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Membrane Lipids in Presynaptic Function and Disease. Neuron 2016; 90:11-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Stahelin RV, Scott JL, Frick CT. Cellular and molecular interactions of phosphoinositides and peripheral proteins. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 182:3-18. [PMID: 24556335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anionic lipids act as signals for the recruitment of proteins containing cationic clusters to biological membranes. A family of anionic lipids known as the phosphoinositides (PIPs) are low in abundance, yet play a critical role in recruitment of peripheral proteins to the membrane interface. PIPs are mono-, bis-, or trisphosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PI) yielding seven species with different structure and anionic charge. The differential spatial distribution and temporal appearance of PIPs is key to their role in communicating information to target proteins. Selective recognition of PIPs came into play with the discovery that the substrate of protein kinase C termed pleckstrin possessed the first PIP binding region termed the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Since the discovery of the PH domain, more than ten PIP binding domains have been identified including PH, ENTH, FYVE, PX, and C2 domains. Representative examples of each of these domains have been thoroughly characterized to understand how they coordinate PIP headgroups in membranes, translocate to specific membrane docking sites in the cell, and function to regulate the activity of their full-length proteins. In addition, a number of novel mechanisms of PIP-mediated membrane association have emerged, such as coincidence detection-specificity for two distinct lipid headgroups. Other PIP-binding domains may also harbor selectivity for a membrane physical property such as charge or membrane curvature. This review summarizes the current understanding of the cellular distribution of PIPs and their molecular interaction with peripheral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN 46617, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States.
| | - Jordan L Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Cary T Frick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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Mehta D, Iwamoto K, Ueda J, Bundo M, Adati N, Kojima T, Kato T. Comprehensive survey of CNVs influencing gene expression in the human brain and its implications for pathophysiology. Neurosci Res 2013; 79:22-33. [PMID: 24211644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to neuropsychiatric diseases, which may be partly mediated by their effects on gene expression. However, few studies have assessed the influence of CNVs on gene expression in the brain. The objective was to perform an unbiased comprehensive survey of influence of CNVs on gene expression in human brain tissues. CNV regions (CNVRs) were identified in 72 individuals (23 schizophrenia, 23 bipolar disorder and 26 controls). Significant associations between the CNVRs and gene expression levels were observed for 583 CNVR-expression probe pairs (293 unique eCNVRs and 429 unique transcripts), after corrections for multiple testing and controlling the effect of the number of subjects with CNVRs by label swapping permutations. These CNVRs affecting gene expression (eCNVRs) were significantly enriched for rare/low frequency (p=1.087×10(-10)) and gene-harboring CNVRs (p=1.4×10(-6)). Transcripts overlapping CNVRs were significantly enriched for glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress only for cases but not for controls. Moreover, 72 (24.6%) of eCNVRs were located within the chromosomal aberration regions implicated in psychiatric-disorders: 16p11.2, 1q21.1, 22q11.2, 3q29, 15q11.2, 17q12 and 16p13.1. These results shed light on the mechanism of how CNVs confer a risk for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mehta
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Junko Ueda
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Miki Bundo
- Department of Molecular Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Naoki Adati
- Comparative Systems Biology Team, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshio Kojima
- Comparative Systems Biology Team, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) make up only a small fraction of cellular phospholipids, yet they control almost all aspects of a cell's life and death. These lipids gained tremendous research interest as plasma membrane signaling molecules when discovered in the 1970s and 1980s. Research in the last 15 years has added a wide range of biological processes regulated by PIs, turning these lipids into one of the most universal signaling entities in eukaryotic cells. PIs control organelle biology by regulating vesicular trafficking, but they also modulate lipid distribution and metabolism via their close relationship with lipid transfer proteins. PIs regulate ion channels, pumps, and transporters and control both endocytic and exocytic processes. The nuclear phosphoinositides have grown from being an epiphenomenon to a research area of its own. As expected from such pleiotropic regulators, derangements of phosphoinositide metabolism are responsible for a number of human diseases ranging from rare genetic disorders to the most common ones such as cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that a number of infectious agents hijack the PI regulatory systems of host cells for their intracellular movements, replication, and assembly. As a result, PI converting enzymes began to be noticed by pharmaceutical companies as potential therapeutic targets. This review is an attempt to give an overview of this enormous research field focusing on major developments in diverse areas of basic science linked to cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Schreiner MJ, Lazaro MT, Jalbrzikowski M, Bearden CE. Converging levels of analysis on a genomic hotspot for psychosis: insights from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:157-73. [PMID: 23098994 PMCID: PMC3677073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder that, despite extensive research, still poses a considerable challenge to attempts to unravel its heterogeneity, and the complex biochemical mechanisms by which it arises. While the majority of cases are of unknown etiology, accumulating evidence suggests that rare genetic mutations, such as 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22qDS), can play a significant role in predisposition to the illness. Up to 25% of individuals with 22qDS eventually develop schizophrenia; conversely, this deletion is estimated to account for 1-2% of schizophrenia cases overall. This locus of Chromosome 22q11.2 contains genes that encode for proteins and enzymes involved in regulating neurotransmission, neuronal development, myelination, microRNA processing, and post-translational protein modifications. As a consequence of the deletion, affected individuals exhibit cognitive dysfunction, structural and functional brain abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental anomalies that parallel many of the phenotypic characteristics of schizophrenia. As an illustration of the value of rare, highly penetrant genetic subtypes for elucidating pathological mechanisms of complex neuropsychiatric disorders, we provide here an overview of the cellular, network, and systems-level anomalies found in 22qDS, and review the intriguing evidence for this disorder's association with schizophrenia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Schreiner
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Maria T. Lazaro
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Clayton EL, Minogue S, Waugh MG. Mammalian phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases as modulators of membrane trafficking and lipid signaling networks. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:294-304. [PMID: 23608234 PMCID: PMC3989048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The four mammalian phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases modulate inter-organelle lipid trafficking, phosphoinositide signalling and intracellular vesicle trafficking. In addition to catalytic domains required for the synthesis of PI4P, the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases also contain isoform-specific structural motifs that mediate interactions with proteins such as AP-3 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch, and such structural differences determine isoform-specific roles in membrane trafficking. Moreover, different permutations of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isozymes may be required for a single cellular function such as occurs during distinct stages of GPCR signalling and in Golgi to lysosome trafficking. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases have recently been implicated in human disease. Emerging paradigms include increased phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase expression in some cancers, impaired functioning associated with neurological pathologies, the subversion of PI4P trafficking functions in bacterial infection and the activation of lipid kinase activity in viral disease. We discuss how the diverse and sometimes overlapping functions of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases present challenges for the design of isoform-specific inhibitors in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Clayton
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinases and PI4P Metabolism in the Nervous System: Roles in Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:361-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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An atypical 0.8 Mb inherited duplication of 22q11.2 associated with psychomotor impairment. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 55:650-5. [PMID: 22796526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microduplications 22q11.2 have been recently characterized as a new genomic duplication syndrome showing an extremely variable phenotype ranging from normal or mild learning disability to multiple congenital defects and sharing some overlapping features with DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome (DGS/VCFS), including heart defects, urogenital abnormalities and velopharyngeal insufficiency. We present an atypical and inherited 0.8-Mb duplication at 22q11.2, in the distal segment of the DGS/VCFS syndrome typically deleted region (TDR), in a 3-year-old boy with motor delay, language disorders and mild facial phenotype. This 22q11.2 microduplication was identified by MLPA, designed to detect recurrent microdeletions and microduplications of chromosomal regions frequently involved in mental retardation syndromes and was further characterized by aCGH. The duplicated region encompasses 14 genes, excluding TBX1 but including CRKL, ZNF74, PIK4CA, SNAP29 and PCQAP known to contribute to several aspects of the DGS/VCFS phenotype. To the best of our knowledge, only one case of an isolated duplication in the distal segment of the TDR between chromosome 22-specific low-copy repeats B (LCR22-B) and D (LCR22-D) has been published, but the present report is the first one with a detailed description of physical and developmental features in a patient carrying this kind of atypical 22q11.2 duplication. This case illustrates the importance of reporting unusual 22q11.2 duplications to further evaluate the incidence of these rearrangements in the general population and to improve genotype-phenotype correlations and genetic counseling.
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de Jong S, Boks MPM, Fuller TF, Strengman E, Janson E, de Kovel CGF, Ori APS, Vi N, Mulder F, Blom JD, Glenthøj B, Schubart CD, Cahn W, Kahn RS, Horvath S, Ophoff RA. A gene co-expression network in whole blood of schizophrenia patients is independent of antipsychotic-use and enriched for brain-expressed genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39498. [PMID: 22761806 PMCID: PMC3384650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the underlying genes for schizophrenia are largely unknown. Additional approaches are therefore required to identify the genetic background of this disorder. Here we report findings from a large gene expression study in peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients and controls. We applied a systems biology approach to genome-wide expression data from whole blood of 92 medicated and 29 antipsychotic-free schizophrenia patients and 118 healthy controls. We show that gene expression profiling in whole blood can identify twelve large gene co-expression modules associated with schizophrenia. Several of these disease related modules are likely to reflect expression changes due to antipsychotic medication. However, two of the disease modules could be replicated in an independent second data set involving antipsychotic-free patients and controls. One of these robustly defined disease modules is significantly enriched with brain-expressed genes and with genetic variants that were implicated in a GWAS study, which could imply a causal role in schizophrenia etiology. The most highly connected intramodular hub gene in this module (ABCF1), is located in, and regulated by the major histocompatibility (MHC) complex, which is intriguing in light of the fact that common allelic variants from the MHC region have been implicated in schizophrenia. This suggests that the MHC increases schizophrenia susceptibility via altered gene expression of regulatory genes in this network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone de Jong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco P. M. Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tova F. Fuller
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Esther Janson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anil P. S. Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy Vi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Flip Mulder
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dirk Blom
- Parnassia Bravo Group, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Psychiatric University Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Chris D. Schubart
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Volpicelli-Daley LA, Lucast L, Gong LW, Liu L, Sasaki J, Sasaki T, Abrams CS, Kanaho Y, De Camilli P. Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate synthesis in the brain. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28708-14. [PMID: 20622009 PMCID: PMC2937898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.132191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominant pathway for phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P(2)) synthesis is thought to be phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate at the 5 position of the inositol ring by type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIPK): PIPKIalpha, PIPKIbeta, and PIPKIgamma. PIPKIgamma has been shown to play a role in PI(4,5)P(2) synthesis in brain, and the absence of PIPKIgamma is incompatible with postnatal life. Conversely, mice lacking PIPKIalpha or PIPKIbeta (isoforms are referred to according to the nomenclature of human PIPKIs) live to adulthood, although functional effects in specific cell types are observed. To determine the contribution of PIPKIalpha and PIPKIbeta to PI(4,5)P(2) synthesis in brain, we investigated the impact of disrupting multiple PIPKI genes. Our results show that a single allele of PIPKIgamma, in the absence of both PIPKIalpha and PIPKIbeta, can support life to adulthood. In addition, PIPKIalpha alone, but not PIPKIbeta alone, can support prenatal development, indicating an essential and partially overlapping function of PIPKIalpha and PIPKIgamma during embryogenesis. This is consistent with early embryonic expression of PIPKIalpha and PIPKIgamma but not of PIPKIbeta. PIPKIbeta expression in brain correlates with neuronal differentiation. The absence of PIPKIbeta does not impact embryonic development in the PIPKIgamma knock-out (KO) background but worsens the early postnatal phenotype of the PIPKIgamma KO (death occurs within minutes rather than hours). Analysis of PIP(2) in brain reveals that only the absence of PIPKIgamma significantly impacts its levels. Collectively, our results provide new evidence for the dominant importance of PIPKIgamma in mammals and imply that PIPKIalpha and PIPKIbeta function in the generation of specific PI(4,5)P(2) pools that, at least in brain, do not have a major impact on overall PI(4,5)P(2) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Volpicelli-Daley
- Department of Cell Biology, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Ikeda M, Williams N, Williams HJ, Smith R, Monks S, Owen MJ, Murphy KC, O'Donovan MC. Failure to confirm association between PIK4CA and psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:980-2. [PMID: 20052689 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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McCrea HJ, De Camilli P. Mutations in phosphoinositide metabolizing enzymes and human disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2009; 24:8-16. [PMID: 19196647 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00035.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are implicated in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular functions. Their importance in cellular and organismal physiology is underscored by the growing number of human diseases linked to perturbation of kinases and phosphatases that catalyze interconversion from one phosphoinositide to another. Many such enzymes are attractive targets for therapeutic interventions. Here, we review diseases linked to inheritable or somatic mutations of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J McCrea
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Jungerius BJ, Hoogendoorn MLC, Bakker SC, Van't Slot R, Bardoel AF, Ophoff RA, Wijmenga C, Kahn RS, Sinke RJ. An association screen of myelin-related genes implicates the chromosome 22q11 PIK4CA gene in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:1060-8. [PMID: 17893707 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence, including expression analyses, brain imaging and genetic studies suggest that the integrity of myelin is disturbed in schizophrenia patients. In this study, we first reconstructed a pathway of 138 myelin-related genes, all involved in myelin structure, composition, development or maintenance. Then we performed a two-stage association analysis on these 138 genes using 771 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Analysis of our data from 310 cases vs 880 controls demonstrated association of 10 SNPs from six genes. Specifically, we observed highly significant P-values for association in PIK4CA (observed P=6.1 x 10(-6)). These findings remained significant after Bonferroni correction for 771 tests. The PIK4CA gene is located in the chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome region, which is of particular interest because it has been implicated in schizophrenia. We also report weak association of SNPs in PIK3C2G, FGF1, FGFR1, ARHGEF10 and PSAP (observed P<or=0.01). Our approach--of screening genes involved in a particular pathway for association--resulted in identification of several, mostly novel, genes associated with the risk of developing schizophrenia in the Dutch population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Jungerius
- Complex Genetics Section, DBG-Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Liu YL, Fann CSJ, Liu CM, Chen WJ, Wu JY, Hung SI, Chen CH, Jou YS, Liu SK, Hwang TJ, Hsieh MH, Chang CC, Yang WC, Lin JJ, Chou FHC, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Hwu HG. RASD2, MYH9, and CACNG2 genes at chromosome 22q12 associated with the subgroup of schizophrenia with non-deficit in sustained attention and executive function. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:789-96. [PMID: 18571626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous linkage study of schizophrenia that included Taiwanese samples, the marker D22S278 (22q12.3) was significantly linked to schizophrenia (p = .001). METHODS We conducted fine mapping of the implicated genomic region, with 47 validated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers around 1 Mb of D22S278, in a Taiwanese sample of 218 pedigrees with at least 2 siblings affected with schizophrenia. We examined the association of these SNPs and their haplotypes with schizophrenia and with subgroups defined by the presence and absence of deficits in sustained attention as assessed by undegraded and degraded continuous performance tests (CPTs). We also examined subgroups defined by deficits in categories achieved in the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST). RESULTS Three of five candidate vulnerability genes (RASD2, APOL5, MYH9, EIF3S7, and CACNG2), which had marginally significant associations with schizophrenia, had significant associations with schizophrenic patients who did not have deficits in sustained attention on the undegraded CPT (RASD2 gene SNP rs736212; p = .0008 with single locus analysis) and the degraded CPT (MYH9 gene haplotype 1-1-1-1 of SNP rs3752463 - rs1557540 - rs713839 - rs739097; p = .0059 with haplotype analysis). We also found a significant association for patients who showed no deficits in executive function as measured by categories achieved in the WCST (CACNG2 gene haplotype 2-1-1-1 of SNP rs2267360 - rs140526 - rs1883987 - rs916269; p = .0163 with haplotype analysis). CONCLUSIONS The genes RASD2, MYH9, and CACNG2 might be vulnerability genes for neuropsychologically defined subgroups of schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Li Liu
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Serretti A, Mandelli L. The genetics of bipolar disorder: genome 'hot regions,' genes, new potential candidates and future directions. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:742-71. [PMID: 18332878 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a complex disorder caused by a number of liability genes interacting with the environment. In recent years, a large number of linkage and association studies have been conducted producing an extremely large number of findings often not replicated or partially replicated. Further, results from linkage and association studies are not always easily comparable. Unfortunately, at present a comprehensive coverage of available evidence is still lacking. In the present paper, we summarized results obtained from both linkage and association studies in BP. Further, we indicated new potential interesting genes, located in genome 'hot regions' for BP and being expressed in the brain. We reviewed published studies on the subject till December 2007. We precisely localized regions where positive linkage has been found, by the NCBI Map viewer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/); further, we identified genes located in interesting areas and expressed in the brain, by the Entrez gene, Unigene databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/) and Human Protein Reference Database (http://www.hprd.org); these genes could be of interest in future investigations. The review of association studies gave interesting results, as a number of genes seem to be definitively involved in BP, such as SLC6A4, TPH2, DRD4, SLC6A3, DAOA, DTNBP1, NRG1, DISC1 and BDNF. A number of promising genes, which received independent confirmations, and genes that have to be further investigated in BP, have been also systematically listed. In conclusion, the combination of linkage and association approaches provided a number of liability genes. Nevertheless, other approaches are required to disentangle conflicting findings, such as gene interaction analyses, interaction with psychosocial and environmental factors and, finally, endophenotype investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Im E, Kazlauskas A. PtdIns-4,5-P2 as a potential therapeutic target for pathologic angiogenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:443-51. [PMID: 17373875 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.4.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A variety of diseases arise, at least in part, when the events controlling the formation and stability of blood vessels are deregulated. For instance, the growth and survival of solid tumors are tightly linked to their ability to undergo vascularization. Similarly, pathologic angiogenesis of the retina or choroid underscores blinding diseases that afflict a substantial percentage of the world's population. Therefore, it is of great interest to develop antiangiogenic drugs that will relieve the burden of vascular diseases such as cancer, age-related macular degeneration and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In this article, the authors highlight their recent discovery that PtdIns-4,5-P2)can regulate vessel stability. This finding identifies PtdIns-4,5-P2 as a novel target for angiogenesis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunok Im
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Balla A, Balla T. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases: old enzymes with emerging functions. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 16:351-61. [PMID: 16793271 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides account for only a tiny fraction of cellular phospholipids but are extremely important in the regulation of the recruitment and activity of many signaling proteins in cellular membranes. Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-kinases generate PtdIns 4-phosphate, the precursor of important regulatory phosphoinositides but also an emerging regulatory molecule in its own right. The four mammalian PtdIns 4-kinases regulate a diverse array of signaling events, as well as vesicular trafficking and lipid transport, but the mechanisms by which their lipid product PtdIns 4-phosphate controls these processes is only beginning to unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Balla
- Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kates WR, Miller AM, Abdulsabur N, Antshel KM, Conchelos J, Fremont W, Roizen N. Temporal lobe anatomy and psychiatric symptoms in velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45:587-595. [PMID: 16670653 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000205704.33077.4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between mesial temporal lobe morphology, ratios of prefrontal cortex to amygdala and hippocampus volumes, and psychiatric symptomatology in children and adolescents with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS). METHOD Scores on behavioral rating scales and volumetric measures of the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex based on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging were compared among 47 children with VCFS, 15 of their siblings, and 18 community controls. RESULTS After covarying for whole brain volume, children with VCFS exhibited 11% greater volume of the left amygdala (p =.002) and 8% greater volume of the right amygdala (p =.01). Children with VCFS exhibited smaller volumes of the hippocampus, but not disproportionately to reductions in whole brain volume. Children with VCFS exhibited smaller volumetric ratios of prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex to amygdala, but not prefrontal cortex to hippocampus. For children with VCFS, but not for the comparison sample, larger volumes of the amygdala and smaller ratios of prefrontal cortex to amygdala were associated with higher scores on the Internalizing, Externalizing, Anxiety, and Aggression scales of the Child Behavior Checklist and on the parent version of the Young Mania Rating Scale. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuit that underlies emotional processing is disrupted in children with VCFS and may be an important neurobiological substrate of psychiatric disorder in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R Kates
- Drs. Kates, Antschel, Fremont, Mr. Miller, Ms. AbdulSabur, and Ms. Conchelos are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Dr. Roizen is with the Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and Dr. Kates is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore.
| | - Adam M Miller
- Drs. Kates, Antschel, Fremont, Mr. Miller, Ms. AbdulSabur, and Ms. Conchelos are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Dr. Roizen is with the Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and Dr. Kates is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Nuria Abdulsabur
- Drs. Kates, Antschel, Fremont, Mr. Miller, Ms. AbdulSabur, and Ms. Conchelos are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Dr. Roizen is with the Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and Dr. Kates is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Kevin M Antshel
- Drs. Kates, Antschel, Fremont, Mr. Miller, Ms. AbdulSabur, and Ms. Conchelos are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Dr. Roizen is with the Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and Dr. Kates is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Jena Conchelos
- Drs. Kates, Antschel, Fremont, Mr. Miller, Ms. AbdulSabur, and Ms. Conchelos are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Dr. Roizen is with the Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and Dr. Kates is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Drs. Kates, Antschel, Fremont, Mr. Miller, Ms. AbdulSabur, and Ms. Conchelos are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Dr. Roizen is with the Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and Dr. Kates is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Nancy Roizen
- Drs. Kates, Antschel, Fremont, Mr. Miller, Ms. AbdulSabur, and Ms. Conchelos are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Dr. Roizen is with the Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and Dr. Kates is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore
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Fallin MD, Lasseter VK, Avramopoulos D, Nicodemus KK, Wolyniec PS, McGrath JA, Steel G, Nestadt G, Liang KY, Huganir RL, Valle D, Pulver AE. Bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia: a 440-single-nucleotide polymorphism screen of 64 candidate genes among Ashkenazi Jewish case-parent trios. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:918-36. [PMID: 16380905 PMCID: PMC1285177 DOI: 10.1086/497703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorders are common, highly heritable psychiatric disorders, for which familial coaggregation, as well as epidemiological and genetic evidence, suggests overlapping etiologies. No definitive susceptibility genes have yet been identified for any of these disorders. Genetic heterogeneity, combined with phenotypic imprecision and poor marker coverage, has contributed to the difficulty in defining risk variants. We focused on families of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, to reduce genetic heterogeneity, and, as a precursor to genomewide association studies, we undertook a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping screen of 64 candidate genes (440 SNPs) chosen on the basis of previous linkage or of association and/or biological relevance. We genotyped an average of 6.9 SNPs per gene, with an average density of 1 SNP per 11.9 kb in 323 bipolar I disorder and 274 schizophrenia or schizoaffective Ashkenazi case-parent trios. Using single-SNP and haplotype-based transmission/disequilibrium tests, we ranked genes on the basis of strength of association (P<.01). Six genes (DAO, GRM3, GRM4, GRIN2B, IL2RB, and TUBA8) met this criterion for bipolar I disorder; only DAO has been previously associated with bipolar disorder. Six genes (RGS4, SCA1, GRM4, DPYSL2, NOS1, and GRID1) met this criterion for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder; five replicate previous associations, and one, GRID1, shows a novel association with schizophrenia. In addition, six genes (DPYSL2, DTNBP1, G30/G72, GRID1, GRM4, and NOS1) showed overlapping suggestive evidence of association in both disorders. These results may help to prioritize candidate genes for future study from among the many suspected/proposed for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. They provide further support for shared genetic susceptibility between these two disorders that involve glutamate-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniele Fallin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Halstead JR, Jalink K, Divecha N. An emerging role for PtdIns(4,5)P2-mediated signalling in human disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005; 26:654-60. [PMID: 16253350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although an established regulator of many cellular functions, the phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2) appears to have evaded the attention of drug-discovery companies. An increasing number of reports have identified potential links between PtdIns(4,5)P2-mediated signalling pathways and the aetiology of many human diseases. Here, we review current knowledge of the regulation and function of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and discuss how aberrant PtdIns(4,5)P2-mediated signalling might contribute to human pathologies such as cardiac failure, bipolar disorder, channelopathies and the genetic disorder Lowe syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Halstead
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, AvL ziekenhuis, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
To liberate candidate gene analyses from criticisms of inexhaustiveness of examination of specific candidate genes, or incompleteness in the choice of candidate genes to study for specific neurobiological pathways, study of sizeable sets of genes pertinent to each putative pathophysiological pathway is required. For many years, genes have been tested in a 'one by one' manner for association with major affective disorders, primarily bipolar illness. However, it is conceivable that not individual genes but abnormalities in several genes within a system or in several neuronal, neural, or hormonal systems are implicated in the functional hypotheses for etiology of affective disorders. Compilation of candidate genes for entire pathways is a challenge, but can reasonably be carried out for the major affective disorders as discussed here. We present here five groupings of genes implicated by neuropharmacological and other evidence, which suggest 252 candidate genes worth examining. Inexhaustiveness of gene interrogation would apply to many studies in which only one polymorphism per gene is analyzed. In contrast to whole-genome association studies, a study of a limited number of candidate genes can readily exploit information on genomic sequence variations obtained from databases and/or resequencing, and has an advantage of not having the complication of an extremely stringent statistical criterion for association.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hattori
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Gibson CW, Thomson NH, Abrams WR, Kirkham J. Nested genes: Biological implications and use of AFM for analysis. Gene 2005; 350:15-23. [PMID: 15780979 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A "nested" gene is located within the boundaries of a larger gene, often within an intron and in the opposite orientation. Such structures are common in bacteria and viruses, but have also been described in higher species as diverse as Drosophila and humans. Expression of nested and host genes may be simultaneously up-regulated due to use of common enhancers, or down-regulated through steric hindrance or interference caused by annealing of the complementary RNAs, leading to degradation. Methods for RNA analysis such as RT-PCR and in situ hybridization reveal the presence of specific mRNAs, but do not address regulation of expression within a single cell at a single genetic locus. Atomic force microscopy is a relatively new technology, which allows visualization of the movement of an RNA polymerase along a DNA template. The potential of this technology includes a greater molecular understanding of cellular decision making processes, leading to enhanced opportunities to intervene in disease progression through use of novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn W Gibson
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 240 S. 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Stopkova P, Saito T, Fann CSJ, Papolos DF, Vevera J, Paclt I, Zukov I, Stryjer R, Strous RD, Lachman HM. Polymorphism screening of PIP5K2A: a candidate gene for chromosome 10p-linked psychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 123B:50-8. [PMID: 14582145 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is a potent noncompetitive inhibitor of inositol monophosphatases, enzymes involved in phosphoinositide (PI) and inositol phosphate metabolism. A critical component of the PI pathway is phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P(2)), which is hydrolyzed to second messengers and has a direct role in synaptic vesicle function. Interestingly, a number of genes involved in the synthesis and dephosphorylation of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) are found in regions of the genome previously mapped in bipolar disorder (BD) including 10p12, 21q22, and 22q11, among others. Some of these regions overlap with loci mapped in schizophrenia (SZ). One gene involved in PI metabolism that maps to a region of interest is 10p12-linked PIP5K2A, a member of the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase family. Polymorphism screening revealed the existence of an imperfect CT repeat polymorphism located near the exon 9-intron 9 splice donor site. A modest difference was found in the distribution of alleles from this highly polymorphic variant when bipolar and schizophrenic subjects were compared with controls; relatively rare short repeat variants were found more commonly in patients and homozygosity for a common long repeat variant was found more commonly in controls. These data suggest that the imperfect CT repeat in PIP5K2A intron 9 should be further investigated as a possible candidate allele for 10p12-linked psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Stopkova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Psychiatry Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York 10461, USA
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