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Panagiotopoulou O, Robinson D, Iriarte-Diaz J, Ackland D, Taylor AB, Ross CF. Dynamic finite element modelling of the macaque mandible during a complete mastication gape cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220549. [PMID: 37839457 PMCID: PMC10577025 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional finite element models (FEMs) are powerful tools for studying the mechanical behaviour of the feeding system. Using validated, static FEMs we have previously shown that in rhesus macaques the largest food-related differences in strain magnitudes during unilateral postcanine chewing extend from the lingual symphysis to the endocondylar ridge of the balancing-side ramus. However, static FEMs only model a single time point during the gape cycle and probably do not fully capture the mechanical behaviour of the jaw during mastication. Bone strain patterns and moments applied to the mandible are known to vary during the gape cycle owing to variation in the activation peaks of the jaw-elevator muscles, suggesting that dynamic models are superior to static ones in studying feeding biomechanics. To test this hypothesis, we built dynamic FEMs of a complete gape cycle using muscle force data from in vivo experiments to elucidate the impact of relative timing of muscle force on mandible biomechanics. Results show that loading and strain regimes vary across the chewing cycle in subtly different ways for different foods, something which was not apparent in static FEMs. These results indicate that dynamic three-dimensional FEMs are more informative than static three-dimensional FEMs in capturing the mechanical behaviour of the jaw during feeding by reflecting the asymmetry in jaw-adductor muscle activations during a gape cycle. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dale Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA
| | - David Ackland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Andrea B. Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Decaup PH, Couture C, Garot E. Is the distribution of cortical bone in the mandibular corpus and symphysis linked to loading environment in modern humans? A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 152:105718. [PMID: 37182318 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human mandible is a unique bone with specific external and internal morphological characteristics, influenced by a complex and challenging loading environment. Mandibular cortical thickness distribution in cross-sections is reported to be related to facial divergence patterns, cultural and dietary habits and more generally, specific loading environment. This review hypothesises that a process of environmental mechanical sensitivity is involved in the distribution of cortical bone in the mandibular corpus and symphysis in modern humans, and that loading regimes can influence this distribution pattern. Based on a review of the recent literature, this study aims to answer the following question: "Is the distribution of cortical bone in the mandibular corpus and symphysis linked to the loading environment in modern humans?" DESIGN A systematic review was undertaken using the PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases for publications from 1984 to 2022 investigating the relationship between cortical bone distribution in the mandibular corpus and the loading environment. A subgroup meta-analysis was performed to determine the overall effect of facial divergence on cortical thickness. RESULTS From a total of 2791 studies, 20 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The meta-analyses were performed in eight studies using a randomised model, finding a significant overall effect of facial divergence on cortical thickness in posterior areas of the mandible (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this review, specific loading regimes and their consequent variables (diet, culture, facial divergence) were linked to cortical thickness distribution. Sex was found to be unrelated to cortical thickness pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Hadrien Decaup
- Université de Bordeaux, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France; Université de Bordeaux, UFR des Sciences Odontologiques, Bordeaux, France.
| | | | - Elsa Garot
- Université de Bordeaux, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France; Université de Bordeaux, UFR des Sciences Odontologiques, Bordeaux, France
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Haravu PN, Abraha HM, Shang M, Iriarte-Diaz J, Taylor AB, Reid RR, Ross CF, Panagiotopoulou O. Macaca mulatta is a good model for human mandibular fixation research. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220438. [PMID: 36405636 PMCID: PMC9667141 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical and clinical studies have yet to converge on the optimal fixation technique for angle fractures, one of the most common and controversial fractures in terms of fixation approach. Prior pre-clinical studies have used a variety of animal models and shown abnormal strain environments exacerbated by less rigid (single-plate) Champy fixation and chewing on the side opposite the fracture (contralateral chewing). However, morphological differences between species warrant further investigation to ensure that these findings are translational. Here we present the first study to use realistically loaded finite-element models to compare the biomechanical behaviour of human and macaque mandibles pre- and post-fracture and fixation. Our results reveal only small differences in deformation and strain regimes between human and macaque mandibles. In the human model, more rigid biplanar fixation better approximated physiologically healthy global bone strains and moments around the mandible, and also resulted in less interfragmentary strain than less rigid Champy fixation. Contralateral chewing exacerbated deviations in strain, moments and interfragmentary strain, especially under Champy fixation. Our pre- and post-fracture fixation findings are congruent with those from macaques, confirming that rhesus macaques are excellent animal models for biomedical research into mandibular fixation. Furthermore, these findings strengthen the case for rigid biplanar fixation over less rigid one-plate fixation in the treatment of isolated mandibular angle fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav N. Haravu
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Centre, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Shang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Centre, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN, USA
| | | | - Russell R. Reid
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Centre, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Smith AL, Robinson C, Taylor AB, Panagiotopoulou O, Davis J, Ward CV, Kimbel WH, Alemseged Z, Ross CF. Comparative biomechanics of the Pan and Macaca mandibles during mastication: finite element modelling of loading, deformation and strain regimes. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20210031. [PMID: 34938438 PMCID: PMC8361577 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2021.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical behaviour of the mandibles of Pan and Macaca during mastication was compared using finite element modelling. Muscle forces were calculated using species-specific measures of physiological cross-sectional area and scaled using electromyographic estimates of muscle recruitment in Macaca. Loading regimes were compared using moments acting on the mandible and strain regimes were qualitatively compared using maps of principal, shear and axial strains. The enlarged and more vertically oriented temporalis and superficial masseter muscles of Pan result in larger sagittal and transverse bending moments on both working and balancing sides, and larger anteroposterior twisting moments on the working side. The mandible of Pan experiences higher principal strain magnitudes in the ramus and mandibular prominence, higher transverse shear strains in the top of the symphyseal region and working-side corpus, and a predominance of sagittal bending-related strains in the balancing-side mandible. This study lays the foundation for a broader comparative study of Hominidae mandibular mechanics in extant and fossil hominids using finite element modelling. Pan's larger and more vertical masseter and temporalis may make it a more suitable model for hominid mandibular biomechanics than Macaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, 200 University Parkway, Yakima, WA 98901, USA
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chris Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, Bronx, NY 10453, USA
| | | | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julian Davis
- Department of Engineering, University of Southern Indiana, 8600 University Boulevard, Evansville, IN 47712, USA
| | - Carol V. Ward
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, One Hospital Drive, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - William H. Kimbel
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4101, USA
| | - Zeresenay Alemseged
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Mesopithecus pentelicus from Zhaotong, China, the easternmost representative of a widespread Miocene cercopithecoid species. J Hum Evol 2020; 146:102851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Du L, Guo T, Liu Q, Li J, Zhang X, Xing J, Yue B, Li J, Fan Z. MACSNVdb: a high-quality SNV database for interspecies genetic divergence investigation among macaques. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2020; 2020:5827658. [PMID: 32367112 PMCID: PMC7198316 DOI: 10.1093/database/baaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Macaques are the most widely used non-human primates in biomedical research. The genetic divergence between these animal models is responsible for their phenotypic differences in response to certain diseases. However, the macaque single nucleotide polymorphism resources mainly focused on rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), which hinders the broad research and biomedical application of other macaques. In order to overcome these limitations, we constructed a database named MACSNVdb that focuses on the interspecies genetic diversity among macaque genomes. MACSNVdb is a web-enabled database comprising ~74.51 million high-quality non-redundant single nucleotide variants (SNVs) identified among 20 macaque individuals from six species groups (muttla, fascicularis, sinica, arctoides, silenus, sylvanus). In addition to individual SNVs, MACSNVdb also allows users to browse and retrieve groups of user-defined SNVs. In particular, users can retrieve non-synonymous SNVs that may have deleterious effects on protein structure or function within macaque orthologs of human disease and drug-target genes. Besides position, alleles and flanking sequences, MACSNVdb integrated additional genomic information including SNV annotations and gene functional annotations. MACSNVdb will facilitate biomedical researchers to discover molecular mechanisms of diverse responses to diseases as well as primatologist to perform population genetic studies. We will continue updating MACSNVdb with newly available sequencing data and annotation to keep the resource up to date. Database URL: http://big.cdu.edu.cn/macsnvdb/
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianming Du
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Rd, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20 Section 3, South Renmin Rd, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610065, China.,College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Yibin University, 8 Wuliangye Rd, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610065, China
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Weisbecker V, Guillerme T, Speck C, Sherratt E, Abraha HM, Sharp AC, Terhune CE, Collins S, Johnston S, Panagiotopoulou O. Individual variation of the masticatory system dominates 3D skull shape in the herbivory-adapted marsupial wombats. Front Zool 2019; 16:41. [PMID: 31695725 PMCID: PMC6824091 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Within-species skull shape variation of marsupial mammals is widely considered low and strongly size-dependent (allometric), possibly due to developmental constraints arising from the altricial birth of marsupials. However, species whose skulls are impacted by strong muscular stresses – particularly those produced through mastication of tough food items – may not display such intrinsic patterns very clearly because of the known plastic response of bone to muscle activity of the individual. In such cases, allometry may not dominate within-species shape variation, even if it is a driver of evolutionary shape divergence; ordination of shape in a geometric morphometric context through principal component analysis (PCA) should reveal main variation in areas under masticatory stress (incisor region/zygomatic arches/mandibular ramus); but this main variation should emerge from high individual variability and thus have low eigenvalues. Results We assessed the evidence for high individual variation through 3D geometric morphometric shape analysis of crania and mandibles of three species of grazing-specialized wombats, whose diet of tough grasses puts considerable strain on their masticatory system. As expected, we found little allometry and low Principal Component 1 (PC1) eigenvalues within crania and mandibles of all three species. Also as expected, the main variation was in the muzzle, zygomatic arches, and masticatory muscle attachments of the mandibular ramus. We then implemented a new test to ask if the landmark variation reflected on PC1 was reflected in individuals with opposite PC1 scores and with opposite shapes in Procrustes space. This showed that correspondence between individual and ordinated shape variation was limited, indicating high levels of individual variability in the masticatory apparatus. Discussion Our results are inconsistent with hypotheses that skull shape variation within marsupial species reflects a constraint pattern. Rather, they support suggestions that individual plasticity can be an important determinant of within-species shape variation in marsupials (and possibly other mammals) with high masticatory stresses, making it difficult to understand the degree to which intrinsic constraints act on shape variation at the within-species level. We conclude that studies that link micro- and macroevolutionary patterns of shape variation might benefit from a focus on species with low-impact mastication, such as carnivorous or frugivorous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Weisbecker
- 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas Guillerme
- 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cruise Speck
- 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma Sherratt
- 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- 3Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alana C Sharp
- 4Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.,5Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire E Terhune
- 6Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Simon Collins
- 7School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Johnston
- 7School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- 3Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Mehari Abraha H, Iriarte-Diaz J, Ross CF, Taylor AB, Panagiotopoulou O. The Mechanical Effect of the Periodontal Ligament on Bone Strain Regimes in a Validated Finite Element Model of a Macaque Mandible. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:269. [PMID: 31737614 PMCID: PMC6831558 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary anatomical function of the periodontal ligament (PDL) is to attach teeth to their sockets. However, theoretical and constitutive mechanical models have proposed that during mastication the PDL redistributes local occlusal loads and reduces the jaw's resistance to torsional deformations. These hypotheses imply that accurately modeling the PDL's material properties and geometry in finite element analysis (FEA) is a prerequisite to obtaining precise strain and deformation data. Yet, many finite element studies of the human and non-human primate masticatory apparatus exclude the PDL or model it with simplicity, in part due to limitations in μCT/CT scan resolution and material property assignment. Previous studies testing the sensitivity of finite element models (FEMs) to the PDL have yielded contradictory results, however a major limitation of these studies is that FEMs were not validated against in vivo bone strain data. Hence, this study uses a validated and subject specific FEM to assess the effect of the PDL on strain and deformation regimes in the lower jaw of a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) during simulated unilateral post-canine chewing. Our findings demonstrate that the presence of the PDL does influence local and global surface strain magnitudes (principal and shear) in the jaw. However, the PDL's effect is limited (diff. ~200-300 με) in areas away from the alveoli. Our results also show that varying the PDL's Young's Modulus within the range of published values (0.07-1750 MPa) has very little effect on global surface strains. These findings suggest that the mechanical importance of the PDL in FEMs of the mandible during chewing is dependent on the scope of the hypotheses being tested. If researchers are comparing strain gradients across species/taxa, the PDL may be excluded with minimal effect on results, but, if researchers are concerned with absolute strain values, sensitivity analysis is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Moving Morphology and Functional Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN, United States
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrea B. Taylor
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Moving Morphology and Functional Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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9
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Ruff CB. Functional morphology in the pages of the AJPA. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:688-704. [PMID: 29574828 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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10
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Peterson T, Müller GB. Developmental finite element analysis of cichlid pharyngeal jaws: Quantifying the generation of a key innovation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189985. [PMID: 29320528 PMCID: PMC5761836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in imaging and modeling facilitate the calculation of biomechanical forces in biological specimens. These factors play a significant role during ontogenetic development of cichlid pharyngeal jaws, a key innovation responsible for one of the most prolific species diversifications in recent times. MicroCT imaging of radiopaque-stained vertebrate embryos were used to accurately capture the spatial relationships of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in two cichlid species (Haplochromis elegans and Amatitlania nigrofasciata) for the purpose of creating a time series of developmental stages using finite element models, which can be used to assess the effects of biomechanical forces present in a system at multiple points of its ontogeny. Changes in muscle vector orientations, bite forces, force on the neurocranium where cartilage originates, and stress on upper pharyngeal jaws are analyzed in a comparative context. In addition, microCT scanning revealed the presence of previously unreported cement glands in A. nigrofasciata. The data obtained provide an underrepresented dimension of information on physical forces present in developmental processes and assist in interpreting the role of developmental dynamics in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Peterson
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerd B. Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- The KLI Institute, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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11
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Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Taylor AB, Mehari Abraha H, Aljunid SF, Ross CF. In vivo bone strain and finite element modeling of a rhesus macaque mandible during mastication. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:13-29. [PMID: 29037463 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a commonly used tool in musculoskeletal biomechanics and vertebrate paleontology. The accuracy and precision of finite element models (FEMs) are reliant on accurate data on bone geometry, muscle forces, boundary conditions and tissue material properties. Simplified modeling assumptions, due to lack of in vivo experimental data on material properties and muscle activation patterns, may introduce analytical errors in analyses where quantitative accuracy is critical for obtaining rigorous results. A subject-specific FEM of a rhesus macaque mandible was constructed, loaded and validated using in vivo data from the same animal. In developing the model, we assessed the impact on model behavior of variation in (i) material properties of the mandibular trabecular bone tissue and teeth; (ii) constraints at the temporomandibular joint and bite point; and (iii) the timing of the muscle activity used to estimate the external forces acting on the model. The best match between the FEA simulation and the in vivo experimental data resulted from modeling the trabecular tissue with an isotropic and homogeneous Young's modulus and Poisson's value of 10GPa and 0.3, respectively; constraining translations along X,Y, Z axes in the chewing (left) side temporomandibular joint, the premolars and the m1; constraining the balancing (right) side temporomandibular joint in the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior axes, and using the muscle force estimated at time of maximum strain magnitude in the lower lateral gauge. The relative strain magnitudes in this model were similar to those recorded in vivo for all strain locations. More detailed analyses of mandibular strain patterns during the power stroke at different times in the chewing cycle are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - José Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Simon Wilshin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, 3302 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, 1310 Club Drive, Mare Island, Vellejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sharifah F Aljunid
- Materialise Unit 5-01, Menara OBYU, No. 4, Jalan PJU 8/8A, Damansara Perdana, 47820 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Lad SE, Daegling DJ, McGraw WS. Bone remodeling is reduced in high stress regions of the cercopithecoid mandible. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:426-435. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Lad
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida32611
| | - David J. Daegling
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida32611
| | - W. Scott McGraw
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus Ohio43210
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13
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Holton NE, Bonner LL, Scott JE, Marshall SD, Franciscus RG, Southard TE. The ontogeny of the chin: an analysis of allometric and biomechanical scaling. J Anat 2015; 226:549-59. [PMID: 25865897 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a prominent chin in modern humans has been viewed by some researchers as an architectural adaptation to buttress the anterior corpus from bending stresses during mastication. In contrast, ontogenetic studies of mandibular symphyseal form suggest that a prominent chin results from the complex spatial interaction between the symphysis and surrounding soft tissue and skeletal anatomy during development. While variation in chin prominence is clearly influenced by differential growth and spatial constraints, it is unclear to what degree these developmental dynamics influence the mechanical properties of the symphysis. That is, do ontogenetic changes in symphyseal shape result in increased symphyseal bending resistance? We examined ontogenetic changes in the mechanical properties and shape of the symphysis using subjects from a longitudinal cephalometric growth study with ages ranging from 3 to 20+ years. We first examined whether ontogenetic changes in symphyseal shape were correlated with symphyseal vertical bending and wishboning resistance using multivariate regression. Secondly, we examined ontogenetic scaling of bending resistance relative to bending moment arm lengths. An ontogenetic increase in chin prominence was associated with decreased vertical bending resistance, while wishboning resistance was uncorrelated with ontogenetic development of the chin. Relative to bending moment arm lengths, vertical bending resistance scaled with significant negative allometry whereas wishboning resistance scaled isometrically. These results suggest a complex interaction between symphyseal ontogeny and bending resistance, and indicate that ontogenetic increases in chin projection do not provide greater bending resistance to the mandibular symphysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L L Bonner
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J E Scott
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S D Marshall
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R G Franciscus
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - T E Southard
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Smith AL, Benazzi S, Ledogar JA, Tamvada K, Smith LCP, Weber GW, Spencer MA, Dechow PC, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Slice DE, Strait DS. Biomechanical implications of intraspecific shape variation in chimpanzee crania: moving toward an integration of geometric morphometrics and finite element analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:122-44. [PMID: 25529239 PMCID: PMC4274755 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In a broad range of evolutionary studies, an understanding of intraspecific variation is needed in order to contextualize and interpret the meaning of variation between species. However, mechanical analyses of primate crania using experimental or modeling methods typically encounter logistical constraints that force them to rely on data gathered from only one or a few individuals. This results in a lack of knowledge concerning the mechanical significance of intraspecific shape variation that limits our ability to infer the significance of interspecific differences. This study uses geometric morphometric methods (GM) and finite element analysis (FEA) to examine the biomechanical implications of shape variation in chimpanzee crania, thereby providing a comparative context in which to interpret shape-related mechanical variation between hominin species. Six finite element models (FEMs) of chimpanzee crania were constructed from CT scans following shape-space Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of a matrix of 709 Procrustes coordinates (digitized onto 21 specimens) to identify the individuals at the extremes of the first three principal components. The FEMs were assigned the material properties of bone and were loaded and constrained to simulate maximal bites on the P(3) and M(2) . Resulting strains indicate that intraspecific cranial variation in morphology is associated with quantitatively high levels of variation in strain magnitudes, but qualitatively little variation in the distribution of strain concentrations. Thus, interspecific comparisons should include considerations of the spatial patterning of strains rather than focus only on their magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, 6 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, Ravenna 48121, Italy
| | - Justin A. Ledogar
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Kelli Tamvada
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Leslie C. Pryor Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark A. Spencer
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Box 874101, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4104
- Biology, South Mountain Community College, 7050 S. 24 Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85042
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Ian R. Grosse
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 160 Governor's Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003-2210
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th 30 Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Brian G. Richmond
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2110 G St. NW, Washington, D. C., 20052, USA
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., 20560, USA
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 Street, New York, NY 10024-5192
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, 1750 Independence Avenue, Kansas City, MO, 64106-1453, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, 1400 Coleman Avenue, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - Dennis E. Slice
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- School of Computational Science & Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Dirac Science Library, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4120
| | - David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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15
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Santos LSDM, Rossi AC, Freire AR, Matoso RI, Caria PHF, Prado FB. Finite-element analysis of 3 situations of trauma in the human edentulous mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 73:683-91. [PMID: 25577458 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maxillofacial trauma resulting from falls in elderly patients is a major social and health care concern. Most of these traumatic events involve mandibular fractures. The aim of this study was to analyze stress distributions from traumatic loads applied on the symphyseal, parasymphyseal, and mandibular body regions in the elderly edentulous mandible using finite-element analysis (FEA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Computerized tomographic analysis of an edentulous macerated human mandible of a patient approximately 65 years old was performed. The bone structure was converted into a 3-dimensional stereolithographic model, which was used to construct the computer-aided design (CAD) geometry for FEA. The mechanical properties of cortical and cancellous bone were characterized as isotropic and elastic structures, respectively, in the CAD model. The condyles were constrained to prevent free movement in the x-, y-, and z-axes during simulation. This enabled the simulation to include the presence of masticatory muscles during trauma. Three different simulations were performed. Loads of 700 N were applied perpendicular to the surface of the cortical bone in the symphyseal, parasymphyseal, and mandibular body regions. The simulation results were evaluated according to equivalent von Mises stress distributions. RESULTS Traumatic load at the symphyseal region generated low stress levels in the mental region and high stress levels in the mandibular neck. Traumatic load at the parasymphyseal region concentrated the resulting stress close to the mental foramen. Traumatic load in the mandibular body generated extensive stress in the mandibular body, angle, and ramus. CONCLUSIONS FEA enabled precise mapping of the stress distribution in a human elderly edentulous mandible (neck and mandibular angle) in response to 3 different traumatic load conditions. This knowledge can help guide emergency responders as they evaluate patients after a traumatic event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Cláudia Rossi
- Professor, Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues Freire
- PhD Student, Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ivo Matoso
- PhD Student, Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Ferreira Caria
- Associate Professor, Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Felippe Bevilacqua Prado
- Professor, Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Holton NE, Franciscus RG, Ravosa MJ, Southard TE. Functional and morphological correlates of mandibular symphyseal form in a living human sample. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:387-96. [PMID: 24264260 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Variation in recent human mandibular form is often thought to reflect differences in masticatory behavior associated with variation in food preparation and subsistence strategies. Nevertheless, while mandibular variation in some human comparisons appear to reflect differences in functional loading, other comparisons indicate that this relationship is not universal. This suggests that morphological variation in the mandible is influenced by other factors that may obscure the effects of loading on mandibular form. It is likely that highly strained mandibular regions, including the corpus, are influenced by well-established patterns of lower facial skeletal integration. As such, it is unclear to what degree mandibular form reflects localized stresses incurred during mastication vs. a larger set of correlated features that may influence bone distribution patterns. In this study, we examine the relationship between mandibular symphyseal bone distribution (i.e., second moments of area, cortical bone area) and masticatory force production (i.e., in vivo maximal bite force magnitude and estimated symphyseal bending forces) along with lower facial shape variation in a sample of n = 20 living human male subjects. Our results indicate that while some aspects of symphyseal form (e.g., wishboning resistance) are significantly correlated with estimates of symphyseal bending force magnitude, others (i.e., vertical bending resistance) are more closely tied to variation in lower facial shape. This suggests that while the symphysis reflects variation in some variables related to functional loading, the complex and multifactorial influences on symphyseal form underscores the importance of exercising caution when inferring function from the mandible especially in narrow taxonomic comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242; Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
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Santana SE, Grosse IR, Dumont ER. DIETARY HARDNESS, LOADING BEHAVIOR, AND THE EVOLUTION OF SKULL FORM IN BATS. Evolution 2012; 66:2587-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Fukase H. Interspecies difference in placement of developing teeth and its relationship with cross-sectional geometry of the mandibular symphysis in four primate species including modern humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 147:217-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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