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Martin LJ, Pilipenko V, Kaufman KM, Cripe L, Kottyan LC, Keddache M, Dexheimer P, Weirauch MT, Benson DW. Whole exome sequencing for familial bicuspid aortic valve identifies putative variants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:677-83. [PMID: 25085919 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital cardiovascular malformation. Although highly heritable, few causal variants have been identified. The purpose of this study was to identify genetic variants underlying BAV by whole exome sequencing a multiplex BAV kindred. METHODS AND RESULTS Whole exome sequencing was performed on 17 individuals from a single family (BAV=3; other cardiovascular malformation, 3). Postvariant calling error control metrics were established after examining the relationship between Mendelian inheritance error rate and coverage, quality score, and call rate. To determine the most effective approach to identifying susceptibility variants from among 54 674 variants passing error control metrics, we evaluated 3 variant selection strategies frequently used in whole exome sequencing studies plus extended family linkage. No putative rare, high-effect variants were identified in all affected but no unaffected individuals. Eight high-effect variants were identified by ≥2 of the commonly used selection strategies; however, these were either common in the general population (>10%) or present in the majority of the unaffected family members. However, using extended family linkage, 3 synonymous variants were identified; all 3 variants were identified by at least one other strategy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that traditional whole exome sequencing approaches, which assume causal variants alter coding sense, may be insufficient for BAV and other complex traits. Identification of disease-associated variants is facilitated by the use of segregation within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Martin
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (L.J.M., V.P., K.M.K., L.C.K., M.K., P.D., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati OH (L.J.M., K.M.K., M.K., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus (L.C.); Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.).
| | - Valentina Pilipenko
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (L.J.M., V.P., K.M.K., L.C.K., M.K., P.D., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati OH (L.J.M., K.M.K., M.K., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus (L.C.); Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.)
| | - Kenneth M Kaufman
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (L.J.M., V.P., K.M.K., L.C.K., M.K., P.D., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati OH (L.J.M., K.M.K., M.K., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus (L.C.); Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.)
| | - Linda Cripe
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (L.J.M., V.P., K.M.K., L.C.K., M.K., P.D., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati OH (L.J.M., K.M.K., M.K., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus (L.C.); Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.)
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (L.J.M., V.P., K.M.K., L.C.K., M.K., P.D., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati OH (L.J.M., K.M.K., M.K., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus (L.C.); Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.)
| | - Mehdi Keddache
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (L.J.M., V.P., K.M.K., L.C.K., M.K., P.D., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati OH (L.J.M., K.M.K., M.K., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus (L.C.); Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.)
| | - Phillip Dexheimer
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (L.J.M., V.P., K.M.K., L.C.K., M.K., P.D., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati OH (L.J.M., K.M.K., M.K., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus (L.C.); Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.)
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (L.J.M., V.P., K.M.K., L.C.K., M.K., P.D., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati OH (L.J.M., K.M.K., M.K., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus (L.C.); Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.)
| | - D Woodrow Benson
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (L.J.M., V.P., K.M.K., L.C.K., M.K., P.D., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati OH (L.J.M., K.M.K., M.K., M.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus (L.C.); Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.).
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11
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Michelena HI, Prakash SK, Della Corte A, Bissell MM, Anavekar N, Mathieu P, Bossé Y, Limongelli G, Bossone E, Benson DW, Lancellotti P, Isselbacher EM, Enriquez-Sarano M, Sundt TM, Pibarot P, Evangelista A, Milewicz DM, Body SC. Bicuspid aortic valve: identifying knowledge gaps and rising to the challenge from the International Bicuspid Aortic Valve Consortium (BAVCon). Circulation 2014; 129:2691-704. [PMID: 24958752 PMCID: PMC4145814 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.007851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hector I Michelena
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.).
| | - Siddharth K Prakash
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Alessandro Della Corte
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Malenka M Bissell
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Nandan Anavekar
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Yohan Bossé
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - D Woodrow Benson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Eric M Isselbacher
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Maurice Enriquez-Sarano
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Thoralf M Sundt
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Artur Evangelista
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Simon C Body
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (H.I.M., N.A., M.E.-S.); Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (S.K.P., D.M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (A.D.C.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.B.); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada (P.M., Y.B., P.P.); Cardiologia SUN, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy (G.L.); Cardiology Division, "Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast" Hospital, Heart Department, University of Salerno, Italy (E.B.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (D.W.B.); University Hospital of Liège, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium (P.L.); Heart Center and Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (E.M.I.); Division of Cardiac Surgery and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (T.M.S.); Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.E.); and Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
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