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Mulholland PJ, Padula AE, Wilhelm LJ, Park B, Grant KA, Ferguson BM, Cervera-Juanes R. Cross-species epigenetic regulation of nucleus accumbens KCNN3 transcripts by excessive ethanol drinking. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:364. [PMID: 38012158 PMCID: PMC10682415 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms driving functional adaptations in neuronal excitability and excessive alcohol intake are poorly understood. Small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa2 or SK) channels encoded by the KCNN family of genes have emerged from preclinical studies as a key contributor to alcohol-induced functional neuroadaptations in alcohol-drinking monkeys and alcohol-dependent mice. Here, this cross-species analysis focused on KCNN3 DNA methylation, gene expression, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, including alternative promoters in KCNN3, that could influence surface trafficking and function of KCa2 channels. Bisulfite sequencing analysis of the nucleus accumbens tissue from alcohol-drinking monkeys and alcohol-dependent mice revealed a differentially methylated region in exon 1A of KCNN3 that overlaps with a predicted promoter sequence. The hypermethylation of KCNN3 in the accumbens paralleled an increase in the expression of alternative transcripts that encode apamin-insensitive and dominant-negative KCa2 channel isoforms. A polymorphic repeat in macaque KCNN3 encoded by exon 1 did not correlate with alcohol drinking. At the protein level, KCa2.3 channel expression in the accumbens was significantly reduced in very heavy-drinking monkeys. Together, our cross-species findings on epigenetic dysregulation of KCNN3 represent a complex mechanism that utilizes alternative promoters to potentially impact the firing of accumbens neurons. Thus, these results provide support for hypermethylation of KCNN3 as a possible key molecular mechanism underlying harmful alcohol intake and alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Mulholland
- Department of Neuroscience, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Audrey E Padula
- Department of Neuroscience, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Larry J Wilhelm
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Atrium Health Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Byung Park
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Department of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Betsy M Ferguson
- Department of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Rita Cervera-Juanes
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Atrium Health Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
- Center for Precision Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Juanes RC, Mulholland P, Padula A, Wilhelm L, Park B, Grant K, Ferguson B. Cross-species epigenetic regulation of nucleus accumbens KCNN3 transcripts by excessive ethanol drinking. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3315122. [PMID: 37790552 PMCID: PMC10543433 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3315122/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms driving functional adaptations in neuronal excitability and excessive alcohol intake are poorly understood. Small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa2 or SK) channels encoded by the KCNN family of genes have emerged from preclinical studies as a key contributor to alcohol-induced functional neuroadaptations in alcohol-drinking monkeys and alcohol dependent mice. Here, this cross-species analysis focused on KCNN3 DNA methylation, gene expression, and single nucleotide polymorphisms including alternative promoters in KCNN3 that could influence surface trafficking and function of KCa2 channels. Bisulfite sequencing analysis of the nucleus accumbens tissue from alcohol-drinking monkeys and alcohol dependent mice revealed a differentially methylated region in exon 1A of KCNN3 that overlaps with a predicted promoter sequence. The hypermethylation of KCNN3 in the accumbens paralleled an increase in expression of alternative transcripts that encode apamin-insensitive and dominant-negative KCa2 channel isoforms. A polymorphic repeat in macaque KCNN3 encoded by exon 1 did not correlate with alcohol drinking. At the protein level, KCa2.3 channel expression in the accumbens was significantly reduced in very heavy drinking monkeys. Together, our cross-species findings on epigenetic dysregulation of KCNN3 represent a complex mechanism that utilizes alternative promoters to impact firing of accumbens neurons. Thus, these results provide support for hypermethylation of KCNN3 as a possible key molecular mechanism underlying harmful alcohol intake and alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Betsy Ferguson
- Oregon Health & Sciences University/Oregon National Primate Research Center
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Xiao X, Zhang CY, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Li M, Li T. Revisiting tandem repeats in psychiatric disorders from perspectives of genetics, physiology, and brain evolution. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:466-475. [PMID: 34650204 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed substantial genetic components comprised of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the heritable risk of psychiatric disorders. However, genetic risk factors not covered by GWAS also play pivotal roles in these illnesses. Tandem repeats, which are likely functional but frequently overlooked by GWAS, may account for an important proportion in the "missing heritability" of psychiatric disorders. Despite difficulties in characterizing and quantifying tandem repeats in the genome, studies have been carried out in an attempt to describe impact of tandem repeats on gene regulation and human phenotypes. In this review, we have introduced recent research progress regarding the genomic distribution and regulatory mechanisms of tandem repeats. We have also summarized the current knowledge of the genetic architecture and biological underpinnings of psychiatric disorders brought by studies of tandem repeats. These findings suggest that tandem repeats, in candidate psychiatric risk genes or in different levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) with psychiatric GWAS SNPs and haplotypes, may modulate biological phenotypes related to psychiatric disorders (e.g., cognitive function and brain physiology) through regulating alternative splicing, promoter activity, enhancer activity and so on. In addition, many tandem repeats undergo tight natural selection in the human lineage, and likely exert crucial roles in human brain evolution. Taken together, the putative roles of tandem repeats in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders is strongly implicated, and using examples from previous literatures, we wish to call for further attention to tandem repeats in the post-GWAS era of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chu-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital and Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China.
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Vincent JB. Unstable repeat expansion in major psychiatric disorders: two decades on, is dynamic DNA back on the menu? Psychiatr Genet 2017; 26:156-65. [PMID: 27270050 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For a period in the mid-1990s, soon after the discovery of the involvement of trinucleotide repeat expansions in fragile-X syndrome (both A and E), Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, and a number of hereditary ataxias, there was a clear sense that this new disease mechanism might provide answers for psychiatric disorders. Given the then failures to replicate initial genetic linkage findings for schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), a greater emphasis was placed on the role of complex and non-Mendelian mechanisms, and repeat instability appeared to have the potential to provide adequate explanations for numerous apparently non-Mendelian features such as anticipation, incomplete penetrance, sporadic occurrence, and nonconcordance of monozygotic twins. Initial molecular studies using a ligation-based amplification method (repeat expansion detection) appeared to support the involvement of CAG•CTG repeat expansion in SCZ and BD. However, subsequent studies that dissected the large repeats responsible for much of the positive signal showed that there were three main loci where CAG•CTG repeat expansion was occurring (on 13q21.33, 17q21.33-q22, and 18q21.2). None of the expansions at these loci appeared to segregate with SCZ or BD, and research into repeat expansions in psychiatric illness petered out in the early 2000s. The 13q expansion occurs within a noncoding RNA and appears to be associated with spinocerebellar ataxia 8 (SCA8), but with a still unexplained dichotomy in penetrance - either very high or very low. The 17q expansion occurs within an intron of the carbonic anhydrase-like gene, CA10. The 18q expansion is located within an intron of the TCF4 gene. Mutations in TCF4 are a known cause of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. Also, pertinently, genome-wide association studies have shown a well-replicated association between TCF4 and SCZ. Two decades on, in 2016, it appears to be an appropriate juncture to reflect on what we have learned, and, with the arrival of newer technologies, whether there is any mileage to be made in revisiting the unstable DNA hypothesis for psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- aMolecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute bInstitute of Medical Science cDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Soden ME, Jones GL, Sanford CA, Chung AS, Güler AD, Chavkin C, Luján R, Zweifel LS. Disruption of dopamine neuron activity pattern regulation through selective expression of a human KCNN3 mutation. Neuron 2013; 80:997-1009. [PMID: 24206670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-activated small conductance potassium channel SK3 plays an essential role in the regulation of dopamine neuron activity patterns. Here we demonstrate that expression of a human disease-related SK3 mutation (hSK3Δ) in dopamine neurons of mice disrupts the balance between tonic and phasic dopamine neuron activity. Expression of hSK3Δ suppressed endogenous SK currents, reducing coupling between SK channels and NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and increasing permissiveness for burst firing. Consistent with enhanced excitability of dopamine neurons, hSK3Δ increased evoked calcium signals in dopamine neurons in vivo and potentiated evoked dopamine release. Specific expression of hSK3Δ led to deficits in attention and sensory gating and heightened sensitivity to a psychomimetic drug. Sensory-motor alterations and psychomimetic sensitivity were recapitulated in a mouse model of transient, reversible dopamine neuron activation. These results demonstrate the cell-autonomous effects of a human ion channel mutation on dopamine neuron physiology and the impact of activity pattern disruption on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Soden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Judy JT, Zandi PP. A review of potassium channels in bipolar disorder. Front Genet 2013; 4:105. [PMID: 23781230 PMCID: PMC3678088 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bipolar disorder (BP) is one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions, susceptibility genes for the disorder have yet to be conclusively identified. It is likely that variants in multiple genes across multiple pathways contribute to the genotype–phenotype relationship in the affected population. Recent evidence from genome-wide association studies implicates an entire class of genes related to the structure and regulation of ion channels, suggesting that the etiology of BP may arise from channelopathies. In this review, we examine the evidence for this hypothesis, with a focus on the potential role of voltage-gated potassium channels. We consider evidence from genetic and expression studies, and discuss the potential underlying biology. We consider animal models and treatment implications of the involvement of potassium ion channelopathy in BP. Finally, we explore intriguing parallels between BP and epilepsy, the signature channelopathy of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Judy
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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Differential expression of genes encoding neuronal ion-channel subunits in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:869-82. [PMID: 22008100 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence concerning ion-channel abnormalities in the pathophysiology of common psychiatric disorders is still limited. Given the significance of ion channels in neuronal activity, neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity we hypothesized that the expression patterns of genes encoding different ion channels may be altered in schizophrenia, bipolar and unipolar disorders. Frozen samples of striatum including the nucleus accumbens (Str-NAc) and the lateral cerebellar hemisphere of 60 brains from depressed (MDD), bipolar (BD), schizophrenic and normal subjects, obtained from the Stanley Foundation Brain Collection, were assayed. mRNA of 72 different ion-channel subunits were determined by qRT-PCR and alteration in four genes were verified by immunoblotting. In the Str-NAc the prominent change was observed in the MDD group, in which there was a significant up-regulation in genes encoding voltage-gated potassium-channel subunits. However, in the lateral cerebellar hemisphere (cerebellum), the main change was observed in schizophrenia specimens, as multiple genes encoding various ion-channel subunits were significantly down-regulated. The impaired expression of genes encoding ion channels demonstrates a disease-related neuroanatomical pattern. The alterations observed in Str-NAc of MDD may imply electrical hypo-activity of this region that could be of relevance to MDD symptoms and treatment. The robust unidirectional alteration of both excitatory and inhibitory ion channels in the cerebellum may suggests cerebellar general hypo-transcriptional activity in schizophrenia.
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Grube S, Gerchen MF, Adamcio B, Pardo LA, Martin S, Malzahn D, Papiol S, Begemann M, Ribbe K, Friedrichs H, Radyushkin KA, Müller M, Benseler F, Riggert J, Falkai P, Bickeböller H, Nave KA, Brose N, Stühmer W, Ehrenreich H. A CAG repeat polymorphism of KCNN3 predicts SK3 channel function and cognitive performance in schizophrenia. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:309-19. [PMID: 21433290 PMCID: PMC3377084 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KCNN3, encoding the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel SK3, harbours a polymorphic CAG repeat in the amino-terminal coding region with yet unproven function. Hypothesizing that KCNN3 genotypes do not influence susceptibility to schizophrenia but modify its phenotype, we explored their contribution to specific schizophrenic symptoms. Using the Göttingen Research Association for Schizophrenia (GRAS) data collection of schizophrenic patients (n = 1074), we performed a phenotype-based genetic association study (PGAS) of KCNN3. We show that long CAG repeats in the schizophrenic sample are specifically associated with better performance in higher cognitive tasks, comprising the capacity to discriminate, select and execute (p < 0.0001). Long repeats reduce SK3 channel function, as we demonstrate by patch-clamping of transfected HEK293 cells. In contrast, modelling the opposite in mice, i.e. KCNN3 overexpression/channel hyperfunction, leads to selective deficits in higher brain functions comparable to those influenced by SK3 conductance in humans. To conclude, KCNN3 genotypes modify cognitive performance, shown here in a large sample of schizophrenic patients. Reduction of SK3 function may constitute a pharmacological target to improve cognition in schizophrenia and other conditions with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Grube
- Divison of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Pinheiro AP, Bulik CM, Thornton LM, Sullivan PF, Root TL, Bloss CS, Berrettini WH, Schork NJ, Kaye WH, Bergen AW, Magistretti P, Brandt H, Crawford S, Crow S, Fichter MM, Goldman D, Halmi KA, Johnson C, Kaplan AS, Keel PK, Klump KL, La Via M, Mitchell JE, Strober M, Rotondo A, Treasure J, Woodside DB. Association study of 182 candidate genes in anorexia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1070-80. [PMID: 20468064 PMCID: PMC2963154 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We performed association studies with 5,151 SNPs that were judged as likely candidate genetic variations conferring susceptibility to anorexia nervosa (AN) based on location under reported linkage peaks, previous results in the literature (182 candidate genes), brain expression, biological plausibility, and estrogen responsivity. We employed a case-control design that tested each SNP individually as well as haplotypes derived from these SNPs in 1,085 case individuals with AN diagnoses and 677 control individuals. We also performed separate association analyses using three increasingly restrictive case definitions for AN: all individuals with any subtype of AN (All AN: n = 1,085); individuals with AN with no binge eating behavior (AN with No Binge Eating: n = 687); and individuals with the restricting subtype of AN (Restricting AN: n = 421). After accounting for multiple comparisons, there were no statistically significant associations for any individual SNP or haplotype block with any definition of illness. These results underscore the importance of large samples to yield appropriate power to detect genotypic differences in individuals with AN and also motivate complementary approaches involving Genome-Wide Association (GWA) studies, Copy Number Variation (CNV) analyses, sequencing-based rare variant discovery assays, and pathway-based analysis in order to make up for deficiencies in traditional candidate gene approaches to AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poyastro Pinheiro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Correspondence to: Dr. Cynthia M. Bulik, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 -7160.
| | - Laura M. Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tammy L. Root
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cinnamon S. Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Wade H. Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California,Correspondence to: Dr. Walter H. Kaye, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Dr., Suite C207, La Jolla, CA 92037.
| | - Andrew W. Bergen
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| | - Pierre Magistretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Mind Institute EPFL—Lausanne, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harry Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steve Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Manfred M. Fichter
- Roseneck Hospital for Behavioral Medicine, Prien, Germany, Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine A. Halmi
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, Westchester Division, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, New York
| | - Craig Johnson
- Laureate Psychiatric Clinic and Hospital, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Allan S. Kaplan
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pamela K. Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Maria La Via
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E. Mitchell
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Michael Strober
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alessandro Rotondo
- Neuropsychiatric Research Biotechnologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Janet Treasure
- Eating Disorders Section, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, University of London, London, England
| | - D. Blake Woodside
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Ivković M, Ranković V, Tarasjev A, Orolicki S, Damjanović A, Paunović VR, Romac S. SCHIZOPHRENIA AND POLYMORPHIC CAG REPEATS ARRAY OF CALCIUM-ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL (KCNN3) GENE IN SERBIAN POPULATION. Int J Neurosci 2009; 116:157-64. [PMID: 16393881 DOI: 10.1080/00207450341514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
KCNN3 might be a candidate gene for schizophrenia. The KCNN3 cDNA sequence contains two stretches of CAG trinucleotide repeats encoding two separate polyglutamine segments near the N-terminus of this channel protein. The second CAG repeat is highly polymorphic in the Caucasian population from both Europe and United States. The authors carried out a study to compare the allelic frequency distribution of the CAG repeat in KCNN3 gene in 55 Serbian schizophrenic patients and 46 controls. The data indicate a significant association between longer CAG repeats in second polymorphic KCNN3 region and schizophrenia in the Serbian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ivković
- Institute for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
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11
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Molecular and cellular basis of small--and intermediate-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel function in the brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65:3196-217. [PMID: 18597044 PMCID: PMC2798969 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK or KCa2) channels link intracellular calcium transients to membrane potential changes. SK channel subtypes present different pharmacology and distribution in the nervous system. The selective blocker apamin, SK enhancers and mice lacking specific SK channel subunits have revealed multifaceted functions of these channels in neurons, glia and cerebral blood vessels. SK channels regulate neuronal firing by contributing to the afterhyperpolarization following action potentials and mediating IAHP, and partake in a calcium-mediated feedback loop with NMDA receptors, controlling the threshold for induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. The function of distinct SK channel subtypes in different neurons often results from their specific coupling to different calcium sources. The prominent role of SK channels in the modulation of excitability and synaptic function of limbic, dopaminergic and cerebellar neurons hints at their possible involvement in neuronal dysfunction, either as part of the causal mechanism or as potential therapeutic targets.
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12
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Gargus JJ. Ion channel functional candidate genes in multigenic neuropsychiatric disease. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:177-85. [PMID: 16497276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Scores of monogenic Mendelian ion channel diseases serve to anchor the pathophysiology of the channelopathies, but there are also now clear examples of environmental, pharmacogenetic, and acquired channelopathy mechanisms. The cardinal feature of heritable ion channel disease is a periodic disturbance of rhythmic function in constitutionally hyperexcitable tissue. While the complexity of neuroanatomy obscures functional analysis of mutations causing monogenic seizure, ataxia, or migraine syndromes, extrapolation from the cardiac (Long QT [LQT]) and muscle (Periodic Paralysis) channelopathy syndromes provides a simplified predictive framework of molecular pathology: electrically stabilizing potassium ion (K(+)) and chloride ion (Cl(-)) channels, likely having lesions that diminish their current, and excitatory Na(+) channels, likely having gain-of-function lesions. The voltage-gated calcium channel gene family that contains CACNA1C, the newest LQT locus, causing Timothy Syndrome with a phenotype including autism, has proven to be particularly informative for its members' ability to tie the various central nervous system (CNS) phenotypes together in an interpretable fashion, now including direct extension to the classically multigenic neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Features of a promising ion channel candidate gene arise from its broad locus, gene family, nature of alleles, physiology and pharmacology, tissue expression profile, and phenotype in model organisms. KCNN3 is explored as a paradigm to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jay Gargus
- Department of Physiology, Section of Human Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4034, USA.
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13
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Chagnon YC. Shared Susceptibility Region On Chromosome 15 Between Autism And Catatonia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2006; 72:165-78. [PMID: 16697297 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)72010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have compiled significant linkage results from 20 genome scans for the autism syndrome disorder (ASD) and 2 for catatonia in schizophrenia (SZ). Localization of the markers has been updated across the studies using the same cytological (Genetic Location Database), physical (National Center for Biological Information), and genetic (Marshfield) maps. Eight autosomal chromosomes (1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, and 17) showed significant linkages with ASD, and one with catatonia (15). Chromosome 15 was further characterized for SZ genome scans (N = 4) since catatonia was observed in SZ patients, for candidate genes for ASD and catatonia, and for the numerous chromosomal rearrangement and abnormalities associated to ASD. From these results, we observed that four potential susceptibility regions for ASD could be observed on chromosome 15 at 15q11-q13, 15q14-q21, 15q22-q23, and 15q26, respectively. All the four regions were shared between ASD and SZ, with 15q15-q21 being also shared with catatonia. Strong candidate genes, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor B3, A5, and G3, have shown associations with ASD at 15q11-q13 susceptibility region where the majority of the chromosomal rearrangements are also found. On the other hand, negative association results were observed at 15q14-q21 susceptibility region for catatonia with the genes encoding the zinc transporter SLC30A4, the cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha polypeptide 7, and the delta-like 4 Drosophila. Further, fine mapping and candidate gene analyses are needed to highlight potential common genes between ASD and catatonia for this chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon C Chagnon
- Laval University Robert-Giffard Research Center, Beauport, Québec, Canada
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Curtain R, Sundholm J, Lea R, Ovcaric M, MacMillan J, Griffiths L. Association analysis of a highly polymorphic CAG Repeat in the human potassium channel gene KCNN3 and migraine susceptibility. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2005; 6:32. [PMID: 16162291 PMCID: PMC1236929 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-6-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a polygenic multifactorial disease, possessing environmental and genetic causative factors with multiple involved genes. Mutations in various ion channel genes are responsible for a number of neurological disorders. KCNN3 is a neuronal small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel gene that contains two polyglutamine tracts, encoded by polymorphic CAG repeats in the gene. This gene plays a critical role in determining the firing pattern of neurons and acts to regulate intracellular calcium channels. METHODS The present association study tested whether length variations in the second (more 3') polymorphic CAG repeat in exon 1 of the KCNN3 gene, are involved in susceptibility to migraine with and without aura (MA and MO). In total 423 DNA samples from unrelated individuals, of which 202 consisted of migraine patients and 221 non-migraine controls, were genotyped and analysed using a fluorescence labelled primer set on an ABI310 Genetic Analyzer. Allele frequencies were calculated from observed genotype counts for the KCNN3 polymorphism. Analysis was performed using standard contingency table analysis, incorporating the chi-squared test of independence and CLUMP analysis. RESULTS Overall, there was no convincing evidence that KCNN3 CAG lengths differ between Caucasian migraineurs and controls, with no significant difference in the allelic length distribution of CAG repeats between the population groups (P = 0.090). Also the MA and MO subtypes did not differ significantly between control allelic distributions (P > 0.05). The prevalence of the long CAG repeat (>19 repeats) did not reach statistical significance in migraineurs (P = 0.15), nor was there a significant difference between the MA and MO subgroups observed compared to controls (P = 0.46 and P = 0.09, respectively), or between MA vs MO (P = 0.40). CONCLUSION This association study provides no evidence that length variations of the second polyglutamine array in the N-terminus of the KCNN3 channel exert an effect in the pathogenesis of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Curtain
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - James Sundholm
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rod Lea
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mick Ovcaric
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - John MacMillan
- Queensland Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Children's Hospital Health Service District, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lyn Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Chagnon YC. Shared chromosomal susceptibility regions between autism and other mental disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 71:419-43. [PMID: 16512360 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)71017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvon C Chagnon
- Genetic and Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Robert-Giffard Research Center, Laval University, Beauport, Québec, Canada
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