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Hara T, Amagai R, Sakakibara R, Okado-Matsumoto A. Supercomplex formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in leukocytes from patients with neurodegenerative diseases. J Biochem 2024; 175:289-298. [PMID: 38016934 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With population aging, cognitive impairments and movement disorders due to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), are increasingly considered as key social issues. Clinically, it has remained challenging to diagnose them before the onset of symptoms because of difficulty to observe the progressive loss of neurons in the brain. Therefore, with exploratory research into biomarkers, a number of candidates have previously been proposed, such as activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in blood in AD and PD. In this study, we focused on the formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes (SCs) because the formation of SC itself modulates the activity of each complex. Here we investigated the SC formation in leukocytes from patients with AD, PD and DLB. Our results showed that SCs were well formed in AD and PD compared with controls, while poorly formed in DLB. We highlighted that the disruption of the SC formation correlated with the progression of PD and DLB. Taking our findings together, we propose that pronounced SC formation would already have occurred before the onset of AD, PD and DLB and, with the progression of neurodegeneration, the SC formation would gradually be disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Hara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Amagai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ryuji Sakakibara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Shimoshizu 564-1, Sakura, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Ayako Okado-Matsumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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2
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Abstract
The accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain is one of the characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ-peptide brain homeostasis is governed by its production and various clearance mechanisms. The blood-brain barrier provides a large surface area for influx and efflux mechanisms into and out of the brain. Different transporters and receptors have been implicated to play crucial roles in Aβ clearance from brain. Besides Aβ transport, the blood-brain barrier tightly regulates the brain's microenvironment; however, vascular alterations have been shown in patients with AD. Here, we summarize how the blood-brain barrier changes during aging and in disease and focus on recent findings of how the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (ABCB1/P-gp) and the receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) play a role in Aβ clearance from brain.
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Boix CP, Lopez-Font I, Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Sáez-Valero J. Amyloid precursor protein glycosylation is altered in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:96. [PMID: 32787955 PMCID: PMC7425076 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that undergoes alternative proteolytic processing. Its processing through the amyloidogenic pathway originates a large sAPPβ ectodomain fragment and the β-amyloid peptide, while non-amyloidogenic processing generates sAPPα and shorter non-fibrillar fragments. Hence, measuring sAPPα and sAPPβ has been proposed as a means to identify imbalances between the amyloidogenic/non-amyloidogenic pathways in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. However, to date, no consistent changes in these proteolytic fragments have been identified in either the brain or cerebrospinal fluid of AD individuals. Methods In frontal cortex homogenates from AD patients (n = 7) and non-demented controls (NDC; n = 7), the expression of total APP mRNA and that of the APP isoforms generated by alternative splicing, APP695 and APP containing the Kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI), was analyzed by qRT-PCR using TaqMan and SYBR Green probes. The balance between the amyloidogenic/non-amyloidogenic pathways was examined in western blots estimating the sAPPα and sAPPβ fragments and their membrane-tethered C-terminal fragments CTFα and CTFβ. CHO-PS70 cells, stably over-expressing wild-type human APP, served to evaluate whether Aβ42 peptide treatment results in altered APP glycosylation. We determined the glycosylation pattern of sAPPα and sAPPβ in brain extracts and CHO-PS70 culture media by lectin-binding assays. Results In the cortex of AD patients, we detected an increase in total APP mRNA relative to the controls, due to an increase in both the APP695 and APP-KPI variants. However, the sAPPα or sAPPβ protein levels remained unchanged, as did those of CTFα and CTFβ. We studied the glycosylation of the brain sAPPα and sAPPβ using lectins and pan-specific antibodies to discriminate between the fragments originated from neuronal APP695 and glial/KPI variants. Lectin binding identified differences in the glycosylation of sAPPβ species derived from the APP695 and APP-KPI variants, probably reflecting their distinct cellular origin. Moreover, the lectin-binding pattern differed in the sAPPα and sAPPβ originated from all the variants. Finally, when the lectin-binding pattern was compared between AD and NDC groups, significant differences were evident in sAPPα glycosylation. Lectin binding of the soluble sAPPα and sAPPβ from CHO-PS70 cells were also altered in cells treated with the Aβ peptide. Conclusion Our analysis of the lectin binding to sAPPα and sAPPβ suggests that glycosylation dictates the proteolytic pathway for APP processing. Differences between the demented and controls indicate that changes in glycosylation may influence the generation of the different APP fragments and, consequently, the pathological progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Boix
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain.
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4
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Riedel BC, Daianu M, Ver Steeg G, Mezher A, Salminen LE, Galstyan A, Thompson PM. Uncovering Biologically Coherent Peripheral Signatures of Health and Risk for Alzheimer's Disease in the Aging Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:390. [PMID: 30555318 PMCID: PMC6283260 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is a multifaceted process that remains poorly understood. Despite significant advances in technology, progress toward identifying reliable risk factors for suboptimal brain health requires realistically complex analytic methods to explain relationships between genetics, biology, and environment. Here we show the utility of a novel unsupervised machine learning technique - Correlation Explanation (CorEx) - to discover how individual measures from structural brain imaging, genetics, plasma, and CSF markers can jointly provide information on risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examined 829 participants (M age: 75.3 ± 6.9 years; 350 women and 479 men) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database to identify multivariate predictors of cognitive decline and brain atrophy over a 1-year period. Our sample included 231 cognitively normal individuals, 397 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 201 with AD as their baseline diagnosis. Analyses revealed latent factors based on data-driven combinations of plasma markers and brain metrics, that were aligned with established biological pathways in AD. These factors were able to improve disease prediction along the trajectory from normal cognition and MCI to AD, with an area under the receiver operating curve of up to 99%, and prediction accuracy of up to 89.9% on independent "held out" testing data. Further, the most important latent factors that predicted AD consisted of a novel set of variables that are essential for cardiovascular, immune, and bioenergetic functions. Collectively, these results demonstrate the strength of unsupervised network measures in the detection and prediction of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandalyn C. Riedel
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Madelaine Daianu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Greg Ver Steeg
- USC Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Adam Mezher
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Lauren E. Salminen
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Aram Galstyan
- USC Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, and Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Alexopoulos P, Gleixner LS, Werle L, Buhl F, Thierjung N, Giourou E, Kagerbauer SM, Gourzis P, Kübler H, Grimmer T, Yakushev I, Martin J, Kurz A, Perneczky R. Plasma levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein β in symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:519-524. [PMID: 28602012 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The established biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) require invasive endeavours or presuppose sophisticated technical equipment. Consequently, new biomarkers are needed. Here, we report that plasma levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein β (sAPPβ), a protein of the initial phase of the amyloid cascade, were significantly lower in patients with symptomatic AD (21 with mild cognitive impairment due to AD and 44 with AD dementia) with AD-typical cerebral hypometabolic pattern compared with 27 cognitively healthy elderly individuals without preclinical AD. These findings yield further evidence for the potential of sAPPβ in plasma as an AD biomarker candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece.
| | - Lena-Sophie Gleixner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Werle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Buhl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Thierjung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Evangelia Giourou
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Simone M Kagerbauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippos Gourzis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Hubert Kübler
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Martin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.,West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
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6
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Gill J, Cashion A, Osier N, Arcurio L, Motamedi V, Dell KC, Carr W, Kim HS, Yun S, Walker P, Ahlers S, LoPresti M, Yarnell A. Moderate blast exposure alters gene expression and levels of amyloid precursor protein. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2017; 3:e186. [PMID: 28975156 PMCID: PMC5618107 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore gene expression after moderate blast exposure (vs baseline) and proteomic changes after moderate- (vs low-) blast exposure. METHODS Military personnel (N = 69) donated blood for quantification of protein level, and peak pressure exposures were detected by helmet sensors before and during a blast training program (10 days total). On day 7, some participants (n = 29) sustained a moderate blast (mean peak pressure = 7.9 psi) and were matched to participants with no/low-blast exposure during the training (n = 40). PAXgene tubes were collected from one training site at baseline and day 10; RNA-sequencing day 10 expression was compared with each participant's own baseline samples to identify genes and pathways differentially expressed in moderate blast-exposed participants. Changes in amyloid precursor protein (APP) from baseline to the day of blast and following 2 days were evaluated. Symptoms were assessed using a self-reported form. RESULTS We identified 1,803 differentially expressed genes after moderate blast exposure; the most altered network was APP. Significantly reduced levels of peripheral APP were detected the day after the moderate blast exposure and the following day. Protein concentrations correlated with the magnitude of the moderate blast exposure on days 8 and 9. APP concentrations returned to baseline levels 3 days following the blast, likely due to increases in the genetic expression of APP. Onset of concentration problems and headaches occurred after moderate blast. CONCLUSIONS Moderate blast exposure results in a signature biological profile that includes acute APP reductions, followed by genetic expression increases and normalization of APP levels; these changes likely influence neuronal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gill
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Ann Cashion
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Nicole Osier
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Lindsay Arcurio
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Vida Motamedi
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Kristine C Dell
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Walter Carr
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Hyung-Suk Kim
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Sijung Yun
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Peter Walker
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Stephen Ahlers
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Matthew LoPresti
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Angela Yarnell
- Intramural Research Program, CNRM Co Director Biomarkers Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.G.) and National Institute of Nursing Research (A.C., N.O., L.A., V.M., H.-S.K., S.Y.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (K.C.D., M.L., A.Y.), Silver Spring; Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W.C.), Fort Detrick; and Naval Medical Research Center (P.W., S.A.), Silver Spring, MD
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Storck SE, Pietrzik CU. Endothelial LRP1 - A Potential Target for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease : Theme: Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Guest Editor: Davide Brambilla. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2637-2651. [PMID: 28948494 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of the neurotoxin beta-amyloid (Aβ) is a major hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ homeostasis in the brain is governed by its production and various clearance mechanisms. Both pathways are influenced by the ubiquitously expressed low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). In cerebral blood vessels, LRP1 is an important mediator for the rapid removal of Aβ from brain via transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we summarize recent findings on LRP1 function and discuss the targeting of LRP1 as a modulator for AD pathology and drug delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen E Storck
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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8
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Zawilla NH, Taha FM, Kishk NA, Farahat SA, Farghaly M, Hussein M. Occupational exposure to aluminum and its amyloidogenic link with cognitive functions. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 139:57-64. [PMID: 24973993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As many other metals, aluminum is a widely recognized neurotoxicant and its link with neurodegenerative disorders has been the subject of scientific debate. One proposal focuses on amyloid β deposition (amyloidogenesis) as the key player in triggering neuronal dysfunction the so-called amyloid cascade hypothesis. We undertook this study first to investigate the cognition status of workers exposed to Al dust in an Al factory in Southern Cairo, second, to evaluate serum amyloid precursor protein (APP) and cathepsin D (CD) enzyme activity to study the possible role of Al in amyloidogenesis, and finally to explore the relation between these potential biomarkers and cognitive functions. The study was conducted on 54 exposed workers and 51 matched controls. They were subjected to questionnaire, neurological examination and a cognitive test battery, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination - Revised (ACE-R). Serum Al, APP and CD enzyme activity were measured. A significant increase of serum Al was found in the exposed workers with an associated increase in serum APP and decrement in CD activity. The exposed workers displayed poor performance on the ACE-R test. No significant correlation was detected between ACE-R test total score and either APP or CD activity. We concluded that occupational exposure to Al is associated with cognitive impairment. The effect of occupational Al exposure on the serum levels of APP and CD activity may be regarded as a possible mechanism of Al in amyloidogenesis. However, our findings do not support the utility of serum APP and CD activity as screening markers for early or preclinical cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Zawilla
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - F M Taha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - N A Kishk
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - S A Farahat
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M Farghaly
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M Hussein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bani-suef University, Egypt
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10
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Hou Y, Chen H, He Q, Jiang W, Luo T, Duan J, Mu N, He Y, Wang H. Changes in methylation patterns of multiple genes from peripheral blood leucocytes of Alzheimer's disease patients. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2013; 25:66-76. [PMID: 25287307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2012.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts aiming at identifying biomarkers and corresponding methods for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) might be the most appropriate strategy to initiate promising new treatments and/or prevention of AD OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to assess the association of DNA methylation pattern of various leucocyte genes with AD pathogenesis in order to find potential biomarkers and corresponding methods for molecular diagnosis of AD. METHODS DNA methylation level of various genes in AD patients and normal population were compared by bisulphite sequencing PCR and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Furthermore, real-time PCR was used to explore the effects of DNA methylation on the expression of target genes. RESULTS Results showed significant hypermethylation of mammalian orthologue of Sir2 (SIRT1) gene in AD patients compared with normal population. Meanwhile, changes in methylation level of SIRT1 gene between different severities of AD were also found. Specific primers were designed from the SIRT1 CpG islands to differentiate AD and control group by MSP method. Besides, significant demethylation of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene was observed in AD patients, whereas no difference was observed in other AD-related genes. Moreover, significant decrease in expression of SIRT1 gene and increase in expression of APP gene were also found in AD patients. In addition, the expression level of SIRT1/APP genes was associated with the severity, but not with the age or gender, of AD patients. CONCLUSION SIRT1 and APP might be the interesting candidate biomarkers and valuable for clinical diagnosis or treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Hou
- 1 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huayun Chen
- 2 Daan Gene Diagnostic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiong He
- 1 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- 1 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Tao Luo
- 1 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinhai Duan
- 3 East Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Nan Mu
- 6 Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yunshao He
- 2 Daan Gene Diagnostic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huaqiao Wang
- 1 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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11
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Perneczky R, Guo LH, Kagerbauer SM, Werle L, Kurz A, Martin J, Alexopoulos P. Soluble amyloid precursor protein β as blood-based biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e227. [PMID: 23423136 PMCID: PMC3591004 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore concentrations differences of soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) α and β in blood plasma in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitively healthy age-matched control subjects, as well as patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Concentrations of sAPPα and β were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technology in 80 patients with probable AD, 37 age-matched control subjects and 14 patients with bvFTD. Concentration differences were explored using parametric tests. Significantly decreased plasma concentrations in the AD group compared with both the control group and the bvFTD group were detected for sAPPβ (P = 0.03 for both group comparisons), but not for sAPPα. The study provides a further piece of evidence in support of sAPPβ as a promising new biomarker of AD, which may potentially improve the diagnostic accuracy of existing markers and also enable a less invasive diagnostic workup. Further research is required to establish normal ranges and to replicate the results in independent cohorts including larger numbers of participants covering a wider spectrum of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Perneczky
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.
| | - L-H Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - S M Kagerbauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - L Werle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - A Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - J Martin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - P Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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12
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Magaki S, Yellon SM, Mueller C, Kirsch WM. Immunophenotypes in the circulation of patients with mild cognitive impairment. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:240-6. [PMID: 17320906 PMCID: PMC2167624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the peripheral immune system are associated with dementia and the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease, but have yet to be studied early in the disease process. To test the hypothesis that the balance of immune cell phenotypes is disrupted in the early progression of memory deterioration, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy elderly controls were examined for the distribution of subpopulations of leukocytes (lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes) and lymphocyte subtypes (helper/inducer and suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes) in blood. MCI subjects had a significantly higher percentage of total lymphocytes and a lower percentage of granulocytes compared to elderly controls. Furthermore, the expression of cell surface amyloid precursor protein (APP) and intracellular amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) in lymphocytes and monocytes were determined. We found lymphocyte APP expression to be significantly increased in MCI subjects compared to controls. Our data indicate that changes in immunological parameters may be detected early in MCI, and an alteration of the immune response may precede clinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Magaki
- Center for Neurosurgery Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Steven M. Yellon
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Claudius Mueller
- Center for Neurosurgery Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Wolff M. Kirsch
- Center for Neurosurgery Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
- *CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Wolff M. Kirsch, M.D., , phone: 909-558-7070, fax: 909-558-0472, address: Coleman Pavilion, Suite 11113, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
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13
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Magaki S, Mueller C, Dickson C, Kirsch W. Increased production of inflammatory cytokines in mild cognitive impairment. Exp Gerontol 2006; 42:233-40. [PMID: 17085001 PMCID: PMC1868444 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that chronic inflammation plays a pathogenic role in both the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have screened for cytokines differentially produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild AD subjects who had progressed from MCI using a commercially available cytokine array. Following determination of expressed cytokines, we quantified levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 using flow cytometry. We have found a significant increase in the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 produced by PBMCs stimulated for 24 h with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in MCI subjects compared to healthy elderly controls. However, in PBMCs stimulated for 48 h with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lower TNF-alpha/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, and IL-8/IL-10 ratios were seen in MCI subjects. There were no differences in plasma levels of IL-8 between aged controls, MCI, and mild AD, and the levels of circulating IL-6 and IL-10 were below detection limits. Our data indicate that changes in cytokine production by PBMCs may be detected early in MCI, and an alteration of the immune response may precede clinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Magaki
- Center for Neurosurgery Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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14
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Maes OC, Xu S, Yu B, Chertkow HM, Wang E, Schipper HM. Transcriptional profiling of Alzheimer blood mononuclear cells by microarray. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:1795-809. [PMID: 16979800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated pathomechanisms and systemic manifestations of Alzheimer disease (AD), an aging-related dementing neurodegenerative disorder, by expression profiling. Blood mononuclear cell (BMC) transcriptomes of sporadic AD subjects and aged-matched normal elderly controls (NEC) were compared using the human NIA microarray. Relative to the NEC samples, the Alzheimer BMC exhibited a significant decline in the expression of genes concerned with cytoskeletal maintenance, cellular trafficking, cellular stress response, redox homeostasis, transcription and DNA repair. We observed decreased expression of several genes which may impact amyloid-beta production and the processing of the microtubule-associated protein tau. The microarray results were validated by quantitative real time PCR and revealed gender differences in the levels of altered gene expression. Our findings attest to the systemic nature of gene dys-regulation in sporadic AD, implicate disruption of cytoskeletal integrity, DNA repair mechanisms and cellular defenses in this condition, and suggest novel pathways of beta-amyloid deposition in this disease. BMC are highly accessible and may reflect molecular events germane to the neuropathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier C Maes
- Centre for Neurotranslational Research, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Canada.
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15
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Westmark PR, Shin HC, Westmark CJ, Soltaninassab SR, Reinke EK, Malter JS. Decoy mRNAs reduce beta-amyloid precursor protein mRNA in neuronal cells. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:787-96. [PMID: 16672170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 02/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta-amyloid likely contribute to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In an effort to understand neuronal APP gene regulation, we identified a 52 base element (52sce) immediately downstream from the stop codon that stabilizes APP mRNA. Deletion of this domain drastically destabilized APP mRNAs and reduced APP synthesis in vitro. Chimeric globin-APP mRNAs containing the globin coding sequence fused to the entire APP 3'-UTR, showed regulation similar to full-length APP mRNA. A variety of cytoplasmic lysates contain 52sce RNA binding activity, suggesting cis-trans interactions regulate the element's functionality. Finally, the overexpression of chimeric mRNAs, containing the GFP coding sequence and APP 3'-UTR, dramatically reduced endogenous APP steady-state levels in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and suggests a novel approach to reduce the amyloid burden in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R Westmark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neuroscience Training Program, Waisman Center for Developmental Disabilities and Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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16
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Vehmas A, Lieu J, Pardo CA, McArthur JC, Gartner S. Amyloid precursor protein expression in circulating monocytes and brain macrophages from patients with HIV-associated cognitive impairment. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 157:99-110. [PMID: 15579286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined amyloid precursor protein (APP) surface expression on circulating leukocytes and in brain tissues from normal individuals and HIV+ subjects with cognitive impairment. Most monocytes, and a subset of B-lymphocytes, expressed APP, while T-lymphocytes, granulocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells did not. CD14bright/CD16+ monocytes expressed the highest levels, and CD14dim/CD16+ cells were negative, suggesting a relationship with activation. Higher APP+ monocyte levels correlated with increased numbers of CD16+ monocytes, but not with the degree of cognitive impairment. Treatment of monocytes with M-CSF, but not LPS, upregulated APP expression. In the brain, APP appeared as axonal immunoreactivity and diffuse plaques, and APP+ perivascular macrophages were seen in cases with severe dementia. APP may facilitate monocyte entry into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Vehmas
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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