,826 unaffected controls showed no deletions of this gene. Conclusions The results of this study, in addition to our review of the literature, support a causative role of CHD2 haploinsufficiency in developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy and behavioural problems, with phenotypic variability between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Chénier
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12E Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Grace Yoon
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Julie Lauzon
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Rachel Laframboise
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Joo Wook Ahn
- Cytogenetics Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Caroline Mackie Ogilvie
- Cytogenetics Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anath C Lionel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Andrea K Vaags
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Cytopathology, Cytogenetics Laboratory, Calgary Laboratory Service and Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Bita Hashemi
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Karine Boisvert
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Géraldine Mathonnet
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, 3175, Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Frédérique Tihy
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, 3175, Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Joyce So
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lakeridge Health Oshawa, 1 Hospital Court, Oshawa, ON L1G 2B9, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Lemyre
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, 3175, Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Dimitri J Stavropoulos
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Suls A, Jaehn J, Kecskés A, Weber Y, Weckhuysen S, Craiu D, Siekierska A, Djémié T, Afrikanova T, Gormley P, von Spiczak S, Kluger G, Iliescu C, Talvik T, Talvik I, Meral C, Caglayan H, Giraldez B, Serratosa J, Lemke J, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Szczepanik E, Barisic N, Komarek V, Hjalgrim H, Møller R, Linnankivi T, Dimova P, Striano P, Zara F, Marini C, Guerrini R, Depienne C, Baulac S, Kuhlenbäumer G, Crawford A, Lehesjoki AE, de Witte P, Palotie A, Lerche H, Esguerra C, De Jonghe P, Helbig I. De novo loss-of-function mutations in CHD2 cause a fever-sensitive myoclonic epileptic encephalopathy sharing features with Dravet syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:967-75. [PMID: 24207121 PMCID: PMC3824114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome is a severe epilepsy syndrome characterized by infantile onset of therapy-resistant, fever-sensitive seizures followed by cognitive decline. Mutations in SCN1A explain about 75% of cases with Dravet syndrome; 90% of these mutations arise de novo. We studied a cohort of nine Dravet-syndrome-affected individuals without an SCN1A mutation (these included some atypical cases with onset at up to 2 years of age) by using whole-exome sequencing in proband-parent trios. In two individuals, we identified a de novo loss-of-function mutation in CHD2 (encoding chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2). A third CHD2 mutation was identified in an epileptic proband of a second (stage 2) cohort. All three individuals with a CHD2 mutation had intellectual disability and fever-sensitive generalized seizures, as well as prominent myoclonic seizures starting in the second year of life or later. To explore the functional relevance of CHD2 haploinsufficiency in an in vivo model system, we knocked down chd2 in zebrafish by using targeted morpholino antisense oligomers. chd2-knockdown larvae exhibited altered locomotor activity, and the epileptic nature of this seizure-like behavior was confirmed by field-potential recordings that revealed epileptiform discharges similar to seizures in affected persons. Both altered locomotor activity and epileptiform discharges were absent in appropriate control larvae. Our study provides evidence that de novo loss-of-function mutations in CHD2 are a cause of epileptic encephalopathy with generalized seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Suls
- Neurogenetics group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johanna A. Jaehn
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Angela Kecskés
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Neurogenetics group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dana C. Craiu
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic II, Departments of Neurology, Pediatric Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine, Sector 4, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, “Professor Doctor Alexandru Obregia” Clinical Hospital, Sector 4, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aleksandra Siekierska
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Djémié
- Neurogenetics group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Afrikanova
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Padhraig Gormley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah von Spiczak
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerhard Kluger
- Neuropädiatrie und Neurologische Rehabilitation, Epilepsiezentrum für Kinder und Jugendliche, Tagesklinik für Neuropädiatrie, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, 83569 Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Catrinel M. Iliescu
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic II, Departments of Neurology, Pediatric Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine, Sector 4, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, “Professor Doctor Alexandru Obregia” Clinical Hospital, Sector 4, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tiina Talvik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Children’s Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inga Talvik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Children’s Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cihan Meral
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, GATA Haydarpasa Teaching Hospital, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande S. Caglayan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beatriz G. Giraldez
- Epilepsy Unit, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Diaz and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Enfermedades Raras, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Serratosa
- Epilepsy Unit, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Diaz and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Enfermedades Raras, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes R. Lemke
- Division of Human Genetics, University Children’s Hospital Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Elzbieta Szczepanik
- Clinic of Neurology of Child and Adolescents, Institute of Mother and Child, 01211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nina Barisic
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Komarek
- Child Neurology Department, University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Helle Hjalgrim
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, 4293 Dianalund, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Tarja Linnankivi
- Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petia Dimova
- Clinic of Child Neurology, St. Naum University Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova and Gaslini Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Gaslini Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Carla Marini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, 50132 Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, 50132 Florence, Italy
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U975, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7225, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
- Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Unité Fonctionnelle de Neurogénétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Baulac
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U975, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7225, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), UMR_S 975, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Gregor Kuhlenbäumer
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander D. Crawford
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter A.M. de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Camila V. Esguerra
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingo Helbig
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Hoashi JS, Cahill PJ, Bennett JT, Samdani AF. Adolescent scoliosis classification and treatment. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2013; 24:173-83. [PMID: 23561556 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects up to 3% of the population. It can be stratified by curve type according to the Lenke classification. This classification system incorporates curve magnitude, flexibility, the lumbar modifier, and the sagittal plane. The Lenke classification serves as a guide for selection of levels for surgical treatment of AIS. Surgical treatment of AIS includes anterior and posterior approaches; most AIS is treated through a posterior approach. Surgical goals include maximizing correction in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Hoashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Capelli LP, Krepischi ACV, Gurgel-Giannetti J, Mendes MFS, Rodrigues T, Varela MC, Koiffmann CP, Rosenberg C. Deletion of the RMGA and CHD2 genes in a child with epilepsy and mental deficiency. Eur J Med Genet 2011; 55:132-4. [PMID: 22178256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel chromosome microdeletion at 15q26.1 detected by oligo-array-CGH in a 6-year-old girl presenting with global development delay, epilepsy, autistic behavior and facial dysmorphisms. Although these features are often present in Angelman syndrome, no alterations were present in the methylation pattern of the Prader-Willi-Angelman critical region. The deletion encompasses only 2 genes: CHD2, which is part of a gene family already involved in CHARGE syndrome, and RGMA which exerts a negative control on axon growth. Deletion of either or both genes could cause the phenotype of this patient. These results provide a further chromosome region requiring evaluation in patients presenting Angelman features.
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Jacobs-McDaniels NL, Albertson RC. Chd7 plays a critical role in controlling left-right symmetry during zebrafish somitogenesis. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2272-80. [PMID: 21901784 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Somitogenesis is a complex process during early vertebrate development involving interactions between many factors to form a bilateral somite series. A role for chromatin remodelers in somitogenesis has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we investigate the function of chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (chd7) during zebrafish somitogenesis. We show that Chd7 deficiency leads to asymmetric segmentation of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM), as revealed by expression of the somitogenesis genes, cdx1a, dlc, her7, mespa, and ripply1. Moreover, we show that abrogation of Chd7 results in the loss of asymmetric expression of spaw in the lateral plate mesoderm, which is consistent with more general laterality defects. Based on the observation that insufficient Chd7 leads to left-right asymmetry defects during PSM segmentation, and because CHD7 has been linked to human spinal deformities, we suggest that zebrafish chd7 morphants may be a good in vivo model to examine the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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40
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Kitazono AA. Optimized protocols and plasmids for in vivo cloning in yeast. Gene 2011; 484:86-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sarahan KA, Fisler JS, Warden CH. Four out of eight genes in a mouse chromosome 7 congenic donor region are candidate obesity genes. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1049-55. [PMID: 21730028 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00134.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a region of mouse chromosome 7 that influences body fat mass in F2 littermates of congenic × background intercrosses. Current analyses revealed that alleles in the donor region of the subcongenic B6.C-D7Mit318 (318) promoted a twofold increase in adiposity in homozygous lines of 318 compared with background C57BL/6ByJ (B6By) mice. Parent-of-origin effects were discounted through cross-fostering studies and an F1 reciprocal cross. Mapping of the donor region revealed that it has a maximal size of 2.8 Mb (minimum 1.8 Mb) and contains a maximum of eight protein coding genes. Quantitative PCR in whole brain, liver, and gonadal white adipose tissue (GWAT) revealed differential expression between genotypes for three genes in females and two genes in males. Alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 8B (St8sia2) showed reduced 318 mRNA levels in brain for females and males and in GWAT for females only. Both sexes of 318 mice had reduced Repulsive guidance molecule-a (Rgma) expression in GWAT. In brain, Family with sequence similarity 174 member b (Fam174b) had increased expression in 318 females, whereas Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2 (Chd2-2) had reduced expression in 318 males. No donor region genes were differentially expressed in liver. Sequence analysis of coding exons for all genes in the 318 donor region revealed only one single nucleotide polymorphism that produced a nonsynonymous missense mutation, Gln7Pro, in Fam174b. Our findings highlight the difficulty of using expression and sequence to identify quantitative trait genes underlying obesity even in small genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Sarahan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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42
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Gunaratne PH, Lin YC, Benham AL, Drnevich J, Coarfa C, Tennakoon JB, Creighton CJ, Kim JH, Milosavljevic A, Watson M, Griffiths-Jones S, Clayton DF. Song exposure regulates known and novel microRNAs in the zebra finch auditory forebrain. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:277. [PMID: 21627805 PMCID: PMC3118218 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an important model for neuroscience, songbirds learn to discriminate songs they hear during tape-recorded playbacks, as demonstrated by song-specific habituation of both behavioral and neurogenomic responses in the auditory forebrain. We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) may participate in the changing pattern of gene expression induced by song exposure. To test this, we used massively parallel Illumina sequencing to analyse small RNAs from auditory forebrain of adult zebra finches exposed to tape-recorded birdsong or silence. RESULTS In the auditory forebrain, we identified 121 known miRNAs conserved in other vertebrates. We also identified 34 novel miRNAs that do not align to human or chicken genomes. Five conserved miRNAs showed significant and consistent changes in copy number after song exposure across three biological replications of the song-silence comparison, with two increasing (tgu-miR-25, tgu-miR-192) and three decreasing (tgu-miR-92, tgu-miR-124, tgu-miR-129-5p). We also detected a locus on the Z sex chromosome that produces three different novel miRNAs, with supporting evidence from Northern blot and TaqMan qPCR assays for differential expression in males and females and in response to song playbacks. One of these, tgu-miR-2954-3p, is predicted (by TargetScan) to regulate eight song-responsive mRNAs that all have functions in cellular proliferation and neuronal differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The experience of hearing another bird singing alters the profile of miRNAs in the auditory forebrain of zebra finches. The response involves both known conserved miRNAs and novel miRNAs described so far only in the zebra finch, including a novel sex-linked, song-responsive miRNA. These results indicate that miRNAs are likely to contribute to the unique behavioural biology of learned song communication in songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi H Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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43
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Yamada K, Fukushi D, Ono T, Kondo Y, Kimura R, Nomura N, Kosaki KJ, Yamada Y, Mizuno S, Wakamatsu N. Characterization of a de novo balanced t(4;20)(q33;q12) translocation in a patient with mental retardation. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 152A:3057-67. [PMID: 21086493 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
CHD6 is an ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling enzyme, which has been implicated as a crucial component for maintaining and regulating chromatin structure. CHD6 belongs to the largest subfamily, subfamily III (CHD6-9), of the chromodomain helicase DNA (CHD-binding protein) family of enzymes (CHD1-9). Here we report on a female patient with a balanced translocation t(4;20)(q33;q12) presenting with severe mental retardation and brachydactyly of the toes. We identified the translocation breakpoint in intron 27 of CHD6 at 20q12, while the 4q33 breakpoint was intergenic. Northern blot analysis demonstrated the CHD6 mRNA in the patient's lymphoblastoid cells was decreased to ∼50% of the control cells. To investigate the cellular mechanism of diseases resulting from decreased CHD subfamily III proteins, we knocked down CHD6 or CHD7 by RNA interference in HeLa cells and analyzed chromosome alignment. The both CHD6- and CHD7-knockdown cells showed increased frequency of misaligned chromosomes on metaphase plates. Moreover, an elevated frequency of aneuploidy, the major cause of miscarriages and mental retardation, was observed in patients with CHD6 and CHD7 haploinsufficiency. These results suggest that CHD6 and CHD7 play important roles in chromatin assembly during mitosis and that mitotic delay and/or impaired cell proliferation may be associated with pathogenesis of the diseases caused by CHD6 or CHD7 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Yamada
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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Sharma S, Gao X, Londono D, Devroy SE, Mauldin KN, Frankel JT, Brandon JM, Zhang D, Li QZ, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA, Grant SFA, Hakonarson H, Dormans JP, Herring JA, Gordon D, Wise CA. Genome-wide association studies of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis suggest candidate susceptibility genes. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1456-66. [PMID: 21216876 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is an unexplained and common spinal deformity seen in otherwise healthy children. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood despite intensive investigation. Although genetic underpinnings are clear, replicated susceptibility loci that could provide insight into etiology have not been forthcoming. To address these issues, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of ∼327 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 419 AIS families. We found strongest evidence of association with chromosome 3p26.3 SNPs in the proximity of the CHL1 gene (P < 8 × 10(-8) for rs1400180). We genotyped additional chromosome 3p26.3 SNPs and tested replication in two follow-up case-control cohorts, obtaining strongest results when all three cohorts were combined (rs10510181 odds ratio = 1.49, 95% confidence interval = 1.29-1.73, P = 2.58 × 10(-8)), but these were not confirmed in a separate GWAS. CHL1 is of interest, as it encodes an axon guidance protein related to Robo3. Mutations in the Robo3 protein cause horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS), a rare disease marked by severe scoliosis. Other top associations in our GWAS were with SNPs in the DSCAM gene encoding an axon guidance protein in the same structural class with Chl1 and Robo3. We additionally found AIS associations with loci in CNTNAP2, supporting a previous study linking this gene with AIS. Cntnap2 is also of functional interest, as it interacts directly with L1 and Robo class proteins and participates in axon pathfinding. Our results suggest the relevance of axon guidance pathways in AIS susceptibility, although these findings require further study, particularly given the apparent genetic heterogeneity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarkar Sharma
- Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
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Harada A, Yoshimura S, Odawara J, Azuma M, Okada S, Nakamura M, Tachibana T, Ohkawa Y. Generation of a rat monoclonal antibody specific for CHD2. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 29:173-7. [PMID: 20443711 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2009.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CHD2 is a member of the CHD family that contains chromodomain, helicase domain as well as DNA-binding domain. The CHD family is involved in gene expression and transcription by ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. Analysis of mutant mouse revealed that CHD2 is involved in development as well as hematopoiesis, which suggests the involvement of CHD2 in gene expression. However, CHD2 has not yet been analyzed biochemically as there is no specific antibody against it. Here, we report on the establishment of specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) against CHD2 utilizing a rat medial iliac lymph node method. Through cell immunostaining utilizing established MAb to CHD2, we confirmed that CHD2 was localized in euchromatin. Additionally, IP-Western revealed that the expression level of full-length CHD2 did not change during the differentiation stage. Additionally, a specific signal was confirmed around 95 kDa at the undifferentiated stage. This clearly indicated that CHD2 was involved in specific gene expression at this stage. Thus, this antibody can contribute to elucidating the function of CHD2 in cell expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Harada
- Department of Epigenetics, SSP Stem Cell Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lathrop MJ, Chakrabarti L, Eng J, Rhodes CH, Lutz T, Nieto A, Liggitt HD, Warner S, Fields J, Stöger R, Fiering S. Deletion of the Chd6 exon 12 affects motor coordination. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:130-42. [PMID: 20111866 PMCID: PMC2844962 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the CHD protein family play key roles in gene regulation through ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. This is facilitated by chromodomains that bind histone tails, and by the SWI2/SNF2-like ATPase/helicase domain that remodels chromatin by moving histones. Chd6 is ubiquitously expressed in both mouse and human, with the highest levels of expression in the brain. The Chd6 gene contains 37 exons, of which exons 12-19 encode the highly conserved ATPase domain. To determine the biological role of Chd6, we generated mouse lines with a deletion of exon 12. Chd6 without exon 12 is expressed at normal levels in mice, and Chd6 Exon 12 −/− mice are viable, fertile, and exhibit no obvious morphological or pathological phenotype. Chd6 Exon 12 −/− mice lack coordination as revealed by sensorimotor analysis. Further behavioral testing revealed that the coordination impairment was not due to muscle weakness or bradykinesia. Histological analysis of brain morphology revealed no differences between Chd6 Exon 12 −/− mice and wild-type (WT) controls. The location of CHD6 on human chromosome 20q12 is overlapped by the linkage map regions of several human ataxias, including autosomal recessive infantile cerebellar ataxia (SCAR6), a nonprogressive cerebrospinal ataxia. The genomic location, expression pattern, and ataxic phenotype of Chd6 Exon 12 −/− mice indicate that mutations within CHD6 may be responsible for one of these ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Lathrop
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Nagarajan P, Onami TM, Rajagopalan S, Kania S, Donnell R, Venkatachalam S. Role of chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2 in DNA damage response signaling and tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2009; 28:1053-62. [PMID: 19137022 PMCID: PMC2648865 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The chromodomain helicase DNA-binding proteins (CHDs) are known to affect transcription through their ability to remodel chromatin and modulate histone deacetylation. In an effort to understand the functional role of the CHD2 in mammals, we have generated a Chd2 mutant mouse model. Remarkably, the Chd2 protein appears to play a critical role in the development, hematopoiesis and tumor suppression. The Chd2 heterozygous mutant mice exhibit increased extramedullary hematopoiesis and susceptibility to lymphomas. At the cellular level, Chd2 mutants are defective in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation, accumulate higher levels of the chromatin-associated DNA damage response mediator, gamma H2AX, and exhibit an aberrant DNA damage response after X-ray irradiation. Our data suggest a direct role for the chromatin remodeling protein in DNA damage signaling and genome stability maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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48
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Marfella CGA, Henninger N, LeBlanc SE, Krishnan N, Garlick DS, Holzman LB, Imbalzano AN. A mutation in the mouse Chd2 chromatin remodeling enzyme results in a complex renal phenotype. Kidney Blood Press Res 2009; 31:421-32. [PMID: 19142019 DOI: 10.1159/000190788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Glomerular diseases are the third leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, behind only diabetes and hypertension. The molecular mechanisms underlying the cause of glomerular diseases are still largely unknown. The identification and characterization of new molecules associated with glomerular function should provide new insights into understanding the diverse group of glomerular diseases. The Chd2 protein belongs to a family of enzymes involved in ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, suggesting that it likely functions as an epigenetic regulator of gene expression via the modification of chromatin structure. METHODS In this study, we present a detailed histomorphologic characterization of mice containing a mutation in the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2 (Chd2). RESULTS We show that Chd2-mutant mice present with glomerulopathy, proteinuria, and significantly impaired kidney function. Additionally, serum analysis revealed decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in Chd2-mutant mice, suggesting that the glomerulopathy observed in these mice is associated with anemia. CONCLUSION Collectively, the data suggest a role for the Chd2 protein in the maintenance of kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta G A Marfella
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass. 01655, USA
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