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Lara MK, Chitre AS, Chen D, Johnson BB, Nguyen K, Cohen KA, Muckadam SA, Lin B, Ziegler S, Beeson A, Sanches TM, Solberg Woods LC, Polesskaya O, Palmer AA, Mitchell SH. Genome-wide association study of delay discounting in Heterogeneous Stock rats. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 23:e12909. [PMID: 39119916 PMCID: PMC11310854 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Delay discounting refers to the behavioral tendency to devalue rewards as a function of their delay in receipt. Heightened delay discounting has been associated with substance use disorders and multiple co-occurring psychopathologies. Human and animal genetic studies have established that delay discounting is heritable, but only a few associated genes have been identified. We aimed to identify novel genetic loci associated with delay discounting through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Heterogeneous Stock (HS) rats, a genetically diverse outbred population derived from eight inbred founder strains. We assessed delay discounting in 650 male and female HS rats using an adjusting amount procedure in which rats chose between smaller immediate sucrose rewards or a larger reward at various delays. Preference switch points were calculated and both exponential and hyperbolic functions were fitted to these indifference points. Area under the curve (AUC) and the discounting parameter k of both functions were used as delay discounting measures. GWAS for AUC, exponential k, and one indifference point identified significant loci on chromosomes 20 and 14. The gene Slc35f1, which encodes a member of the solute carrier family, was the sole gene within the chromosome 20 locus. That locus also contained an eQTL for Slc35f1, suggesting that heritable differences in the expression might be responsible for the association with behavior. Adgrl3, which encodes a latrophilin subfamily G-protein coupled receptor, was the sole gene within the chromosome 14 locus. These findings implicate novel genes in delay discounting and highlight the need for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana Kay Lara
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Apurva S. Chitre
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Denghui Chen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Benjamin B. Johnson
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Khai‐Minh Nguyen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katarina A. Cohen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sakina A. Muckadam
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bonnie Lin
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shae Ziegler
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Angela Beeson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWake Forest UniversityWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Thiago M. Sanches
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Leah C. Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWake Forest UniversityWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Genomic MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Suzanne H. Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Psychiatry, the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health SciencesOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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Lara MK, Chitre AS, Chen D, Johnson BB, Nguyen KM, Cohen KA, Muckadam SA, Lin B, Ziegler S, Beeson A, Sanches T, Solberg Woods LC, Polesskaya O, Palmer AA, Mitchell SH. Genome-wide association study of delay discounting in Heterogenous Stock rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.12.570851. [PMID: 38168347 PMCID: PMC10760013 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.570851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Delay discounting refers to the behavioral tendency to devalue rewards as a function of their delay in receipt. Heightened delay discounting has been associated with substance use disorders, as well as multiple co-occurring psychopathologies. Genetic studies in humans and animal models have established that delay discounting is a heritable trait, but only a few specific genes have been associated with delay discounting. Here, we aimed to identify novel genetic loci associated with delay discounting through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Heterogenous Stock rats, a genetically diverse outbred population derived from eight inbred founder strains. We assessed delay discounting in 650 male and female rats using an adjusting amount procedure in which rats chose between smaller immediate sucrose rewards or a larger reward at variable delays. Preference switch points were calculated for each rat and both exponential and hyperbolic functions were fitted to these indifference points. Area under the curve (AUC) and the discounting parameter k of both functions were used as delay discounting measures. GWAS for AUC, exponential k, and indifference points for a short delay identified significant loci on chromosomes 20 and 14. The gene Slc35f1, which encodes a member of the solute carrier family of nucleoside sugar transporters, was the only gene within the chromosome 20 locus. That locus also contained an eQTL for Slc35f1, suggesting that heritable differences in the expression of that gene might be responsible for the association with behavior. The gene Adgrl3, which encodes a member of the latrophilin family of G-protein coupled receptors, was the only gene within the chromosome 14 locus. These findings implicate novel genes in delay discounting and highlight the need for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana Kay Lara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Apurva S. Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Denghui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Khai-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Katarina A. Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sakina A. Muckadam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bonnie Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shae Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Angela Beeson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Thiago Sanches
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Leah C. Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Suzanne H. Mitchell
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, Psychiatry, the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239 USA
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Morin A, Chu ECP, Sharma A, Adrian-Hamazaki A, Pavlidis P. Characterizing the targets of transcription regulators by aggregating ChIP-seq and perturbation expression data sets. Genome Res 2023; 33:763-778. [PMID: 37308292 PMCID: PMC10317128 DOI: 10.1101/gr.277273.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mapping the gene targets of chromatin-associated transcription regulators (TRs) is a major goal of genomics research. ChIP-seq of TRs and experiments that perturb a TR and measure the differential abundance of gene transcripts are a primary means by which direct relationships are tested on a genomic scale. It has been reported that there is a poor overlap in the evidence across gene regulation strategies, emphasizing the need for integrating results from multiple experiments. Although research consortia interested in gene regulation have produced a valuable trove of high-quality data, there is an even greater volume of TR-specific data throughout the literature. In this study, we show a workflow for the identification, uniform processing, and aggregation of ChIP-seq and TR perturbation experiments for the ultimate purpose of ranking human and mouse TR-target interactions. Focusing on an initial set of eight regulators (ASCL1, HES1, MECP2, MEF2C, NEUROD1, PAX6, RUNX1, and TCF4), we identified 497 experiments suitable for analysis. We used this corpus to examine data concordance, to identify systematic patterns of the two data types, and to identify putative orthologous interactions between human and mouse. We build upon commonly used strategies to forward a procedure for aggregating and combining these two genomic methodologies, assessing these rankings against independent literature-curated evidence. Beyond a framework extensible to other TRs, our work also provides empirically ranked TR-target listings, as well as transparent experiment-level gene summaries for community use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Morin
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Eric Ching-Pan Chu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Aman Sharma
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alex Adrian-Hamazaki
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Paul Pavlidis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Ehlers JS, Bracke K, von Bohlen Und Halbach V, Siegerist F, Endlich N, von Bohlen Und Halbach O. Morphological and behavioral analysis of Slc35f1-deficient mice revealed no neurodevelopmental phenotype. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:895-906. [PMID: 36951990 PMCID: PMC10147817 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
SLC35F1 is a member of the sugar-like carrier (SLC) superfamily that is expressed in the mammalian brain. Malfunction of SLC35F1 in humans is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. To get insight into the possible roles of Slc35f1 in the brain, we generated Slc35f1-deficient mice. The Slc35f1-deficient mice are viable and survive into adulthood, which allowed examining adult Slc35f1-deficient mice on the anatomical as well as behavioral level. In humans, mutation in the SLC35F1 gene can induce a Rett syndrome-like phenotype accompanied by intellectual disability (Fede et al. Am J Med Genet A 185:2238-2240, 2021). The Slc35f1-deficient mice, however, display only a very mild phenotype and no obvious deficits in learning and memory as, e.g., monitored with the novel object recognition test or the Morris water maze test. Moreover, neuroanatomical parameters of neuronal plasticity (as dendritic spines and adult hippocampal neurogenesis) are also unaltered. Thus, Slc35f1-deficient mice display no major alterations that resemble a neurodevelopmental phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sophie Ehlers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich Loeffler Str. 23C, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Bracke
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich Loeffler Str. 23C, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Viola von Bohlen Und Halbach
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich Loeffler Str. 23C, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Siegerist
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich Loeffler Str. 23C, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich Loeffler Str. 23C, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver von Bohlen Und Halbach
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich Loeffler Str. 23C, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
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Di Fede E, Peron A, Colombo EA, Gervasini C, Vignoli A. SLC35F1 as a candidate gene for neurodevelopmental disorders resembling Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2238-2240. [PMID: 33821533 PMCID: PMC8251800 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Fede
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Peron
- Human Pathology and Medical Genetics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elisa Adele Colombo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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