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Deng Q, Wu C, Parker E, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: Significance and Summary of Recent Advances. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1537-1564. [PMID: 37815901 PMCID: PMC11272214 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common forms of dementia, is characterized by a slow progression of cognitive impairment and neuronal loss. Currently, approved treatments for AD are hindered by various side effects and limited efficacy. Despite considerable research, practical treatments for AD have not been developed. Increasing evidence shows that glial cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, are essential in the initiation and progression of AD. During AD progression, activated resident microglia increases the ability of resting astrocytes to transform into reactive astrocytes, promoting neurodegeneration. Extensive clinical and molecular studies show the involvement of microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in AD pathology, indicating that microglia and astrocytes may be potential therapeutic targets for AD. This review will summarize the significant and recent advances of microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of AD in three parts. First, we will review the typical pathological changes of AD and discuss microglia and astrocytes in terms of function and phenotypic changes. Second, we will describe microglia and astrocytes' physiological and pathological role in AD. These roles include the inflammatory response, "eat me" and "don't eat me" signals, Aβ seeding, propagation, clearance, synapse loss, synaptic pruning, remyelination, and demyelination. Last, we will review the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes in AD. We conclude that microglia and astrocytes are essential in the initiation and development of AD. Therefore, understanding the new role of microglia and astrocytes in AD progression is critical for future AD studies and clinical trials. Moreover, pharmacological, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes, with specific studies investigating microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuronal damage and repair, may be a promising research direction for future studies regarding AD treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Deng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Emily Parker
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Pané A, Videla L, Calvet À, Viaplana J, Vaqué-Alcázar L, Ibarzabal A, Rozalem-Aranha M, Pegueroles J, Moize V, Vidal J, Ortega E, Barroeta I, Camacho V, Chiva-Blanch G, Fortea J, Jiménez A. Hypothalamic Inflammation Improves Through Bariatric Surgery, and Hypothalamic Volume Predicts Short-Term Weight Loss Response in Adults With or Without Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:1162-1170. [PMID: 38713908 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preclinical research implicates hypothalamic inflammation (HI) in obesity and type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. However, their pathophysiological relevance and potential reversibility need to be better defined. We sought to evaluate the effect of bariatric surgery (BS) on radiological biomarkers of HI and the association between the severity of such radiological alterations and post-BS weight loss (WL) trajectories. The utility of cerebrospinal fluid large extracellular vesicles (CSF-lEVs) enriched for microglial and astrocyte markers in studying HI was also explored. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 72 individuals with obesity (20 with and 52 without type 2 diabetes) and 24 control individuals. Participants underwent lumbar puncture and 3-T MRI at baseline and 1-year post-BS. We assessed hypothalamic mean diffusivity (MD) (higher values indicate lesser microstructural integrity) and the volume of the whole and main hypothalamic subregions. CSF-lEVs enriched for glial and astrocyte markers were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with control group, the obesity and type 2 diabetes groups showed a larger volume and higher MD in the hypothalamic tubular inferior region, the area encompassing the arcuate nucleus. These radiological alterations were positively associated with baseline anthropometric and metabolic measures and improved post-BS. A larger baseline tubular inferior hypothalamic volume was independently related to lesser WL 1 and 2 years after BS. CSF-lEVs did not differ among groups and were unrelated to WL trajectories. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest HI improvement after BS and may support a role for HI in modulating the WL response to these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pané
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Videla
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Calvet
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Viaplana
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainitze Ibarzabal
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mateus Rozalem-Aranha
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Pegueroles
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta Moize
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ortega
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Barroeta
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | - Valle Camacho
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | - Amanda Jiménez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Bravo-Miana RDC, Arizaga-Echebarria JK, Otaegui D. Central nervous system-derived extracellular vesicles: the next generation of neural circulating biomarkers? Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:32. [PMID: 38898538 PMCID: PMC11186231 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is integrated by glial and neuronal cells, and both release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that participate in CNS homeostasis. EVs could be one of the best candidates to operate as nanosized biological platforms for analysing multidimensional bioactive cargos, which are protected during systemic circulation of EVs. Having a window into the molecular level processes that are happening in the CNS could open a new avenue in CNS research. This raises a particular point of interest: can CNS-derived EVs in blood serve as circulating biomarkers that reflect the pathological status of neurological diseases? L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is a widely reported biomarker to identify CNS-derived EVs in peripheral blood. However, it has been demonstrated that L1CAM is also expressed outside the CNS. Given that principal data related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease were obtained using L1CAM-positive EVs, efforts to overcome present challenges related to its specificity are required. In this sense, other surface biomarkers for CNS-derived EVs, such as glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), among others, have started to be used. Establishing a panel of EV biomarkers to analyse CNS-derived EVs in blood could increase the specificity and sensitivity necessary for these types of studies. This review covers the main evidence related to CNS-derived EVs in cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples of patients with neurological diseases, focusing on the reported biomarkers and the technical possibilities for their isolation. EVs are emerging as a mirror of brain physiopathology, reflecting both localized and systemic changes. Therefore, when the technical hindrances for EV research and clinical applications are overcome, novel disease-specific panels of EV biomarkers would be discovered to facilitate transformation from traditional medicine to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Del Carmen Bravo-Miana
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - Jone Karmele Arizaga-Echebarria
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - David Otaegui
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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Liu X, Shen L, Wan M, Xie H, Wang Z. Peripheral extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration: pathogenic influencers and therapeutic vehicles. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:170. [PMID: 38610012 PMCID: PMC11015679 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis epitomize a class of insidious and relentless neurological conditions that are difficult to cure. Conventional therapeutic regimens often fail due to the late onset of symptoms, which occurs well after irreversible neurodegeneration has begun. The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) further impedes efficacious drug delivery to the central nervous system, presenting a formidable challenge in the pharmacological treatment of NDDs. Recent scientific inquiries have shifted focus toward the peripheral biological systems, investigating their influence on central neuropathology through the lens of extracellular vesicles (EVs). These vesicles, distinguished by their ability to breach the BBB, are emerging as dual operatives in the context of NDDs, both as conveyors of pathogenic entities and as prospective vectors for therapeutic agents. This review critically summarizes the burgeoning evidence on the role of extracerebral EVs, particularly those originating from bone, adipose tissue, and gut microbiota, in modulating brain pathophysiology. It underscores the duplicity potential of peripheral EVs as modulators of disease progression and suggests their potential as novel vehicles for targeted therapeutic delivery, positing a transformative impact on the future landscape of NDD treatment strategies. Search strategy A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from January 2000 to December 2023. The search combined the following terms using Boolean operators: "neurodegenerative disease" OR "Alzheimer's disease" OR "Parkinson's disease" OR "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" AND "extracellular vesicles" OR "exosomes" OR "outer membrane vesicles" AND "drug delivery systems" AND "blood-brain barrier". MeSH terms were employed when searching PubMed to refine the results. Studies were included if they were published in English, involved human subjects, and focused on the peripheral origins of EVs, specifically from bone, adipose tissue, and gut microbiota, and their association with related diseases such as osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, and gut dysbiosis. Articles were excluded if they did not address the role of EVs in the context of NDDs or did not discuss therapeutic applications. The titles and abstracts of retrieved articles were screened using a dual-review process to ensure relevance and accuracy. The reference lists of selected articles were also examined to identify additional relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Meidan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Angmedicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Angmedicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Golia MT, Frigerio R, Pucci S, Sironi F, Margotta C, Pasetto L, Testori C, Berrone E, Ingravalle F, Chiari M, Gori A, Duchi R, Perota A, Bergamaschi L, D'Angelo A, Cagnotti G, Galli C, Corona C, Bonetto V, Bendotti C, Cretich M, Colombo SF, Verderio C. Changes in glial cell activation and extracellular vesicles production precede the onset of disease symptoms in transgenic hSOD1 G93A pigs. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114716. [PMID: 38331161 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
SOD1 gene is associated with progressive motor neuron degeneration in the familiar forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although studies on mutant human SOD1 transgenic rodent models have provided important insights into disease pathogenesis, they have not led to the discovery of early biomarkers or effective therapies in human disease. The recent generation of a transgenic swine model expressing the human pathological hSOD1G93A gene, which recapitulates the course of human disease, represents an interesting tool for the identification of early disease mechanisms and diagnostic biomarkers. Here, we analyze the activation state of CNS cells in transgenic pigs during the disease course and investigate whether changes in neuronal and glial cell activation state can be reflected by the amount of extracellular vesicles they release in biological fluids. To assess the activation state of neural cells, we performed a biochemical characterization of neurons and glial cells in the spinal cords of hSOD1G93A pigs during the disease course. Quantification of EVs of CNS cell origin was performed in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of transgenic pigs at different disease stages by Western blot and peptide microarray analyses. We report an early activation of oligodendrocytes in hSOD1G93A transgenic tissue followed by astrocyte and microglia activation, especially in animals with motor symptoms. At late asymptomatic stage, EV production from astrocytes and microglia is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid, but not in the plasma, of transgenic pigs reflecting donor cell activation in the spinal cord. Estimation of EV production by biochemical analyses is corroborated by direct quantification of neuron- and microglia-derived EVs in the cerebrospinal fluid by a Membrane Sensing Peptide enabled on-chip analysis that provides fast results and low sample consumption. Collectively, our data indicate that alteration in astrocytic EV production precedes the onset of disease symptoms in the hSODG93A swine model, mirroring donor cell activation in the spinal cord, and suggest that EV measurements from the cells first activated in the ALS pig model, i.e. OPCs, may further improve early disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Golia
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Roberto Frigerio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies (SCITEC-CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Pucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Francesca Sironi
- Research Center for ALS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Cassandra Margotta
- Research Center for ALS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Pasetto
- Research Center for ALS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Camilla Testori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Berrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies (SCITEC-CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies (SCITEC-CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Duchi
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Via Porcellasco 7/F, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Andrea Perota
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Via Porcellasco 7/F, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Luca Bergamaschi
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Via Porcellasco 7/F, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Cagnotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Via Porcellasco 7/F, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Cristiano Corona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Research Center for ALS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Research Center for ALS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Cretich
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies (SCITEC-CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Francesca Colombo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Claudia Verderio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
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Phillips JS, Adluru N, Chung MK, Radhakrishnan H, Olm CA, Cook PA, Gee JC, Cousins KAQ, Arezoumandan S, Wolk DA, McMillan CT, Grossman M, Irwin DJ. Greater white matter degeneration and lower structural connectivity in non-amnestic vs. amnestic Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1353306. [PMID: 38567286 PMCID: PMC10986184 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1353306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multimodal evidence indicates Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by early white matter (WM) changes that precede overt cognitive impairment. WM changes have overwhelmingly been investigated in typical, amnestic mild cognitive impairment and AD; fewer studies have addressed WM change in atypical, non-amnestic syndromes. We hypothesized each non-amnestic AD syndrome would exhibit WM differences from amnestic and other non-amnestic syndromes. Materials and methods Participants included 45 cognitively normal (CN) individuals; 41 amnestic AD patients; and 67 patients with non-amnestic AD syndromes including logopenic-variant primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA, n = 32), posterior cortical atrophy (PCA, n = 17), behavioral variant AD (bvAD, n = 10), and corticobasal syndrome (CBS, n = 8). All had T1-weighted MRI and 30-direction diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). We performed whole-brain deterministic tractography between 148 cortical and subcortical regions; connection strength was quantified by tractwise mean generalized fractional anisotropy. Regression models assessed effects of group and phenotype as well as associations with grey matter volume. Topological analyses assessed differences in persistent homology (numbers of graph components and cycles). Additionally, we tested associations of topological metrics with global cognition, disease duration, and DWI microstructural metrics. Results Both amnestic and non-amnestic patients exhibited lower WM connection strength than CN participants in corpus callosum, cingulum, and inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi. Overall, non-amnestic patients had more WM disease than amnestic patients. LvPPA patients had left-lateralized WM degeneration; PCA patients had reductions in connections to bilateral posterior parietal, occipital, and temporal areas. Topological analysis showed the non-amnestic but not the amnestic group had more connected components than controls, indicating persistently lower connectivity. Longer disease duration and cognitive impairment were associated with more connected components and fewer cycles in individuals' brain graphs. Discussion We have previously reported syndromic differences in GM degeneration and tau accumulation between AD syndromes; here we find corresponding differences in WM tracts connecting syndrome-specific epicenters. Determining the reasons for selective WM degeneration in non-amnestic AD is a research priority that will require integration of knowledge from neuroimaging, biomarker, autopsy, and functional genetic studies. Furthermore, longitudinal studies to determine the chronology of WM vs. GM degeneration will be key to assessing evidence for WM-mediated tau spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Phillips
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nagesh Adluru
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Moo K. Chung
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hamsanandini Radhakrishnan
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher A. Olm
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Philip A. Cook
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James C. Gee
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Katheryn A. Q. Cousins
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sanaz Arezoumandan
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David A. Wolk
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Memory Center, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Corey T. McMillan
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Murray Grossman
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David J. Irwin
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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Zeng B, Li Y, Xia J, Xiao Y, Khan N, Jiang B, Liang Y, Duan L. Micro Trojan horses: Engineering extracellular vesicles crossing biological barriers for drug delivery. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10623. [PMID: 38435823 PMCID: PMC10905561 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The biological barriers of the body, such as the blood-brain, placental, intestinal, skin, and air-blood, protect against invading viruses and bacteria while providing necessary physical support. However, these barriers also hinder the delivery of drugs to target tissues, reducing their therapeutic efficacy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanostructures with a diameter ranging from 30 nm to 10 μm secreted by cells, offer a potential solution to this challenge. These natural vesicles can effectively pass through various biological barriers, facilitating intercellular communication. As a result, artificially engineered EVs that mimic or are superior to the natural ones have emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle, capable of delivering drugs to almost any body part to treat various diseases. This review first provides an overview of the formation and cross-species uptake of natural EVs from different organisms, including animals, plants, and bacteria. Later, it explores the current clinical applications, perspectives, and challenges associated with using engineered EVs as a drug delivery platform. Finally, it aims to inspire further research to help bioengineered EVs effectively cross biological barriers to treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zeng
- Graduate SchoolGuangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanningGuangxiChina
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospitalthe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospitalthe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, ShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yin Xiao
- School of Medicine and Dentistry & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, SouthportGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Nawaz Khan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospitalthe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Bin Jiang
- Graduate SchoolGuangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanningGuangxiChina
- R&D Division, Eureka Biotech Inc, PhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning HospitalShenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Psychological Healthcare and Shenzhen Institute of Mental HealthShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Li Duan
- Graduate SchoolGuangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanningGuangxiChina
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospitalthe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
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You Q, Liang F, Wu G, Cao F, Liu J, He Z, Wang C, Zhu L, Chen X, Yang Y. The Landscape of Biomimetic Nanovesicles in Brain Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306583. [PMID: 37713652 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain diseases, such as brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and brain injuries, are caused by various pathophysiological changes, which pose a serious health threat. Brain disorders are often difficult to treat due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Biomimetic nanovesicles (BNVs), including endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various cells and artificial nanovesicles, possess the ability to penetrate the BBB and thus can be utilized for drug delivery to the brain. BNVs, especially endogenous EVs, are widely distributed in body fluids and usually carry various disease-related signal molecules such as proteins, RNA, and DNA, and may also be analyzed to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of brain diseases. This review covers the exhaustive classification and characterization of BNVs and pathophysiological roles involved in various brain diseases, and emphatically focuses on nanotechnology-integrated BNVs for brain disease theranostics, including various diagnosis strategies and precise therapeutic regulations (e.g., immunity regulation, disordered protein clearance, anti-neuroinflammation, neuroregeneration, angiogenesis, and the gut-brain axis regulation). The remaining challenges and future perspectives regarding the nanotechnology-integrated BNVs for the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases are also discussed and outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Fuming Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Friendship Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Gege Wu
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Fangfang Cao
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Jingyi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Friendship Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Yanlian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Wies Mancini VSB, Mattera VS, Pasquini JM, Pasquini LA, Correale JD. Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles in homeostasis and demyelination/remyelination processes. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3-25. [PMID: 38055776 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia (MG) play a crucial role as the predominant myeloid cells in the central nervous system and are commonly activated in multiple sclerosis. They perform essential functions under normal conditions, such as actively surveying the surrounding parenchyma, facilitating synaptic remodeling, engulfing dead cells and debris, and protecting the brain against infectious pathogens and harmful self-proteins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse structures enclosed by a lipid bilayer that originate from intracellular endocytic trafficking or the plasma membrane. They are released by cells into the extracellular space and can be found in various bodily fluids. EVs have recently emerged as a communication mechanism between cells, enabling the transfer of functional proteins, lipids, different RNA species, and even fragments of DNA from donor cells. MG act as both source and recipient of EVs. Consequently, MG-derived EVs are involved in regulating synapse development and maintaining homeostasis. These EVs also directly influence astrocytes, significantly increasing the release of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, resulting in a robust inflammatory response. Furthermore, EVs derived from inflammatory MG have been found to inhibit remyelination, whereas Evs produced by pro-regenerative MG effectively promote myelin repair. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of MG-derived Evs, their impact on neighboring cells, and the cellular microenvironment in normal conditions and pathological states, specifically focusing on demyelination and remyelination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S B Wies Mancini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V S Mattera
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J M Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L A Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J D Correale
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Neurología, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Li Z, Wang X, Wang X, Yi X, Wong YK, Wu J, Xie F, Hu D, Wang Q, Wang J, Zhong T. Research progress on the role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:43. [PMID: 37697342 PMCID: PMC10494410 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, affect millions of people worldwide. Tremendous efforts have been put into disease-related research, but few breakthroughs have been made in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous cell-derived membrane structures that arise from the endosomal system or are directly separated from the plasma membrane. EVs contain many biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which can be transferred between different cells, tissues, or organs, thereby regulating cross-organ communication between cells during normal and pathological processes. Recently, EVs have been shown to participate in various aspects of neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal secretion and levels of EVs are closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to disease progression. Numerous studies have proposed EVs as therapeutic targets or biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize and discuss the advanced research progress on EVs in the pathological processes of several neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, we outline the latest research on the roles of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic potential for the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhe Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiaomei Yi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yin Kwan Wong
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Jiyang Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Fangfang Xie
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Die Hu
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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11
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Das K, Paul S, Mukherjee T, Ghosh A, Sharma A, Shankar P, Gupta S, Keshava S, Parashar D. Beyond Macromolecules: Extracellular Vesicles as Regulators of Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:1963. [PMID: 37566042 PMCID: PMC10417494 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the defense mechanism of the immune system against harmful stimuli such as pathogens, toxic compounds, damaged cells, radiation, etc., and is characterized by tissue redness, swelling, heat generation, pain, and loss of tissue functions. Inflammation is essential in the recruitment of immune cells at the site of infection, which not only aids in the elimination of the cause, but also initiates the healing process. However, prolonged inflammation often brings about several chronic inflammatory disorders; hence, a balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses is essential in order to eliminate the cause while producing the least damage to the host. A growing body of evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a major role in cell-cell communication via the transfer of bioactive molecules in the form of proteins, lipids, DNA, RNAs, miRNAs, etc., between the cells. The present review provides a brief classification of the EVs followed by a detailed description of how EVs contribute to the pathogenesis of various inflammation-associated diseases and their implications as a therapeutic measure. The latter part of the review also highlights how EVs act as a bridging entity in blood coagulation disorders and associated inflammation. The findings illustrated in the present review may open a new therapeutic window to target EV-associated inflammatory responses, thereby minimizing the negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Das
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Subhojit Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India; (S.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- School of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India; (S.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Anshul Sharma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
| | - Prem Shankar
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India;
| | - Shiva Keshava
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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12
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Chen Y, Yu Y. Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:165. [PMID: 37452321 PMCID: PMC10349496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) contributes to most cases of dementia. Its prominent neuropathological features are the extracellular neuritic plaques and intercellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, respectively. In the past few decades, disease-modifying therapy targeting Aβ has been the focus of AD drug development. Even though it is encouraging that two of these drugs have recently received accelerated US Food and Drug Administration approval for AD treatment, their efficacy or long-term safety is controversial. Tau has received increasing attention as a potential therapeutic target, since evidence indicates that tau pathology is more associated with cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, inflammation, especially neuroinflammation, accompanies AD pathological processes and is also linked to cognitive deficits. Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation has a complex and tight interplay with tau pathology. Here, we review recent evidence on the interaction between tau pathology, focusing on tau post-translational modification and dissemination, and neuroinflammatory responses, including glial cell activation and inflammatory signaling pathways. Then, we summarize the latest clinical trials targeting tau and neuroinflammation. Sustained and increased inflammatory responses in glial cells and neurons are pivotal cellular drivers and regulators of the exacerbation of tau pathology, which further contributes to its worsening by aggravating inflammatory responses. Unraveling the precise mechanisms underlying the relationship between tau pathology and neuroinflammation will provide new insights into the discovery and clinical translation of therapeutic targets for AD and other tau-related diseases (tauopathies). Targeting multiple pathologies and precision therapy strategies will be the crucial direction for developing drugs for AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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13
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Kim JH, Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Analyzing the glial proteome in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:197-209. [PMID: 37724426 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2260955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, and changes in behavior. Accumulating evidence indicates that dysfunction of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes, may contribute to the development and progression of AD. Large-scale analysis of glial proteins sheds light on their roles in cellular processes and diseases. In AD, glial proteomics has been utilized to understand glia-based pathophysiology and identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. AREA COVERED In this review, we provide an updated overview of proteomic analysis of glia in the context of AD. Additionally, we discuss current challenges in the field, involving glial complexity and heterogeneity, and describe some cutting-edge proteomic technologies to address them. EXPERT OPINION Unbiased comprehensive analysis of glial proteomes aids our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis. These investigations highlight the crucial role of glial cells and provide novel insights into the mechanisms of AD pathology. A deeper understanding of the AD-related glial proteome could offer a repertoire of potential biomarkers and therapeutics. Further technical advancement of glial proteomics will enable us to identify proteins within individual cells and specific cell types, thus significantly enhancing our comprehension of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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14
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Beetler DJ, Di Florio DN, Bruno KA, Ikezu T, March KL, Cooper LT, Wolfram J, Fairweather D. Extracellular vesicles as personalized medicine. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 91:101155. [PMID: 36456416 PMCID: PMC10073244 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from all cells in the body, forming an important intercellular communication network that contributes to health and disease. The contents of EVs are cell source-specific, inducing distinct signaling responses in recipient cells. The specificity of EVs and their accumulation in fluid spaces that are accessible for liquid biopsies make them highly attractive as potential biomarkers and therapies for disease. The duality of EVs as favorable (therapeutic) or unfavorable (pathological) messengers is context dependent and remains to be fully determined in homeostasis and various disease states. This review describes the use of EVs as biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and regenerative therapeutics, highlighting examples involving viral infections, cancer, and neurological diseases. There is growing interest to provide personalized therapy based on individual patient and disease characteristics. Increasing evidence suggests that EV biomarkers and therapeutic approaches are ideal for personalized medicine due to the diversity and multifunctionality of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Beetler
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Damian N Di Florio
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Katelyn A Bruno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Keith L March
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Leslie T Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Joy Wolfram
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - DeLisa Fairweather
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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15
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Soleymani T, Chen TY, Gonzalez-Kozlova E, Dogra N. The human neurosecretome: extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) of the brain for intercellular communication, therapy, and liquid-biopsy applications. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1156821. [PMID: 37266331 PMCID: PMC10229797 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1156821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that brain derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and particles (EPs) can cross blood-brain barrier and mediate communication among neurons, astrocytes, microglial, and other cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Yet, a complete understanding of the molecular landscape and function of circulating EVs & EPs (EVPs) remain a major gap in knowledge. This is mainly due to the lack of technologies to isolate and separate all EVPs of heterogeneous dimensions and low buoyant density. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the neurosecretome, including the extracellular vesicles that carry the molecular signature of the brain in both its microenvironment and the systemic circulation. We discuss the biogenesis of EVPs, their function, cell-to-cell communication, past and emerging isolation technologies, therapeutics, and liquid-biopsy applications. It is important to highlight that the landscape of EVPs is in a constant state of evolution; hence, we not only discuss the past literature and current landscape of the EVPs, but we also speculate as to how novel EVPs may contribute to the etiology of addiction, depression, psychiatric, neurodegenerative diseases, and aid in the real time monitoring of the "living brain". Overall, the neurosecretome is a concept we introduce here to embody the compendium of circulating particles of the brain for their function and disease pathogenesis. Finally, for the purpose of inclusion of all extracellular particles, we have used the term EVPs as defined by the International Society of Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taliah Soleymani
- Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tzu-Yi Chen
- Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Edgar Gonzalez-Kozlova
- Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Navneet Dogra
- Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Pini L, Salvalaggio A, Wennberg AM, Dimakou A, Matteoli M, Corbetta M. The pollutome-connectome axis: a putative mechanism to explain pollution effects on neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101867. [PMID: 36720351 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of pollutant effects is extremely important to address the epochal challenges we are facing, where world populations are increasingly moving from rural to urban centers, revolutionizing our world into an urban world. These transformations will exacerbate pollution, thus highlighting the necessity to unravel its effect on human health. Epidemiological studies have reported that pollution increases the risk of neurological diseases, with growing evidence on the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Air pollution and water pollutants are the main chemicals driving this risk. These chemicals can promote inflammation, acting in synergy with genotype vulnerability. However, the biological underpinnings of this association are unknown. In this review, we focus on the link between pollution and brain network connectivity at the macro-scale level. We provide an updated overview of epidemiological findings and studies investigating brain network changes associated with pollution exposure, and discuss the mechanistic insights of pollution-induced brain changes through neural networks. We explain, in detail, the pollutome-connectome axis that might provide the functional substrate for pollution-induced processes leading to cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. We describe this model within the framework of two pollutants, air pollution, a widely recognized threat, and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a large class of synthetic chemicals which are currently emerging as new neurotoxic source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pini
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Alexandra M Wennberg
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Dimakou
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Neuro Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
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17
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Visconte C, Golia MT, Fenoglio C, Serpente M, Gabrielli M, Arcaro M, Sorrentino F, Busnelli M, Arighi A, Fumagalli G, Rotondo E, Rossi P, Arosio B, Scarpini E, Verderio C, Galimberti D. Plasma microglial-derived extracellular vesicles are increased in frail patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and exert a neurotoxic effect. GeroScience 2023:10.1007/s11357-023-00746-0. [PMID: 36725819 PMCID: PMC10400496 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of cellular communication that can be released by almost all cell types in both physiological and pathological conditions and are present in most biological fluids. Such characteristics make them attractive in the research of biomarkers for age-related pathological conditions. Based on this, the aim of the present study was to examine the changes in EV concentration and size in the context of frailty, a geriatric syndrome associated with a progressive physical and cognitive decline. Specifically, total EVs and neural and microglial-derived EVs (NDVs and MDVs respectively) were investigated in plasma of frail and non-frail controls (CTRL), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects, and in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Results provided evidence that AD patients displayed diminished NDV concentration (3.61 × 109 ± 1.92 × 109 vs 7.16 × 109 ± 4.3 × 109 particles/ml) and showed high diagnostic performance. They are able to discriminate between AD and CTRL with an area under the curve of 0.80, a sensitivity of 78.95% and a specificity of 85.7%, considering the cut-off of 5.27 × 109 particles/ml. Importantly, we also found that MDV concentration was increased in frail MCI patients compared to CTRL (5.89 × 109 ± 3.98 × 109 vs 3.16 × 109 ± 3.04 × 109 particles/ml, P < 0.05) and showed high neurotoxic effect on neurons. MDV concentration discriminate frail MCI vs non-frail CTRL (AUC = 0.76) with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 70%, considering the cut-off of 2.69 × 109 particles/ml. Altogether, these results demonstrated an alteration in NDV and MDV release during cognitive decline, providing important insight into the role of EVs in frailty status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Visconte
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M T Golia
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Monza and Brianza, Milan, Italy
| | - C Fenoglio
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Milan, Italy.
| | - M Serpente
- Fondazione, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M Gabrielli
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Monza and Brianza, Milan, Italy
| | - M Arcaro
- Fondazione, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - F Sorrentino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Busnelli
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Monza and Brianza, Milan, Italy
| | - A Arighi
- Fondazione, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Fumagalli
- Fondazione, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - E Rotondo
- Fondazione, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - P Rossi
- Fondazione, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - B Arosio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Scarpini
- Fondazione, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - C Verderio
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Monza and Brianza, Milan, Italy
| | - D Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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18
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Noori L, Filip K, Nazmara Z, Mahakizadeh S, Hassanzadeh G, Caruso Bavisotto C, Bucchieri F, Marino Gammazza A, Cappello F, Wnuk M, Scalia F. Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles and Molecular Chaperones in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders of the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020927. [PMID: 36674442 PMCID: PMC9861359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the abnormal aggregation of misfolded proteins that form amyloid deposits which possess prion-like behavior such as self-replication, intercellular transmission, and consequent induction of native forms of the same protein in surrounding cells. The distribution of the accumulated proteins and their correlated toxicity seem to be involved in the progression of nervous system degeneration. Molecular chaperones are known to maintain proteostasis, contribute to protein refolding to protect their function, and eliminate fatally misfolded proteins, prohibiting harmful effects. However, chaperone network efficiency declines during aging, prompting the onset and the development of neurological disorders. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny membranous structures produced by a wide range of cells under physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting their significant role in fundamental processes particularly in cellular communication. They modulate the behavior of nearby and distant cells through their biological cargo. In the pathological context, EVs transport disease-causing entities, including prions, α-syn, and tau, helping to spread damage to non-affected areas and accelerating the progression of neurodegeneration. However, EVs are considered effective for delivering therapeutic factors to the nervous system, since they are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are involved in the transportation of a variety of cellular entities. Here, we review the neurodegeneration process caused mainly by the inefficiency of chaperone systems as well as EV performance in neuropathies, their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and a promising EV-based therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Noori
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Kamila Filip
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Zohreh Nazmara
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Simin Mahakizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149779453, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.C.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Federica Scalia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.C.B.); (F.S.)
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19
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Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Synaptic Dysfunction and Vesicle-Neuron Interaction. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010063. [PMID: 36611856 PMCID: PMC9818402 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered by many to be a synaptic failure. Synaptic function is in fact deeply affected in the very early disease phases and recognized as the main cause of AD-related cognitive impairment. While the reciprocal involvement of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau peptides in these processes is under intense investigation, the crucial role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by different brain cells as vehicles for these molecules and as mediators of early synaptic alterations is gaining more and more ground in the field. In this review, we will summarize the current literature on the contribution of EVs derived from distinct brain cells to neuronal alterations and build a working model for EV-mediated propagation of synaptic dysfunction in early AD. A deeper understanding of EV-neuron interaction will provide useful targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches aimed at hampering AD progression.
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20
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Gabrielli M, Raffaele S, Fumagalli M, Verderio C. The multiple faces of extracellular vesicles released by microglia: Where are we 10 years after? Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:984690. [PMID: 36176630 PMCID: PMC9514840 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.984690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As resident component of the innate immunity in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are key players in pathology. However, they also exert fundamental roles in brain development and homeostasis maintenance. They are extremely sensitive and plastic, as they assiduously monitor the environment, adapting their function in response to stimuli. On consequence, microglia may be defined a heterogeneous community of cells in a dynamic equilibrium. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by microglia mirror the dynamic nature of their donor cells, exerting important and versatile functions in the CNS as unbounded conveyors of bioactive signals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on EVs released by microglia, highlighting their heterogeneous properties and multifaceted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gabrielli
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Martina Gabrielli,
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Verderio
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Claudia Verderio,
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21
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Ballerini C, Njamnshi AK, Juliano SL, Kalaria RN, Furlan R, Akinyemi RO. Non-Communicable Neurological Disorders and Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834424. [PMID: 35769472 PMCID: PMC9235309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa, as in the rest of the world. Traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries specifically represent a leading cause of disability in the younger population. Stroke and neurodegenerative disorders predominantly target the elderly and are a major concern in Africa, since their rate of increase among the ageing is the fastest in the world. Neuroimmunology is usually not associated with non-communicable neurological disorders, as the role of neuroinflammation is not often considered when evaluating their cause and pathogenesis. However, substantial evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is extremely relevant in determining the consequences of non-communicable neurological disorders, both for its protective abilities as well as for its destructive capacity. We review here current knowledge on the contribution of neuroinflammation and neuroimmunology to the pathogenesis of traumatic injuries, stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular focus on problems that are already a major issue in Africa, like traumatic brain injury, and on emerging disorders such as dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ballerini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alfred K. Njamnshi
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN); Neurology Department, Central Hospital Yaounde/Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS), The University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sharon L. Juliano
- Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University Hebert School (USUHS), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rajesh N. Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Furlan, ; Rufus O. Akinyemi,
| | - Rufus O. Akinyemi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Roberto Furlan, ; Rufus O. Akinyemi,
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22
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Zambrano K, Barba D, Castillo K, Robayo P, Argueta-Zamora D, Sanon S, Arizaga E, Caicedo A, Gavilanes AWD. The war against Alzheimer, the mitochondrion strikes back! Mitochondrion 2022; 64:125-135. [PMID: 35337984 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading neurodegenerative pathology associated with aging worldwide. It is estimated that AD prevalence will increase from 5.8 million people today to 13.8 million by 2050 in the United States alone. AD effects in the brain are well known; however, there is still a lack of knowledge about the cellular mechanisms behind the origin of AD. It is known that AD induces cellular stress affecting the energy metabolism in brain cells. During the pathophysiological advancement of AD, damaged mitochondria enter a vicious cycle, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), harming mitochondrial DNA and proteins, leading to more ROS and cellular death. Additionally, mitochondria are interconnected with the plaques formed by amyloid-β in AD and have underlying roles in the progression of the disease and severity. For years, the biomedical field struggled to develop new therapeutic options for AD without a significant advancement. However, mitochondria are striking back existing outside cells in a new mechanism of intercellular communication. Extracellular mitochondria are exchanged from healthy to damaged cells to rescue those with a perturbed metabolism in a process that could be applied as a new therapeutic option to repair those brain cells affected by AD. In this review we highlight key aspects of mitochondria's role in CNS' physiology and neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on AD. We also suggest how mitochondria strikes back as a therapeutic target and as a potential agent to be transplanted to repair neurons affected by AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Zambrano
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego Barba
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karina Castillo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paola Robayo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Eduardo Arizaga
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andres Caicedo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Antonio W D Gavilanes
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, 17-12-841, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Longobardi A, Nicsanu R, Bellini S, Squitti R, Catania M, Tiraboschi P, Saraceno C, Ferrari C, Zanardini R, Binetti G, Di Fede G, Benussi L, Ghidoni R. Cerebrospinal Fluid EV Concentration and Size Are Altered in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030462. [PMID: 35159272 PMCID: PMC8834088 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) represent the three major neurodegenerative dementias characterized by abnormal brain protein accumulation. In this study, we investigated extracellular vesicles (EVs) and neurotrophic factors in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 120 subjects: 36 with AD, 30 with DLB, 34 with FTD and 20 controls. Specifically, CSF EVs were analyzed by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and neurotrophic factors were measured with ELISA. We found higher EV concentration and lower EV size in AD and DLB groups compared to the controls. Classification tree analysis demonstrated EV size as the best parameter able to discriminate the patients from the controls (96.7% vs. 3.3%, respectively). The diagnostic performance of the EV concentration/size ratio resulted in a fair discrimination level with an area under the curve of 0.74. Moreover, the EV concentration/size ratio was associated with the p-Tau181/Aβ42 ratio in AD patients. In addition, we described altered levels of cystatin C and progranulin in the DLB and AD groups. We did not find any correlation between neurotrophic factors and EV parameters. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest a common involvement of the endosomal pathway in neurodegenerative dementias, giving important insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Longobardi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (R.N.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (L.B.)
| | - Roland Nicsanu
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (R.N.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (L.B.)
| | - Sonia Bellini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (R.N.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (L.B.)
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (R.N.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (L.B.)
| | - Marcella Catania
- Neurology 5 and Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (P.T.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Pietro Tiraboschi
- Neurology 5 and Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (P.T.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Claudia Saraceno
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (R.N.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (L.B.)
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Service of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Roberta Zanardini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (R.N.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (L.B.)
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- MAC Memory Clinic and Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Di Fede
- Neurology 5 and Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (P.T.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (R.N.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (L.B.)
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (R.N.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3501725
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Gabrielli M, Prada I, Joshi P, Falcicchia C, D’Arrigo G, Rutigliano G, Battocchio E, Zenatelli R, Tozzi F, Radeghieri A, Arancio O, Origlia N, Verderio C. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2849-2868. [PMID: 35254410 PMCID: PMC9420022 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is an early mechanism in Alzheimer’s disease that involves progressively larger areas of the brain over time. However, how it starts and propagates is unknown. Here we show that amyloid-β released by microglia in association with large extracellular vesicles (Aβ-EVs) alters dendritic spine morphology in vitro, at the site of neuron interaction, and impairs synaptic plasticity both in vitro and in vivo in the entorhinal cortex–dentate gyrus circuitry. One hour after Aβ-EV injection into the mouse entorhinal cortex, long-term potentiation was impaired in the entorhinal cortex but not in the dentate gyrus, its main target region, while 24 h later it was also impaired in the dentate gyrus, revealing a spreading of long-term potentiation deficit between the two regions. Similar results were obtained upon injection of extracellular vesicles carrying Aβ naturally secreted by CHO7PA2 cells, while neither Aβ42 alone nor inflammatory extracellular vesicles devoid of Aβ were able to propagate long-term potentiation impairment. Using optical tweezers combined to time-lapse imaging to study Aβ-EV–neuron interaction, we show that Aβ-EVs move anterogradely at the axon surface and that their motion can be blocked through annexin-V coating. Importantly, when Aβ-EV motility was inhibited, no propagation of long-term potentiation deficit occurred along the entorhinal–hippocampal circuit, implicating large extracellular vesicle motion at the neuron surface in the spreading of long-term potentiation impairment. Our data indicate the involvement of large microglial extracellular vesicles in the rise and propagation of early synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease and suggest a new mechanism controlling the diffusion of large extracellular vesicles and their pathogenic signals in the brain parenchyma, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies to delay the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Prada
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, MB 20854, Italy
| | - Pooja Joshi
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, MB 20854, Italy
| | | | - Giulia D’Arrigo
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, MB 20854, Italy
| | - Grazia Rutigliano
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa 56127, Italy
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Battocchio
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, MB 20854, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Rossella Zenatelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Francesca Tozzi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
- Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York 10032, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicola Origlia
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Nicola Origlia CNR Institute of Neuroscience, via Moruzzi 1 Pisa, 56124, Italy E-mail:
| | - Claudia Verderio
- Correspondence to: Claudia Verderio CNR Institute of Neuroscience via Raoul Follereau 3, Vedano al Lambro MB, 20854, Italy E-mail:
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25
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Zebrafish as a preclinical model for Extracellular Vesicle-based therapeutic development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113815. [PMID: 34058284 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are released during various pathophysiological processes and reflect the state of their cell of origin. Once released, they can propagate through biological fluids, target cells, deliver their content and elicit functional responses. These specific features would allow their harnessing as biomarkers, drug nano-vehicles and therapeutic intrinsic modulators. However, the further development of their potential therapeutic application is hampered by the lack of knowledge about how EVs behave in vivo. Recent advances in the field of imaging EVs in vivo now allow live-tracking of endogenous and exogenous EV in various model organisms at high spatiotemporal resolution to define their distribution, half-life and fate. This review highlights current imaging tools available to image EVs in vivo and how live imaging especially in the zebrafish embryo can bring further insights into the characterization of EVs dynamics, biodistribution and functions to potentiate their development for therapeutic applications.
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26
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Pisa M, Croese T, Dalla Costa G, Guerrieri S, Huang SC, Finardi A, Fabbella L, Sangalli F, Colombo B, Moiola L, Martinelli V, Comi G, Furlan R, Leocani L. Subclinical anterior optic pathway involvement in early multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndromes. Brain 2021; 144:848-862. [PMID: 33829250 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is gaining increasing relevance in the assessment of patients with multiple sclerosis. Converging evidence point to the view that neuro-retinal changes, in eyes without acute optic neuritis, reflect inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes taking place throughout the CNS. The present study aims at exploring the usefulness of OCT as a marker of inflammation and disease burden in the earliest phases of the disease. Thus, a cohort of 150 consecutive patients underwent clinical, neurophysiological and brain MRI assessment as well as lumbar puncture as part of their diagnostic workup for a neurological episode suggestive of inflammatory CNS disorder; among those 32 patients had another previous misdiagnosed episode. For the present study, patients also received a visual pathway assessment (OCT, visual evoked potentials, visual acuity), measurement of CSF inflammatory markers (17 cytokines-chemokines, extracellular vesicles of myeloid origin), and dosage of plasma neurofilaments. Subclinical optic nerve involvement is frequently found in clinically isolated syndromes by visual evoked potentials (19.2%). OCT reveals ganglion cell layer asymmetries in 6.8% of patients; retinal fibre layer asymmetries, despite being more frequent (17.8%), display poor specificity. The presence of subclinical involvement is associated with a greater disease burden. Second, ganglion cell layer thinning reflects the severity of disease involvement even beyond the anterior optic pathway. In fact, the ganglion cell layer in eyes without evidence of subclinical optic involvement is correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale, low contrast visual acuity, disease duration, brain lesion load, presence of gadolinium enhancing lesions, abnormalities along motor and somatosensory evoked potentials, and frequency of CSF-specific oligoclonal bands. Third, the inner nuclear layer thickens in a post-acute (1.1-3.7 months) phase after a relapse, and this phenomenon is counteracted by steroid treatment. Likewise, a longitudinal analysis on 65 patients shows that this swelling is transient and returns to normal values after 1 year follow-up. Notwithstanding, the clinical, MRI, serological and CSF markers of disease activity considered in the study are strictly associated with one another, but none of them are associated with the inner nuclear layer. Our findings challenge the current hypothesis that the inner nuclear layer is an acute phase marker of inflammatory activity. The present study suggests that instrumental evidence of subclinical optic nerve involvement is associated with a greater disease burden in clinically isolated syndrome. Neuro-retinal changes are present since the earliest phases of the disease and yield important information regarding the neurodegenerative and inflammatory processes occurring in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pisa
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Croese
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Dalla Costa
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Guerrieri
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Su-Chun Huang
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Fabbella
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sangalli
- Inflammatory CNS Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Colombo
- Inflammatory CNS Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Inflammatory CNS Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Martinelli
- Inflammatory CNS Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Ruan J, Miao X, Schlüter D, Lin L, Wang X. Extracellular vesicles in neuroinflammation: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1946-1957. [PMID: 33895328 PMCID: PMC8178458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer membrane vesicles and act as key messengers in intercellular communication. EVs can be secreted by both neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Under physiological conditions, EVs contribute to CNS homeostasis by facilitating omnidirectional communication among CNS cell populations. In response to CNS injury, EVs mediate neuroinflammatory responses and regulate tissue damage and repair, thereby influencing the pathogenesis, development, and/or recovery of neuroinflammatory diseases, including CNS autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, CNS traumatic injury, and CNS infectious diseases. The unique ability of EVs to pass through the blood-brain barrier further confers them an important role in the bidirectional communication between the CNS and periphery, and application of EVs enables the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of neuroinflammatory diseases in a minimally invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ruan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Cecchetti G, Agosta F, Basaia S, Cividini C, Cursi M, Santangelo R, Caso F, Minicucci F, Magnani G, Filippi M. Resting-state electroencephalographic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102711. [PMID: 34098525 PMCID: PMC8185302 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the value of resting-state EEG source biomarkers to characterize mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects with an Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile and to track neurodegeneration throughout the AD continuum. We further applied a resting-state functional MRI (fMRI)-driven model of source reconstruction and tested its advantage in terms of AD diagnostic accuracy. METHODS Thirty-nine consecutive patients with AD dementia (ADD), 86 amnestic MCI, and 33 healthy subjects enter the EEG study. All ADD subjects, 37 out of 86 MCI patients and a distinct group of 53 healthy controls further entered the fMRI study. MCI subjects were divided according to the CSF phosphorylated tau/β amyloid-42 ratio (MCIpos: ≥ 0.13, MCIneg: < 0.13). Using Exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA), EEG lobar current densities were estimated at fixed frequencies and analyzed. To combine the two imaging techniques, networks mostly affected by AD pathology were identified using Independent Component Analysis applied to fMRI data of ADD subjects. Current density EEG analysis within ICA-based networks at selected frequency bands was performed. Afterwards, graph analysis was applied to EEG and fMRI data at ICA-based network level. RESULTS ADD patients showed a widespread slowing of spectral density. At a lobar level, MCIpos subjects showed a widespread higher theta density than MCIneg and healthy subjects; a lower beta2 density than healthy subjects was also found in parietal and occipital lobes. Evaluating EEG sources within the ICA-based networks, alpha2 band distinguished MCIpos from MCIneg, ADD and healthy subjects with good accuracy. Graph analysis on EEG data showed an alteration of connectome configuration at theta frequency in ADD and MCIpos patients and a progressive disruption of connectivity at alpha2 frequency throughout the AD continuum. CONCLUSIONS Theta frequency is the earliest and most sensitive EEG marker of AD pathology. Furthermore, EEG/fMRI integration highlighted the role of alpha2 band as potential neurodegeneration biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Cecchetti
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Basaia
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Cividini
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cursi
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Santangelo
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Caso
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Minicucci
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magnani
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Microglial Extracellular Vesicles as Vehicles for Neurodegeneration Spreading. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060770. [PMID: 34063832 PMCID: PMC8224033 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are the neuroimmune competent cells of the central nervous system. In the adult, microglia are responsible for screening the neuronal parenchyma searching for alterations in homeostasis. Chronic neuroinflammation plays a role in neurodegenerative disease. Indeed, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the onset and progression of several disorders in the brain and retina. Microglial cell reactivity occurs in an orchestrated manner and propagates across the neural parenchyma spreading the neuroinflammatory signal from cell to cell. Extracellular vesicles are important vehicles of intercellular communication and act as message carriers across boundaries. Extracellular vesicles can be subdivided in several categories according to their cellular origin (apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes), each presenting, different but sometimes overlapping functions in cell communication. Mounting evidence suggests a role for extracellular vesicles in regulating microglial cell action. Herein, we explore the role of microglial extracellular vesicles as vehicles for cell communication and the mechanisms that trigger their release. In this review we covered the role of microglial extracellular vesicles, focusing on apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes, in the context of neurodegeneration and the impact of these vesicles derived from other cells in microglial cell reactivity.
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30
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Longobardi A, Benussi L, Nicsanu R, Bellini S, Ferrari C, Saraceno C, Zanardini R, Catania M, Di Fede G, Squitti R, Binetti G, Ghidoni R. Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Size and Concentration Are Altered in Alzheimer's Disease, Dementia With Lewy Bodies, and Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667369. [PMID: 34046409 PMCID: PMC8148014 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are the three major neurodegenerative dementias. In this study, we provide evidence that an alteration in extracellular vesicles (EVs) release is common across the three most common neurodegenerative dementias, AD, DLB, and FTD. Specifically, we analyzed plasma EVs in three groups of patients affected by AD, DLB, and FTD, and we found a significant reduction in EVs concentration and larger EVs size in all patient groups. We then investigated whether the loss of neurotrophic factors is also a common pathogenic mechanism among FTD, DLB, and AD, and if levels of neurotrophic factors might affect EVs release. Plasma levels of progranulin and cystatin C (CysC) were partially altered; however, taking together all variables significantly associated with the diagnostic groups only EVs size and concentration were able to distinguish patients from controls. The diagnostic performance of these two EVs parameters together (ratio) was high, with a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 86.7%, able to distinguish patients from controls but not to differentiate the different forms of dementias. Among the candidate neurotrophic factors, only CysC levels were associated with EVs concentration. Our study suggests that an alteration in the intercellular communication mediated by EVs might be a common molecular pathway underlying neurodegenerative dementias. The identification of shared disease mechanisms is of pivotal importance to develop treatments to delay disease progression. To this aim, further studies investigating plasma EVs size and concentration as early biomarkers of dementia are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Longobardi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roland Nicsanu
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sonia Bellini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Service of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Saraceno
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zanardini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marcella Catania
- Neurology 5/Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Fede
- Neurology 5/Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,MAC-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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31
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Caicedo A, Zambrano K, Sanon S, Gavilanes AWD. Extracellular mitochondria in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Potential types and key roles in central nervous system (CNS) physiology and pathogenesis. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:255-269. [PMID: 33662579 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has an important role in the transport of nutrients and signaling molecules to the central nervous and immune systems through its circulation along the brain and spinal cord tissues. The mitochondrial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) is essential in processes such as neuroplasticity, neural differentiation and production of neurotransmitters. Interestingly, extracellular and active mitochondria have been detected in the CSF where they act as a biomarker for the outcome of pathologies such as subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed cerebral ischemia. Additionally, cell-free-circulating mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) has been detected in both the CSF of healthy donors and in that of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Key questions arise as there is still much debate regarding if ccf-mtDNA detected in CSF is associated with a diversity of active or inactive extracellular mitochondria coexisting in distinct pathologies. Additionally, it is of great scientific and medical importance to identify the role of extracellular mitochondria (active and inactive) in the CSF and the difference between them being damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or factors that promote homeostasis. This review analyzes the different types of extracellular mitochondria, methods for their identification and their presence in CSF. Extracellular mitochondria in the CSF could have an important implication in health and disease, which may lead to the development of medical approaches that utilize mitochondria as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Caicedo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Kevin Zambrano
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Serena Sanon
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Antonio W D Gavilanes
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Profiling Inflammatory Extracellular Vesicles in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid: An Optimized Diagnostic Model for Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030230. [PMID: 33669043 PMCID: PMC7996605 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a central role in intercellular communication, which is relevant for inflammatory and immune processes implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD). We characterized and compared distinctive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-derived EVs in PD and atypical parkinsonisms (AP), aiming to integrate a diagnostic model based on immune profiling of plasma-derived EVs via artificial intelligence. Plasma- and CSF-derived EVs were isolated from patients with PD, multiple system atrophy (MSA), AP with tauopathies (AP-Tau), and healthy controls. Expression levels of 37 EV surface markers were measured by a flow cytometric bead-based platform and a diagnostic model based on expression of EV surface markers was built by supervised learning algorithms. The PD group showed higher amount of CSF-derived EVs than other groups. Among the 17 EV surface markers differentially expressed in plasma, eight were expressed also in CSF of a subgroup of PD, 10 in MSA, and 6 in AP-Tau. A two-level random forest model was built using EV markers co-expressed in plasma and CSF. The model discriminated PD from non-PD patients with high sensitivity (96.6%) and accuracy (92.6%). EV surface marker characterization bolsters the relevance of inflammation in PD and it underscores the role of EVs as pathways/biomarkers for protein aggregation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Vandendriessche C, Bruggeman A, Van Cauwenberghe C, Vandenbroucke RE. Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Small Entities with Large Consequences. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112485. [PMID: 33203181 PMCID: PMC7696752 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are incurable, devastating neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the formation and spreading of protein aggregates throughout the brain. Although the exact spreading mechanism is not completely understood, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed as potential contributors. Indeed, EVs have emerged as potential carriers of disease-associated proteins and are therefore thought to play an important role in disease progression, although some beneficial functions have also been attributed to them. EVs can be isolated from a variety of sources, including biofluids, and the analysis of their content can provide a snapshot of ongoing pathological changes in the brain. This underlines their potential as biomarker candidates which is of specific relevance in AD and PD where symptoms only arise after considerable and irreversible neuronal damage has already occurred. In this review, we discuss the known beneficial and detrimental functions of EVs in AD and PD and we highlight their promising potential to be used as biomarkers in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charysse Vandendriessche
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.); (A.B.); (C.V.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnout Bruggeman
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.); (A.B.); (C.V.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Van Cauwenberghe
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.); (A.B.); (C.V.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.); (A.B.); (C.V.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-3313730
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Angeli S, Kousiappa I, Stavrou M, Sargiannidou I, Georgiou E, Papacostas SS, Kleopa KA. Altered Expression of Glial Gap Junction Proteins Cx43, Cx30, and Cx47 in the 5XFAD Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:582934. [PMID: 33117125 PMCID: PMC7575794 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.582934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial gap junction proteins, called connexins (Cxs), form gap junctions in the central nervous system (CNS) to allow the bidirectional cytosolic exchange of molecules between adjacent cells. Their involvement in inheritable diseases and the use of experimental animal models that closely mimic such diseases revealed the critical role of glial GJs in myelination and homeostasis. Cxs are also implicated in acquired demyelinating disorders, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Animal and human studies have revealed a role of the astrocytic Cx43 in the progression of AD but the role of Cx47, which is the main partner of Cx43 in the astrocyte-oligodendrocyte GJs is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the astrocytic connexins, Cx43 and Cx30 in relation to oligodendrocytic Cx47 in the cortex and thalamus of the 5XFAD mouse model of AD. The model was characterized by increased Aβ deposition, gliosis, neuronal loss, and memory impairment. Compared to wild-type mice, Cx43 and Cx30 showed increased immunoreactivity in older 5XFAD mice, reflecting astrogliosis, while Cx47 immunoreactivity was reduced. Moreover, Cx47 GJ plaques showed reduced colocalization with Cx43 plaques. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocyte populations were also depleted, and myelin deficits were observed. Our findings indicate reduced astrocyte-oligodendrocyte gap junction connectivity and possibly a shift in Cx43 expression toward astrocyte-astrocyte gap junctions and/or hemichannels, that could impair oligodendrocyte homeostasis and myelination. However, other factors, such as Aβ toxicity, could directly affect oligodendrocyte survival in AD. Our study provides evidence that Cxs might have implications in the progression of AD, although the role of oligodendrocyte Cxs in AD requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Angeli
- Neurobiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioanna Kousiappa
- Neurobiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Stavrou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Savvas S. Papacostas
- Neurobiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Dementia and Cognitive Disorders Center, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Center for Neuromuscular disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Picciolini S, Gualerzi A, Carlomagno C, Cabinio M, Sorrentino S, Baglio F, Bedoni M. An SPRi-based biosensor pilot study: Analysis of multiple circulating extracellular vesicles and hippocampal volume in Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113649. [PMID: 33038641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the main hurdles in the study of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the lack of easily accessible and sensitive biomarkers for the diagnosis, the prediction of the disease progression rate and the evaluation of rehabilitative and pharmacological treatments. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale particles released by body cells, studied as promising biomarkers of AD as they are involved in the onset and progression of the disease. In the strive for a reliable and sensitive method to analyze EVs, we applied our recently developed biosensor based on Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) technology for the identification and profiling of neural EVs populations circulating in the plasma of 10 AD patients and 10 healthy subjects. The SPRi-array was designed to separate simultaneously EVs released by neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes, and to evaluate the presence and the relative amount of specific surface molecules related to pathological processes including translocator protein (TSPO), β-Amyloid and ganglioside M1. As results, significant variations in the relative amount and cargoes of specific brain-derived populations of EVs were observed comparing EVs coming from AD patients and healthy subjects, finding the main differences in the activation phenotype of microglia EVs, in the lipid moieties on generic EVs and in the β-Amyloid expression on surfaces of neuronal EVs. Besides, the demonstrated correlation of SPRi data with Magnetic Resonance Imaging analysis, provided support for using the SPRi-based biosensor for the evaluation of neurodegeneration detecting and characterizing circulating EVs as peripheral biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of progression and rehabilitation treatments in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Picciolini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Gualerzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Monia Cabinio
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Baglio
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Bedoni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, Milan, Italy.
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Aires ID, Ribeiro-Rodrigues T, Boia R, Catarino S, Girão H, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Exosomes derived from microglia exposed to elevated pressure amplify the neuroinflammatory response in retinal cells. Glia 2020; 68:2705-2724. [PMID: 32645245 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a degenerative disease that causes irreversible loss of vision and is characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. Others and we have demonstrated that chronic neuroinflammation mediated by reactive microglial cells plays a role in glaucomatous pathology. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by most cells, including microglia, that mediate intercellular communication. The role of microglial exosomes in glaucomatous degeneration remains unknown. Taking the prominent role of microglial exosomes in brain neurodegenerative diseases, we studied the contribution of microglial-derived exosomes to the inflammatory response in experimental glaucoma. Microglial cells were exposed to elevated hydrostatic pressure (EHP), to mimic elevated intraocular pressure, the main risk factor for glaucoma. Naïve microglia (BV-2 cells or retinal microglia) were exposed to exosomes derived from BV-2 cells under EHP conditions (BV-Exo-EHP) or cultured in control pressure (BV-Exo-Control). We found that BV-Exo-EHP increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, promoted retinal microglia motility, phagocytic efficiency, and proliferation. Furthermore, the incubation of primary retinal neural cell cultures with BV-Exo-EHP increased cell death and the production of reactive oxygen species. Exosomes derived from retinal microglia (MG-Exo-Control or MG-Exo-EHP) were injected in the vitreous of C57BL/6J mice. MG-Exo-EHP sustained activation of retinal microglia, mediated cell death, and impacted RGC number. Herein, we show that exosomes derived from retinal microglia have an autocrine function and propagate the inflammatory signal in conditions of elevated pressure, contributing to retinal degeneration in glaucomatous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Dinis Aires
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Ribeiro-Rodrigues
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Boia
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Steve Catarino
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
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Ellegaard Nielsen J, Sofie Pedersen K, Vestergård K, Georgiana Maltesen R, Christiansen G, Lundbye-Christensen S, Moos T, Risom Kristensen S, Pedersen S. Novel Blood-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Based Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Identified by Proximity Extension Assay. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E199. [PMID: 32645971 PMCID: PMC7400538 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Easily accessible biomarkers for Alzheimer's dementia (AD) are lacking and established clinical markers are limited in applicability. Blood is a common biofluid for biomarker discoveries, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) may provide a matrix for exploring AD related biomarkers. Thus, we investigated proteins related to neurological and inflammatory processes in plasma and EVs. By proximity extension assay (PEA), 182 proteins were measured in plasma and EVs from patients with AD (n = 10), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI, n = 10), and healthy controls (n = 10). Plasma-derived EVs were enriched by 20,000× g, 1 h, 4 °C, and confirmed using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy with immunolabelling (IEM). Presence of CD9+ EVs was confirmed by western blotting and IEM. No group differences in particle concentration or size were detected by NTA. However, significant protein profiles were observed among subjects, particularly for EVs. Several proteins and their ratios could distinguish cognitively affected from healthy individuals. For plasma TGF-α│CCL20 (AUC = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.88-1.00, p = 0.001) and EVs CLEC1B│CCL11 (AUC = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.86-1.00, p = 0.001) showed diagnostic capabilities. Using PEA, we identified protein profiles capable of distinguishing healthy controls from AD patients. EVs provided additional biological information related to AD not observed in plasma alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ellegaard Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.L.-C.); (S.R.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Karsten Vestergård
- Department of Neurology, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Raluca Georgiana Maltesen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Gunna Christiansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Søren Lundbye-Christensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.L.-C.); (S.R.K.)
- Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Søren Risom Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.L.-C.); (S.R.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.L.-C.); (S.R.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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38
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Schou AS, Nielsen JE, Askeland A, Jørgensen MM. Extracellular vesicle-associated proteins as potential biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 99:1-48. [PMID: 32951635 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Every cell in the body secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) possibly as cellular signaling components and these cell-derivatives can be found in multiple numbers in biological fluids. EVs have in the scientific field received great attention in relation to pathophysiology and disease diagnostics. Altered protein expressions associated with circulating EVs in diseased individuals can serve as biomarkers for different disease states. This capacity paves the way for non-invasive screening tools and early diagnostic markers. However, no isolation method of EVs has been acknowledged as the "golden standard," thus reproducibility of the studies remains inadequate. Increasing interest in EV proteins as disease biomarkers could give rise to more scientific knowledge with diagnostic applicability. In this chapter, studies of proteins believed to be associated with EVs within cancer, autoimmunity, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases have been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Schou
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Ellegaard Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Askeland
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Malene Møller Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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39
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Papuć E, Rejdak K. The role of myelin damage in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:345-351. [PMID: 32190145 PMCID: PMC7069444 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.76863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Alois Alzheimer described myelin disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as early as in 1911, his observation has escaped the attention of researchers since that time. Alzheimer's disease has been mainly considered as a grey matter disorder; nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that myelin impairment may play an important role in AD pathology. Classical neuropathological changes in AD, e.g. the accumulation of aggregated Aβ 42 and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, are responsible for neuronal loss, but they may also induce death of oligodendrocytes and myelin damage. There is also evidence that myelin pathology may even precede Aβ and tau pathologies in AD. The state of the art does not allow us to determine whether myelin damage is a primary or a secondary injury in AD subjects. The article presents an overview of current knowledge on the role of myelin in AD pathology and its interactions with Aβ and tau pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Papuć
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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40
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Shin JW, Lee JC. Roles of microglial membranes in Alzheimer's disease. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 86:301-314. [PMID: 33837697 PMCID: PMC8082413 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk genes are highly and selectively expressed by microglia in the brain. Several of these genes are related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism, lipid synthesis, lipid transport, endocytosis, exocytosis and phagocytosis. Therefore, studying the roles of cellular membrane biophysics in microglial function should improve our understanding of the AD pathology. In this chapter, we discuss how lipid rafts and membrane-cytoskeleton adhesion impact microglial-mediated oxidative stress and clearance of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). We also discuss potential roles of lipid membrane-bound extracellular vesicles as carriers of pathological factors to promote inflammation and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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41
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Elia CA, Losurdo M, Malosio ML, Coco S. Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exert Pleiotropic Effects on Amyloid-β, Inflammation, and Regeneration: A Spark of Hope for Alzheimer's Disease from Tiny Structures? Bioessays 2019; 41:e1800199. [PMID: 30919493 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
No cure yet exists for devastating Alzheimer's disease (AD), despite many years and humongous efforts to find efficacious pharmacological treatments. So far, neither designing drugs to disaggregate amyloid plaques nor tackling solely inflammation turned out to be decisive. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and, in particular, extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from them could be proposed as an alternative, strategic approach to attack the pathology. Indeed, MSC-EVs-owing to their ability to deliver lipids/proteins/enzymes/microRNAs endowed with anti-inflammatory, amyloid-β degrading, and neurotrophic activities-may be exploited as therapeutic tools to restore synaptic function, prevent neuronal death, and slow down memory impairment in AD. Herein the results presented in the most recently published studies on this topic are critically evaluated, providing a strong rationale for possible employment of MSC-EVs in AD. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/tBtDbnlRUhg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara A Elia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neuro Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano, 20089, Italy
| | - Morris Losurdo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Maria L Malosio
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neuro Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano, 20089, Italy.,CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano, 20129, Italy
| | - Silvia Coco
- School of Medicine and Surgery, NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza, 20900, Italy
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42
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Ge X, Guo M, Hu T, Li W, Huang S, Yin Z, Li Y, Chen F, Zhu L, Kang C, Jiang R, Lei P, Zhang J. Increased Microglial Exosomal miR-124-3p Alleviates Neurodegeneration and Improves Cognitive Outcome after rmTBI. Mol Ther 2019; 28:503-522. [PMID: 31843449 PMCID: PMC7001001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) is considered to be an important risk factor for long-term neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by β-amyloid abnormalities and impaired cognitive function. Microglial exosomes have been reported to be involved in the transportation, distribution, and clearance of β-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. However, their impacts on the development of neurodegeneration after rmTBI are not yet known. The role of miRNAs in microglial exosomes on regulating post-traumatic neurodegeneration was investigated in the present study. We demonstrated that miR-124-3p level in microglial exosomes from injured brain was significantly altered in the acute, sub-acute, and chronic phases after rmTBI. In in vitro experiments, microglial exosomes with upregulated miR-124-3p (EXO-124) alleviated neurodegeneration in repetitive scratch-injured neurons. The effects were exerted by miR-124-3p targeting Rela, an inhibitory transcription factor of ApoE that promotes the β-amyloid proteolytic breakdown, thereby inhibiting β-amyloid abnormalities. In mice with rmTBI, the intravenously injected microglial exosomes were taken up by neurons in injured brain. Besides, miR-124-3p in the exosomes was transferred into hippocampal neurons and alleviated neurodegeneration by targeting the Rela/ApoE signaling pathway. Consequently, EXO-124 treatments improved the cognitive outcome after rmTBI, suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Mengtian Guo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Fanglian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Luoyun Zhu
- Department of Medical Examination, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Ping Lei
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China.
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Ivanova MV, Chekanova EO, Belugin BV, Tutykhina IL, Dolzhikova IV, Zakroishchikova IV, Vasil’ev AV, Zakharova MN. Exosomal Transport and Progression of Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712419030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hemonnot AL, Hua J, Ulmann L, Hirbec H. Microglia in Alzheimer Disease: Well-Known Targets and New Opportunities. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:233. [PMID: 31543810 PMCID: PMC6730262 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. They play key roles in brain development, and physiology during life and aging. Equipped with a variety of molecular sensors and through the various functions they can fulfill, they are critically involved in maintaining the brain’s homeostasis. In Alzheimer disease (AD), microglia reaction was initially thought to be incidental and triggered by amyloid deposits and dystrophic neurites. However, recent genome-wide association studies have established that the majority of AD risk loci are found in or near genes that are highly and sometimes uniquely expressed in microglia. This leads to the concept of microglia being critically involved in the early steps of the disease and identified them as important potential therapeutic targets. Whether microglia reaction is beneficial, detrimental or both to AD progression is still unclear and the subject of intense debate. In this review, we are presenting a state-of-knowledge report intended to highlight the variety of microglial functions and pathways shown to be critically involved in AD progression. We first address both the acquisition of new functions and the alteration of their homeostatic roles by reactive microglia. Second, we propose a summary of new important parameters currently emerging in the field that need to be considered to identify relevant microglial targets. Finally, we discuss the many obstacles in designing efficient therapeutic strategies for AD and present innovative technologies that may foster our understanding of microglia roles in the pathology. Ultimately, this work aims to fly over various microglial functions to make a general and reliable report of the current knowledge regarding microglia’s involvement in AD and of the new research opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Hemonnot
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientififique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Hua
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientififique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientififique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Hirbec
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientififique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
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45
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Terlecki-Zaniewicz L, Lämmermann I, Latreille J, Bobbili MR, Pils V, Schosserer M, Weinmüllner R, Dellago H, Skalicky S, Pum D, Almaraz JCH, Scheideler M, Morizot F, Hackl M, Gruber F, Grillari J. Small extracellular vesicles and their miRNA cargo are anti-apoptotic members of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1103-1132. [PMID: 29779019 PMCID: PMC5990398 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Loss of functionality during aging of cells and organisms is caused and accompanied by altered cell-to-cell communication and signalling. One factor thereby is the chronic accumulation of senescent cells and the concomitant senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that contributes to microenvironment remodelling and a pro-inflammatory status. While protein based SASP factors have been well characterized, little is known about small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their miRNA cargo. Therefore, we analysed secretion of sEVs from senescent human dermal fibroblasts and catalogued the therein contained miRNAs. We observed a four-fold increase of sEVs, with a concomitant increase of >80% of all cargo miRNAs. The most abundantly secreted miRNAs were predicted to collectively target mRNAs of pro-apoptotic proteins, and indeed, senescent cell derived sEVs exerted anti-apoptotic activity. In addition, we identified senescence-specific differences in miRNA composition of sEVs, with an increase of miR-23a-5p and miR-137 and a decrease of miR-625-3p, miR-766-3p, miR-199b-5p, miR-381-3p, miR-17-3p. By correlating intracellular and sEV-miRNAs, we identified miRNAs selectively retained in senescent cells (miR-21-3p and miR-17-3p) or packaged specifically into senescent cell derived sEVs (miR-15b-5p and miR-30a-3p). Therefore, we suggest sEVs and their miRNA cargo to be novel, members of the SASP that are selectively secreted or retained in cellular senescence.
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46
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Tang X, Li Z, Zhang W, Yao Z. Nitric oxide might be an inducing factor in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease via downregulating the monocarboxylate transporter 1. Nitric Oxide 2019; 91:35-41. [PMID: 31326499 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a typical neurodegenerative disease in central nervous system (CNS). Generally speaking, patients with severe AD are often accompanied with cognitive impairment. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are myelin-forming cells in CNS, and myelin injury potentially has something to do with the cognitive impairment in AD. Based on the previous experimental studies, it has been recognized that nitric oxide (NO), as a signaling molecule, might have an influence on the axon and myelin by affecting the energy transport mechanism of OLs through monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). Interestingly, a novel model of cell signaling----axo-myelinic synapse (AMS) has been put forward. In the context of this model, chances are that a new way is established in which NO can influence the pathogenesis of AD by down-regulating the expression of MCT1. As a consequence, it may provide attractive prospective and underlying drug targeting effects for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Tang
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Luliang Military Airport Hospital, Yunnan, 655699, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Luliang Military Airport Hospital, Yunnan, 655699, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhongxiang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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47
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You Y, Ikezu T. Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104512. [PMID: 31229685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous cell-derived membranous vesicles which carry a large diversity of molecules such as proteins and RNA species. They are now considered to be a general mode of intercellular communication by direct transfer of biomolecules. Emerging evidence demonstrates that EVs are involved in multiple pathological processes of brain diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we investigate the current knowledge about EV biology. We also provide an overview of the roles of EVs in related brain diseases, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, we discuss their potential applications as novel biomarkers as well as the developments of EV-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang You
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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48
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Ghidoni R, Squitti R, Siotto M, Benussi L. Innovative Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on the Hidden Disease Biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1507-1518. [PMID: 29504534 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The criteria for the clinical diagnosis of AD include the analysis of biomarkers of the underlying brain disease pathology; a set of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests, amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ42), total-tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau), are available and their performance in a clinical setting has been assessed in several studies. Thus, in dementia research, great advances have been made in the discovery of putative biomarkers; however, disappointingly, few of them have been translated into clinically applicable assays. To find biomarkers able to reliably detect AD pathology already at prodromal stages and in blood is even more important. Recent technical breakthroughs have provided ultrasensitive methods that allow the detection of brain-specific proteins in blood. In the present review, we will focus on the usefulness of ultrasensitive technologies for biomarker discovery and trace elements detection; moreover, we will review studies on circulating nano-compartments, a promising novel source of material for molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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Spitzer P, Mulzer LM, Oberstein TJ, Munoz LE, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Herrmann M, Maler JM. Microvesicles from cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease display reduced concentrations of tau and APP protein. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7089. [PMID: 31068645 PMCID: PMC6506501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles are small membranous particles generated during cellular activation or stress. The analysis of the content and the surface of microvesicles allow conclusions about the cells they are originating from and the underlying pathology. Therefore, CSF microvesicles have been suggested to be promising targets to monitor the (etio)pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Microvesicles in the CSF of 15 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 15 controls were analyzed by flow cytometry regarding the levels of CD3, CD4, CD45, CD64, BACE1, Aβ, APP and tau. The results were replicated in a second cohort comprising 14 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 9 controls. The levels of tau and APP were reduced in microvesicles of Alzheimer’s disease patients. A significant change was neither observed in the number of microvesicles nor in the expression of the other antigens. Tau and APP in microvesicles separated patients with Alzheimer’s disease from controls with an AUC of 0.84 and 0.89 respectively. We conclude that tau and APP in CSF microvesicles are promising biomarkers which could directly provide information about the Alzheimer pathology on a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Linda-Marie Mulzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Jan Oberstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Munoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Maler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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50
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Jovicich J, Babiloni C, Ferrari C, Marizzoni M, Moretti DV, Del Percio C, Lizio R, Lopez S, Galluzzi S, Albani D, Cavaliere L, Minati L, Didic M, Fiedler U, Forloni G, Hensch T, Molinuevo JL, Bartrés Faz D, Nobili F, Orlandi D, Parnetti L, Farotti L, Costa C, Payoux P, Rossini PM, Marra C, Schönknecht P, Soricelli A, Noce G, Salvatore M, Tsolaki M, Visser PJ, Richardson JC, Wiltfang J, Bordet R, Blin O, Frisoniand GB. Two-Year Longitudinal Monitoring of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients with Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease Using Topographical Biomarkers Derived from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Electroencephalographic Activity. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 69:15-35. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Jovicich
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Hospital San Raffaele Pisana of Rome and Cassino, Rome and Cassino, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Unit of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Moira Marizzoni
- Lab Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging & Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide V. Moretti
- Alzheimer’s Epidemiology and Rehabilitation in Alzheimer’s disease Operative Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Lizio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Lopez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Samantha Galluzzi
- Lab Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging & Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Libera Cavaliere
- Lab Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging & Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Mira Didic
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS UMR_S 1106, Marseille, France; Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France
- APHM, Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France
| | - Ute Fiedler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Tilman Hensch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive disorders unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic i Universitari and Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Bartrés Faz
- Department of Medicine, Medical Psychology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), Neurology Clinic, University of Genoa, Italy
- U.O. Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Orlandi
- Lab Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging & Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Clinica Neurologica, Università di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Farotti
- Clinica Neurologica, Università di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Costa
- Clinica Neurologica, Università di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierre Payoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Department of Gerontology, Neurosciences & Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Camillo Marra
- Department of Gerontology, Neurosciences & Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Schönknecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st University Department of Neurology, AHEPA Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Makedonia, Greece
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Centre, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill C. Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Régis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Blin
- Aix Marseille University, UMR-CNRS 7289, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Giovanni B. Frisoniand
- Lab Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging & Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
- Memory Clinic and LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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