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Esteban-Martos A, Brokate-Llanos AM, Real LM, Melgar-Locatelli S, de Rojas I, Castro-Zavala A, Bravo MJ, Mañas-Padilla MDC, García-González P, Ruiz-Galdon M, Pacheco-Sánchez B, Polvillo R, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, González I, Castilla-Ortega E, Muñoz MJ, Rivera P, Reyes-Engel A, Ruiz A, Royo JL. A Functional Pipeline of Genome-Wide Association Data Leads to Midostaurin as a Repurposed Drug for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12079. [PMID: 37569459 PMCID: PMC10418421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) constitute a powerful tool to identify the different biochemical pathways associated with disease. This knowledge can be used to prioritize drugs targeting these routes, paving the road to clinical application. Here, we describe DAGGER (Drug Repositioning by Analysis of GWAS and Gene Expression in R), a straightforward pipeline to find currently approved drugs with repurposing potential. As a proof of concept, we analyzed a meta-GWAS of 1.6 × 107 single-nucleotide polymorphisms performed on Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our pipeline uses the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and Drug Gene Interaction (DGI) databases for a rational prioritization of 22 druggable targets. Next, we performed a two-stage in vivo functional assay. We used a C. elegans humanized model over-expressing the Aβ1-42 peptide. We assayed the five top-scoring candidate drugs, finding midostaurin, a multitarget protein kinase inhibitor, to be a protective drug. Next, 3xTg AD transgenic mice were used for a final evaluation of midostaurin's effect. Behavioral testing after three weeks of 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal treatment revealed a significant improvement in behavior, including locomotion, anxiety-like behavior, and new-place recognition. Altogether, we consider that our pipeline might be a useful tool for drug repurposing in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Esteban-Martos
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.E.-M.); (L.M.R.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-G.); (I.G.); (A.R.-E.)
| | - Ana Maria Brokate-Llanos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide (UPO), UPO/CSIC/JA, Ctra Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (R.P.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.E.-M.); (L.M.R.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-G.); (I.G.); (A.R.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Melgar-Locatelli
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain; (S.M.-L.); (A.C.-Z.); (M.d.C.M.-P.); (B.P.-S.); (F.R.d.F.); (E.C.-O.); (P.R.)
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona—Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (I.d.R.); (P.G.-G.); (A.R.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Castro-Zavala
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain; (S.M.-L.); (A.C.-Z.); (M.d.C.M.-P.); (B.P.-S.); (F.R.d.F.); (E.C.-O.); (P.R.)
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Bravo
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.E.-M.); (L.M.R.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-G.); (I.G.); (A.R.-E.)
| | - Maria del Carmen Mañas-Padilla
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain; (S.M.-L.); (A.C.-Z.); (M.d.C.M.-P.); (B.P.-S.); (F.R.d.F.); (E.C.-O.); (P.R.)
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Pablo García-González
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona—Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (I.d.R.); (P.G.-G.); (A.R.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Ruiz-Galdon
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.E.-M.); (L.M.R.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-G.); (I.G.); (A.R.-E.)
| | - Beatriz Pacheco-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain; (S.M.-L.); (A.C.-Z.); (M.d.C.M.-P.); (B.P.-S.); (F.R.d.F.); (E.C.-O.); (P.R.)
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Salud Mental, Hospital Universitario Regional de Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Polvillo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide (UPO), UPO/CSIC/JA, Ctra Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (R.P.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Fernando Rodriguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain; (S.M.-L.); (A.C.-Z.); (M.d.C.M.-P.); (B.P.-S.); (F.R.d.F.); (E.C.-O.); (P.R.)
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Salud Mental, Hospital Universitario Regional de Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Irene González
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.E.-M.); (L.M.R.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-G.); (I.G.); (A.R.-E.)
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain; (S.M.-L.); (A.C.-Z.); (M.d.C.M.-P.); (B.P.-S.); (F.R.d.F.); (E.C.-O.); (P.R.)
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Manuel J. Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide (UPO), UPO/CSIC/JA, Ctra Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (R.P.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Malaga, Spain; (S.M.-L.); (A.C.-Z.); (M.d.C.M.-P.); (B.P.-S.); (F.R.d.F.); (E.C.-O.); (P.R.)
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Salud Mental, Hospital Universitario Regional de Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Armando Reyes-Engel
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.E.-M.); (L.M.R.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-G.); (I.G.); (A.R.-E.)
| | - Agustin Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona—Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (I.d.R.); (P.G.-G.); (A.R.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Royo
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.E.-M.); (L.M.R.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-G.); (I.G.); (A.R.-E.)
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Blue EE, Yu CE, Thornton TA, Chapman NH, Kernfeld E, Jiang N, Shively KM, Buckingham KJ, Marvin CT, Bamshad MJ, Bird TD, Wijsman EM. Variants regulating ZBTB4 are associated with age-at-onset of Alzheimer's disease. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 17:e12429. [PMID: 29045054 PMCID: PMC5902667 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification of novel genetic modifiers of age-at-onset (AAO) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) could advance our understanding of AD and provide novel therapeutic targets. A previous genome scan for modifiers of AAO among families affected by early-onset AD caused by the PSEN2 N141I variant identified 2 loci with significant evidence for linkage: 1q23.3 and 17p13.2. Here, we describe the fine-mapping of these 2 linkage regions, and test for replication in 6 independent datasets. By fine-mapping these linkage signals in a single large family, we reduced the linkage regions to 11% their original size and nominated 54 candidate variants. Among the 11 variants associated with AAO of AD in a larger sample of Germans from Russia, the strongest evidence implicated promoter variants influencing NCSTN on 1q23.3 and ZBTB4 on 17p13.2. The association between ZBTB4 and AAO of AD was replicated by multiple variants in independent, trans-ethnic datasets. Our results show association between AAO of AD and both ZBTB4 and NCSTN. ZBTB4 is a transcriptional repressor that regulates the cell cycle, including the apoptotic response to amyloid beta, while NCSTN is part of the gamma secretase complex, known to influence amyloid beta production. These genes therefore suggest important roles for amyloid beta and cell cycle pathways in AAO of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Division of Gerontology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Timothy A. Thornton
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicola H. Chapman
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eric Kernfeld
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Shively
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kati J. Buckingham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Colby T. Marvin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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3
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Miranda AM, Herman M, Cheng R, Nahmani E, Barrett G, Micevska E, Fontaine G, Potier MC, Head E, Schmitt FA, Lott IT, Jiménez-Velázquez IZ, Antonarakis SE, Di Paolo G, Lee JH, Hussaini SA, Marquer C. Excess Synaptojanin 1 Contributes to Place Cell Dysfunction and Memory Deficits in the Aging Hippocampus in Three Types of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2018; 23:2967-2975. [PMID: 29874583 PMCID: PMC6040810 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide phosphatase synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1) is a key regulator of synaptic function. We first tested whether SYNJ1 contributes to phenotypic variations in familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) and show that SYNJ1 polymorphisms are associated with age of onset in both early- and late-onset human FAD cohorts. We then interrogated whether SYNJ1 levels could directly affect memory. We show that increased SYNJ1 levels in autopsy brains from adults with Down syndrome (DS/AD) are inversely correlated with synaptophysin levels, a direct readout of synaptic integrity. We further report age-dependent cognitive decline in a mouse model overexpressing murine Synj1 to the levels observed in human sporadic AD, triggered through hippocampal hyperexcitability and defects in the spatial reproducibility of place fields. Taken together, our findings suggest that SYNJ1 contributes to memory deficits in the aging hippocampus in all forms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Miranda
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mathieu Herman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rong Cheng
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; G. H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eden Nahmani
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Geoffrey Barrett
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeta Micevska
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gaelle Fontaine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Orange, CA 92668, USA
| | | | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School and University Hospitals of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joseph H Lee
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; G. H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S Abid Hussaini
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Catherine Marquer
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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López-López A, Gelpi E, Lopategui DM, Vidal-Taboada JM. Association of the CX3CR1-V249I Variant with Neurofibrillary Pathology Progression in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2340-2349. [PMID: 28343297 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and microglial dysfunction have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). CX3CR1 is a microglia-specific gene involved in microglia-neuron crosstalk and neuroinflammation. Numerous evidence show the involvement of CX3CR1 in AD. The aim of this study was to investigate if some functional genetic variants of this gene could influence on LOAD's outcome, in a neuropathologically confirmed Spanish cohort. We designed an open, pragmatic, case-control retrospective study including a total of 475 subjects (205 pathologically confirmed AD cases and 270 controls). We analyzed the association of the two CX3CR1 functional variants (V249I, rs3732379; and T280M, rs3732378) with neurofibrillary pathology progression rate according to Braak's staging system, age at onset (AAO), survival time, and risk of suffering LOAD. We found that individuals heterozygous for CX3CR1-V249I presented a lower neurofibrillary pathology stage at death (OR = 0.42, 95%CI [0.23, 0.74], p = 0.003, adj-p = 0.013) than the other genotypes. Eighty percent of the subjects homozygous for 249I had higher neurofibrillary pathology progression (Braak's stage VI). Moreover, homozygosis for 280M and 249I could be associated with a higher AAO in the subgroups of AD with Lewy bodies and without Lewy bodies. These CX3CR1 genetic variants could represent new modifying factors of pathology progression and age at onset in LOAD. These results provide further evidence of the involvement of CX3CR1 pathway and microglia/macrophages in the pathogenesis of LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan López-López
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Maria Lopategui
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jose M Vidal-Taboada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut de Neurociencies, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Saad M, Brkanac Z, Wijsman EM. Family-based genome scan for age at onset of late-onset Alzheimer's disease in whole exome sequencing data. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:607-17. [PMID: 26394601 PMCID: PMC4715764 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common and complex neurodegenerative disease. Age at onset (AAO) of AD is an important component phenotype with a genetic basis, and identification of genes in which variation affects AAO would contribute to identification of factors that affect timing of onset. Increase in AAO through prevention or therapeutic measures would have enormous benefits by delaying AD and its associated morbidities. In this paper, we performed a family-based genome-wide association study for AAO of late-onset AD in whole exome sequence data generated in multigenerational families with multiple AD cases. We conducted single marker and gene-based burden tests for common and rare variants, respectively. We combined association analyses with variance component linkage analysis, and with reference to prior studies, in order to enhance evidence of the identified genes. For variants and genes implicated by the association study, we performed a gene-set enrichment analysis to identify potential novel pathways associated with AAO of AD. We found statistically significant association with AAO for three genes (WRN, NTN4 and LAMC3) with common associated variants, and for four genes (SLC8A3, SLC19A3, MADD and LRRK2) with multiple rare-associated variants that have a plausible biological function related to AD. The genes we have identified are in pathways that are strong candidates for involvement in the development of AD pathology and may lead to a better understanding of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Saad
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Zoran Brkanac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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