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Trede F, Kil N, Stranks J, Connell AJ, Fischer J, Ostner J, Schülke O, Zinner D, Roos C. A refined panel of 42 microsatellite loci to universally genotype catarrhine primates. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:498-505. [PMID: 33437445 PMCID: PMC7790618 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite genotyping is an important genetic method for a number of research questions in biology. Given that the traditional fragment length analysis using polyacrylamide gel or capillary electrophoresis has several drawbacks, microsatellite genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) has arisen as a promising alternative. Although GBS mitigates many of the problems of fragment length analysis, issues with allelic dropout and null alleles often remain due to mismatches in primer binding sites and unnecessarily long PCR products. This is also true for GBS in catarrhine primates where cross-species amplification of loci (often human derived) is common.We therefore redesigned primers for 45 microsatellite loci based on 17 available catarrhine reference genomes. Next, we tested them in singleplex and different multiplex settings in a panel of species representing all major lineages of Catarrhini and further validated them in wild Guinea baboons (Papio papio) using fecal samples.The final panel of 42 microsatellite loci can efficiently be amplified with primers distributed into three amplification pools.With our microsatellite panel, we provide a tool to universally genotype catarrhine primates via GBS from different sample sources in a cost- and time-efficient way, with higher resolution, and comparability among laboratories and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Trede
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Niels Kil
- Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Department of Behavioral EcologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Research Group Primate Social EvolutionGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - James Stranks
- Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Department of Behavioral EcologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Research Group Primate Social EvolutionGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Andrew Jesse Connell
- Department of MicrobiologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Department of Primate CognitionGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Julia Ostner
- Department of Behavioral EcologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Research Group Primate Social EvolutionGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Department of Behavioral EcologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Research Group Primate Social EvolutionGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Department of Primate CognitionGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Christian Roos
- Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Gene Bank of PrimatesGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
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Minkner MMI, Young C, Amici F, McFarland R, Barrett L, Grobler JP, Henzi SP, Widdig A. Assessment of Male Reproductive Skew via Highly Polymorphic STR Markers in Wild Vervet Monkeys, Chlorocebus pygerythrus. J Hered 2019; 109:780-790. [PMID: 30272235 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive strategies have been well studied in primate species where the ability of males to monopolize reproductive access is high. Less is known about species where males cannot monopolize mating access. Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) are interesting in this regard as female codominance reduces the potential for male monopolization. Under this condition, we assessed whether male dominance rank still influences male mating and reproductive success, by assigning paternities to infants in a population of wild vervets in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. To determine paternity, we established microsatellite markers from noninvasive fecal samples via cross-species amplification. In addition, we evaluated male mating and reproductive success for 3 groups over 4 mating seasons. We identified 21 highly polymorphic microsatellites (number of alleles = 7.5 ± 3.1 [mean ± SD], observed heterozygosity = 0.691 ± 0.138 [mean ± SD]) and assigned paternity to 94 of 97 sampled infants (96.9%) with high confidence. Matings pooled over 4 seasons were significantly skewed across 3 groups, although skew indices were low (B index = 0.023-0.030) and mating success did not correlate with male dominance. Paternities pooled over 4 seasons were not consistently significantly skewed (B index = 0.005-0.062), with high-ranking males siring more offspring than subordinates only in some seasons. We detected 6 cases of extra-group paternity (6.4%) and 4 cases of natal breeding (4.3%). Our results suggest that alternative reproductive strategies besides priority of access for dominant males are likely to affect paternity success, warranting further investigation into the determinants of paternity among species with limited male monopolization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam M I Minkner
- Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Talstr, Leipzig, Germany.,Research Group Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany.,Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Christiaan de Wet Road and Pioneer Avenue, Florida, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Christopher Young
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Christiaan de Wet Road and Pioneer Avenue, Florida, Gauteng, South Africa.,Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Federica Amici
- Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Talstr, Leipzig, Germany.,Research Group Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard McFarland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Christiaan de Wet Road and Pioneer Avenue, Florida, Gauteng, South Africa.,Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - J Paul Grobler
- and Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - S Peter Henzi
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Christiaan de Wet Road and Pioneer Avenue, Florida, Gauteng, South Africa.,Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Anja Widdig
- Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Talstr, Leipzig, Germany.,Research Group Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
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Bono AE, Whiten A, van Schaik C, Krützen M, Eichenberger F, Schnider A, van de Waal E. Payoff- and Sex-Biased Social Learning Interact in a Wild Primate Population. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2800-2805.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Obesity and obesogenic growth are both highly heritable and modified by diet in a nonhuman primate model, the African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:765-774. [PMID: 29211707 PMCID: PMC5984074 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: In humans, the ontogeny of obesity throughout the life course and the genetics underlying it has been historically difficult to study. We compared, in a non-human primate model, the lifelong growth trajectories of obese and non-obese adults to assess the heritability of and map potential genomic regions implicated in growth and obesity. Study population: A total of 905 African green monkeys, or vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) (472 females, 433 males) from a pedigreed captive colony. Methods: We measured fasted body weight (BW), crown-to-rump length (CRL), body-mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) from 2000 to 2015. We used a longitudinal clustering algorithm to detect obesogenic growth, and logistic growth curves implemented in nonlinear mixed effects models to estimate three growth parameters. We used maximum likelihood variance decomposition methods to estimate the genetic contributions to obesity-related traits and growth parameters, including a test for the effects of a calorie-restricted dietary intervention. We used multipoint linkage analysis to map implicated genomic regions. Results: All measurements were significantly influenced by sex, and with the exception of WC, also influenced by maternal and post-natal diet. Chronic obesity outcomes were significantly associated with a pattern of extended growth duration with slow growth rates for BW. After accounting for environmental influences, all measurements were found to have a significant genetic component to variability. Linkage analysis revealed several regions suggested to be linked to obesity-related traits that are also implicated in human obesity and metabolic disorders. Conclusions: As in humans, growth patterns in vervets have a significant impact on adult obesity and are largely under genetic control with some evidence for maternal and dietary programming. These results largely mirror findings from human research, but reflect shorter developmental periods, suggesting that the vervet offers a strong genetic model for elucidating the ontogeny of human obesity.
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Bradford AP, Jones K, Kechris K, Chosich J, Montague M, Warren WC, May MC, Al-Safi Z, Kuokkanen S, Appt SE, Polotsky AJ. Joint MiRNA/mRNA expression profiling reveals changes consistent with development of dysfunctional corpus luteum after weight gain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135163. [PMID: 26258540 PMCID: PMC4530955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese women exhibit decreased fertility, high miscarriage rates and dysfunctional corpus luteum (CL), but molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. We hypothesized that weight gain induces alterations in CL gene expression. RNA sequencing was used to identify changes in the CL transcriptome in the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) during weight gain. 10 months of high-fat, high-fructose diet (HFHF) resulted in a 20% weight gain for HFHF animals vs. 2% for controls (p = 0.03) and a 66% increase in percent fat mass for HFHF group. Ovulation was confirmed at baseline and after intervention in all animals. CL were collected on luteal day 7-9 based on follicular phase estradiol peak. 432 mRNAs and 9 miRNAs were differentially expressed in response to HFHF diet. Specifically, miR-28, miR-26, and let-7b previously shown to inhibit sex steroid production in human granulosa cells, were up-regulated. Using integrated miRNA and gene expression analysis, we demonstrated changes in 52 coordinately regulated mRNA targets corresponding to opposite changes in miRNA. Specifically, 2 targets of miR-28 and 10 targets of miR-26 were down-regulated, including genes linked to follicular development, steroidogenesis, granulosa cell proliferation and survival. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of dietary-induced responses of the ovulating ovary to developing adiposity. The observed HFHF diet-induced changes were consistent with development of a dysfunctional CL and provide new mechanistic insights for decreased sex steroid production characteristic of obese women. MiRNAs may represent novel biomarkers of obesity-related subfertility and potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Justin Chosich
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Michael Montague
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Warren
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Margaret C. May
- Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest University Primate Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Zain Al-Safi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Satu Kuokkanen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Appt
- Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest University Primate Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Polotsky
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Establishment of a microsatellite set for noninvasive paternity testing in free-ranging Macaca mulatta tcheliensis in Mount Taihangshan area, Jiyuan, China. Zool Stud 2015; 54:e8. [PMID: 31966095 DOI: 10.1186/s40555-014-0100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within multi-male and multi-female mammalian societies, paternity assignment is crucial for evaluating male reproductive success, dominance hierarchy, and inbreeding avoidance. It is, however, difficult to determine paternity because of female promiscuity during reproduction. Noninvasive molecular techniques (e.g., fecal DNA) make it possible to match the genetic father to his offspring. In the current study, a troop of free-ranging Taihangshan macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis) in Mt. Taihangshan area, Jiyuan, China, was selected for studying the paternity. We successfully screened a set of microsatellite loci from fecal DNA and evaluated the efficiency of these loci for paternity testing using clearly recorded data of maternity. RESULTS The results showed that: 1) ten loci out of 18 candidate microsatellite loci were amplified successfully in the fecal samples of Taihangshan macaques. The error probability in maternity assignments and paternity testing was very low as indicated by their power of discrimination (0.70 to 0.95), power of exclusion (0.43 to 0.84), and the values of polymorphic information content ranging from 0.52 to 0.82; 2) the combined probability of exclusion in paternity testing for ten qualified loci was as high as 99.999%, and the combined probability of exclusion reached 99.99% when the seven most polymorphic loci were adopted; 3) the offspring were assigned to their biological mother correctly and also matched with their genetic father. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the ten polymorphic microsatellite loci, especially a core set of seven most polymorphic loci, provided an effective and reliable tool for noninvasive paternity testing in free-ranging rhesus macaques.
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Xu YR, Li JH, Zhu Y, Sun BH. Development of a microsatellite set for paternity assignment of captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from Anhui Province, China. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413070144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kundu MC, May MC, Chosich J, Bradford AP, Lasley B, Gee N, Santoro N, Appt SE, Polotsky AJ. Assessment of luteal function in the vervet monkey as a means to develop a model for obesity-related reproductive phenotype. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2013; 59:74-81. [PMID: 23278149 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2012.752547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to characterize luteal function in vervet monkeys. Urine from 12 adult female vervets housed at an academic research center was collected for 10 weeks from single-caged monkeys in order to assess evidence of luteal activity (ELA) as determined by urinary excretion of pregnanediol glucuronide (Pdg) and estrone conjugates (E1c). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed on the monkeys to assess body composition, bone density, and fat mass. Menstrual cyclicity was determined using records of vaginal bleeding. ELA was observed in 9 monkeys and was characterized by a late follicular rise in E1c followed by a progressive increase in Pdg excretion. Mean menstrual cycle length was 26.7 ± 3.8 days and the average day of luteal transition was 14 ± 1.8. Three monkeys without ELA had a clearly defined E1c rise (mean 12-fold from nadir) followed by an E1c drop that was not accompanied by Pdg rise and coincided with vaginal bleeding. Among the 9 ELA monkeys, excretion of E1c tended to negatively associate with fat mass, although this finding did not reach statistical significance (r = -0.61, p = 0.08). Similar to women, vervet monkeys experience an increase in E1c late in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle which is followed by a subsequent luteal Pdg peak. Assessment of urinary reproductive hormones allows for identification of cardinal menstrual cycle events; thus, the similarity of vervet cycles to human menstrual cycles makes them a useful model for obesity-related human reproductive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila C Kundu
- Department of Pathology Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University Primate Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Similarity in food cleaning techniques within matrilines in wild vervet monkeys. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35694. [PMID: 22558201 PMCID: PMC3338447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Social learning and the formation of traditions rely on the ability and willingness to copy one another. A central question is under which conditions individuals adapt behaviour to social influences. Here, we demonstrate that similarities in food processing techniques emerge on the level of matrilines (mother – offspring) but not on the group level in an experiment on six groups of wild vervet monkeys that involved grapes covered with sand. Monkeys regularly ate unclean grapes but also used four cleaning techniques more similarly within matrilines: rubbing in hands, rubbing on substrate, open with mouth, and open with hands. Individual cleaning techniques evolved over time as they converged within matrilines, stabilised at the end and remained stable in a follow-up session more than one year later. The similarity within matrilines persisted when we analyzed only foraging events of individuals in the absence of other matriline members and matriline members used more similar methods than adult full sisters. Thus, momentary conversion or purely genetic causation are unlikely explanations, favouring social learning as mechanism for within matriline similarities. The restriction of traditions to matriline membership rather than to the group level may restrict the development of culture in monkeys relative to apes or humans.
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Almeida JL, Hill CR, Cole KD. Authentication of African green monkey cell lines using human short tandem repeat markers. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:102. [PMID: 22059503 PMCID: PMC3221628 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tools for authenticating cell lines are critical for quality control in cell-based biological experiments. Currently there are methods to authenticate human cell lines using short tandem repeat (STR) markers based on the technology and procedures successfully used in the forensic community for human identification, but there are no STR based methods for authenticating nonhuman cell lines to date. There is significant homology between the human and vervet monkey genome and we utilized these similarities to design the first multiplex assay based on human STR markers for vervet cell line identification. RESULTS The following STR markers were incorporated into the vervet multiplex PCR assay: D17S1304, D5S1467, D19S245, D1S518, D8S1106, D4S2408, D6S1017, and DYS389. The eight markers were successful in uniquely identifying sixty-two vervet monkey DNA samples and confirmed that Vero76 cells and COS-7 cells were derived from Vero and CV-1 cells, respectively. The multiplex assay shows specificity for vervet DNA within the determined allele range for vervet monkeys; however, the primers will also amplify human DNA for each marker resulting in amplicons outside the vervet allele range in several of the loci. The STR markers showed genetic stability in over sixty-nine passages of Vero cells, suggesting low mutation rates in the targeted STR sequences in the Vero cell line. CONCLUSIONS A functional vervet multiplex assay consisting of eight human STR markers with heterozygosity values ranging from 0.53-0.79 was successful in uniquely identifying sixty-two vervet monkey samples. The probability of a random match using these eight markers between any two vervet samples is approximately 1 in 1.9 million. While authenticating a vervet cell line, the multiplex assay may also be a useful indicator for human cell line contamination since the assay is based on human STR markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Almeida
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biochemical Science Division, Bioassay Methods Group, 100 Bureau Drive MS8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Carolyn R Hill
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biochemical Science Division, Applied Genetics Group, 100 Bureau Drive MS8316, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kenneth D Cole
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biochemical Science Division, Bioassay Methods Group, 100 Bureau Drive MS8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Fairbanks LA, Jorgensen MJ, Bailey JN, Breidenthal SE, Grzywa R, Laudenslager ML. Heritability and genetic correlation of hair cortisol in vervet monkeys in low and higher stress environments. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:1201-8. [PMID: 21411232 PMCID: PMC3125414 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) system is a risk factor for a variety of physical and mental disorders, and yet the complexity of the system has made it difficult to define the role of genetic and environmental factors in producing long-term individual differences in HPA activity. Cortisol levels in hair have been suggested as a marker of total HPA activation over a period of several months. This study takes advantage of a pedigreed nonhuman primate colony to investigate genetic and environmental influences on hair cortisol levels before and after an environmental change. A sample of 226 adult female vervet monkeys (age 3-18) living in multigenerational, matrilineal social groups at the Vervet Research Colony were sampled in a stable low stress baseline environment and 6 months after the entire colony was moved to a new facility with more frequent handling and group disturbances (higher stress environment). Variance components analysis using the extended colony pedigree was applied to determine heritability of hair cortisol levels in the two environments. Bivariate genetic correlation assessed degree of overlap in genes influencing hair cortisol levels in the low and higher stress environments. The results showed that levels of cortisol in hair of female vervets increased significantly from the baseline to the post-move environment. Hair cortisol levels were heritable in both environments (h(2)=0.31), and there was a high genetic correlation across environments (rhoG=0.79), indicating substantial overlap in the genes affecting HPA activity in low and higher stress environments. This is the first study to demonstrate that the level of cortisol in hair is a heritable trait. It shows the utility of hair cortisol as a marker for HPA activation, and a useful tool for identifying genetic influences on long term individual differences in HPA activity. The results provide support for an additive model of the effects of genes and environment on this measure of long term HPA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn A. Fairbanks
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095,Corresponding Author: Lynn A. Fairbanks, PhD Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences Semel Institute University of California at Los Angeles 760 Westwood Plaza Los Angeles CA 90095 Office Number (310) 825-0782
| | - Matthew J. Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC
| | - Julia N. Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Sherry E. Breidenthal
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Rachel Grzywa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine, Denver CO 80220
| | - Mark L. Laudenslager
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine, Denver CO 80220
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Fairbanks LA, Bailey JN, Breidenthal SE, Laudenslager ML, Kaplan JR, Jorgensen MJ. Environmental stress alters genetic regulation of novelty seeking in vervet monkeys. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 10:683-8. [PMID: 21631727 PMCID: PMC3150611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been paid to identifying genetic influences and gene–environment interactions that increase vulnerability to environmental stressors, with promising but inconsistent results. A nonhuman primate model is presented here that allows assessment of genetic influences in response to a stressful life event for a behavioural trait with relevance for psychopathology. Genetic and environmental influences on free-choice novelty seeking behaviour were assessed in a pedigreed colony of vervet monkeys before and after relocation from a low stress to a higher stress environment. Heritability of novelty seeking scores, and genetic correlations within and between environments were conducted using variance components analysis. The results showed that novelty seeking was markedly inhibited in the higher stress environment, with effects persisting across a 2-year period for adults but not for juveniles. There were significant genetic contributions to novelty seeking scores in each year (h2 = 0.35–0.43), with high genetic correlations within each environment (rhoG > 0.80) and a lower genetic correlation (rhoG = 0.35, non-significant) between environments. There were also significant genetic contributions to individual change scores from before to after the move (h2 = 0.48). These results indicate that genetic regulation of novelty seeking was modified by the level of environmental stress, and they support a role for gene–environment interactions in a behavioural trait with relevance for mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Fairbanks
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
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Determinants of Paternity Success in a Group of Captive Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). INT J PRIMATOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-010-9478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fears SC, Melega WP, Service SK, Lee C, Chen K, Tu Z, Jorgensen MJ, Fairbanks LA, Cantor RM, Freimer NB, Woods RP. Identifying heritable brain phenotypes in an extended pedigree of vervet monkeys. J Neurosci 2009; 29:2867-75. [PMID: 19261882 PMCID: PMC2716293 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5153-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The area and volume of brain structural features, as assessed by high-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are among the most heritable measures relating to the human CNS. We have conducted MRI scanning of all available monkeys >2 years of age (n = 357) from the extended multigenerational pedigree of the Vervet Research Colony (VRC). Using a combination of automated and manual segmentation we have quantified several correlated but distinct brain structural phenotypes. The estimated heritabilities (h(2)) for these measures in the VRC are higher than those reported previously for such features in humans or in other nonhuman primates: total brain volume (h(2) = 0.99, SE = 0.06), cerebral volume (h(2) = 0.98, SE = 0.06), cerebellar volume (h(2) = 0.86, SE = 0.09), hippocampal volume (h(2) = 0.95, SE = 0.07) and corpus callosum cross-sectional areas (h(2) = 0.87, SE = 0.07). These findings indicate that, in the controlled environment and with the inbreeding structure of the VRC, additive genetic factors account for almost all of the observed variance in brain structure, and suggest the potential of the VRC for genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci underlying such variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Fears
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Liu ZJ, Ren BP, Hao YL, Zhang HR, Wei FW, Li M. Identification of 13 Human Microsatellite Markers via Cross-species Amplification of Fecal Samples from Rhinopithecus bieti. INT J PRIMATOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-007-9175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Freimer NB, Service SK, Ophoff RA, Jasinska AJ, McKee K, Villeneuve A, Belisle A, Bailey JN, Breidenthal SE, Jorgensen MJ, Mann JJ, Cantor RM, Dewar K, Fairbanks LA. A quantitative trait locus for variation in dopamine metabolism mapped in a primate model using reference sequences from related species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15811-6. [PMID: 17884980 PMCID: PMC1987389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707640104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) provide crucial research models. Their strong similarities to humans make them particularly valuable for understanding complex behavioral traits and brain structure and function. We report here the genetic mapping of an NHP nervous system biologic trait, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA), in an extended inbred vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) pedigree. CSF HVA is an index of CNS dopamine activity, which is hypothesized to contribute substantially to behavioral variations in NHP and humans. For quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, we carried out a two-stage procedure. We first scanned the genome using a first-generation genetic map of short tandem repeat markers. Subsequently, using >100 SNPs within the most promising region identified by the genome scan, we mapped a QTL for CSF HVA at a genome-wide level of significance (peak logarithm of odds score >4) to a narrow well delineated interval (<10 Mb). The SNP discovery exploited conserved segments between human and rhesus macaque reference genome sequences. Our findings demonstrate the potential of using existing primate reference genome sequences for designing high-resolution genetic analyses applicable across a wide range of NHP species, including the many for which full genome sequences are not yet available. Leveraging genomic information from sequenced to nonsequenced species should enable the utilization of the full range of NHP diversity in behavior and disease susceptibility to determine the genetic basis of specific biological and behavioral traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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PERWITASARI-FARAJALLAH DYAH. Human Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Markers for Paternity Testing in Pig-Tailed Macaques. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.4308/hjb.14.2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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18
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Rogers J, Bergstrom M, Garcia R, Kaplan J, Arya A, Novakowski L, Johnson Z, Vinson A, Shelledy W. A panel of 20 highly variable microsatellite polymorphisms in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) selected for pedigree or population genetic analysis. Am J Primatol 2006; 67:377-83. [PMID: 16287107 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports 20 new microsatellite loci that are highly polymorphic in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We screened known human microsatellite loci to identify markers that are polymorphic in rhesus macaques, and then selected specific loci that show substantial levels of heterozygosity and robust, reliable amplification. The 20 loci reported here were chosen to include one highly informative microsatellite from each rhesus monkey autosomal chromosome. Fourteen of the 20 polymorphisms are tetranucleotide repeats, and all can be analyzed using standard PCR and electrophoresis procedures. These new rhesus markers have an average of 15.5 alleles per locus and average heterozygosity of 0.83. This panel of DNA polymorphisms will be useful for a variety of different genetic analyses, including pedigree testing, paternity analysis, and population genetic studies. Many of these loci are also likely to be informative in other closely related Old World monkey species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Rogers
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78227, USA.
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19
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Lorenz JG, Long JC, Linnoila M, Goldman D, Suomi SJ, Higley JD. Genetic and Other Contributions to Alcohol Intake in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:389-98. [PMID: 16499479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of alcoholism and alcohol abuse, like many other complex diseases, is heterogeneous and multifactorial. Numerous studies demonstrate a genetic contribution to variation in the expression of alcohol-related disorders in humans. Over the past decade, nonhuman primates have emerged as a valuable model for some aspects of human alcohol abuse because of their phylogenetic proximity to humans. Long-term, longitudinal studies of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have provided much insight into environmental influences, especially early life experiences, on alcohol consumption and behavior patterns that characterize alcohol intake later in life. It is not known, however, whether there is a genetic component as well to the variation seen in alcohol consumption in rhesus macaques. A significant genetic component to variation in alcohol consumption in rhesus macaques would show for the first time that like humans, for nonhuman primates additive genetic influences are important. Moreover, their use as a model for alcohol-related disorders in humans would have even greater relevance and utility for designing experiments incorporating the expanding molecular genetics field, and allow researchers to investigate the interaction among the known environmental influences and various genotypes. METHODS In this study, we investigate factors contributing to variation in alcohol consumption of 156 rhesus macaques collected over 10 years when subjects were adolescent in age, belonging to a single extended pedigree, with each cohort receiving identical early rearing backgrounds and subsequent treatments. To measure alcohol consumption each animal was provided unfettered simultaneous access both to an aspartame-sweetened 8.4% (v/v) alcohol-water solution, the aspartame-sweetened vehicle, and to water for 1 hour each day during the early afternoon between 13:00 and 15:00 in their home cages for a period of 5 to 7 weeks. We use multiple regression to identify factors that significantly affect alcohol consumption among these animals and a maximum likelihood program (ASReml) that, controlling for the significant factors, estimates the genetic contribution to the variance in alcohol consumption. RESULTS Multiple regression analysis identified test cohort and rearing environment as contributing to 57 and 2%, respectively, of the total variance in alcohol consumption. Of the remaining 41% of the variance about half (19.8%) was attributable to additive genetic effects using a maximum likelihood program. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that, as in humans, there are additive genetic factors that contribute to variation in alcohol consumption in rhesus macaques, with other nongenetic factors accounting for substantial portions of the variance in alcohol consumption, Our findings show the presence of an additive genetic component and suggest the potential utility of the nonhuman primate as a molecular genetics tool for understanding alcohol abuse and alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Lorenz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey 08103, USA.
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Abstract
We have analysed 136 newly identified human Y-chromosomal microsatellites in five (sub)species of nonhuman primates. We identified 83 male-specific loci for central chimpanzees, 82 for western chimpanzees, 67 for gorillas, 45 for orangutans and 19 loci for mandrills. Polymorphism was detected at 56 loci in central chimpanzees, 29 in western chimpanzees, 24 in western gorillas, 17 in orangutans and at three in mandrills. Success in male-specific amplification of human Y-chromosomal microsatellites in nonhuman primates was significantly negatively correlated with divergence time from the human lineage. We observed significantly more Y-chromosomal microsatellite diversity in central chimpanzees than in western chimpanzees. There were significantly more male-specific loci with longer alleles in humans than with longer alleles in the nonhuman primates; however, this significant difference disappeared when only the loci which are polymorphic in nonhuman primates were analysed, suggesting that ascertainment bias is responsible. This study provides primatologists with a large number of polymorphic, male-specific microsatellite markers that will be valuable for investigating relevant questions in behavioural ecology such as male reproductive strategies, kin-based cooperation among males and male-specific dispersal patterns in wild groups of nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Erler
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Chambers KE, Reichard UH, Möller A, Nowak K, Vigilant L. Cross-species amplification of human microsatellite markers using noninvasive samples from white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Am J Primatol 2004; 64:19-27. [PMID: 15356855 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the population genetic structure and reproductive strategies of various primate species has been facilitated by cross-species amplification (i.e., the use of microsatellite markers developed in one species for analysis of another). In this study we screened 47 human-derived markers to assess their utility in the white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar). Only eight produced accurate, reliable results, and exhibited levels of polymorphism that were adequate for individual identification. This low success rate was surprising given that human microsatellite markers typically work well in species (such as macaques) that are evolutionarily more distant from humans than are gibbons. In addition, we experienced limited success in using a set of microsatellite markers that have been reported to be useful in the closely-related H. muelleri, and applying our set of microsatellite markers to samples obtained from one H. pileatus individual. Our results emphasize the importance of extensively screening potential markers in representatives of the population of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Chambers
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Fairbanks LA, Newman TK, Bailey JN, Jorgensen MJ, Breidenthal SE, Ophoff RA, Comuzzie AG, Martin LJ, Rogers J. Genetic contributions to social impulsivity and aggressiveness in vervet monkeys. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:642-7. [PMID: 15013834 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Revised: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 12/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity contributes to multiple psychiatric disorders and sociobehavioral problems, and the more serious consequences of impulsivity are typically manifest in social situations. This study assessed the genetic contribution to impulsivity and aggressiveness in a social context using a nonhuman primate model. METHODS Subjects were 352 adolescent and adult vervet monkeys from an extended multigenerational pedigree. Behavior was assessed in the Intruder Challenge Test, a standardized test that measures impulsivity and aggressiveness toward a stranger. Genetic and maternal contributions to variation in the Social Impulsivity Index and its two subscales, impulsive approach and aggression, were estimated using variance components analyses. RESULTS The results found significant genetic contributions to social impulsivity (h2 =.35 +/-.11) and to each of the subscales, with no significant influence of maternal environment. There was a high genetic correlation between the impulsive approach and aggression subscales (rho =.78 +/-.12). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate heritability of social impulsivity in adolescents and adults for any nonhuman primate species. The high genetic correlation suggests the same genes may influence variation in both impulsive approach and aggression. These results provide a promising basis for identification of susceptibility loci for impulsivity and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn A Fairbanks
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
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