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Plug BC, Revers IM, Breur M, González GM, Timmerman JA, Meijns NRC, Hamberg D, Wagendorp J, Nutma E, Wolf NI, Luchicchi A, Mansvelder HD, van Til NP, van der Knaap MS, Bugiani M. Human post-mortem organotypic brain slice cultures: a tool to study pathomechanisms and test therapies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:83. [PMID: 38822428 PMCID: PMC11140981 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human brain experimental models recapitulating age- and disease-related characteristics are lacking. There is urgent need for human-specific tools that model the complex molecular and cellular interplay between different cell types to assess underlying disease mechanisms and test therapies. Here we present an adapted ex vivo organotypic slice culture method using human post-mortem brain tissue cultured at an air-liquid interface to also study brain white matter. We assessed whether these human post-mortem brain slices recapitulate the in vivo neuropathology and if they are suitable for pathophysiological, experimental and pre-clinical treatment development purposes, specifically regarding leukodystrophies. Human post-mortem brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid were obtained from control, psychiatric and leukodystrophy donors. Slices were cultured up to six weeks, in culture medium with or without human cerebrospinal fluid. Human post-mortem organotypic brain slice cultures remained viable for at least six weeks ex vivo and maintained tissue structure and diversity of (neural) cell types. Supplementation with cerebrospinal fluid could improve slice recovery. Patient-derived organotypic slice cultures recapitulated and maintained known in vivo neuropathology. The cultures also showed physiologic multicellular responses to lysolecithin-induced demyelination ex vivo, indicating their suitability to study intrinsic repair mechanisms upon injury. The slice cultures were applicable for various experimental studies, as multi-electrode neuronal recordings. Finally, the cultures showed successful cell-type dependent transduction with gene therapy vectors. These human post-mortem organotypic brain slice cultures represent an adapted ex vivo model suitable for multifaceted studies of brain disease mechanisms, boosting translation from human ex vivo to in vivo. This model also allows for assessing potential treatment options, including gene therapy applications. Human post-mortem brain slice cultures are thus a valuable tool in preclinical research to study the pathomechanisms of a wide variety of brain diseases in living human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie C Plug
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilma M Revers
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gema Muñoz González
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Timmerman
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R C Meijns
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Daniek Hamberg
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jikke Wagendorp
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Nutma
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Luchicchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands.
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Passchier EMJ, Bisseling Q, Helman G, van Spaendonk RML, Simons C, Olsthoorn RCL, van der Veen H, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS, Min R. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: a variant update and review of the literature. Front Genet 2024; 15:1352947. [PMID: 38487253 PMCID: PMC10938252 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1352947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The leukodystrophy megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is characterized by infantile-onset macrocephaly and chronic edema of the brain white matter. With delayed onset, patients typically experience motor problems, epilepsy and slow cognitive decline. No treatment is available. Classic MLC is caused by bi-allelic recessive pathogenic variants in MLC1 or GLIALCAM (also called HEPACAM). Heterozygous dominant pathogenic variants in GLIALCAM lead to remitting MLC, where patients show a similar phenotype in early life, followed by normalization of white matter edema and no clinical regression. Rare patients with heterozygous dominant variants in GPRC5B and classic MLC were recently described. In addition, two siblings with bi-allelic recessive variants in AQP4 and remitting MLC have been identified. The last systematic overview of variants linked to MLC dates back to 2006. We provide an updated overview of published and novel variants. We report on genetic variants from 508 patients with MLC as confirmed by MRI diagnosis (258 from our database and 250 extracted from 64 published reports). We describe 151 unique MLC1 variants, 29 GLIALCAM variants, 2 GPRC5B variants and 1 AQP4 variant observed in these MLC patients. We include experiments confirming pathogenicity for some variants, discuss particularly notable variants, and provide an overview of recent scientific and clinical insight in the pathophysiology of MLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. J. Passchier
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Quinty Bisseling
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guy Helman
- Translational Bioinformatics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Cas Simons
- Translational Bioinformatics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Hieke van der Veen
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Truus E. M. Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rogier Min
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Hamilton EMC, Topaloglu P, Sinha J, Nicita F, Bernard G, Fatemi SA, van der Knaap MS. Letter to the Editor: The Application of Interleukin-1 Antagonists in Patients With Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy With Subcortical Cysts: Caution Warranted. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 150:15-16. [PMID: 37939452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eline M C Hamilton
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pinar Topaloglu
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jigyasha Sinha
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Center for Neurosciences and Research, NH Hospital, RN Tagore International Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Francesco Nicita
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Pediatric and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Child Health and Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Ali Fatemi
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Kim HG, Han D, Kim J, Choi JS, Cho KO. 3D MR fingerprinting-derived myelin water fraction characterizing brain development and leukodystrophy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:914. [PMID: 38102606 PMCID: PMC10725020 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) enables fast myelin quantification via the myelin water fraction (MWF), offering a noninvasive method to assess brain development and disease. However, MRF-derived MWF lacks histological evaluation and remains unexamined in relation to leukodystrophy. This study aimed to access MRF-derived MWF through histology in mice and establish links between myelin, development, and leukodystrophy in mice and children, demonstrating its potential applicability in animal and human studies. METHODS 3D MRF was performed on normal C57BL/6 mice with different ages, megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cyst 1 wild type (MLC1 WT, control) mice, and MLC 1 knock-out (MLC1 KO, leukodystrophy) mice using a 3 T MRI. MWF values were analyzed from 3D MRF data, and histological myelin quantification was carried out using immunohistochemistry to anti-proteolipid protein (PLP) in the corpus callosum and cortex. The associations between 'MWF and PLP' and 'MWF and age' were evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. MWF values were compared between MLC1 WT and MLC1 KO mice. MWF of normal developing children were retrospectively collected and the association between MWF and age was assessed. RESULTS In 35 C57BL/6 mice (age range; 3 weeks-48 weeks), MWF showed positive relations with PLP immunoreactivity in the corpus callosum (β = 0.0006, P = 0.04) and cortex (β = 0.0005, P = 0.006). In 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice MWF showed positive relations with PLP immunoreactivity (β = 0.0009, P = 0.003, R2 = 0.54). MWF in the corpus callosum (β = 0.0022, P < 0.001) and cortex (β = 0.0010, P < 0.001) showed positive relations with age. Seven MLC1 WT and 9 MLC1 KO mice showed different MWF values in the corpus callous (P < 0.001) and cortex (P < 0.001). A total of 81 children (median age, 126 months; range, 0-199 months) were evaluated and their MWF values according to age showed the best fit for the third-order regression model (adjusted R2 range, 0.44-0.94, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION MWF demonstrated associations with histologic myelin quantity, age, and the presence of leukodystrophy, underscoring the potential of 3D MRF-derived MWF as a rapid and noninvasive quantitative indicator of brain myelin content in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gi Kim
- Department of Radiology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Ok Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
- CMC Institute for Basic Medical Science, The Catholic Medical Center of The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Kater MSJ, Baumgart KF, Badia-Soteras A, Heistek TS, Carney KE, Timmerman AJ, van Weering JRT, Smit AB, van der Knaap MS, Mansvelder HD, Verheijen MHG, Min R. A novel role for MLC1 in regulating astrocyte-synapse interactions. Glia 2023; 71:1770-1785. [PMID: 37002718 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Loss of function of the astrocyte membrane protein MLC1 is the primary genetic cause of the rare white matter disease Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with subcortical Cysts (MLC), which is characterized by disrupted brain ion and water homeostasis. MLC1 is prominently present around fluid barriers in the brain, such as in astrocyte endfeet contacting blood vessels and in processes contacting the meninges. Whether the protein plays a role in other astrocyte domains is unknown. Here, we show that MLC1 is present in distal astrocyte processes, also known as perisynaptic astrocyte processes (PAPs) or astrocyte leaflets, which closely interact with excitatory synapses in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. We find that the PAP tip extending toward excitatory synapses is shortened in Mlc1-null mice. This affects glutamatergic synaptic transmission, resulting in a reduced rate of spontaneous release events and slower glutamate re-uptake under challenging conditions. Moreover, while PAPs in wildtype mice retract from the synapse upon fear conditioning, we reveal that this structural plasticity is disturbed in Mlc1-null mice, where PAPs are already shorter. Finally, Mlc1-null mice show reduced contextual fear memory. In conclusion, our study uncovers an unexpected role for the astrocyte protein MLC1 in regulating the structure of PAPs. Loss of MLC1 alters excitatory synaptic transmission, prevents normal PAP remodeling induced by fear conditioning and disrupts contextual fear memory expression. Thus, MLC1 is a new player in the regulation of astrocyte-synapse interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy S J Kater
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina F Baumgart
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aina Badia-Soteras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim S Heistek
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen E Carney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Jacob Timmerman
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan R T van Weering
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H G Verheijen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Min
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sönmez HE, Savaş M, Aliyeva B, Deniz A, Güngör M, Anık Y, Kara B. The Effect of Interleukin-1 Antagonists on Brain Volume and Cognitive Function in Two Patients With Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy With Subcortical Cysts. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 144:72-77. [PMID: 37172460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare leukodystrophy characterized by early-onset macrocephaly and progressive white matter vacuolation. The MLC1 protein plays a role in astrocyte activation during neuroinflammation and regulates volume decrease following astrocyte osmotic swelling. Loss of MLC1 function activates interleukin (IL)-1β-induced inflammatory signals. Theoretically, IL-1 antagonists (such as anakinra and canakinumab) can slow the progression of MLC. Herein, we present two boys from different families who had MLC due to biallelic MLC1 gene mutations and were treated with the anti-IL-1 drug anakinra. METHODS Two boys from different families presented with megalencephaly and psychomotor retardation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in both patients were compatible with the diagnosis of MLC. The diagnosis of MLC was confirmed via Sanger analysis of the MLC1 gene. Anakinra was administered to both patients. Volumetric brain studies and psychometric evaluations were performed before and after anakinra treatment. RESULTS After anakinra therapy, brain volume in both patients decreased significantly and cognitive functions and social interactions improved. No adverse effects were observed during anakinra therapy. CONCLUSIONS Anakinra or other IL-1 antagonists can be used to suppress disease activity in patients with MLC; however, the present findings need to be confirmed via additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafize Emine Sönmez
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Merve Savaş
- Atlas University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülbül Aliyeva
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Adnan Deniz
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mesut Güngör
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yonca Anık
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Child Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bülent Kara
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Nowacki JC, Fields AM, Fu MM. Emerging cellular themes in leukodystrophies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:902261. [PMID: 36003149 PMCID: PMC9393611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.902261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are a broad spectrum of neurological disorders that are characterized primarily by deficiencies in myelin formation. Clinical manifestations of leukodystrophies usually appear during childhood and common symptoms include lack of motor coordination, difficulty with or loss of ambulation, issues with vision and/or hearing, cognitive decline, regression in speech skills, and even seizures. Many cases of leukodystrophy can be attributed to genetic mutations, but they have diverse inheritance patterns (e.g., autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked) and some arise from de novo mutations. In this review, we provide an updated overview of 35 types of leukodystrophies and focus on cellular mechanisms that may underlie these disorders. We find common themes in specialized functions in oligodendrocytes, which are specialized producers of membranes and myelin lipids. These mechanisms include myelin protein defects, lipid processing and peroxisome dysfunction, transcriptional and translational dysregulation, disruptions in cytoskeletal organization, and cell junction defects. In addition, non-cell-autonomous factors in astrocytes and microglia, such as autoimmune reactivity, and intercellular communication, may also play a role in leukodystrophy onset. We hope that highlighting these themes in cellular dysfunction in leukodystrophies may yield conceptual insights on future therapeutic approaches.
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GPR37 Receptors and Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105528. [PMID: 35628339 PMCID: PMC9144339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare type of vacuolating leukodystrophy (white matter disorder), which is mainly caused by defects in MLC1 or glial cell adhesion molecule (GlialCAM) proteins. In addition, autoantibodies to GlialCAM are involved in the pathology of multiple sclerosis. MLC1 and GLIALCAM genes encode for membrane proteins of unknown function, which has been linked to the regulation of different ion channels and transporters, such as the chloride channel VRAC (volume regulated anion channel), ClC-2 (chloride channel 2), and connexin 43 or the Na+/K+-ATPase pump. However, the mechanisms by which MLC proteins regulate these ion channels and transporters, as well as the exact function of MLC proteins remain obscure. It has been suggested that MLC proteins might regulate signalling pathways, but the mechanisms involved are, at present, unknown. With the aim of answering these questions, we have recently described the brain GlialCAM interactome. Within the identified proteins, we could validate the interaction with several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the orphan GPRC5B and the proposed prosaposin receptors GPR37L1 and GPR37. In this review, we summarize new aspects of the pathophysiology of MLC disease and key aspects of the interaction between GPR37 receptors and MLC proteins.
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Sadek AA, Aladawy MA, Mansour TMM, Ibrahim MF, Mohamed MM, Gad EF, Othman AA, Ahmed HA, Kasim AK, Wagdy WM, Hasan MHT, Abdelkreem E. Clinicoradiologic Correlation in 22 Egyptian Children With Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy With Subcortical Cysts. J Child Neurol 2022; 37:380-389. [PMID: 35322718 DOI: 10.1177/08830738221078683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare genetic form of cerebral white matter disease whose clinicoradiologic correlation has not been completely understood. In this study, we investigated the association between clinical and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features in 22 Egyptian children (median age 7 years) with MLC. Gross motor function was assessed using the Gross Motor Function Classification System, and evaluation of brain MRI followed a consistent scoring system. Each parameter of extensive cerebral white matter T2 hyperintensity, moderate-to-severe wide ventricle/enlarged subarachnoid space, and greater than 2 temporal subcortical cysts was significantly associated (P < .05) with worse Gross Motor Function Classification System score, language abnormality, and ataxia. Having >2 parietal subcortical cysts was significantly related to a worse Gross Motor Function Classification System score (P = .04). The current study indicates that patients with MLC manifest signification association between certain brain MRI abnormalities and neurologic features, but this should be confirmed in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahim A Sadek
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, 68890Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Aladawy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, 195495Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Tarek M M Mansour
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, 68820Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Ibrahim
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, 195495Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Montaser M Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, 68890Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Eman F Gad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amr A Othman
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, 68890Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Hosny A Ahmed
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, 195495Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdin K Kasim
- Department of Neurosurgery, 68890Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Wael M Wagdy
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, 113328Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H T Hasan
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, 68820Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Abdelkreem
- Department of Pediatrics, 68890Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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10
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Schrader JM, Xu F, Lee H, Barlock B, Benveniste H, Van Nostrand WE. Emergent White Matter Degeneration in the rTg-DI Rat Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Exhibits Unique Proteomic Changes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:426-440. [PMID: 34896071 PMCID: PMC8895424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), characterized by cerebral vascular amyloid accumulation, neuroinflammation, microbleeds, and white matter (WM) degeneration, is a common comorbidity in Alzheimer disease and a prominent contributor to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. WM loss was recently reported in the corpus callosum (CC) in the rTg-DI rat model of CAA. The current study shows that the CC exhibits a much lower CAA burden compared with the adjacent cortex. Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra tandem mass spectrometry was used to show specific proteomic changes in the CC with emerging WM loss and compare them with the proteome of adjacent cortical tissue in rTg-DI rats. In the CC, annexin A3, heat shock protein β1, and cystatin C were elevated at 4 months (M) before WM loss and at 12M with evident WM loss. Although annexin A3 and cystatin C were also enhanced in the cortex at 12M, annexin A5 and the leukodystrophy-associated astrocyte proteins megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1 and GlialCAM were distinctly elevated in the CC. Pathway analysis indicated neurodegeneration of axons, reflected by reduced expression of myelin and neurofilament proteins, was common to the CC and cortex; activation of Tgf-β1 and F2/thrombin was restricted to the CC. This study provides new insights into the proteomic changes that accompany WM loss in the CC of rTg-DI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Schrader
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Feng Xu
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Hedok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin Barlock
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - William E. Van Nostrand
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,Address correspondence to William E. Van Nostrand, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Rd., Kingston, RI 02881.
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11
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Zarekiani P, Nogueira Pinto H, Hol EM, Bugiani M, de Vries HE. The neurovascular unit in leukodystrophies: towards solving the puzzle. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:18. [PMID: 35227276 PMCID: PMC8887016 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a highly organized multicellular system localized in the brain, formed by neuronal, glial (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and vascular (endothelial cells and pericytes) cells. The blood-brain barrier, a complex and dynamic endothelial cell barrier in the brain microvasculature that separates the blood from the brain parenchyma, is a component of the NVU. In a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke, dysfunctions of the NVU occurs. There is, however, a lack of knowledge regarding the NVU function in leukodystrophies, which are rare monogenic disorders that primarily affect the white matter. Since leukodystrophies are rare diseases, human brain tissue availability is scarce and representative animal models that significantly recapitulate the disease are difficult to develop. The introduction of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) now makes it possible to surpass these limitations while maintaining the ability to work in a biologically relevant human context and safeguarding the genetic background of the patient. This review aims to provide further insights into the NVU functioning in leukodystrophies, with a special focus on iPSC-derived models that can be used to dissect neurovascular pathophysiology in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parand Zarekiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrique Nogueira Pinto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Bugiani M, Plug BC, Man JHK, Breur M, van der Knaap MS. Heterogeneity of white matter astrocytes in the human brain. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:159-177. [PMID: 34878591 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate central nervous system development, maintain its homeostasis and orchestrate repair upon injury. Emerging evidence support functional specialization of astroglia, both between and within brain regions. Different subtypes of gray matter astrocytes have been identified, yet molecular and functional diversity of white matter astrocytes remains largely unexplored. Nonetheless, their important and diverse roles in maintaining white matter integrity and function are well recognized. Compelling evidence indicate that impairment of normal astrocytic function and their response to injury contribute to a wide variety of diseases, including white matter disorders. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of astrocyte heterogeneity in the white matter of the mammalian brain and how an interplay between developmental origins and local environmental cues contribute to astroglial diversification. In addition, we discuss whether, and if so, how, heterogeneous astrocytes could contribute to white matter function in health and disease and focus on the sparse human research data available. We highlight four leukodystrophies primarily due to astrocytic dysfunction, the so-called astrocytopathies. Insight into the role of astroglial heterogeneity in both healthy and diseased white matter may provide new avenues for therapies aimed at promoting repair and restoring normal white matter function.
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13
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Lanciotti A, Brignone MS, Macioce P, Visentin S, Ambrosini E. Human iPSC-Derived Astrocytes: A Powerful Tool to Study Primary Astrocyte Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Rare Leukodystrophies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010274. [PMID: 35008700 PMCID: PMC8745131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are very versatile cells, endowed with multitasking capacities to ensure brain homeostasis maintenance from brain development to adult life. It has become increasingly evident that astrocytes play a central role in many central nervous system pathologies, not only as regulators of defensive responses against brain insults but also as primary culprits of the disease onset and progression. This is particularly evident in some rare leukodystrophies (LDs) where white matter/myelin deterioration is due to primary astrocyte dysfunctions. Understanding the molecular defects causing these LDs may help clarify astrocyte contribution to myelin formation/maintenance and favor the identification of possible therapeutic targets for LDs and other CNS demyelinating diseases. To date, the pathogenic mechanisms of these LDs are poorly known due to the rarity of the pathological tissue and the failure of the animal models to fully recapitulate the human diseases. Thus, the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) from patient fibroblasts and their differentiation into astrocytes is a promising approach to overcome these issues. In this review, we discuss the primary role of astrocytes in LD pathogenesis, the experimental models currently available and the advantages, future evolutions, perspectives, and limitations of hiPSC to study pathologies implying astrocyte dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lanciotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00169 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (M.S.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Maria Stefania Brignone
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00169 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (M.S.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Pompeo Macioce
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00169 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (M.S.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Sergio Visentin
- National Center for Research and Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00169 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elena Ambrosini
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00169 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (M.S.B.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-064-990-2037
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14
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Ain Ul Batool S, Almatrafi A, Fadhli F, Alluqmani M, Ali G, Basit S. A homozygous missense variant in the MLC1 gene underlies megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts in large kindred: Heterozygous carriers show seizure and mild motor function deterioration. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:1075-1082. [PMID: 34918859 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare type of leukodystrophy characterized by epileptic seizures, macrocephaly, and vacuolization of myelin and astrocyte. The magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of MLC patients shows diffuse white-matter anomalies and the occurrence of subcortical cysts. MLC features have been observed in individuals having mutations in the MLC1 or HEPACAM genes. In this study, we recruited a six generation large kindred with five affected individuals manifesting clinical features of epileptic seizures, macrocephaly, ataxia, and spasticity. In order to identify the underlying genetic cause of the clinical features, we performed whole-genome genotyping using Illumina microarray followed by detection of loss of heterozygosity (LOHs) regions. One affected individual was exome sequenced as well. Homozygosity mapping detected several LOH regions due to extensive consanguinity. An unbiased and hypothesis-free exome data analysis identified a homozygous missense variant (NM_015166.3:c.278C>T) in the exon 4 of the MLC1 gene. The variant is present in the LOH region on chromosome 22q (50 Mb) and segregates perfectly with the disorder within the family in an autosomal recessive manner. The variant is present in a highly conserved first cytoplasmic domain of the MLC1 protein (NM_015166.3:p.(Ser93Leu)). Interestingly, heterozygous individuals show seizure and mild motor function deterioration. We propose that the heterozygous variant in MLC1 might disrupt the functional interaction of MLC1 with GlialCAM resulting in mild clinical features in carriers of the variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Ain Ul Batool
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Almatrafi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Fadhli
- Department of Genetics, Madinah Maternity and Children Hospital, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alluqmani
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Taibah University Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazanfar Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Sulman Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Medina, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Hwang J, Park K, Lee GY, Yoon BY, Kim H, Roh SH, Lee BC, Kim K, Lim HH. Transmembrane topology and oligomeric nature of an astrocytic membrane protein, MLC1. Open Biol 2021; 11:210103. [PMID: 34847774 PMCID: PMC8633789 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MLC1 is a membrane protein mainly expressed in astrocytes, and genetic mutations lead to the development of a leukodystrophy, megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts disease. Currently, the biochemical properties of the MLC1 protein are largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to characterize the transmembrane (TM) topology and oligomeric nature of the MLC1 protein. Systematic immunofluorescence staining data revealed that the MLC1 protein has eight TM domains and that both the N- and C-terminus face the cytoplasm. We found that MLC1 can be purified as an oligomer and could form a trimeric complex in both detergent micelles and reconstituted proteoliposomes. Additionally, a single-molecule photobleaching experiment showed that MLC1 protein complexes could consist of three MLC1 monomers in the reconstituted proteoliposomes. These results can provide a basis for both the high-resolution structural determination and functional characterization of the MLC1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmo Hwang
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoong Park
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Young Lee
- Brain Research Core Facility, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Yoon
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- School of Biological Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Roh
- School of Biological Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheol Lee
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Kipom Kim
- Brain Research Core Facility, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ho Lim
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
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16
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Gilbert A, Elorza-Vidal X, Rancillac A, Chagnot A, Yetim M, Hingot V, Deffieux T, Boulay AC, Alvear-Perez R, Cisternino S, Martin S, Taïb S, Gelot A, Mignon V, Favier M, Brunet I, Declèves X, Tanter M, Estevez R, Vivien D, Saubaméa B, Cohen-Salmon M. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts is a developmental disorder of the gliovascular unit. eLife 2021; 10:71379. [PMID: 34723793 PMCID: PMC8598235 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence of the astrocyte-specific membrane protein MLC1 is responsible for megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC), a rare type of leukodystrophy characterized by early-onset macrocephaly and progressive white matter vacuolation that lead to ataxia, spasticity, and cognitive decline. During postnatal development (from P5 to P15 in the mouse), MLC1 forms a membrane complex with GlialCAM (another astrocytic transmembrane protein) at the junctions between perivascular astrocytic processes. Perivascular astrocytic processes along with blood vessels form the gliovascular unit. It was not previously known how MLC1 influences the physiology of the gliovascular unit. Here, using the Mlc1 knock-out mouse model of MLC, we demonstrated that MLC1 controls the postnatal development and organization of perivascular astrocytic processes, vascular smooth muscle cell contractility, neurovascular coupling, and intraparenchymal interstitial fluid clearance. Our data suggest that MLC is a developmental disorder of the gliovascular unit, and perivascular astrocytic processes and vascular smooth muscle cell maturation defects are primary events in the pathogenesis of MLC and therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gilbert
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, Paris, France.,École doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement "ED3C" N°158, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Xabier Elorza-Vidal
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Rancillac
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Chagnot
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France
| | - Mervé Yetim
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France
| | - Vincent Hingot
- Physics for Medicine Paris, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Deffieux
- Physics for Medicine Paris, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Boulay
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo Alvear-Perez
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Sabrina Martin
- Molecular Control of the Neurovascular Development Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Taïb
- Molecular Control of the Neurovascular Development Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Aontoinette Gelot
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologie de l'hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Mignon
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Facility, US25 INSERM, UMS3612 CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Brunet
- Molecular Control of the Neurovascular Development Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, Paris, France.,Biologie du médicament et toxicologie, Assistance Publique - hôpitaux de Paris, APHP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Physics for Medicine Paris, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Raul Estevez
- Unitat de Fisiología, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, Paris, France.,Cellular and Molecular Imaging Facility, US25 INSERM, UMS3612 CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, Paris, France
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17
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Amin M, Vignal C, Hamed AAA, Mohammed IN, Elseed MA, Drunat S, Babai A, Eltaraifee E, Elbadi I, Abubaker R, Mustafa D, Yahia A, Koko M, Osman M, Bakhit Y, Elshafea A, Alsiddig M, Haroun S, Lelay G, Elsayed LEO, Ahmed AE, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Dorboz I. Novel variants causing megalencephalic leukodystrophy in Sudanese families. J Hum Genet 2021; 67:127-132. [PMID: 34504271 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in MLC1 cause megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC), a rare form of leukodystrophy characterized by macrocephaly, epilepsy, spasticity, and slow mental deterioration. Genetic studies of MLC are lacking from many parts of the world, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Genomic DNA was extracted for 67 leukodystrophic patients from 43 Sudanese families. Mutations were screened using the NGS panel testing 139 leukodystrophies and leukoencephalopathies causing genes (NextSeq500 Illumina). Five homozygous MLC1 variants were discovered in seven patients from five distinct families, including three consanguineous families from the same region of Sudan. Three variants were missense (c.971 T > G, p.Ile324Ser; c.344 T > C, p.Phe115Ser; and c.881 C > T, p.Pro294Leu), one duplication (c.831_838dupATATCTGT, p.Ser280Tyrfs*8), and one synonymous/splicing-site mutation (c.762 C > T, p.Ser254). The segregation pattern was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. The clinical presentation and brain MRI of the seven affected patients were consistent with the diagnosis of MLC1. Due to the high frequency of distinct MLC1 mutations found in our leukodystrophic Sudanese families, we analyzed the coding sequence of MLC1 gene in 124 individuals from the Sudanese genome project in comparison with the 1000-genome project. We found that Sudan has the highest proportion of deleterious variants in MLC1 gene compared with other populations from the 1000-genome project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutaz Amin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, UMR 1141, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cedric Vignal
- Unité de Génétique Moleculaire, Departement de Genetique Médicale, APHP, Hopital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Ahlam A A Hamed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Maha A Elseed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Severine Drunat
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, UMR 1141, INSERM, Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique Moleculaire, Departement de Genetique Médicale, APHP, Hopital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Arwa Babai
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Iman Elbadi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rayan Abubaker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Doaa Mustafa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ashraf Yahia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Institut du Cerveau, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mahmoud Koko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Melka Osman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yousuf Bakhit
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Azza Elshafea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Sahwah Haroun
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Gurvan Lelay
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, UMR 1141, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Ammar E Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, UMR 1141, INSERM, Paris, France.,Neuropediatrie, LEUKOFRANCE, APHP, Hopital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Imen Dorboz
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, UMR 1141, INSERM, Paris, France.
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18
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Baldwin KT, Tan CX, Strader ST, Jiang C, Savage JT, Elorza-Vidal X, Contreras X, Rülicke T, Hippenmeyer S, Estévez R, Ji RR, Eroglu C. HepaCAM controls astrocyte self-organization and coupling. Neuron 2021; 109:2427-2442.e10. [PMID: 34171291 PMCID: PMC8547372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes extensively infiltrate the neuropil to regulate critical aspects of synaptic development and function. This process is regulated by transcellular interactions between astrocytes and neurons via cell adhesion molecules. How astrocytes coordinate developmental processes among one another to parse out the synaptic neuropil and form non-overlapping territories is unknown. Here we identify a molecular mechanism regulating astrocyte-astrocyte interactions during development to coordinate astrocyte morphogenesis and gap junction coupling. We show that hepaCAM, a disease-linked, astrocyte-enriched cell adhesion molecule, regulates astrocyte competition for territory and morphological complexity in the developing mouse cortex. Furthermore, conditional deletion of Hepacam from developing astrocytes significantly impairs gap junction coupling between astrocytes and disrupts the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition. Mutations in HEPACAM cause megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts in humans. Therefore, our findings suggest that disruption of astrocyte self-organization mechanisms could be an underlying cause of neural pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Baldwin
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Christabel X Tan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Samuel T Strader
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Changyu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Justin T Savage
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xabier Elorza-Vidal
- Unitat de Fisiología, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ximena Contreras
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Raúl Estévez
- Unitat de Fisiología, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences (DIBS), Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University Regeneration Next Initiative, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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19
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Bosch A, Estévez R. Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy: Insights Into Pathophysiology and Perspectives for Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:627887. [PMID: 33551753 PMCID: PMC7862579 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.627887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare genetic disorder belonging to the group of vacuolating leukodystrophies. It is characterized by megalencephaly, loss of motor functions, epilepsy, and mild mental decline. In brain biopsies of MLC patients, vacuoles were observed in myelin and in astrocytes surrounding blood vessels. It is mainly caused by recessive mutations in MLC1 and HEPACAM (also called GLIALCAM) genes. These disease variants are called MLC1 and MLC2A with both types of patients sharing the same clinical phenotype. Besides, dominant mutations in HEPACAM were also identified in a subtype of MLC patients (MLC2B) with a remitting phenotype. MLC1 and GlialCAM proteins form a complex mainly expressed in brain astrocytes at the gliovascular interface and in Bergmann glia at the cerebellum. Both proteins regulate several ion channels and transporters involved in the control of ion and water fluxes in glial cells, either directly influencing their location and function, or indirectly regulating associated signal transduction pathways. However, the MLC1/GLIALCAM complex function and the related pathological mechanisms leading to MLC are still unknown. It has been hypothesized that, in MLC, the role of glial cells in brain ion homeostasis is altered in both physiological and inflammatory conditions. There is no therapy for MLC patients, only supportive treatment. As MLC2B patients show an MLC reversible phenotype, we speculated that the phenotype of MLC1 and MLC2A patients could also be mitigated by the re-introduction of the correct gene even at later stages. To prove this hypothesis, we injected in the cerebellar subarachnoid space of Mlc1 knockout mice an adeno-associated virus (AAV) coding for human MLC1 under the control of the glial-fibrillary acidic protein promoter. MLC1 expression in the cerebellum extremely reduced myelin vacuolation at all ages in a dose-dependent manner. This study could be considered as the first preclinical approach for MLC. We also suggest other potential therapeutic strategies in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assumpció Bosch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Unitat Mixta UAB-VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Estévez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Fernandez-Abascal J, Graziano B, Encalada N, Bianchi L. Glial Chloride Channels in the Function of the Nervous System Across Species. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1349:195-223. [PMID: 35138616 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the nervous system, the concentration of Cl- in neurons that express GABA receptors plays a key role in establishing whether these neurons are excitatory, mostly during early development, or inhibitory. Thus, much attention has been dedicated to understanding how neurons regulate their intracellular Cl- concentration. However, regulation of the extracellular Cl- concentration by other cells of the nervous system, including glia and microglia, is as important because it ultimately affects the Cl- equilibrium potential across the neuronal plasma membrane. Moreover, Cl- ions are transported in and out of the cell, via either passive or active transporter systems, as counter ions for K+ whose concentration in the extracellular environment of the nervous system is tightly regulated because it directly affects neuronal excitability. In this book chapter, we report on the Cl- channel types expressed in the various types of glial cells focusing on the role they play in the function of the nervous system in health and disease. Furthermore, we describe the types of stimuli that these channels are activated by, the other solutes that they may transport, and the involvement of these channels in processes such as pH regulation and Regulatory Volume Decrease (RVD). The picture that emerges is one of the glial cells expressing a variety of Cl- channels, encoded by members of different gene families, involved both in short- and long-term regulation of the nervous system function. Finally, we report data on invertebrate model organisms, such as C. elegans and Drosophila, that are revealing important and previously unsuspected functions of some of these channels in the context of living and behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Fernandez-Abascal
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bianca Graziano
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nicole Encalada
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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21
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Zajec M, Kros JM, Dekker-Nijholt DAT, Dekker LJ, Stingl C, van der Weiden M, van den Bosch TPP, Mustafa DAM, Luider TM. Identification of Blood-Brain Barrier-Associated Proteins in the Human Brain. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:531-537. [PMID: 33226812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for cerebral homeostasis and controls the selective passage of molecules traveling in and out of the brain. Despite the crucial role of the BBB in a variety of brain diseases and its relevance for the development of drugs, there is little known about its molecular architecture. In particular, the composition of the basal lamina between the astrocytic end-feet and the endothelial cells is only partly known. Here, we present a proteomic analysis of the basal lamina of the human BBB. We combined laser capture microdissection with shotgun proteomics for selective enrichment and identification of specific proteins present in the cerebral microvasculature and arachnoidal vessels collected from normal human brain tissue specimens. Proteins found to be associated with the blood-brain barrier were validated by immunohistochemistry. Expression of membrane protein MLC1 was found in all brain barriers. Phosphoglucomutase-like protein 5 appeared to be variably present along the outer part of intracerebral vessels, and multidrug resistance protein 1 was identified in both intracerebral, as well as arachnoidal blood vessels. The results demonstrate the presence of so far unidentified proteins in the human BBB and illustrate topic differences in their expression. In conclusion, we showed that sample purification by microdissection followed by shotgun proteomics provides a list of proteins identified in the BBB. Subsequent immunohistochemistry detailed the respective expression sites of membrane protein MLC1 and phosphoglucomutase-related protein 5. The role of the identified proteins in the functioning of the BBB needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zajec
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana A T Dekker-Nijholt
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennard J Dekker
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Stingl
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van der Weiden
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dana A M Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Luider
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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de Waard DM, Bugiani M. Astrocyte-Oligodendrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk in Astrocytopathies. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:608073. [PMID: 33328899 PMCID: PMC7710860 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.608073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective astrocyte function due to a genetic mutation can have major consequences for microglia and oligodendrocyte physiology, which in turn affects the white matter integrity of the brain. This review addresses the current knowledge on shared and unique pathophysiological mechanisms of astrocytopathies, including vanishing white matter, Alexander disease, megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, and oculodentodigital dysplasia. The mechanisms of disease include protein accumulation, unbalanced secretion of extracellular matrix proteins, pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules, cytokines and chemokines by astrocytes, as well as an altered gap junctional network and a changed ionic and nutrient homeostasis. Interestingly, the extent to which astrogliosis and microgliosis are present in these astrocytopathies is highly variable. An improved understanding of astrocyte-microglia-oligodendrocyte crosstalk might ultimately lead to the identification of druggable targets for these, currently untreatable, severe conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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23
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Cohen-Salmon M, Slaoui L, Mazaré N, Gilbert A, Oudart M, Alvear-Perez R, Elorza-Vidal X, Chever O, Boulay AC. Astrocytes in the regulation of cerebrovascular functions. Glia 2020; 69:817-841. [PMID: 33058289 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most numerous type of neuroglia in the brain and have a predominant influence on the cerebrovascular system; they control perivascular homeostasis, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, the dialogue with the peripheral immune system, the transfer of metabolites from the blood, and blood vessel contractility in response to neuronal activity. These regulatory processes occur in a specialized interface composed of perivascular astrocyte extensions that almost completely cover the cerebral blood vessels. Scientists have only recently started to study how this interface is formed and how it influences cerebrovascular functions. Here, we review the literature on the astrocytes' role in the regulation of the cerebrovascular system. We cover the anatomy and development of the gliovascular interface, the known gliovascular functions, and molecular factors, the latter's implication in certain pathophysiological situations, and recent cutting-edge experimental tools developed to examine the astrocytes' role at the vascular interface. Finally, we highlight some open questions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Leila Slaoui
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Noémie Mazaré
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alice Gilbert
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marc Oudart
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo Alvear-Perez
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Xabier Elorza-Vidal
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Oana Chever
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Boulay
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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24
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Sánchez A, García-Lareu B, Puig M, Prat E, Ruberte J, Chillón M, Nunes V, Estévez R, Bosch A. Cerebellar Astrocyte Transduction as Gene Therapy for Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:2041-2053. [PMID: 32372403 PMCID: PMC7851290 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare genetic disorder belonging to the group of vacuolating leukodystrophies. It is characterized by megalencephaly, loss of motor functions, epilepsy, and mild mental decline. In brain biopsies of MLC patients, vacuoles were observed in myelin and in astrocytes surrounding blood vessels. There is no therapy for MLC patients, only supportive treatment. We show here a preclinical gene therapy approach for MLC using the Mlc1 knock-out mouse. An adeno-associated virus coding for human MLC1 under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter was injected in the cerebellar subarachnoid space of Mlc1 knock-out and wild-type animals at 2 months of age, before the onset of the disease, as a preventive approach. We also tested a therapeutic strategy by injecting the animals at 5 months, once the histopathological abnormalities are starting, or at 15 months, when they have progressed to a more severe pathology. MLC1 expression in the cerebellum restored the adhesion molecule GlialCAM and the chloride channel ClC-2 localization in Bergmann glia, which both are mislocalized in Mlc1 knock-out model. More importantly, myelin vacuolation was extremely reduced in treated mice at all ages and correlated with the amount of expressed MLC1 in Bergmann glia, indicating not only the preventive potential of this strategy but also its therapeutic capacity. In summary, here we provide the first therapeutic approach for patients affected with MLC. This work may have also implications to treat other diseases affecting motor function such as ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Edifici H, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta UAB-VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén García-Lareu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Edifici H, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Meritxell Puig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Edifici H, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta UAB-VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Prat
- Laboratori de Genètica Molecular, Programa de Genes, Malaltia i Teràpia, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat de Genètica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultad de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Univ. de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruberte
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy and Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Chillón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Edifici H, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta UAB-VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Nunes
- Laboratori de Genètica Molecular, Programa de Genes, Malaltia i Teràpia, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat de Genètica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultad de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Univ. de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Estévez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL - Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08907, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Assumpció Bosch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Edifici H, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Unitat Mixta UAB-VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Garcia LM, Hacker JL, Sase S, Adang L, Almad A. Glial cells in the driver seat of leukodystrophy pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105087. [PMID: 32977022 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia cells are often viewed as support cells in the central nervous system, but recent discoveries highlight their importance in physiological functions and in neurological diseases. Central to this are leukodystrophies, a group of progressive, neurogenetic disease affecting white matter pathology. In this review, we take a closer look at multiple leukodystrophies, classified based on the primary glial cell type that is affected. While white matter diseases involve oligodendrocyte and myelin loss, we discuss how astrocytes and microglia are affected and impinge on oligodendrocyte, myelin and axonal pathology. We provide an overview of the leukodystrophies covering their hallmark features, clinical phenotypes, diverse molecular pathways, and potential therapeutics for clinical trials. Glial cells are gaining momentum as cellular therapeutic targets for treatment of demyelinating diseases such as leukodystrophies, currently with no treatment options. Here, we bring the much needed attention to role of glia in leukodystrophies, an integral step towards furthering disease comprehension, understanding mechanisms and developing future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Garcia
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia L Hacker
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sunetra Sase
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Adang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Akshata Almad
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA.
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26
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Wolf NI, Breur M, Plug B, Beerepoot S, Westerveld ASR, van Rappard DF, de Vries SI, Kole MHP, Vanderver A, van der Knaap MS, Lindemans CA, van Hasselt PM, Boelens JJ, Matzner U, Gieselmann V, Bugiani M. Metachromatic leukodystrophy and transplantation: remyelination, no cross-correction. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:169-180. [PMID: 31967741 PMCID: PMC7034505 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In metachromatic leukodystrophy, a lysosomal storage disorder due to decreased arylsulfatase A activity, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may stop brain demyelination and allow remyelination, thereby halting white matter degeneration. This is the first study to define the effects and therapeutic mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on brain tissue of transplanted metachromatic leukodystrophy patients. METHODS Autopsy brain tissue was obtained from eight (two transplanted and six nontransplanted) metachromatic leukodystrophy patients, and two age-matched controls. We examined the presence of donor cells by immunohistochemistry and microscopy. In addition, we assessed myelin content, oligodendrocyte numbers, and macrophage phenotypes. An unpaired t-test, linear regression or the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to evaluate differences between the transplanted, nontransplanted, and control group. RESULTS In brain tissue of transplanted patients, we found metabolically competent donor macrophages expressing arylsulfatase A distributed throughout the entire white matter. Compared to nontransplanted patients, these macrophages preferentially expressed markers of alternatively activated, anti-inflammatory cells that may support oligodendrocyte survival and differentiation. Additionally, transplanted patients showed higher numbers of oligodendrocytes and evidence for remyelination. Contrary to the current hypothesis on therapeutic mechanism of hematopoietic cell transplantation in metachromatic leukodystrophy, we detected no enzymatic cross-correction to resident astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. INTERPRETATION In conclusion, donor macrophages are able to digest accumulated sulfatides and may play a neuroprotective role for resident oligodendrocytes, thereby enabling remyelination, albeit without evidence of cross-correction of oligo- and astroglia. These results emphasize the importance of immunomodulation in addition to the metabolic correction, which might be exploited for improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole I. Wolf
- Department of Child NeurologyCenter for Childhood White Matter DiseasesEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Department of Child NeurologyCenter for Childhood White Matter DiseasesEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bonnie Plug
- Department of Child NeurologyCenter for Childhood White Matter DiseasesEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Shanice Beerepoot
- Department of Child NeurologyCenter for Childhood White Matter DiseasesEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Aimee S. R. Westerveld
- Department of Child NeurologyCenter for Childhood White Matter DiseasesEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Diane F. van Rappard
- Department of Child NeurologyCenter for Childhood White Matter DiseasesEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sharon I. de Vries
- Department of Axonal SignalingNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten H. P. Kole
- Department of Axonal SignalingNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Cell Biology Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of PediatricsChildren’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of NeurologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- Department of Child NeurologyCenter for Childhood White Matter DiseasesEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Functional GenomicsCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive ResearchVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline A. Lindemans
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation ProgramPrincess Maxima CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Peter M. van Hasselt
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesWilhelmina Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jaap J. Boelens
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Matzner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms UniversityBonnGermany
| | - Volkmar Gieselmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms UniversityBonnGermany
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Child NeurologyCenter for Childhood White Matter DiseasesEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam University Medical CentersVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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27
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Hwang J, Vu HM, Kim MS, Lim HH. Plasma membrane localization of MLC1 regulates cellular morphology and motility. Mol Brain 2019; 12:116. [PMID: 31888684 PMCID: PMC6938022 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare form of infantile-onset leukodystrophy. The disorder is caused primarily by mutations of MLC1 that leads to a series of phenotypic outcomes including vacuolation of myelin and astrocytes, subcortical cysts, brain edema, and macrocephaly. Recent studies have indicated that functional interactions among MLC1, GlialCAM, and ClC-2 channels play key roles in the regulation of neuronal, glial and vascular homeostasis. However, the physiological role of MLC1 in cellular homeostatic communication remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the cellular function of MLC1 and its effects on cell–cell interactions. Methods MLC1-dependent cellular morphology and motility were analyzed by using confocal and live cell imaging technique. Biochemical approaches such as immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and surface biotinylation were conducted to support data. Results We found that the altered MLC1 expression and localization led to a great alteration in cellular morphology and motility through actin remodeling. MLC1 overexpression induced filopodia formation and suppressed motility. And, MLC1 proteins expressed in patient-derived MLC1 mutants resulted in trapping in the ER although no changes in morphology or motility were observed. Interestingly knockdown of Mlc1 induced Arp3-Cortactin interaction, lamellipodia formation, and increased the membrane ruffling of the astrocytes. These data indicate that subcellular localization of expressed MLC1 at the plasma membrane is critical for changes in actin dynamics through ARP2/3 complex. Thus, our results suggest that misallocation of pathogenic mutant MLC1 may disturbs the stable cell-cell communication and the homeostatic regulation of astrocytes in patients with MLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmo Hwang
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 41062, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hung M Vu
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 42988, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 42988, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ho Lim
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 41062, Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 42988, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Pérez-Rius C, Folgueira M, Elorza-Vidal X, Alia A, Hoegg-Beiler MB, Eeza MNH, Díaz ML, Nunes V, Barrallo-Gimeno A, Estévez R. Comparison of zebrafish and mice knockouts for Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy proteins indicates that GlialCAM/MLC1 forms a functional unit. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:268. [PMID: 31752924 PMCID: PMC6873532 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with subcortical Cysts (MLC) is a rare type of leukodystrophy characterized by astrocyte and myelin vacuolization, epilepsy and early-onset macrocephaly. MLC is caused by mutations in MLC1 or GLIALCAM, coding for two membrane proteins with an unknown function that form a complex specifically expressed in astrocytes at cell-cell junctions. Recent studies in Mlc1−/− or Glialcam−/− mice and mlc1−/− zebrafish have shown that MLC1 regulates glial surface levels of GlialCAM in vivo and that GlialCAM is also required for MLC1 expression and localization at cell-cell junctions. Methods We have generated and analysed glialcama−/− zebrafish. We also generated zebrafish glialcama−/−mlc1−/− and mice double KO for both genes and performed magnetic resonance imaging, histological studies and biochemical analyses. Results glialcama−/− shows megalencephaly and increased fluid accumulation. In both zebrafish and mice, this phenotype is not aggravated by additional elimination of mlc1. Unlike mice, mlc1 protein expression and localization are unaltered in glialcama−/− zebrafish, possibly because there is an up-regulation of mlc1 mRNA. In line with these results, MLC1 overexpressed in Glialcam−/− mouse primary astrocytes is located at cell-cell junctions. Conclusions This work indicates that the two proteins involved in the pathogenesis of MLC, GlialCAM and MLC1, form a functional unit, and thus, that loss-of-function mutations in these genes cause leukodystrophy through a common pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pérez-Rius
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes Disease and Therapy Program IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Folgueira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15008-A, Coruña, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), University of A Coruña, 15008-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Xabier Elorza-Vidal
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes Disease and Therapy Program IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Alia
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maja B Hoegg-Beiler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department Physiology and Pathology of Ion Transport, D-13125, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbruck-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), D-13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhamed N H Eeza
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - María Luz Díaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15008-A, Coruña, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), University of A Coruña, 15008-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Virginia Nunes
- Centro de Investigación en red de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Unitat de Genètica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes Disease and Therapy Program IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Barrallo-Gimeno
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes Disease and Therapy Program IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en red de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Estévez
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes Disease and Therapy Program IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación en red de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain. .,Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBELL, C/Feixa Llarga s/n 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Leukodystrophies are genetically determined disorders affecting the white matter of the central nervous system. The combination of MRI pattern recognition and next-generation sequencing for the definition of novel disease entities has recently demonstrated that many leukodystrophies are due to the primary involvement and/or mutations in genes selectively expressed by cell types other than the oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells in the brain. This has led to a new definition of leukodystrophies as genetic white matter disorders resulting from the involvement of any white matter structural component. As a result, the research has shifted its main focus from oligodendrocytes to other types of neuroglia. Astrocytes are the housekeeping cells of the nervous system, responsible for maintaining homeostasis and normal brain physiology and to orchestrate repair upon injury. Several lines of evidence show that astrocytic interactions with the other white matter cellular constituents play a primary pathophysiologic role in many leukodystrophies. These are thus now classified as astrocytopathies. This chapter addresses how the crosstalk between astrocytes, other glial cells, axons and non-neural cells are essential for the integrity and maintenance of the white matter in health. It also addresses the current knowledge of the cellular pathomechanisms of astrocytic leukodystrophies, and specifically Alexander disease, vanishing white matter, megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts and Aicardi-Goutière Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Jorge
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts Protein-1 (MLC1) Counteracts Astrocyte Activation in Response to Inflammatory Signals. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8237-8254. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Gilbert A, Vidal XE, Estevez R, Cohen-Salmon M, Boulay AC. Postnatal development of the astrocyte perivascular MLC1/GlialCAM complex defines a temporal window for the gliovascular unit maturation. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1267-1278. [PMID: 30684007 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells of the central nervous system are morphologically complex. They display numerous processes interacting with synapses and blood vessels. At the vascular interface, astrocyte endfeet-terminated processes almost entirely cover the blood vessel surface and participate to the gliovascular unit where important vascular properties of the brain are set such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. How specific morphological and functional interactions between astrocytes and the vascular compartment develop has not been fully investigated. Here, we elaborated an original experimental strategy to study the postnatal development of astrocyte perivascular endfeet. Using purified gliovascular units, we focused on the postnatal expression of MLC1 and GlialCAM, two transmembrane proteins forming a complex enriched at the junction between mature astrocyte perivascular endfeet. We showed that MLC1 and GlialCAM were enriched and assembled into mature complexes in astrocyte perivascular endfeet between postnatal days 10 and 15, after the formation of astrocyte perivascular Aquaporin 4 water channels. These events correlated with the increased expression of Claudin-5 and P-gP, two endothelial-specific BBB components. These results illustrate for the first time that astrocyte perivascular endfeet differentiation is a complex and progressive process which correlates with BBB maturation. Moreover, our results suggest that maturation of the astrocyte endfeet MLC1/GlialCAM complex between postnatal days 10 and 15 might be a key event in the gliovascular unit maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gilbert
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM, U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot Paris, Paris Cedex 05, 75005, France
- Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Xabier Elorza Vidal
- Unitat de Fisiología, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Estevez
- Unitat de Fisiología, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM, U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot Paris, Paris Cedex 05, 75005, France.
- Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Anne-Cécile Boulay
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM, U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot Paris, Paris Cedex 05, 75005, France
- Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, 75005, France
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32
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Min R, van der Knaap MS. Genetic defects disrupting glial ion and water homeostasis in the brain. Brain Pathol 2019; 28:372-387. [PMID: 29740942 PMCID: PMC8028498 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical activity of neurons in the brain, caused by the movement of ions between intracellular and extracellular compartments, is the basis of all our thoughts and actions. Maintaining the correct ionic concentration gradients is therefore crucial for brain functioning. Ion fluxes are accompanied by the displacement of osmotically obliged water. Since even minor brain swelling leads to severe brain damage and even death, brain ion and water movement has to be tightly regulated. Glial cells, in particular astrocytes, play a key role in ion and water homeostasis. They are endowed with specific channels, pumps and carriers to regulate ion and water flow. Glial cells form a large panglial syncytium to aid the uptake and dispersal of ions and water, and make extensive contacts with brain fluid barriers for disposal of excess ions and water. Genetic defects in glial proteins involved in ion and water homeostasis disrupt brain functioning, thereby leading to neurological diseases. Since white matter edema is often a hallmark disease feature, many of these diseases are characterized as leukodystrophies. In this review we summarize our current understanding of inherited glial diseases characterized by disturbed brain ion and water homeostasis by integrating findings from MRI, genetics, neuropathology and animal models for disease. We discuss how mutations in different glial proteins lead to disease, and highlight the similarities and differences between these diseases. To come to effective therapies for this group of diseases, a better mechanistic understanding of how glial cells shape ion and water movement in the brain is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Min
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Elorza-Vidal X, Sirisi S, Gaitán-Peñas H, Pérez-Rius C, Alonso-Gardón M, Armand-Ugón M, Lanciotti A, Brignone MS, Prat E, Nunes V, Ambrosini E, Gasull X, Estévez R. GlialCAM/MLC1 modulates LRRC8/VRAC currents in an indirect manner: Implications for megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 119:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Yadak R, Boot MV, van Til NP, Cazals-Hatem D, Finkenstedt A, Bogaerts E, de Coo IF, Bugiani M. Transplantation, gene therapy and intestinal pathology in MNGIE patients and mice. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:149. [PMID: 30340467 PMCID: PMC6194683 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal complications are the main cause of death in patients with mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE). Available treatments often restore biochemical homeostasis, but fail to cure gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods We evaluated the small intestine neuromuscular pathology of an untreated MNGIE patient and two recipients of hematopoietic stem cells, focusing on enteric neurons and glia. Additionally, we evaluated the intestinal neuromuscular pathology in a mouse model of MNGIE treated with hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy. Quantification of muscle wall thickness and ganglion cell density was performed blind to the genotype with ImageJ. Significance of differences between groups was determined by two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test (P < 0.05). Results Our data confirm that MNGIE presents with muscle atrophy and loss of Cajal cells and CD117/c-kit immunoreactivity in the small intestine. We also show that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation does not benefit human intestinal pathology at least on short-term. Conclusions We suggest that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be insufficient to restore intestinal neuropathology, especially at later stages of MNGIE. As interstitial Cajal cells and their networks play a key role in development of gastrointestinal dysmotility, alternative therapeutic approaches taking absence of these cells into account could be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Yadak
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max V Boot
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Armin Finkenstedt
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elly Bogaerts
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irenaeus F de Coo
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Jentsch TJ, Pusch M. CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1493-1590. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation parthway, assemble to homo- or heteromeric dimers that sometimes require accessory β-subunits for function. CLC proteins come in two flavors: anion channels and anion/proton exchangers. Structures of these two CLC protein classes are surprisingly similar. Extensive structure-function analysis identified residues involved in ion permeation, anion-proton coupling and gating and led to attractive biophysical models. In mammals, ClC-1, -2, -Ka/-Kb are plasma membrane Cl−channels, whereas ClC-3 through ClC-7 are 2Cl−/H+-exchangers in endolysosomal membranes. Biological roles of CLCs were mostly studied in mammals, but also in plants and model organisms like yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. CLC Cl−channels have roles in the control of electrical excitability, extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and transepithelial transport, whereas anion/proton exchangers influence vesicular ion composition and impinge on endocytosis and lysosomal function. The surprisingly diverse roles of CLCs are highlighted by human and mouse disorders elicited by mutations in their genes. These pathologies include neurodegeneration, leukodystrophy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, myotonia, hyperaldosteronism, renal salt loss, proteinuria, kidney stones, male infertility, and osteopetrosis. In this review, emphasis is laid on biophysical structure-function analysis and on the cell biological and organismal roles of mammalian CLCs and their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
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36
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Unusual white matter involvement in EAST syndrome associated with novel KCNJ10 mutations. J Neurol 2018; 265:1419-1425. [PMID: 29666984 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness, and tubulopathy (EAST syndrome) is a rare channelopathy due to KCNJ10 mutations. So far, only mild cerebellar hypoplasia and/or dentate nuclei abnormalities have been reported as major neuroimaging findings in these patients. METHODS We analyzed the clinical and brain MRI features of two unrelated patients (aged 27 and 23 years) with EAST syndrome carrying novel homozygous frameshift mutations (p.Asn232Glnfs*14and p.Gly275Valfs*7) in KCNJ10, detected by whole exome sequencing. RESULTS Brain MRI examinations at 8 years in Patient 1 and at 13 years in Patient 2 revealed a peculiar brain and spinal cord involvement characterized by restricted diffusion of globi pallidi, thalami, brainstem, dentate nuclei, and cervical spinal cord in keeping with intramyelinic edema. The follow-up studies, performed, respectively, after 19 and 10 years, showed mild cerebellar atrophy and slight progression of the brain and spinal cord T2 signal abnormalities with increase of the restricted diffusion in the affected regions. CONCLUSION The present cases harboring novel homozygous frameshift mutations in KCNJ10 expand the spectrum of brain abnormalities in EAST syndrome, including mild cerebellar atrophy and intramyelinic edema, resulting from abnormal function of the Kir4.1 inwardly rectifying potassium channel at the astrocyte endfeet, with disruption of water-ion homeostasis.
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Hamilton EMC, Tekturk P, Cialdella F, van Rappard DF, Wolf NI, Yalcinkaya C, Çetinçelik Ü, Rajaee A, Kariminejad A, Paprocka J, Yapici Z, Bošnjak VM, van der Knaap MS. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: Characterization of disease variants. Neurology 2018; 90:e1395-e1403. [PMID: 29661901 PMCID: PMC5902784 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To provide an overview of clinical and MRI characteristics of the different variants of the leukodystrophy megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) and identify possible differentiating features. Methods We performed an international multi-institutional, cross-sectional observational study of the clinical and MRI characteristics in patients with genetically confirmed MLC. Clinical information was obtained by questionnaires for physicians and retrospective chart review. Results We included 204 patients with classic MLC, 187 of whom had recessive mutations in MLC1 (MLC1 variant) and 17 in GLIALCAM (MLC2A variant) and 38 patients with remitting MLC caused by dominant GLIALCAM mutations (MLC2B variant). We observed a relatively wide variability in neurologic disability among patients with classic MLC. No clinical differences could be identified between patients with MLC1 and MLC2A. Patients with MLC2B invariably had a milder phenotype with preservation of motor function, while intellectual disability and autism were relatively frequent. Systematic MRI review revealed no MRI features that distinguish between MLC1 and MLC2A. Radiologic improvement was observed in all patients with MLC2B and also in 2 patients with MLC1. In MRIs obtained in the early disease stage, absence of signal abnormalities of the posterior limb of the internal capsule and cerebellar white matter and presence of only rarefied subcortical white matter instead of true subcortical cysts were suggestive of MLC2B. Conclusion Clinical and MRI features did not distinguish between classic MLC with MLC1 or GLIALCAM mutations. Absence of signal abnormalities of the internal capsule and cerebellar white matter are MRI findings that point to the remitting phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline M C Hamilton
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pinar Tekturk
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fia Cialdella
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diane F van Rappard
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cengiz Yalcinkaya
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ümran Çetinçelik
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmad Rajaee
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ariana Kariminejad
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Justyna Paprocka
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zuhal Yapici
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vlatka Mejaški Bošnjak
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- From the Department of Child Neurology and Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., F.C., D.F.v.R., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (P.T., Z.Y.), and Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School (C.Y.), Istanbul University; clinical geneticist in private practice (Ü.Ç.), Merkez Mahallesi, İstanbul, Turkey; Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center (A.R., A.K.), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuropediatrics (V.M.B.), Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Dubey M, Brouwers E, Hamilton EM, Stiedl O, Bugiani M, Koch H, Kole MH, Boschert U, Wykes RC, Mansvelder HD, van der Knaap MS, Min R. Seizures and disturbed brain potassium dynamics in the leukodystrophy megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. Ann Neurol 2018; 83:636-649. [PMID: 29466841 PMCID: PMC5900999 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of function of the astrocyte-specific protein MLC1 leads to the childhood-onset leukodystrophy "megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts" (MLC). Studies on isolated cells show a role for MLC1 in astrocyte volume regulation and suggest that disturbed brain ion and water homeostasis is central to the disease. Excitability of neuronal networks is particularly sensitive to ion and water homeostasis. In line with this, reports of seizures and epilepsy in MLC patients exist. However, systematic assessment and mechanistic understanding of seizures in MLC are lacking. METHODS We analyzed an MLC patient inventory to study occurrence of seizures in MLC. We used two distinct genetic mouse models of MLC to further study epileptiform activity and seizure threshold through wireless extracellular field potential recordings. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and K+ -sensitive electrode recordings in mouse brain slices were used to explore the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy in MLC. RESULTS An early onset of seizures is common in MLC. Similarly, in MLC mice, we uncovered spontaneous epileptiform brain activity and a lowered threshold for induced seizures. At the cellular level, we found that although passive and active properties of individual pyramidal neurons are unchanged, extracellular K+ dynamics and neuronal network activity are abnormal in MLC mice. INTERPRETATION Disturbed astrocyte regulation of ion and water homeostasis in MLC causes hyperexcitability of neuronal networks and seizures. These findings suggest a role for defective astrocyte volume regulation in epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2018;83:636-649.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Dubey
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Current address for Mohit Dubey: Department of Axonal SignalingNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eelke Brouwers
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eline M.C. Hamilton
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Oliver Stiedl
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Henner Koch
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Tübingen, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchTübingenGermany
| | - Maarten H.P. Kole
- Department of Axonal SignalingNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ursula Boschert
- Translational Innovation Platform Immunology/Neurology, EMD Serono Research & Development InstituteBillericaMA
| | - Robert C. Wykes
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Huibert D. Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rogier Min
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Yadak R, Cabrera-Pérez R, Torres-Torronteras J, Bugiani M, Haeck JC, Huston MW, Bogaerts E, Goffart S, Jacobs EH, Stok M, Leonardelli L, Biasco L, Verdijk RM, Bernsen MR, Ruijter G, Martí R, Wagemaker G, van Til NP, de Coo IF. Preclinical Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of MNGIE. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 8:152-165. [PMID: 29687034 PMCID: PMC5908387 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by thymidine phosphorylase (TP) deficiency resulting in systemic accumulation of thymidine (d-Thd) and deoxyuridine (d-Urd) and characterized by early-onset neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms. Long-term effective and safe treatment is not available. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may improve clinical manifestations but carries disease and transplant-related risks. In this study, lentiviral vector-based hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy (HSCGT) was performed in Tymp−/−Upp1−/− mice with the human phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter driving TYMP. Supranormal blood TP activity reduced intestinal nucleoside levels significantly at low vector copy number (median, 1.3; range, 0.2–3.6). Furthermore, we covered two major issues not addressed before. First, we demonstrate aberrant morphology of brain astrocytes in areas of spongy degeneration, which was reversed by HSCGT. Second, long-term follow-up and vector integration site analysis were performed to assess safety of the therapeutic LV vectors in depth. This report confirms and supplements previous work on the efficacy of HSCGT in reducing the toxic metabolites in Tymp−/−Upp1−/− mice, using a clinically applicable gene transfer vector and a highly efficient gene transfer method, and importantly demonstrates phenotypic correction with a favorable risk profile, warranting further development toward clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Yadak
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raquel Cabrera-Pérez
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost C. Haeck
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marshall W. Huston
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elly Bogaerts
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steffi Goffart
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Edwin H. Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Merel Stok
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lorena Leonardelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Biasco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- University College of London (UCL), Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH), London, UK
| | - Robert M. Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique R. Bernsen
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - George Ruijter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gerard Wagemaker
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Hacettepe University, Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Ankara, Turkey
- Raisa Gorbacheva Memorial Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Niek P. van Til
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irenaeus F.M. de Coo
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Irenaeus F.M. de Coo, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Estévez R, Elorza-Vidal X, Gaitán-Peñas H, Pérez-Rius C, Armand-Ugón M, Alonso-Gardón M, Xicoy-Espaulella E, Sirisi S, Arnedo T, Capdevila-Nortes X, López-Hernández T, Montolio M, Duarri A, Teijido O, Barrallo-Gimeno A, Palacín M, Nunes V. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: A personal biochemical retrospective. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Toutounchian JJ, McCarty JH. Selective expression of eGFP in mouse perivascular astrocytes by modification of the Mlc1 gene using T2A-based ribosome skipping. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28929580 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular astrocyte end feet closely juxtapose cerebral blood vessels to regulate important developmental and physiological processes including endothelial cell proliferation and sprouting as well as the formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The mechanisms underlying these events remain largely unknown due to a lack of experimental models for identifying perivascular astrocytes and distinguishing these cell types from other astroglial populations. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1 (Mlc1) is a transmembrane protein that is expressed in perivascular astrocyte end feet where it controls BBB development and homeostasis. On the basis of this knowledge, we used T2A peptide-skipping strategies to engineer a knock-in mouse model in which the endogenous Mlc1 gene drives expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), without impacting expression of Mlc1 protein. Analysis of fetal, neonatal and adult Mlc1-eGFP knock-in mice revealed a dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern of eGFP in glial cells, including nestin-expressing neuroepithelial cells during development and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing perivascular astrocytes in the postnatal brain. EGFP was not expressed in neurons, microglia, oligodendroglia, or cerebral vascular cells. Analysis of angiogenesis in the neonatal retina also revealed enriched Mlc1-driven eGFP expression in perivascular astrocytes that contact sprouting blood vessels and regulate blood-retinal barrier permeability. A cortical injury model revealed that Mlc1-eGFP expression is progressively induced in reactive astrocytes that form a glial scar. Hence, Mlc1-eGFP knock-in mice are a new and powerful tool to identify perivascular astrocytes in the brain and retina and characterize how these cell types regulate cerebral blood vessel functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Toutounchian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Joseph H McCarty
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030
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42
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van der Knaap MS, Bugiani M. Leukodystrophies: a proposed classification system based on pathological changes and pathogenetic mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:351-382. [PMID: 28638987 PMCID: PMC5563342 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are genetically determined disorders characterized by the selective involvement of the central nervous system white matter. Onset may be at any age, from prenatal life to senescence. Many leukodystrophies are degenerative in nature, but some only impair white matter function. The clinical course is mostly progressive, but may also be static or even improving with time. Progressive leukodystrophies are often fatal, and no curative treatment is known. The last decade has witnessed a tremendous increase in the number of defined leukodystrophies also owing to a diagnostic approach combining magnetic resonance imaging pattern recognition and next generation sequencing. Knowledge on white matter physiology and pathology has also dramatically built up. This led to the recognition that only few leukodystrophies are due to mutations in myelin- or oligodendrocyte-specific genes, and many are rather caused by defects in other white matter structural components, including astrocytes, microglia, axons and blood vessels. We here propose a novel classification of leukodystrophies that takes into account the primary involvement of any white matter component. Categories in this classification are the myelin disorders due to a primary defect in oligodendrocytes or myelin (hypomyelinating and demyelinating leukodystrophies, leukodystrophies with myelin vacuolization); astrocytopathies; leuko-axonopathies; microgliopathies; and leuko-vasculopathies. Following this classification, we illustrate the neuropathology and disease mechanisms of some leukodystrophies taken as example for each category. Some leukodystrophies fall into more than one category. Given the complex molecular and cellular interplay underlying white matter pathology, recognition of the cellular pathology behind a disease becomes crucial in addressing possible treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lipid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2255-2265. [PMID: 28666219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene and characterized by elevated levels of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in plasma and tissues, with the most pronounced increase in the central nervous system. Virtually all male patients develop adrenal insufficiency and myelopathy (adrenomyeloneuropathy), but a subset develops a fatal cerebral demyelinating disease (known as cerebral ALD). Female patients may also develop myelopathy, but adrenal insufficiency or leukodystrophy are very rare. ALD has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and bioenergetic failure, but the mechanism by which VLCFA accumulation triggers these effects has not been resolved thus far. In this study, we used primary human fibroblasts from normal subjects and ALD patients to investigate whether VLCFA can induce endoplasmic reticulum stress. We show that saturated VLCFA (C26:0) induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in fibroblasts from ALD patients, but not in controls. Furthermore, there is a clear correlation between the chain-length of the fatty acid and the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Exposure of ALD fibroblasts to C26:0, resulted in increased expression of additional endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (EDEM1, GADD34 and CHOP) and in lipoapoptosis. This new insight into the underlying mechanism of VLCFA-induced toxicity is of great importance for the development of a disease modifying treatment for ALD aimed at the normalization of VLCFA levels in tissues.
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Bugiani M, Dubey M, Breur M, Postma NL, Dekker MP, Ter Braak T, Boschert U, Abbink TEM, Mansvelder HD, Min R, van Weering JRT, van der Knaap MS. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts: the Glialcam-null mouse model. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:450-465. [PMID: 28695146 PMCID: PMC5497535 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts (MLC) is a genetic infantile‐onset disease characterized by macrocephaly and white matter edema due to loss of MLC1 function. Recessive mutations in either MLC1 or GLIALCAM cause the disease. MLC1 is involved in astrocytic volume regulation; GlialCAM ensures the correct membrane localization of MLC1. Their exact role in brain ion‐water homeostasis is only partly defined. We characterized Glialcam‐null mice for further studies. Methods We investigated the consequences of loss of GlialCAM in Glialcam‐null mice and compared GlialCAM developmental expression in mice and men. Results Glialcam‐null mice had early‐onset megalencephaly and increased brain water content. From 3 weeks, astrocytes were abnormal with swollen processes abutting blood vessels. Concomitantly, progressive white matter vacuolization developed due to intramyelinic edema. Glialcam‐null astrocytes showed abolished expression of MLC1, reduced expression of the chloride channel ClC‐2 and increased expression and redistribution of the water channel aquaporin4. Expression of other MLC1‐interacting proteins and the volume regulated anion channel LRRC8A was unchanged. In mice, GlialCAM expression increased until 3 weeks and then stabilized. In humans, GlialCAM expression was highest in the first 3 years to then decrease and stabilize from approximately 5 years. Interpretation Glialcam‐null mice replicate the early stages of the human disease with early‐onset intramyelinic edema. The earliest change is astrocytic swelling, further substantiating that a defect in astrocytic volume regulation is the primary cellular defect in MLC. GlialCAM expression affects expression of MLC1, ClC‐2 and aquaporin4, indicating that abnormal interplay between these proteins is a disease mechanism in megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mohit Dubey
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Nienke L Postma
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marien P Dekker
- Department of Functional Genomics Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timo Ter Braak
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ursula Boschert
- Translational Innovation Platform Immunology/Neurology EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Billerica 01821 Massachusetts
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Min
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jan R T van Weering
- Department of Functional Genomics Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Sirisi S, Elorza-Vidal X, Arnedo T, Armand-Ugón M, Callejo G, Capdevila-Nortes X, López-Hernández T, Schulte U, Barrallo-Gimeno A, Nunes V, Gasull X, Estévez R. Depolarization causes the formation of a ternary complex between GlialCAM, MLC1 and ClC-2 in astrocytes: implications in megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2436-2450. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Sugio S, Tohyama K, Oku S, Fujiyoshi K, Yoshimura T, Hikishima K, Yano R, Fukuda T, Nakamura M, Okano H, Watanabe M, Fukata M, Ikenaka K, Tanaka KF. Astrocyte-mediated infantile-onset leukoencephalopathy mouse model. Glia 2016; 65:150-168. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shouta Sugio
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
| | - Koujiro Tohyama
- Department of Physiology School of Dentistry, The Center of EM and Bio-Imaging Research, Nano-Neuroanatomy; Iwate Medical University; Morioka 020-8505 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Oku
- Division of Membrane Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
| | - Kanehiro Fujiyoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; National Hospital Organization, Murayama Medical Center; Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimura
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
| | - Keigo Hikishima
- Department of Physiology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals; Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
| | - Ryutaro Yano
- Department of Physiology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo 105-8461 Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
- Division of Membrane Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
| | - Kenji F. Tanaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
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Dooves S, van der Knaap MS, Heine VM. Stem cell therapy for white matter disorders: don't forget the microenvironment! J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:513-8. [PMID: 27000179 PMCID: PMC4920834 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
White matter disorders (WMDs) are a major source of handicap at all ages. They often lead to progressive neurological dysfunction and early death. Although causes are highly diverse, WMDs share the property that glia (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) are among the cells primarily affected, and that myelin is either not formed or lost. Many WMDs might benefit from cell replacement therapies. Successful preclinical studies in rodent models have already led to the first clinical trials in humans using glial or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells aiming at (re)myelination. However, myelin is usually not the only affected structure. Neurons, microglia, and astrocytes are often also affected and are all important partners in creating the right conditions for proper white matter repair. Composition of the extracellular environment is another factor to be considered. Cell transplantation therapies might therefore require inclusion of non-oligodendroglial cell types and target more than only myelin repair. WMD patients would likely benefit from multimodal therapy approaches involving stem cell transplantation and microenvironment-targeting strategies to alter the local environment to a more favorable state for cell replacement. Furthermore most proof-of-concept studies have been performed with human cells in rodent disease models. Since human glial cells show a larger regenerative capacity than their mouse counterparts in the host mouse brain, microenvironmental factors affecting white matter recovery might be overlooked in rodent studies. We would like to stress that cell replacement therapy is a highly promising therapeutic option for WMDs, but a receptive microenvironment is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dooves
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Barrallo-Gimeno A, Gradogna A, Zanardi I, Pusch M, Estévez R. Regulatory-auxiliary subunits of CLC chloride channel-transport proteins. J Physiol 2016; 593:4111-27. [PMID: 25762128 DOI: 10.1113/jp270057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The CLC family of chloride channels and transporters is composed by nine members, but only three of them, ClC-Ka/b, ClC-7 and ClC-2, have been found so far associated with auxiliary subunits. These CLC regulatory subunits are small proteins that present few common characteristics among them, both structurally and functionally, and their effects on the corresponding CLC protein are different. Barttin, a protein with two transmembrane domains, is essential for the membrane localization of ClC-K proteins and their activity in the kidney and inner ear. Ostm1 is a protein with a single transmembrane domain and a highly glycosylated N-terminus. Unlike the other two CLC auxiliary subunits, Ostm1 shows a reciprocal relationship with ClC-7 for their stability. The subcellular localization of Ostm1 depends on ClC-7 and not the other way around. ClC-2 is active on its own, but GlialCAM, a transmembrane cell adhesion molecule with two extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, regulates its subcellular localization and activity in glial cells. The common theme for these three proteins is their requirement for a proper homeostasis, since their malfunction leads to distinct diseases. We will review here their properties and their role in normal chloride physiology and the pathological consequences of their improper function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Barrallo-Gimeno
- Sección de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas II, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,U-750, Centro de investigación en red de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ilaria Zanardi
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raúl Estévez
- Sección de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas II, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,U-750, Centro de investigación en red de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
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Lanciotti A, Brignone MS, Visentin S, De Nuccio C, Catacuzzeno L, Mallozzi C, Petrini S, Caramia M, Veroni C, Minnone G, Bernardo A, Franciolini F, Pessia M, Bertini E, Petrucci TC, Ambrosini E. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts protein-1 regulates epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in astrocytes. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1543-58. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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50
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Jentsch TJ. Discovery of CLC transport proteins: cloning, structure, function and pathophysiology. J Physiol 2015; 593:4091-109. [PMID: 25590607 DOI: 10.1113/jp270043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After providing a personal description of the convoluted path leading 25 years ago to the molecular identification of the Torpedo Cl(-) channel ClC-0 and the discovery of the CLC gene family, I succinctly describe the general structural and functional features of these ion transporters before giving a short overview of mammalian CLCs. These can be categorized into plasma membrane Cl(-) channels and vesicular Cl(-) /H(+) -exchangers. They are involved in the regulation of membrane excitability, transepithelial transport, extracellular ion homeostasis, endocytosis and lysosomal function. Diseases caused by CLC dysfunction include myotonia, neurodegeneration, deafness, blindness, leukodystrophy, male infertility, renal salt loss, kidney stones and osteopetrosis, revealing a surprisingly broad spectrum of biological roles for chloride transport that was unsuspected when I set out to clone the first voltage-gated chloride channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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