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Salisbury SJ, Daniels RR, Monaghan SJ, Bron JE, Villamayor PR, Gervais O, Fast MD, Sveen L, Houston RD, Robinson N, Robledo D. Keratinocytes drive the epithelial hyperplasia key to sea lice resistance in coho salmon. BMC Biol 2024; 22:160. [PMID: 39075472 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonid species have followed markedly divergent evolutionary trajectories in their interactions with sea lice. While sea lice parasitism poses significant economic, environmental, and animal welfare challenges for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exhibit near-complete resistance to sea lice, achieved through a potent epithelial hyperplasia response leading to rapid louse detachment. The molecular mechanisms underlying these divergent responses to sea lice are unknown. RESULTS We characterized the cellular and molecular responses of Atlantic salmon and coho salmon to sea lice using single-nuclei RNA sequencing. Juvenile fish were exposed to copepodid sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), and lice-attached pelvic fin and skin samples were collected 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, and 60 h after exposure, along with control samples. Comparative analysis of control and treatment samples revealed an immune and wound-healing response that was common to both species, but attenuated in Atlantic salmon, potentially reflecting greater sea louse immunomodulation. Our results revealed unique but complementary roles of three layers of keratinocytes in the epithelial hyperplasia response leading to rapid sea lice rejection in coho salmon. Our results suggest that basal keratinocytes direct the expansion and mobility of intermediate and, especially, superficial keratinocytes, which eventually encapsulate the parasite. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the key role of keratinocytes in coho salmon's sea lice resistance and the diverged biological response of the two salmonid host species when interacting with this parasite. This study has identified key pathways and candidate genes that could be manipulated using various biotechnological solutions to improve Atlantic salmon sea lice resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Salisbury
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - R Ruiz Daniels
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S J Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - J E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - P R Villamayor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - O Gervais
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M D Fast
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - R D Houston
- Benchmark Genetics, 1 Pioneer BuildingMilton Bridge, Edinburgh TechnopolePenicuik, UK
| | - N Robinson
- Nofima AS, Tromsø, Norway.
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, 3225, Australia.
| | - D Robledo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Genetics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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2
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Morgan AT, Amor DJ, St John MD, Scheffer IE, Hildebrand MS. Genetic architecture of childhood speech disorder: a review. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1281-1292. [PMID: 38366112 PMCID: PMC11189821 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Severe speech disorders lead to poor literacy, reduced academic attainment and negative psychosocial outcomes. As early as the 1950s, the familial nature of speech disorders was recognized, implying a genetic basis; but the molecular genetic basis remained unknown. In 2001, investigation of a large three generational family with severe speech disorder, known as childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), revealed the first causative gene; FOXP2. A long hiatus then followed for CAS candidate genes, but in the past three years, genetic analysis of cohorts ascertained for CAS have revealed over 30 causative genes. A total of 36 pathogenic variants have been identified from 122 cases across 3 cohorts in this nascent field. All genes identified have been in coding regions to date, with no apparent benefit at this stage for WGS over WES in identifying monogenic conditions associated with CAS. Hence current findings suggest a remarkable one in three children have a genetic variant that explains their CAS, with significant genetic heterogeneity emerging. Around half of the candidate genes identified are currently supported by medium (6 genes) to strong (9 genes) evidence supporting the association between the gene and CAS. Despite genetic heterogeneity; many implicated proteins functionally converge on pathways involved in chromatin modification or transcriptional regulation, opening the door to precision diagnosis and therapies. Most of the new candidate genes for CAS are associated with previously described neurodevelopmental conditions that include intellectual disability, autism and epilepsy; broadening the phenotypic spectrum to a distinctly milder presentation defined by primary speech disorder in the setting of normal intellect. Insights into the genetic bases of CAS, a severe, rare speech disorder, are yet to translate to understanding the heritability of more common, typically milder forms of speech or language impairment such as stuttering or phonological disorder. These disorders likely follow complex inheritance with polygenic contributions in many cases, rather than the monogenic patterns that underly one-third of patients with CAS. Clinical genetic testing for should now be implemented for individuals with CAS, given its high diagnostic rate, which parallels many other neurodevelopmental disorders where this testing is already standard of care. The shared mechanisms implicated by gene discovery for CAS highlight potential new targets for future precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela T Morgan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Speech Pathology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Miya D St John
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael S Hildebrand
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Arunachalam V, Lea R, Hoy W, Lee S, Mott S, Savige J, Mathews JD, McMorran BJ, Nagaraj SH. Novel genetic markers for chronic kidney disease in a geographically isolated population of Indigenous Australians: Individual and multiple phenotype genome-wide association study. Genome Med 2024; 16:29. [PMID: 38347632 PMCID: PMC10860247 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent among Indigenous Australians, especially those in remote regions. The Tiwi population has been isolated from mainland Australia for millennia and exhibits unique genetic characteristics that distinguish them from other Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Notably, the rate of end-stage renal disease is up to 20 times greater in this population compared to non-Indigenous populations. Despite the identification of numerous genetic loci associated with kidney disease through GWAS, the Indigenous population such as Tiwi remains severely underrepresented and the increased prevalence of CKD in this population may be due to unique disease-causing alleles/genes. METHODS We used albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to estimate the prevalence of kidney disease in the Tiwi population (N = 492) in comparison to the UK Biobank (UKBB) (N = 134,724) database. We then performed an exploratory factor analysis to identify correlations among 10 CKD-related phenotypes and identify new multi-phenotype factors. We subsequently conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on all single and multiple phenotype factors using mixed linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, population stratification, and genetic relatedness between individuals. RESULTS Based on ACR, 20.3% of the population was at severely increased risk of CKD progression and showed elevated levels of ACR compared to the UKBB population independent of HbA1c. A GWAS of ACR revealed novel association loci in the genes MEG3 (chr14:100812018:T:A), RAB36 (rs11704318), and TIAM2 (rs9689640). Additionally, multiple phenotypes GWAS of ACR, eGFR, urine albumin, and serum creatinine identified a novel variant that mapped to the gene MEIS2 (chr15:37218869:A:G). Most of the identified variants were found to be either absent or rare in the UKBB population. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the Tiwi population's predisposition towards elevated ACR, and the collection of novel genetic variants associated with kidney function. These associations may prove valuable in the early diagnosis and treatment of renal disease in this underrepresented population. Additionally, further research is needed to comprehensively validate the functions of the identified variants/genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Arunachalam
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney Lea
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wendy Hoy
- Centre of chronic disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Lee
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Susan Mott
- Centre of chronic disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Judith Savige
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Mathews
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan J McMorran
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, The John Curtin of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shivashankar H Nagaraj
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Yamada M, Tanito K, Suzuki H, Nakato D, Miya F, Takenouchi T, Kosaki K. Café-au-lait Spots and Cleft Palate: Not a Chance Association. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023:10556656231188205. [PMID: 37448313 DOI: 10.1177/10556656231188205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition of syndromic forms of cleft palate is important for condition-specific management. Here, we report a patient with cleft palate, congenital heart disease, intellectual disability, and café-au-lait spots who had a deletion of chromosome 15q14. The identification of the precise breakpoints using a Nanopore-based long-read sequencer showed that the deletion spanned MEIS2 and SPRED1 loci. Cleft palate and café-au-lait spots can be ascribed to MEIS2 and SPRED1, respectively. Patients with cleft palate and café-au-lait spots should be encouraged to undergo a detailed genomic evaluation, including screening for a 15q14 deletion, to enable appropriate anticipatory medico-surgical management and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Yamada
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hisato Suzuki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakato
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Babina M, Franke K, Bal G. How "Neuronal" Are Human Skin Mast Cells? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810871. [PMID: 36142795 PMCID: PMC9505265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are evolutionarily old cells and the principal effectors in allergic responses and inflammation. They are seeded from the yolk sac during embryogenesis or are derived from hematopoietic progenitors and are therefore related to other leukocyte subsets, even though they form a separate clade in the hematopoietic system. Herein, we systematically bundle information from several recent high-throughput endeavors, especially those comparing MCs with other cell types, and combine such information with knowledge on the genes’ functions to reveal groups of neuronal markers specifically expressed by MCs. We focus on recent advances made regarding human tissue MCs, but also refer to studies in mice. In broad terms, genes hyper-expressed in MCs, but largely inactive in other myelocytes, can be classified into subcategories such as traffic/lysosomes (MLPH and RAB27B), the dopamine system (MAOB, DRD2, SLC6A3, and SLC18A2), Ca2+-related entities (CALB2), adhesion molecules (L1CAM and NTM) and, as an overall principle, the transcription factors and modulators of transcriptional activity (LMO4, PBX1, MEIS2, and EHMT2). Their function in MCs is generally unknown but may tentatively be deduced by comparison with other systems. MCs share functions with the nervous system, as they express typical neurotransmitters (histamine and serotonin) and a degranulation machinery that shares features with the neuronal apparatus at the synapse. Therefore, selective overlaps are plausible, and they further highlight the uniqueness of MCs within the myeloid system, as well as when compared with basophils. Apart from investigating their functional implications in MCs, a key question is whether their expression in the lineage is due to the specific reactivation of genes normally silenced in leukocytes or whether the genes are not switched off during mastocytic development from early progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Babina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristin Franke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Bal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Mary L, Leclerc D, Gilot D, Belaud-Rotureau MA, Jaillard S. The TALE never ends: A comprehensive overview of the role of PBX1, a TALE transcription factor, in human developmental defects. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1125-1148. [PMID: 35451537 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PBX1 is a highly conserved atypical homeodomain transcription factor (TF) belonging to the TALE (three amino acid loop extension) family. Dimerized with other TALE proteins, it can interact with numerous partners and reach dozens of regulating sequences, suggesting its role as a pioneer factor. PBX1 is expressed throughout the embryonic stages (as early as the blastula stage) in vertebrates. In human, PBX1 germline variations are linked to syndromic renal anomalies (CAKUTHED). In this review, we summarized available data on PBX1 functions, PBX1-deficient animal models, and PBX1 germline variations in humans. Two types of genetic alterations were identified in PBX1 gene. PBX1 missense variations generate a severe phenotype including lung hypoplasia, cardiac malformations, and sexual development defects (DSDs). Conversely, truncating variants generate milder phenotypes (mainly cryptorchidism and deafness). We suggest that defects in PBX1 interactions with various partners, including proteins from the HOX (HOXA7, HOXA10, etc.), WNT (WNT9B, WNT3), and Polycomb (BMI1, EED) families are responsible for abnormal proliferation and differentiation of the embryonic mesenchyme. These alterations could explain most of the defects observed in humans. However, some phenotype variability (especially DSDs) remains poorly understood. Further studies are needed to explore the TALE family in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mary
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)- UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Delphine Leclerc
- Inserm U1242, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Gilot
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- Inserm U1242, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Marc-Antoine Belaud-Rotureau
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)- UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)- UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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7
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Zhang B, Liu M, Fong CT, Iqbal MA. MEIS2 (15q14) gene deletions in siblings with mild developmental phenotypes and bifid uvula: documentation of mosaicism in an unaffected parent. Mol Cytogenet 2021; 14:58. [PMID: 34930369 PMCID: PMC8690878 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-021-00570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
MEIS2 (Meis homeobox 2) encodes a homeobox protein in the three amino acid loop extension (TALE) family of highly conserved homeodomain-containing transcription regulators important for development. MEIS2 deletions/mutations have been associated with cleft lip/palate, dysmorphic facial features, cardiac defects, as well as intellectual disability at a variable severity. Here we report on one familial case that two affected siblings carry the same non-mosaic ~ 423 kb genomic deletion at 15q14 encompassing the entirety of CDIN1 and the last three exons (ex. 10, 11, 12) of the MEIS2 gene, while their unaffected father is mosaic for the same deletion in about 10% lymphocytes. Both siblings presented with mild developmental delay and bifid uvula, while no congenital cardiac abnormalities were identified. The elder sister also showed syncopal episodes and mild speech delay and the father had atrial septal defects. This is the first report showing multiple family members inherit a genomic deletion resulting in a MEIS2 partial truncation from a mosaic parent. Taken all together, this study has important implications for genetic counseling regarding recurrence risk and also points to the importance of offering MEIS2 gene tests covering both point mutations and microdeletions to individuals with milder bifid uvula and developmental delay.
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8
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Li S, Cheng C, Lu L, Ma X, Zhang X, Li A, Chen J, Qian X, Gao X. Hearing Loss in Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:716300. [PMID: 34458270 PMCID: PMC8385440 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) affects approximately 466 million people worldwide, which is projected to reach 900 million by 2050. Its histological characteristics are lesions in cochlear hair cells, supporting cells, and auditory nerve endings. Neurological disorders cover a wide range of diseases affecting the nervous system, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), etc. Many studies have revealed that neurological disorders manifest with hearing loss, in addition to typical nervous symptoms. The prevalence, manifestations, and neuropathological mechanisms underlying vary among different diseases. In this review, we discuss the relevant literature, from clinical trials to research mice models, to provide an overview of auditory dysfunctions in the most common neurological disorders, particularly those associated with hearing loss, and to explain their underlying pathological and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, China
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Alankarage D, Szot JO, Pachter N, Slavotinek A, Selleri L, Shieh JT, Winlaw D, Giannoulatou E, Chapman G, Dunwoodie SL. Functional characterization of a novel PBX1 de novo missense variant identified in a patient with syndromic congenital heart disease. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1068-1082. [PMID: 31625560 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-B cell leukemia factor 1 (PBX1) is an essential developmental transcription factor, mutations in which have recently been associated with CAKUTHED syndrome, characterized by multiple congenital defects including congenital heart disease (CHD). During analysis of a whole-exome-sequenced cohort of heterogeneous CHD patients, we identified a de novo missense variant, PBX1:c.551G>C p.R184P, in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve and extra-cardiac phenotypes. Functional analysis of this variant by creating a CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited mouse model revealed multiple congenital anomalies. Congenital heart defects (persistent truncus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect), hypoplastic lungs, hypoplastic/ectopic kidneys, aplastic adrenal glands and spleen, as well as atretic trachea and palate defects were observed in the homozygous mutant embryos at multiple stages of development. We also observed developmental anomalies in a proportion of heterozygous embryos, suggestive of a dominant mode of inheritance. Analysis of gene expression and protein levels revealed that although Pbx1 transcripts are higher in homozygotes, amounts of PBX1 protein are significantly decreased. Here, we have presented the first functional model of a missense PBX1 variant and provided strong evidence that p.R184P is disease-causal. Our findings also expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with pathogenic PBX1 variants in both humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimuthu Alankarage
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Department of Embryology, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin O Szot
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Department of Embryology, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
| | - Nick Pachter
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Western Australia, 6008 Perth, Australia.,University of Western Australia, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94158 CA, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143 CA, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143 CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143 CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143 CA, USA
| | - Joseph T Shieh
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94158 CA, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143 CA, USA
| | - David Winlaw
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Department of Embryology, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia.,Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, 2145 Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006 Sydney, Australia
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Department of Embryology, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, St Vincent's Clinical School, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
| | - Gavin Chapman
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Department of Embryology, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, St Vincent's Clinical School, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Department of Embryology, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, St Vincent's Clinical School, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
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10
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Fabik J, Psutkova V, Machon O. The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches-From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7529. [PMID: 34299147 PMCID: PMC8303155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandibular and hyoid arches collectively make up the facial skeleton, also known as the viscerocranium. Although all three germ layers come together to assemble the pharyngeal arches, the majority of tissue within viscerocranial skeletal components differentiates from the neural crest. Since nearly one third of all birth defects in humans affect the craniofacial region, it is important to understand how signalling pathways and transcription factors govern the embryogenesis and skeletogenesis of the viscerocranium. This review focuses on mouse and zebrafish models of craniofacial development. We highlight gene regulatory networks directing the patterning and osteochondrogenesis of the mandibular and hyoid arches that are actually conserved among all gnathostomes. The first part of this review describes the anatomy and development of mandibular and hyoid arches in both species. The second part analyses cell signalling and transcription factors that ensure the specificity of individual structures along the anatomical axes. The third part discusses the genes and molecules that control the formation of bone and cartilage within mandibular and hyoid arches and how dysregulation of molecular signalling influences the development of skeletal components of the viscerocranium. In conclusion, we notice that mandibular malformations in humans and mice often co-occur with hyoid malformations and pinpoint the similar molecular machinery controlling the development of mandibular and hyoid arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Psutkova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
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11
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A novel MEIS2 mutation explains the complex phenotype in a boy with a typical NF1 microdeletion syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104190. [PMID: 33722742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Concurrence of distinct genetic conditions in the same patient is not rare. Several cases involving neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have recently been reported, indicating the need for more extensive molecular analysis when phenotypic features cannot be explained by a single gene mutation. Here, we describe the clinical presentation of a boy with a typical NF1 microdeletion syndrome complicated by cleft palate and other dysmorphic features, hypoplasia of corpus callosum, and partial bicoronal craniosynostosis caused by a novel 2bp deletion in exon 2 of Meis homeobox 2 gene (MEIS2) inherited from the mildly affected father. This is only the second case of an inherited MEIS2 intragenic mutation reported to date. MEIS2 is known to be associated with cleft palate, intellectual disability, heart defects, and dysmorphic features. Our clinical report suggests that this gene may also have a role in cranial morphogenesis in humans, as previously observed in animal models.
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12
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Gangfuß A, Yigit G, Altmüller J, Nürnberg P, Czeschik JC, Wollnik B, Bögershausen N, Burfeind P, Wieczorek D, Kaiser F, Roos A, Kölbel H, Schara-Schmidt U, Kuechler A. Intellectual disability associated with craniofacial dysmorphism, cleft palate, and congenital heart defect due to a de novo MEIS2 mutation: A clinical longitudinal study. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1216-1221. [PMID: 33427397 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) has an estimated prevalence of 1.5%-2%. Whole exome sequencing (WES) studies have identified a multitude of novel causative gene defects and have shown that sporadic ID cases result from de novo mutations in genes associated with ID. Here, we report on a 10-year-old girl, who has been regularly presented in our neuropediatric and genetic outpatient clinic. A median cleft palate and a heart defect were surgically corrected in infancy. Apart from ID, she has behavioral anomalies, muscular hypotonia, scoliosis, and hypermobile joints. The facial phenotype is characterized by arched eyebrows, mildly upslanting long palpebral fissures, prominent nasal tip, and large, protruding ears. Trio WES revealed a de novo missense variant in MEIS2 (c.998G>A; p.Arg333Lys). Haploinsufficiency of MEIS2 had been discussed as the most likely mechanism of the microdeletion 5q14-associated complex phenotype with ID, cleft palate, and heart defect. Recently, four studies including in total 17 individuals with intragenic MEIS2 variants were reported. Here we present the evolution of the clinical phenotype and compare with the data of known individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gangfuß
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nina Bögershausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Burfeind
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg - Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Kaiser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg - Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heike Kölbel
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schara-Schmidt
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg - Essen, Essen, Germany
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13
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Su JX, Velsher LS, Juusola J, Nezarati MM. MEIS2 sequence variant in a child with intellectual disability and cardiac defects: Expansion of the phenotypic spectrum and documentation of low-level mosaicism in an unaffected parent. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:300-303. [PMID: 33091211 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Deletions and pathogenic sequence variants in Myeloid Ecotropic Insertion Site 2 (MEIS2) gene have been reported to cause a recognizable triad of intellectual disability, congenital heart malformations, and palatal defects. To date, 18 individuals with de novo pathogenic sequence variants in MEIS2 have been reported in the literature, most with all three cardinal features. We recently saw a young boy, almost 3 years of age, who was known to have mosaic XYY syndrome (47,XYY [23]/46,XY[7]). He presented with atrial and ventricular septal defects, developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, gastroesophageal reflux, undescended testicle, a buried penis with penoscrotal transposition, primary neutropenia, and a branchial cleft sinus. Whole-exome sequencing identified a previously reported in-frame pathogenic deletion (c.998_1000delGAA; p.R333del; NM_170674.4) in MEIS2. His unaffected father was confirmed to have low-level mosaicism for the same MEIS2 variant. The proband represents the 19th reported individual with a pathogenic sequence variant in MEIS2 and expands the phenotypic spectrum to include primary neutropenia, branchial anomalies, and complex genital anomalies. Furthermore, to our knowledge this is the first reported case of mosaicism for a variant in this gene in an apparently unaffected parent. This finding would have implications for recurrence risk counseling for families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia X Su
- Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lea S Velsher
- Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Marjan M Nezarati
- Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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14
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Fabik J, Kovacova K, Kozmik Z, Machon O. Neural crest cells require Meis2 for patterning the mandibular arch via the Sonic hedgehog pathway. Biol Open 2020; 9:9/6/bio052043. [PMID: 32616504 PMCID: PMC7331463 DOI: 10.1242/bio.052043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial neural crest cells (cNCCs) originate in the anterior neural tube and populate pharyngeal arches in which they contribute to formation of bone and cartilage. This cell population also provides molecular signals for the development of tissues of non-neural crest origin, such as the tongue muscles, teeth enamel or gland epithelium. Here we show that the transcription factor Meis2 is expressed in the oral region of the first pharyngeal arch (PA1) and later in the tongue primordium. Conditional inactivation of Meis2 in cNCCs resulted in loss of Sonic hedgehog signalling in the oropharyngeal epithelium and impaired patterning of PA1 along the lateral-medial and oral-aboral axis. Failure of molecular specification of PA1, illustrated by altered expression of Hand1/2, Dlx5, Barx1, Gsc and other markers, led to hypoplastic tongue and ectopic ossification of the mandible. Meis2-mutant mice thus display craniofacial defects that are reminiscent of several human syndromes and patients with mutations in the Meis2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Kovacova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic .,Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
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15
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Liu H, Barnes J, Pedrosa E, Herman NS, Salas F, Wang P, Zheng D, Lachman HM. Transcriptome analysis of neural progenitor cells derived from Lowe syndrome induced pluripotent stem cells: identification of candidate genes for the neurodevelopmental and eye manifestations. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:14. [PMID: 32393163 PMCID: PMC7212686 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lowe syndrome (LS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene OCRL, which codes for an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase that plays a key role in endosome recycling, clathrin-coated pit formation, and actin polymerization. It is characterized by congenital cataracts, intellectual and developmental disability, and renal proximal tubular dysfunction. Patients are also at high risk for developing glaucoma and seizures. We recently developed induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from three patients with LS who have hypomorphic variants affecting the 3' end of the gene, and their neurotypical brothers to serve as controls. METHODS In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to obtain transcriptome profiles in LS and control neural progenitor cells (NPCs). RESULTS In a comparison of the patient and control NPCs (n = 3), we found 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the multiple test adjusted p value (padj) < 0.1, with nine at padj < 0.05. Using nominal p value < 0.05, 319 DEGs were detected. The relatively small number of DEGs could be due to the fact that OCRL is not a transcription factor per se, although it could have secondary effects on gene expression through several different mechanisms. Although the number of DEGs passing multiple test correction was small, those that were found are quite consistent with some of the known molecular effects of OCRL protein, and the clinical manifestations of LS. Furthermore, using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we found that genes increased expression in the patient NPCs showed enrichments of several gene ontology (GO) terms (false discovery rate < 0.25): telencephalon development, pallium development, NPC proliferation, and cortex development, which are consistent with a condition characterized by intellectual disabilities and psychiatric manifestations. In addition, a significant enrichment among the nominal DEGs for genes implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was found (e.g., AFF2, DNER, DPP6, DPP10, RELN, CACNA1C), as well as several that are strong candidate genes for the development of eye problems found in LS, including glaucoma. The most notable example is EFEMP1, a well-known candidate gene for glaucoma and other eye pathologies. CONCLUSION Overall, the RNA-seq findings present several candidate genes that could help explain the underlying basis for the neurodevelopmental and eye problems seen in boys with LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jesse Barnes
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Franklin Salas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Herbert M. Lachman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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16
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Giliberti A, Currò A, Papa FT, Frullanti E, Ariani F, Coriolani G, Grosso S, Renieri A, Mari F. MEIS2 gene is responsible for intellectual disability, cardiac defects and a distinct facial phenotype. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Schulte D, Geerts D. MEIS transcription factors in development and disease. Development 2019; 146:146/16/dev174706. [PMID: 31416930 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MEIS transcription factors are key regulators of embryonic development and cancer. Research on MEIS genes in the embryo and in stem cell systems has revealed novel and surprising mechanisms by which these proteins control gene expression. This Primer summarizes recent findings about MEIS protein activity and regulation in development, and discusses new insights into the role of MEIS genes in disease, focusing on the pathogenesis of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Schulte
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Medical Biology L2-109, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Sun C, Liu H, Si K, Wu Y, Zhao K, Xu R, Zhou Z, Zheng Z. Meis2 represses the osteoblastic transdifferentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells through the Notch1/Twist1 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:455-461. [PMID: 30594396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common valvular disease worldwide. The osteoblastic transdifferentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) is the essential process of CAVD, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Aortic VICs are generated from epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration of neural crest cells (NCCs).Meis2 has been associated with EMT and NCCs migration during development, but its role in CAVD is unknown. This study aims to elucidate the specific functions of Meis2 and its downstream targets in aortic valve calcification. MATERIAL AND METHODS Levels of Meis2 were examined in calcified (n = 30) and normal (n = 30) human aortic valve tissues, respectively. Meis2 was inhibited in porcine aortic VICs in vitro, and the effect on osteoblastic transdifferentiation and its downstream pathway were studied. RESULTS Meis2 gene and protein expression decreased significantly in calcified human aortic valve tissue compared with the normal ones. Inhibiting Meis2 by siRNAs reduced the gene and protein expression of Notch1 and Twist1, and induced the osteoblastic transdifferentiation of the porcine aortic VICs in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated that Meis2 repress the osteoblastic transdifferentiation of aortic VICs through the Notch1/Twist1 signaling pathway. The Results identify Meis2 as a potential intervention target for the prevention of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanning Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Si
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Wu
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixia Xu
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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