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Syeda SM, Tsegai ZJ, Cazenave M, Skinner MM, Kivell TL. Cortical bone architecture of hominid intermediate phalanges reveals functional signals of locomotion and manipulation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24902. [PMID: 38400773 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reconstruction of fossil hominin manual behaviors often relies on comparative analyses of extant hominid hands to understand the relationship between hand use and skeletal morphology. In this context, the intermediate phalanges remain understudied. Thus, here we investigate cortical bone morphology of the intermediate phalanges of extant hominids and compare it to the cortical structure of the proximal phalanges, to investigate the relationship between cortical bone structure and inferred loading during manual behaviors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using micro-CT data, we analyze cortical bone structure of the intermediate phalangeal shaft of digits 2-5 in Pongo pygmaeus (n = 6 individuals), Gorilla gorilla (n = 22), Pan spp. (n = 23), and Homo sapiens (n = 23). The R package morphomap is used to study cortical bone distribution, cortical thickness and cross-sectional properties within and across taxa. RESULTS Non-human great apes generally have thick cortical bone on the palmar shaft, with Pongo only having thick cortex on the peaks of the flexor sheath ridges, while African apes have thick cortex along the entire flexor sheath ridge and proximal to the trochlea. Humans are distinct in having thicker dorsal shaft cortex as well as thick cortex at the disto-palmar region of the shaft. DISCUSSION Variation in cortical bone distribution and properties of the intermediate phalanges is consistent with differences in locomotor and manipulative behaviors in extant great apes. Comparisons between the intermediate and proximal phalanges reveals similar patterns of cortical bone distribution within each taxon but with potentially greater load experienced by the proximal phalanges, even in knuckle-walking African apes. This study provides a comparative context for the reconstruction of habitual hand use in fossil hominins and hominids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Syeda
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Zewdi J Tsegai
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marine Cazenave
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Human Origins, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, USA
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- Department of Human Origins, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Department of Human Origins, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Bardo A, Dunmore CJ, Cornette R, Kivell TL. Morphological integration and shape covariation between the trapezium and first metacarpal among extant hominids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24800. [PMID: 37377134 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The shape of the trapezium and first metacarpal (Mc1) markedly influence thumb mobility, strength, and the manual abilities of extant hominids. Previous research has typically focused solely on trapezium-Mc1 joint shape. Here we investigate how morphological integration and shape covariation between the entire trapezium (articular and non-articular surfaces) and the entire Mc1 reflect known differences in thumb use in extant hominids. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed shape covariation in associated trapezia and Mc1s across a large, diverse sample of Homo sapiens (n = 40 individuals) and other extant hominids (Pan troglodytes, n = 16; Pan paniscus, n = 13; Gorilla gorilla gorilla, n = 27; Gorilla beringei, n = 6; Pongo pygmaeus, n = 14; Pongo abelii, n = 9) using a 3D geometric morphometric approach. We tested for interspecific significant differences in degree of morphological integration and patterns of shape covariation between the entire trapezium and Mc1, as well as within the trapezium-Mc1 joint specifically. RESULTS Significant morphological integration was only found in the trapezium-Mc1 joint of H. sapiens and G. g. gorilla. Each genus showed a specific pattern of shape covariation between the entire trapezium and Mc1 that was consistent with different intercarpal and carpometacarpal joint postures. DISCUSSION Our results are consistent with known differences in habitual thumb use, including a more abducted thumb during forceful precision grips in H. sapiens and a more adducted thumb in other hominids used for diverse grips. These results will help to infer thumb use in fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameline Bardo
- Département Homme et Environnement, UMR 7194 - HNHP, CNRS-MNHN, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Christopher J Dunmore
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institute of Systematic, Evolution, Biodiversity (ISYEB), UMR 7205-CNRS/MNHN/UPMC/EPHE, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
- Department of Human Origins, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Tanner SB, Bardo A, Davies TW, Dunmore CJ, Johnston RE, Owen NJ, Kivell TL, Skinner MM. Variation and covariation of external shape and cross-sectional geometry in the human metacarpus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24866. [PMID: 37929663 PMCID: PMC10952563 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Analyses of external bone shape using geometric morphometrics (GM) and cross-sectional geometry (CSG) are frequently employed to investigate bone structural variation and reconstruct activity in the past. However, the association between these methods has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we analyze whole bone shape and CSG variation of metacarpals 1-5 and test covariation between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed external metacarpal shape using GM and CSG of the diaphysis at three locations in metacarpals 1-5. The study sample includes three modern human groups: crew from the shipwrecked Mary Rose (n = 35 metacarpals), a Pre-industrial group (n = 50), and a Post-industrial group (n = 31). We tested group differences in metacarpal shape and CSG, as well as correlations between these two aspects of metacarpal bone structure. RESULTS GM analysis demonstrated metacarpus external shape variation is predominately related to changes in diaphyseal width and articular surface size. Differences in external shape were found between the non-pollical metacarpals of the Mary Rose and Pre-industrial groups and between the third metacarpals of the Pre- and Post-industrial groups. CSG results suggest the Mary Rose and Post-industrial groups have stronger metacarpals than the Pre-industrial group. Correlating CSG and external shape showed significant relationships between increasing external robusticity and biomechanical strength across non-pollical metacarpals (r: 0.815-0.535; p ≤ 0.05). DISCUSSION Differences in metacarpal cortical structure and external shape between human groups suggest differences in the type and frequency of manual activities. Combining these results with studies of entheses and kinematics of the hand will improve reconstructions of manual behavior in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Tanner
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Ameline Bardo
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
- UMR 7194 ‐ Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP)CNRS‐Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
| | - Thomas W. Davies
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
- Department of Human OriginsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Richard E. Johnston
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Bay CampusSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Nicholas J. Owen
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bay CampusSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Tracy L. Kivell
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
- Department of Human OriginsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
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4
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Siali C, Niinimäki S, Harvati K, Karakostis FA. Reconstructing patterns of domestication in reindeer using 3D muscle attachment areas. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 16:19. [PMID: 38162318 PMCID: PMC10756864 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-023-01910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The use of reindeer has been a crucial element in the subsistence strategies of past Arctic and Subarctic populations. However, the spatiotemporal occurrence of systematic herding practices has been difficult to identify in the bioarchaeological record. To address this research gap, this study proposes a new virtual anthropological approach for reconstructing habitual physical activity in reindeer, relying on the protocols of the "Validated Entheses based Reconstruction of Activity" (VERA) method. Following blind analytical procedures, we focused on eight muscle attachment sites ("entheses") in 36 reindeer free ranging in the wild, 21 specimens in captivity (zoo), and eight racing reindeer (habitual runners). Importantly, our analyses accounted for the effects of variation by subspecies, sex, age, and estimated body size. Our results showed clear differences across activity groups, leading to the development of discriminant function equations with cross-validated accuracies ranging from approximately 88 to 100%. The reliability of our functions was additionally confirmed using a blind test involving six zoo individuals not included in the initial dataset. Our findings support the use of the proposed approach for identifying domestication-related activities in zooarchaeological contexts, introducing a valuable tool for locating suspected domestication hotspots and elucidating the nature of past human-reindeer interactions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-023-01910-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Siali
- Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Sirpa Niinimäki
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
- DFG Centre of Advanced Studies ‘Words, Bones, Genes, Tools’, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
- DFG Centre of Advanced Studies ‘Words, Bones, Genes, Tools’, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
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5
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Albee ME. Take a load off: skeletal implications of sedentism in the feet of modern body donors. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:485-501. [PMID: 38162252 PMCID: PMC10756057 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Modern biocultural environments continue to place selective pressures on our skeletons. In the past century, a major cultural pressure has been the rise in sedentism. However, studies considering the effects of sedentism on the foot have largely considered pathological changes to the gross foot without particular regard for the pedal skeleton. To address this gap in the literature, temporal trends in the development of osteoarthritis and entheseal changes on the tarsals and metatarsals were analyzed in the context of biodemographic data for recent modern humans. Methodology The sample utilized for this project is comprised of 71 individuals from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection, with birth years ranging from 1909 to 1993. Temporal trends in osteoarthritis and entheseal changes were determined via ANCOVA, using year of birth as the explanatory variable and biodemographic variables (age, sex, stature, body mass index and tibial robusticity) as covariates. Results Results indicate that entheseal changes and osteoarthritis have decreased over time, and these trends are statistically significant. Temporal trends in pedal entheseal changes and osteoarthritis vary by sex. Conclusions and Implications The increase in sedentary behavior over time has usually been framed as a net negative for human health and well-being. However, considered in isolation, the decrease in entheseal changes and osteoarthritis presented here might be considered a positive development as they suggest overall less stress on the modern human foot. This study also has the potential to inform the health sciences and general public about biocultural contributors to modern foot health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malorie E Albee
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, USA
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Radini A, Nikita E. Beyond dirty teeth: Integrating dental calculus studies with osteoarchaeological parameters. QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR QUATERNARY RESEARCH 2023; 653-654:3-18. [PMID: 37089908 PMCID: PMC10109118 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of ancient human dental calculus (mineralized dental plaque, also known as tartar) is becoming increasingly important in osteoarchaeology, human palaeoecology and environmental archaeology. Microremains of different origin (e.g. starch granules, pollen, phytoliths, feather barbules) as well as biomolecules and chemical compounds retrieved from its mineral matrix may represent an important link between past humans and their physical, biological and social environment, but they are rarely fully linked to the evidence from skeletal remains. This paper critically reviews the lines of evidence retrieved from dental calculus in relation to osteoarchaeological parameters, employing macroscopic, microscopic and biomolecular approaches, assessing synergy potential and limitations. The scope of this paper is also to contribute to the building of a much needed theoretical framework in this emerging subfield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Radini
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, The University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
- York JEOL Nanocentre, The University of York, Science Park, York, UK
- Corresponding author. BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, The University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK.
| | - Efthymia Nikita
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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7
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Castro AA, Karakostis FA, Copes LE, McClendon HE, Trivedi AP, Schwartz NE, Garland T. Effects of selective breeding for voluntary exercise, chronic exercise, and their interaction on muscle attachment site morphology in house mice. J Anat 2022; 240:279-295. [PMID: 34519035 PMCID: PMC8742976 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles attach to bone at their origins and insertions, and the interface where tendon meets bone is termed the attachment site or enthesis. Mechanical stresses at the muscle/tendon-bone interface are proportional to the surface area of the bony attachment sites, such that a larger attachment site will distribute loads over a wider area. Muscles that are frequently active and/or are of larger size should cause attachment sites to hypertrophy (training effect); however, experimental studies of animals subjected to exercise have provided mixed results. To enhance our ability to detect training effects (a type of phenotypic plasticity), we studied a mouse model in which 4 replicate lines of High Runner (HR) mice have been selectively bred for 57 generations. Selection is based on the average number of wheel revolutions on days 5 & 6 of a 6-day period of wheel access as young adults (6-8 weeks old). Four additional lines are bred without regard to running and serve as non-selected controls (C). On average, mice from HR lines voluntarily run ~3 times more than C mice on a daily basis. For this study, we housed 50 females (half HR, half C) with wheels (Active group) and 50 (half HR, half C) without wheels (Sedentary group) for 12 weeks starting at weaning (~3 weeks old). We tested for evolved differences in muscle attachment site surface area between HR and C mice, plastic changes resulting from chronic exercise, and their interaction. We used a precise, highly repeatable method for quantifying the three-dimensional (3D) surface area of four muscle attachment sites: the humerus deltoid tuberosity (the insertion point for the spinodeltoideus, superficial pectoralis, and acromiodeltoideus), the femoral third trochanter (the insertion point for the quadratus femoris), the femoral lesser trochanter (the insertion point for the iliacus muscle), and the femoral greater trochanter (insertion point for the middle gluteal muscles). In univariate analyses, with body mass as a covariate, mice in the Active group had significantly larger humerus deltoid tuberosities than Sedentary mice, with no significant difference between HR and C mice and no interaction between exercise treatment and linetype. These differences between Active and Sedentary mice were also apparent in the multivariate analyses. Surface areas of the femoral third trochanter, femoral lesser trochanter, and femoral greater trochanter were unaffected by either chronic wheel access or selective breeding. Our results, which used robust measurement protocols and relatively large sample sizes, demonstrate that muscle attachment site morphology can be (but is not always) affected by chronic exercise experienced during ontogeny. However, contrary to previous results for other aspects of long bone morphology, we did not find evidence for evolutionary coadaptation of muscle attachments with voluntary exercise behavior in the HR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A. Castro
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- PaleoanthropologyDepartment of GeosciencesSenckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and PalaeoenvironmentUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Lynn E. Copes
- Department of Medical SciencesFrank H. Netter MD School of MedicineQuinnipiac UniversityHamdenConnecticutUSA
| | - Holland E. McClendon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Aayushi P. Trivedi
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole E. Schwartz
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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8
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Turcotte CM, Rabey KN, Green DJ, McFarlin SC. Muscle attachment sites and behavioral reconstruction: An experimental test of muscle-bone structural response to habitual activity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:63-82. [PMID: 36787715 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral reconstruction from muscle attachment sites (entheses) is a common practice in anthropology. However, experimental evidence provides mixed support for the assumed association between enthesis size and shape with changes in habitual activity. In this study, a laboratory mouse model was used to experimentally test whether activity level and type alters muscle architecture and the underlying bone cross-sectional geometry of entheses in order to assess the underlying assumption that behavioral changes lead to quantifiable differences in both muscle and enthesis morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female wild-type mice were separated into one control group and two experimentally increased activity groups (running, climbing) over an 11-week study period. At the start of the experiment, half of the mice were 4 weeks and half were 7 weeks of age. The postmortem deltoideus and biceps brachii muscles were measured for potential force production (physiological cross-sectional area) and potential muscle excursion (fiber length). Bone cross-sectional geometry variables were measured from microCT scans of the humerus and radius at the enthesis and non-enthesis regions of interest across activity groups. RESULTS Activity level and type altered potential force production and potential muscle excursion of both muscles in the younger cohort. We observed differences in cortical bone geometry in both the humerus enthesis and radius non-enthesis region driven exclusively among the younger wheel-running mice. DISCUSSION These results indicate that in addition to muscle architectural changes, bone structural properties at the enthesis do show an adaptive response to increased activity, such as running but only during earlier development. However, further research is required in order to apply these findings to the reconstruction of living behavior from anthropological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Turcotte
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Karyne N Rabey
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shannon C McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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9
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Bowland LA, Scott JE, Kivell TL, Patel BA, Tocheri MW, Orr CM. Homo naledi pollical metacarpal shaft morphology is distinctive and intermediate between that of australopiths and other members of the genus Homo. J Hum Evol 2021; 158:103048. [PMID: 34340120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Homo naledi fossils from the Rising Star cave system provide important insights into the diversity of hand morphology within the genus Homo. Notably, the pollical (thumb) metacarpal (Mc1) displays an unusual suite of characteristics including a median longitudinal crest, a narrow proximal base, and broad flaring intrinsic muscle flanges. The present study evaluates the affinities of H. naledi Mc1 morphology via 3D geometric morphometric analysis of shaft shape using a broader comparative sample (n = 337) of fossil hominins, recent humans, apes, and cercopithecoid monkeys than in prior work. Results confirm that the H. naledi Mc1 is distinctive from most other hominins in being narrow at the proximal end but surmounted by flaring muscle flanges distally. Only StW 418 (Australopithecus cf. africanus) is similar in these aspects of shape. The gracile proximal shaft is most similar to cercopithecoids, Pan, Pongo, Australopithecus afarensis, and Australopithecus sediba, suggesting that H. naledi retains the condition primitive for the genus Homo. In contrast, Neandertal Mc1s are characterized by wide proximal bases and shafts, pinched midshafts, and broad distal flanges, while those of recent humans generally have straight shafts, less robust muscle flanges, and wide proximal shafts/bases. Although uncertainties remain regarding character polarity, the morphology of the H. naledi thumb might be interpreted as a retained intermediate state in a transformation series between the overall gracility of the shaft and the robust shafts of later hominins. Such a model suggests that the addition of broad medial and lateral muscle flanges to a primitively slender shaft was the first modification in transforming the Mc1 into the overall more robust structure exhibited by other Homo taxa including Neandertals and recent Homo sapiens in whose shared lineage the bases and proximal shafts became expanded, possibly as an adaptation to the repeated recruitment of powerful intrinsic pollical muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna A Bowland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jill E Scott
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA; Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Biren A Patel
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Matthew W Tocheri
- Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7K 1L8, Canada; Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20560, USA; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Caley M Orr
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA.
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10
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Dickinson E, Davis JS, Deutsch AR, Patel D, Nijhawan A, Patel M, Blume A, Gannon JL, Turcotte CM, Walker CS, Hartstone-Rose A. Evaluating bony predictors of bite force across the order Carnivora. J Morphol 2021; 282:1499-1513. [PMID: 34313337 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In carnivorans, bite force is a critical and ecologically informative variable that has been correlated with multiple morphological, behavioral, and environmental attributes. Whereas in vivo measures of biting performance are difficult to obtain in many taxa-and impossible in extinct species-numerous osteological proxies exist for estimating masticatory muscle size and force. These proxies include both volumetric approximations of muscle dimensions and direct measurements of muscular attachment sites. In this study, we compare three cranial osteological techniques for estimating muscle size (including 2D-photographic and 3D-surface data approaches) against dissection-derived muscle weights and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) within the jaw adductor musculature of 40 carnivoran taxa spanning eight families, four orders of magnitude in body size, and the full dietary spectrum of the order. Our results indicate that 3D-approaches provide more accurate estimates of muscle size than do surfaces measured from 2D-lateral photographs. However, estimates of a muscle's maximum cross-sectional area are more closely correlated with muscle mass and PCSA than any estimates derived from muscle attachment areas. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for muscle thickness in osteological estimations of the masticatory musculature; as muscles become volumetrically larger, their larger cross-sectional area does not appear to be associated with a proportional increase in the attachment site area. Though volumetric approaches approximate muscle dimensions well across the order as a whole, caution should be exercised when applying any single method as a predictor across diverse phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jillian S Davis
- Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine Department, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ashley R Deutsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dhuru Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Akash Nijhawan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meet Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abby Blume
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jordan L Gannon
- Biology Department, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cassandra M Turcotte
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher S Walker
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Macchi R, Daver G, Brenet M, Prat S, Hugheville L, Harmand S, Lewis J, Domalain M. Biomechanical demands of percussive techniques in the context of early stone toolmaking. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20201044. [PMID: 34034530 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries in archaeology and palaeoanthropology highlight that stone tool knapping could have emerged first within the genera Australopithecus or Kenyanthropus rather than Homo. To explore the implications of this hypothesis determining the physical demands and motor control needed for performing the percussive movements during the oldest stone toolmaking technology (i.e. Lomekwian) would help. We analysed the joint angle patterns and muscle activity of a knapping expert using three stone tool replication techniques: unipolar flaking on the passive hammer (PH), bipolar (BP) flaking on the anvil, and multidirectional and multifacial flaking with free hand (FH). PH presents high levels of activity for Biceps brachii and wrist extensors and flexors. By contrast, BP and FH are characterized by high solicitation of forearm pronation. The synergy analyses depict a high muscular and kinematic coordination. Whereas the muscle pattern is very close between the techniques, the kinematic pattern is more variable, especially for PH. FH displays better muscle coordination and conversely lesser joint angle coordination. These observations suggest that the transition from anvil and hammer to freehand knapping techniques in early hominins would have been made possible by the acquisition of a behavioural repertoire producing an evolutionary advantage that gradually would have been beneficial for stone tool production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Macchi
- Institut PPrime, CNRS - Université de Poitiers - ENSMA, UPR 3346, Poitiers, France.,PALEVOPRIM, CNRS - Université de Poitiers, UMR 7262, Poitiers, France
| | - G Daver
- PALEVOPRIM, CNRS - Université de Poitiers, UMR 7262, Poitiers, France
| | - M Brenet
- CNRS, UMR5199 PACEA et INRAP GSO, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - S Prat
- UMR 7194 (HNHP), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - L Hugheville
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, Paris, France
| | - S Harmand
- Turkana Basin Institute, Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA
| | - J Lewis
- Turkana Basin Institute, Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA
| | - M Domalain
- Institut PPrime, CNRS - Université de Poitiers - ENSMA, UPR 3346, Poitiers, France
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12
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Alves-Cardoso F, Assis S. Exploring "wear and tear" of joints and "muscle function" assumptions in skeletons with known occupation at death. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175:689-700. [PMID: 34013541 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Changes in the joints are believed to result from "wear and tear," a consequence of activity, as entheseal changes (EC) result from muscle use. However, clinical data showed that activity does not necessarily increase the likelihood of degenerative joint changes (DJC) and that exercise results in healthier joints. We tested whether individuals with continuous repetitive biomechanical efforts (Group 1) were more likely to exhibit EC and if occupations known to exert strenuous but discontinued efforts (Group 2) would more likely cause DJC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-nine males with known occupations from Portuguese identified collections were used: shoemakers and carpenters (Group 1), workers (Group 2), and civil servants, and shop assistants as a control group. Major upper and lower limb joints and entheses sites were used. DJC and EC were tested between occupations - while controlling for age (overall approach) - and within occupation (occupation-specific approach). RESULTS The overall approach showed that age - as a covariant - had a significant impact on DJC and EC development (p < 0.05), with occupation being non-significant (p > 0.05) despite the variability in the mean-values of lesions. The occupation-specific approach showed a significant variability of DJC and EC correlations, within and between occupations, with no clear trend of DJC and EC development according to occupation. DISCUSSION The results showed that exploring overall patterns might conceal occupation-specific joint and muscle use, emphasizing age as a major contributor of changes; and that the occupation-specific approach highlighted particular aspects associated with occupations, allowing for a more informative assessment of strenuous repetitive or discontinuous activity-related technical gestures and their impact on skeletal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Alves-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Antropologia Biológica e Osteologia Humana (LABOH), Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia (CRIA), Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (FCSH/NOVA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Assis
- Laboratório de Antropologia Biológica e Osteologia Humana (LABOH), Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia (CRIA), Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (FCSH/NOVA), Lisbon, Portugal.,CIAS-Research Center for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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13
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Karakostis FA, Harvati K. New horizons in reconstructing past human behavior: Introducing the "Tübingen University Validated Entheses-based Reconstruction of Activity" method. Evol Anthropol 2021; 30:185-198. [PMID: 33764627 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An accurate reconstruction of habitual activities in past populations and extinct hominin species is a paramount goal of paleoanthropological research, as it can elucidate the evolution of human behavior and the relationship between culture and biology. Variation in muscle attachment (entheseal) morphology has been considered an indicator of habitual activity, and many attempts have been made to use it for this purpose. However, its interpretation remains equivocal due to methodological shortcomings and a paucity of supportive experimental data. Through a series of studies, we have introduced a novel and precise methodology that focuses on reconstructing muscle synergies based on three-dimensional and multivariate analyses among entheses. This approach was validated using uniquely documented anthropological samples, experimental animal studies, histological observations, and geometric morphometrics. Here, we detail, synthesize, and critically discuss the findings of these studies, which overall point to the great potential of entheses in elucidating aspects of past human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Karakostis FA, Haeufle D, Anastopoulou I, Moraitis K, Hotz G, Tourloukis V, Harvati K. Biomechanics of the human thumb and the evolution of dexterity. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1317-1325.e8. [PMID: 33513351 PMCID: PMC7987722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Systematic tool production and use is one of humanity's defining characteristics, possibly originating as early as >3 million years ago.1-3 Although heightened manual dexterity is considered to be intrinsically intertwined with tool use and manufacture, and critical for human evolution, its role in the emergence of early culture remains unclear. Most previous research on this question exclusively relied on direct morphological comparisons between early hominin and modern human skeletal elements, assuming that the degree of a species' dexterity depends on its similarity with the modern human form. Here, we develop a new approach to investigate the efficiency of thumb opposition, a fundamental component of manual dexterity, in several species of fossil hominins. Our work for the first time takes into account soft tissue as well as bone anatomy, integrating virtual modeling of musculus opponens pollicis and its interaction with three-dimensional bone shape form. Results indicate that a fundamental aspect of efficient thumb opposition appeared approximately 2 million years ago, possibly associated with our own genus Homo, and did not characterize Australopithecus, the earliest proposed stone tool maker. This was true also of the late Australopithecus species, Australopithecus sediba, previously found to exhibit human-like thumb proportions. In contrast, later Homo species, including the small-brained Homo naledi, show high levels of thumb opposition dexterity, highlighting the increasing importance of cultural processes and manual dexterity in later human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Haeufle
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstrasse 15, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ioanna Anastopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias Street 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Moraitis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias Street 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerhard Hotz
- Anthropological Collection, Natural History Museum of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Vangelis Tourloukis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; DFG Centre of Advanced Studies 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools', Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany.
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15
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Karakostis FA, Reyes-Centeno H, Franken M, Hotz G, Rademaker K, Harvati K. Biocultural evidence of precise manual activities in an Early Holocene individual of the high-altitude Peruvian Andes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:35-48. [PMID: 33191560 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cuncaicha, a rockshelter site in the southern Peruvian Andes, has yielded archaeological evidence for human occupation at high elevation (4,480 masl) during the Terminal Pleistocene (12,500-11,200 cal BP), Early Holocene (9,500-9,000 cal BP), and later periods. One of the excavated human burials (Feature 15-06), corresponding to a middle-aged female dated to ~8,500 cal BP, exhibits skeletal osteoarthritic lesions previously proposed to reflect habitual loading and specialized crafting labor. Three small tools found in association with this burial are hypothesized to be associated with precise manual dexterity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we tested this functional hypothesis through the application of a novel multivariate methodology for the three-dimensional analysis of muscle attachment surfaces (entheses). This original approach has been recently validated on both lifelong-documented anthropological samples as well as experimental studies in nonhuman laboratory samples. Additionally, we analyzed the three-dimensional entheseal shape and resulting moment arms for muscle opponens pollicis. RESULTS Results show that Cuncaicha individual 15-06 shows a distinctive entheseal pattern associated with habitual precision grasping via thumb-index finger coordination, which is shared exclusively with documented long-term precision workers from recent historical collections. The separate geometric morphometric analysis revealed that the individual's opponens pollicis enthesis presents a highly projecting morphology, which was found to strongly correlate with long joint moment arms (a fundamental component of force-producing capacity), closely resembling the form of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers from diverse geo-chronological contexts of Eurasia and North Africa. DISCUSSION Overall, our findings provide the first biocultural evidence to confirm that the lifestyle of some of the earliest Andean inhabitants relied on habitual and forceful precision grasping tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hugo Reyes-Centeno
- DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,William S. Webb Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michael Franken
- State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hotz
- Anthropological Collection, Natural History Museum of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Rademaker
- Department of Anthropology, College of Social Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Belcastro MG, Mariotti V, Pietrobelli A, Sorrentino R, García-Tabernero A, Estalrrich A, Rosas A. The study of the lower limb entheses in the Neanderthal sample from El Sidrón (Asturias, Spain): How much musculoskeletal variability did Neanderthals accumulate? J Hum Evol 2020; 141:102746. [PMID: 32163763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Entheses have rarely been systematically studied in the field of human evolution. However, the investigation of their morphological variability (e.g., robusticity) could provide new insight into their evolutionary significance in the European Neanderthal populations. The aim of this work is to study the entheses and joint features of the lower limbs of El Sidrón Neanderthals (Spain; 49 ka), using standardized scoring methods developed on modern samples. Paleobiology, growth, and development of both juveniles and adults from El Sidrón are studied and compared with those of Krapina Neanderthals (Croatia, 130 ka) and extant humans. The morphological patterns of the gluteus maximus and vastus intermedius entheses in El Sidrón, Krapina, and modern humans differ from one another. Both Neanderthal groups show a definite enthesis design for the gluteus maximus, with little intrapopulation variability with respect to modern humans, who are characterized by a wider range of morphological variability. The gluteus maximus enthesis in the El Sidrón sample shows the osseous features of fibrous entheses, as in modern humans, whereas the Krapina sample shows the aspects of fibrocartilaginous ones. The morphology and anatomical pattern of this enthesis has already been established during growth in all three human groups. One of two and three of five adult femurs from El Sidrón and from Krapina, respectively, show the imprint of the vastus intermedius, which is absent among juveniles from those Neanderthal samples and in modern samples. The scant intrapopulation and the high interpopulation variability in the two Neanderthal samples is likely due to a long-term history of small, isolated populations with high levels of inbreeding, who also lived in different ecological conditions. The comparison of different anatomical entheseal patterns (fibrous vs. fibrocartilaginous) in the Neanderthals and modern humans provides additional elements in the discussion of their functional and genetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Valentina Mariotti
- Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pietrobelli
- Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Sorrentino
- Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept. of Cultural Heritage (campus Ravenna), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio García-Tabernero
- Group of Paleoanthropology MNCN-CSIC, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Estalrrich
- Group of Paleoanthropology MNCN-CSIC, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rosas
- Group of Paleoanthropology MNCN-CSIC, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Djukić K, Milovanović P, Milenković P, Djurić M. A microarchitectural assessment of the gluteal tuberosity suggests two possible patterns in entheseal changes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 172:291-299. [PMID: 32154921 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Macroscopic entheseal forms show two main features: predominant signs of bony formation or resorption. To understand the development of these forms, we investigated microarchitectural differences between the macroscopic proliferative and resorptive forms of the gluteus maximus enthesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The macromorphological analysis of entheseal changes (EC) was based on the Villotte, visual scoring system for fibrous entheses. Gluteal tuberosity specimens of different stages of Villote's system were harvested from 16 adult males derived from an archaeological context and scanned using microcomputed tomography. RESULTS The microarchitectural analyzes of cortical bone demonstrated a trend of higher porosity in the resorptive compared to the proliferative phase in Stage B, whereas a 30% porosity reduction was detected in the resorptive compared to proliferative phase of Stage C. In terms of the trabecular bone between the resorptive and proliferative entheseal phases, there was a trend of increased connectivity density, whereas the structural model index decreased in B and increased in C. The assessment of the entire specimen showed an increase in porosity from the proliferative to the resorptive phase in the Stage B, in contrast to a decrease in the Stage C. DISCUSSION The results suggest that from an initial flat entheses, two directions of EC development are possible: (a) a bony prominence may form and, subsequently, it is subjected to trabecularization of the cortical bone inside the prominence, such cortical trabecularization can lead to visible porosity on the cortical external surface; (b) the cortical bone defect may develop with the regular underlying cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Djukić
- Laboratory for Anthropology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar Milovanović
- Laboratory for Anthropology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar Milenković
- Laboratory for Anthropology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, National Cancer Research Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Djurić
- Laboratory for Anthropology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Turcotte CM, Green DJ, Kupczik K, McFarlin S, Schulz-Kornas E. Elevated activity levels do not influence extrinsic fiber attachment morphology on the surface of muscle-attachment sites. J Anat 2019; 236:827-839. [PMID: 31845322 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrinsic fibers (EFs) are a type of penetrating collagenous fiber, closely related to the periodontal ligament, which help anchor soft tissue into bone. These fibers are associated with muscle attachment sites (entheses). Their size and grouping patterns are thought to be indicative of the loading history of the muscle. EFs are of particular significance in anthropology as potential tools for the reconstruction of behavior from skeletal remains and, specifically, entheses. In this study, we used a mouse model to experimentally test how activity level alters the morphology of EF insertion sites on the bone surface of a fibrocartilaginous enthesis, the biceps brachii insertion. Further, we adapted surface metrological techniques from studies of dental wear to perform automated, quantitative and non-destructive analysis of bone surface histology. Our results show that experimentally increased activity had no significant effect on the quantity or density of EF insertions at the enthesis, nor on the size of those insertions. Although EF presence does indicate muscle attachment, activity did not have an observable effect on EF morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Turcotte
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shannon McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ellen Schulz-Kornas
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Karakostis FA, Wallace IJ, Konow N, Harvati K. Experimental evidence that physical activity affects the multivariate associations among muscle attachments (entheses). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.213058. [PMID: 31712353 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of entheses (muscle/tendon attachment sites) on bones is routinely used in paleontological and bioarcheological studies to infer the physical activity patterns of ancient vertebrate species including hominins. However, such inferences have often been disputed owing to limitations of the quantitative methods commonly employed and a lack of experimental evidence demonstrating direct effects of physical activity on entheseal morphology. Recently, we introduced a new and improved method of quantifying and analyzing entheseal morphology that involves repeatable three-dimensional measurements combined with multivariate statistics focused on associations among multiple entheses. Here, to assess the validity of our method for investigating variation in entheseal morphology related to physical activity patterns, we analyzed femora of growing turkeys that were experimentally exercised for 10 weeks on either an inclined or declined treadmill or served as controls (N=15 individuals, 5 per group). Our multivariate approach identified certain patterns involving three different entheses (associated with the gluteus primus, medial gastrocnemius, vastus medialis and adductor magnus muscles) that clearly differentiated controls from runners. Importantly, these differences were not observable when comparing groups within each of the three entheseal structures separately. Body mass was not correlated with the resulting multivariate patterns. These results provide the first experimental evidence that variation in physical activity patterns has a direct influence on entheseal morphology. Moreover, our findings highlight the promise of our newly developed quantitative methods for analyzing the morphology of entheses to reconstruct the behavior of extinct vertebrate species based on their skeletal remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Department of Geosciences, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Ian J Wallace
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nicolai Konow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Department of Geosciences, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.,DFG Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools", Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Mani-Caplazi G, Hotz G, Wittwer-Backofen U, Vach W. Measuring incremental line width and appearance in the tooth cementum of recent and archaeological human teeth to identify irregularities: First insights using a standardized protocol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 27:24-37. [PMID: 31550620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Irregular incremental lines (ILs) in the tooth cementum were previously associated with pregnancy and certain diseases. This study aims to identify irregular ILs and assess their patterns and reproducibility. MATERIALS 24 recent and 32 archaeological teeth from the nineteenth century with known birth history. METHODS Histological sections of tooth roots were microscopically assessed. The width and appearance of 16,605 ILs were measured according to a standardized protocol. RESULTS Irregular appearing ILs were present in earlier deposited ILs, which correspond to younger years in life. Irregular appearances decreased as the IL number increased, whereas irregular width was spread evenly across all ILs. Within-section reproducibility was relatively high for irregular appearance (intra class correlation close to 0.70 in recent and archaeological teeth) and irregular width (intra class correlation: recent: 0.49; archaeological: 0.58), whereas the across-section reproducibility was moderate. CONCLUSIONS Irregular width and appearance in ILs were identified successfully with within-section reproducibility. The moderate reproducibility across sections needs to be addressed in further studies by more systematic sampling of sections. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed protocol identifies irregularities in a reproducible manner and may suggest that irregular ILs could be used in paleopathology to identify pregnancies and diseases. LIMITATIONS The correlation between the identified irregular ILs and known pregnancies has not been assessed as part of this study. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH The identified irregular ILs need to be validated by correlating them with known life history data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mani-Caplazi
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gerhard Hotz
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Switzerland; Natural History Museum of Basel, Anthropological Collection, Switzerland
| | | | - Werner Vach
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Karakostis FA, Jeffery N, Harvati K. Experimental proof that multivariate patterns among muscle attachments (entheses) can reflect repetitive muscle use. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16577. [PMID: 31719626 PMCID: PMC6851080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructions of habitual activity in past populations and extinct human groups is a primary goal of paleoanthropological research. Muscle attachment scars (entheses) are widely considered as indicators of habitual activity and many attempts have been made to use them for this purpose. However, their interpretation remains equivocal due to methodological limitations and a paucity of empirical data supporting an interaction between systematic muscle forces and entheseal morphology. We have recently addressed the first issue with precise three-dimensional measuring protocols and rigorous multivariate analysis focusing on the patterns among different entheses rather than comparing each entheseal structure separately. In a previous study, the resulting entheseal correlations reflected synergistic muscle groups that separated individuals according to their lifelong occupational activities. Here we address the second issue by applying this methodology to existing micro-computed tomography data from rats that have undergone muscle stimulation under experimental conditions. In contrast to previous animal studies, we relied on blind analytical procedures across two research institutions and controlled for most factors of interindividual variability. Results demonstrated that the multivariate associations among different entheseal surfaces can directly reflect repetitive muscle recruitment and provide essential information on muscle use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72070, Germany.
| | - Nathan Jeffery
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72070, Germany.,DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Ruemelinstrasse 23, D-72070, Tübingen, Germany
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Nikita E, Xanthopoulou P, Bertsatos A, Chovalopoulou M, Hafez I. A three‐dimensional digital microscopic investigation of entheseal changes as skeletal activity markers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:704-713. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Nikita
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research CenterThe Cyprus Institute Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Panagiota Xanthopoulou
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research CenterThe Cyprus Institute Nicosia Cyprus
- Department of BiologyAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Andreas Bertsatos
- Department of Animal and Human PhysiologyFaculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens Greece
| | - Maria‐Eleni Chovalopoulou
- Department of Animal and Human PhysiologyFaculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens Greece
| | - Iosif Hafez
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research CenterThe Cyprus Institute Nicosia Cyprus
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Karakostis FA, Vlachodimitropoulos D, Piagkou M, Scherf H, Harvati K, Moraitis K. Is Bone Elevation in Hand Muscle Attachments Associated with Biomechanical Stress? A Histological Approach to an Anthropological Question. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1093-1103. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Dimitrios Vlachodimitropoulos
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Maria Piagkou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Heike Scherf
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- DFG Centre for Advanced Studies “Words, Bones, Genes, Tools: Tracking linguistic, cultural and biological trajectories of the human past”; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Konstantinos Moraitis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
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Karakostis FA, Hotz G, Tourloukis V, Harvati K. Evidence for precision grasping in Neandertal daily activities. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat2369. [PMID: 30263956 PMCID: PMC6157967 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neandertal manual activities, as previously reconstructed from their robust hand skeletons, are thought to involve systematic power grasping rather than precise hand movements. However, this interpretation is at odds with increasing archeological evidence for sophisticated cultural behavior. We reevaluate the manipulative behaviors of Neandertals and early modern humans using a historical reference sample with extensive genealogical and lifelong occupational documentation, in combination with a new and precise three-dimensional multivariate analysis of hand muscle attachments. Results show that Neandertal muscle marking patterns overlap exclusively with documented lifelong precision workers, reflecting systematic precision grasping consistent with the use of their associated cultural remains. Our findings challenge the established interpretation of Neandertal behavior and establish a solid link between biological and cultural remains in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hotz
- Anthropological Collection, Natural History Museum of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Vangelis Tourloukis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
- DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Center for Advanced Studies “Words, Bones, Genes, Tools,” Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
- DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Center for Advanced Studies “Words, Bones, Genes, Tools,” Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany
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Descriptive characteristics of the area of origin of the deltoid muscle on the human clavicle. Is it necessary to include new terms in the Terminologia Anatomica? HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2018; 69:198-202. [PMID: 30064824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The clavicular portion of the deltoid muscle (CPDM) in the human clavicle does not have a nomenclature in the Terminologia Anatomica (TA). This area is relevant in anatomy since the muscle participates in motions of glenohumeral articulation. The aim of this study was to describe the origin of the CPDM and to propose a name for the structure. Dry clavicles of 176 adults were studied, without distinction by sex. An osteometric board was used to measure the maximum length of the clavicles and a digital caliper to measure length of the CPDM's origin, distance from the origin to the sternal end, distance from the origin to the acromial end, distance of the lateral third and middle vertical diameter. The mean of maximum of the distances and CPDM's origin of left/right clavicle do not present significant differences. The CPDM s origin showed a high prevalence of structures as groove and roughened area (over 96% of cases). In conclusion, our definition of the CPDM shows the importance of clearly describing the observed groove and roughened area. Due to the high prevalence of the structures, the authors suggest that the terms "sulcus musculi deltoidei" and "tuberositas musculi deltoidei" be included in the TA to denominate the CPDM's origin on the human clavicle.
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Stephens NB, Kivell TL, Pahr DH, Hublin JJ, Skinner MM. Trabecular bone patterning across the human hand. J Hum Evol 2018; 123:1-23. [PMID: 30072187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hand bone morphology is regularly used to link particular hominin species with behaviors relevant to cognitive/technological progress. Debates about the functional significance of differing hominin hand bone morphologies tend to rely on establishing phylogenetic relationships and/or inferring behavior from epigenetic variation arising from mechanical loading and adaptive bone modeling. Most research focuses on variation in cortical bone structure, but additional information about hand function may be provided through the analysis of internal trabecular structure. While primate hand bone trabecular structure is known to vary in ways that are consistent with expected joint loading differences during manipulation and locomotion, no study exists that has documented this variation across the numerous bones of the hand. We quantify the trabecular structure in 22 bones of the human hand (early/extant modern Homo sapiens) and compare structural variation between two groups associated with post-agricultural/industrial (post-Neolithic) and foraging/hunter-gatherer (forager) subsistence strategies. We (1) establish trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), modulus (E), degree of anisotropy (DA), mean trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and spacing (Tb.Sp); (2) visualize the average distribution of site-specific BV/TV for each bone; and (3) examine if the variation in trabecular structure is consistent with expected joint loading differences among the regions of the hand and between the groups. Results indicate similar distributions of trabecular bone in both groups, with those of the forager sample presenting higher BV/TV, E, and lower DA, suggesting greater and more variable loading during manipulation. We find indications of higher loading along the ulnar side of the forager sample hand, with high site-specific BV/TV distributions among the carpals that are suggestive of high loading while the wrist moves through the 'dart-thrower's' motion. These results support the use of trabecular structure to infer behavior and have direct implications for refining our understanding of human hand evolution and fossil hominin hand use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Stephens
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Institute for Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Karakostis FA, Hotz G, Scherf H, Wahl J, Harvati K. A repeatable geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of hand entheseal three-dimensional form. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:246-260. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72070 Germany
| | - Gerhard Hotz
- Anthropology section; Natural History Museum of Basel; Basel 4021 Switzerland
| | - Heike Scherf
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72070 Germany
| | - Joachim Wahl
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72070 Germany
- Osteology, State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Wu¨rttemberg; Konstanz 78467 Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72070 Germany
- DFG Centre for Advanced Studies “Words, Bones, Genes, Tools: Tracking linguistic, cultural and biological trajectories of the human past”; Institute of Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72070 Germany
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