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Sindi G, Ismael S, Uddin R, Slepchenko KG, Colvin RA, Lee D. Endogenous tau released from human ReNCell VM cultures by neuronal activity is phosphorylated at multiple sites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.02.597022. [PMID: 38854111 PMCID: PMC11160771 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.02.597022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Tau is an intracellular protein but also known to be released into the extracellular fluid. Tau release mechanisms have drawn intense attention as these are known to play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, tau can also be released under physiological conditions although its physiological function and release mechanisms have been poorly characterized, especially in human neuronal cells. We investigated endogenous tau release in ReNCell VM, a human neuroprogenitor cell line, under physiological conditions and found that tau is spontaneously released from cells. To study activity-dependent release of endogenous tau, human ReNCell VM culture was stimulated by 100μM AMPA or 50mM KCl for one-hour, tau was actively released to the culture medium. The released tau was highly phosphorylated at nine phosphorylation sites (pSites) detected by phospho-specific tau antibodies including AT270 (T175/T181), AT8 (S202/T205), AT100 (T212/S214), AT180 (T231), and PHF-1 (S396/S404), showing that these pSites are important for activity-dependent tau release from human ReNCell VM. Intracellular tau showed various phosphorylation status across these sites, with AT270 and PHF-1 highly phosphorylated while AT8 and AT180 were minimally phosphorylated, suggesting that AT8 and AT180 pSites exhibit a propensity for secretion rather than being retained intracellularly. This activity-dependent tau release was significantly decreased by inhibition of GSK-3β, demonstrating that GSK3β-dependent phosphorylation of tau plays an important role in its release by neuronal activity. In this study, we showed that ReNCell VM serves as a valuable model for studying endogenous physiological tau release. Further, ReNCell model can be also used to study pathological release of human tau that will contribute to our understanding of the progression of AD and related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sazan Ismael
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Reaz Uddin
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kira G. Slepchenko
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Robert A. Colvin
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Daewoo Lee
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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2
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Liu Y, Xia X, Zheng M, Shi B. Bio-Nano Toolbox for Precision Alzheimer's Disease Gene Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2314354. [PMID: 38778446 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most burdensome aging-associated neurodegenerative disorder, and its treatment encounters numerous failures during drug development. Although there are newly approved in-market β-amyloid targeting antibody solutions, pathological heterogeneity among patient populations still challenges the treatment outcome. Emerging advances in gene therapies offer opportunities for more precise personalized medicine; while, major obstacles including the pathological heterogeneity among patient populations, the puzzled mechanism for druggable target development, and the precision delivery of functional therapeutic elements across the blood-brain barrier remain and limit the use of gene therapy for central neuronal diseases. Aiming for "precision delivery" challenges, nanomedicine provides versatile platforms that may overcome the targeted delivery challenges for AD gene therapy. In this perspective, to picture a toolbox for AD gene therapy strategy development, the most recent advances from benchtop to clinics are highlighted, possibly available gene therapy targets, tools, and delivery platforms are outlined, their challenges as well as rational design elements are addressed, and perspectives in this promising research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy and Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Department of Radiotherapy and Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Radiotherapy and Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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3
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Jiang H, Tang M, Xu Z, Wang Y, Li M, Zheng S, Zhu J, Lin Z, Zhang M. CRISPR/Cas9 system and its applications in nervous system diseases. Genes Dis 2024; 11:675-686. [PMID: 37692518 PMCID: PMC10491921 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system is an acquired immune system of many bacteria and archaea, comprising CRISPR loci, Cas genes, and its associated proteins. This system can recognize exogenous DNA and utilize the Cas9 protein's nuclease activity to break DNA double-strand and to achieve base insertion or deletion by subsequent DNA repair. In recent years, multiple laboratory and clinical studies have revealed the therapeutic role of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in neurological diseases. This article reviews the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing technology and its potential for clinical application against neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Jiang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Mengyan Tang
- The First School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Zidi Xu
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Mopu Li
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shuyin Zheng
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jianghu Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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4
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Soni N, Kar I, Narendrasinh JD, Shah SK, Konathala L, Mohamed N, Kachhadia MP, Chaudhary MH, Dave VA, Kumar L, Ahmadi L, Golla V. Role and application of CRISPR-Cas9 in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:1517-1521. [PMID: 38463115 PMCID: PMC10923336 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious health issue that has a significant social and economic impact worldwide. One of the key aetiological signs of the disease is a gradual reduction in cognitive function and irreversible neuronal death. According to a 2019 global report, more than 5.8 million people in the United States (USA) alone have received an AD diagnosis, with 45% of those people falling into the 75-84 years age range. According to the predictions, there will be 15 million affected people in the USA by 2050 due to the disease's steadily rising patient population. Cognitive function and memory formation steadily decline as a result of an irreversible neuron loss in AD, a chronic neurodegenerative illness. Amyloid-beta and phosphorylated Tau are produced and accumulate in large amounts, and glial cells are overactive. Additionally, weakened neurotrophin signalling and decreased synapse function are crucial aspects of AD. Memory loss, apathy, depression, and irritability are among the primary symptoms. The aetiology, pathophysiology, and causes of both cognitive decline and synaptic dysfunction are poorly understood despite extensive investigation. CRISPR/Cas9 is a promising gene-editing technique since it can fix certain gene sequences and has a lot of potential for treating AD and other human disorders. Regardless of hereditary considerations, an altered Aβ metabolism is frequently seen in familial and sporadic AD. Therefore, since mutations in the PSEN-1, PSEN-2 and APP genes are a contributing factor to familial AD, CRISPR/Cas9 technology could address excessive Aβ production or mutations in these genes. Overall, the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 technology outweighs it as currently the greatest gene-editing tool available for researching neurodegenerative diseases like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Soni
- Department of General Medicine, M. P. Shah medical college, Jamnagar
| | - Indrani Kar
- Department of General Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, University of Delhi
| | | | - Sanjay Kumar Shah
- Department of General Medicine, Janaki Medical College, Janakpur, Nepal
| | - Lohini Konathala
- Dr NTR University of Health Sciecnes, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nadine Mohamed
- Department of General Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Memorial of Carbondale Hospital, IL
| | | | | | - Vyapti A. Dave
- Department of General Medicine, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society, GMERS Valsad, Gujarat
| | - Lakshya Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot
| | - Leeda Ahmadi
- Department of General Medicine, Lady Hardinge medical College, New Delhi
| | - Varshitha Golla
- Department of General Medicine, International School of Medicine (ISM), Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
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5
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Blumenfeld J, Yip O, Kim MJ, Huang Y. Cell type-specific roles of APOE4 in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:91-110. [PMID: 38191720 PMCID: PMC11073858 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE), which translates to the APOE4 isoform, is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Within the CNS, APOE is produced by a variety of cell types under different conditions, posing a challenge for studying its roles in AD pathogenesis. However, through powerful advances in research tools and the use of novel cell culture and animal models, researchers have recently begun to study the roles of APOE4 in AD in a cell type-specific manner and at a deeper and more mechanistic level than ever before. In particular, cutting-edge omics studies have enabled APOE4 to be studied at the single-cell level and have allowed the identification of critical APOE4 effects in AD-vulnerable cellular subtypes. Through these studies, it has become evident that APOE4 produced in various types of CNS cell - including astrocytes, neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes and vascular cells - has diverse roles in AD pathogenesis. Here, we review these scientific advances and propose a cell type-specific APOE4 cascade model of AD. In this model, neuronal APOE4 emerges as a crucial pathological initiator and driver of AD pathogenesis, instigating glial responses and, ultimately, neurodegeneration. In addition, we provide perspectives on future directions for APOE4 research and related therapeutic developments in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Blumenfeld
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Paudel B, Jeong SY, Martinez CP, Rickman A, Haluck-Kangas A, Bartom ET, Fredriksen K, Affaneh A, Kessler JA, Mazzulli JR, Murmann AE, Rogalski E, Geula C, Ferreira A, Heckmann BL, Green DR, Sadleir KR, Vassar R, Peter ME. Death Induced by Survival gene Elimination (DISE) correlates with neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease and aging. Nat Commun 2024; 15:264. [PMID: 38238311 PMCID: PMC10796375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, but the specific events that cause cell death remain poorly understood. Death Induced by Survival gene Elimination (DISE) is a cell death mechanism mediated by short (s) RNAs acting through the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). DISE is thus a form of RNA interference, in which G-rich 6mer seed sequences in the sRNAs (position 2-7) target hundreds of C-rich 6mer seed matches in genes essential for cell survival, resulting in the activation of cell death pathways. Here, using Argonaute precipitation and RNAseq (Ago-RP-Seq), we analyze RISC-bound sRNAs to quantify 6mer seed toxicity in several model systems. In mouse AD models and aging brain, in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from AD patients, and in cells exposed to Aβ42 oligomers, RISC-bound sRNAs show a shift to more toxic 6mer seeds compared to controls. In contrast, in brains of "SuperAgers", humans over age 80 who have superior memory performance, RISC-bound sRNAs are shifted to more nontoxic 6mer seeds. Cells depleted of nontoxic sRNAs are sensitized to Aβ42-induced cell death, and reintroducing nontoxic RNAs is protective. Altogether, the correlation between DISE and Aβ42 toxicity suggests that increasing the levels of nontoxic miRNAs in the brain or blocking the activity of toxic RISC-bound sRNAs could ameliorate neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidur Paudel
- Department of Medicine/Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Si-Yeon Jeong
- Department of Medicine/Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Pharmaceutical Safety Bureau, Pharmaceutical Policy Division 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Carolina Pena Martinez
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Neuroscience Institute; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Alexis Rickman
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Neuroscience Institute; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Ashley Haluck-Kangas
- Department of Medicine/Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine/Division of Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kristina Fredriksen
- Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Amira Affaneh
- Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - John A Kessler
- Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Andrea E Murmann
- Department of Medicine/Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Emily Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Healthy Aging & Alzheimer's Research Care (HAARC) Center, Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Changiz Geula
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Adriana Ferreira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Bradlee L Heckmann
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Neuroscience Institute; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Katherine R Sadleir
- Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Marcus E Peter
- Department of Medicine/Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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7
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Thapar N, Eid MAF, Raj N, Kantas T, Billing HS, Sadhu D. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the management of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: a review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:329-335. [PMID: 38222734 PMCID: PMC10783353 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) nucleases system (CRISPR/Cas9) is a popular gene-editing technology with an expanding scope in the field of medicine. Recent studies have investigated the role of CRISPR/Cas9 system in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Since the risk of occurrence of both conditions is strongly associated with genetic mutations and variations, the use of gene-editing technologies to rectify these genetic errors becomes relevant. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been tested in AD, which has led to a decrease in either amyloid beta deposition or tau phosphorylation in cells. Likewise, genetic mutations in cells affected by PD have been corrected with promising results in initial studies undertaken. Therefore, the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system should be expanded among different populations to understand its efficacy and safety in depth among neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Thapar
- Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Mosab Ahmad Fathi Eid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Nishchita Raj
- Department of Psychiatry, Santosh Medical College and Hospital, Ghaziabad
| | - Theodosios Kantas
- Department of Surgery, General State Hospital, Nikaia, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dhavalkumar Sadhu
- American University of Barbados School of Medicine, Wildey, Barbados
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8
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Rao A, Chen N, Kim MJ, Blumenfeld J, Yip O, Hao Y, Liang Z, Nelson MR, Koutsodendris N, Grone B, Ding L, Yoon SY, Arriola P, Huang Y. Microglia Depletion Reduces Human Neuronal APOE4-Driven Pathologies in a Chimeric Alzheimer's Disease Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.10.566510. [PMID: 38014339 PMCID: PMC10680610 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite strong evidence supporting the involvement of both apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) and microglia in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis, the effects of microglia on neuronal APOE4-driven AD pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, we examined such effects utilizing microglial depletion in a chimeric model with human neurons in mouse hippocampus. Specifically, we transplanted homozygous APOE4, isogenic APOE3, and APOE-knockout (APOE-KO) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human neurons into the hippocampus of human APOE3 or APOE4 knock-in mice, and depleted microglia in half the chimeric mice. We found that both neuronal APOE and microglial presence were important for the formation of Aβ and tau pathologies in an APOE isoform-dependent manner (APOE4 > APOE3). Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identified two pro-inflammatory microglial subtypes with high MHC-II gene expression that are enriched in chimeric mice with human APOE4 neuron transplants. These findings highlight the concerted roles of neuronal APOE, especially APOE4, and microglia in AD pathogenesis. HIGHLIGHTS Transplanted human APOE4 neurons generate Aβ and p-tau aggregates in APOE4-KI mouse hippocampus.Human neuronal APOE4 promotes the formation of dense-core Aβ plaques and p-tau aggregates.Microglia is required for human neuronal APOE4-driven formation of p-tau aggregates.scRNA-seq reveals enrichment of MHC-II microglia in mice with human APOE4 neuron transplants.
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9
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Chacko L, Chaudhary A, Singh B, Dewanjee S, Kandimalla R. CRISPR-Cas9 in Alzheimer's disease: Therapeutic trends, modalities, and challenges. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103652. [PMID: 37290639 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no known cure, which has prompted the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) tool has generated significant interest for its potential in AD therapeutics by correcting faulty genes. Our report comprehensively reviews emerging applications for CRISPR-Cas9 in developing in vitro and in vivo models for AD research and therapeutics. We further assess its ability to identify and validate genetic markers and potential therapeutic targets for AD. Moreover, we review the current challenges and delivery strategies for the in vivo application of CRISPR-Cas9 in AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Chacko
- BioAnalytical Lab, Meso Scale Discovery, 1601 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anupama Chaudhary
- Orinin-BioSystems, LE-52, Lotus Road 4, CHD City, Karnal, Haryana 132 001, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Station, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506 007, Telangana, India; Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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10
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Nouri Nojadeh J, Bildiren Eryilmaz NS, Ergüder BI. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for neurodegenerative diseases. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:567-582. [PMID: 37636024 PMCID: PMC10450213 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for various conditions, including blood disorders, ocular disease, cancer, and nervous system disorders. The advent of gene editing techniques has facilitated the ability of researchers to specifically target and modify the eukaryotic cell genome, making it a valuable tool for gene therapy. This can be performed through either in vivo or ex vivo approaches. Gene editing tools, such as zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and CRISPR-Cas-associated nucleases, can be employed for gene therapy purposes. Among these tools, CRISPR-Cas-based gene editing stands out because of its ability to introduce heritable genome changes by designing short guide RNAs. This review aims to provide an overview of CRISPR-Cas technology and summarizes the latest research on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology for the treatment of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Spinocerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Nouri Nojadeh
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
- The Graduate School of Health Sciences of Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Berrin Imge Ergüder
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
- The Graduate School of Health Sciences of Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Ciurea AV, Mohan AG, Covache-Busuioc RA, Costin HP, Glavan LA, Corlatescu AD, Saceleanu VM. Unraveling Molecular and Genetic Insights into Neurodegenerative Diseases: Advances in Understanding Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's Diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10809. [PMID: 37445986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are, according to recent studies, one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide. Interest in molecular genetics has started to experience exponential growth thanks to numerous advancements in technology, shifts in the understanding of the disease as a phenomenon, and the change in the perspective regarding gene editing and the advantages of this action. The aim of this paper is to analyze the newest approaches in genetics and molecular sciences regarding four of the most important neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We intend through this review to focus on the newest treatment, diagnosis, and predictions regarding this large group of diseases, in order to obtain a more accurate analysis and to identify the emerging signs that could lead to a better outcome in order to increase both the quality and the life span of the patient. Moreover, this review could provide evidence of future possible novel therapies that target the specific genes and that could be useful to be taken into consideration when the classical approaches fail to shed light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurel George Mohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bihor County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 410167 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oradea University, 410610 Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Horia-Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luca-Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonio-Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vicentiu Mircea Saceleanu
- Neurosurgery Department, Sibiu County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania
- Neurosurgery Department, "Lucian Blaga" University of Medicine, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
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12
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Li B, Shi K, Ren C, Kong M, Ba M. Detection of Tau-PET Positivity in Clinically Diagnosed Mild Cognitive Impairment with Multidimensional Features. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230180. [PMID: 37334600 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The way to evaluate brain tau pathology in vivo is tau positron emission tomography (tau-PET) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. In the clinically diagnosed mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a significant proportion of tau-PET are negative. Interest in less expensive and convenient ways to detect tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease has increased due to the high cost of tau-PET and the invasiveness of lumbar puncture, which typically slows down the cost and enrollment of clinical trials. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate one simple and effective method in predicting tau-PET status in MCI individuals. METHODS The sample included 154 individuals which were dichotomized into tau-PET (+) and tau-PET (-) using a cut-off of >1.33. We used stepwise regression to select the unitary or combination of variables that best predicted tau-PET. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the accuracy of single and multiple clinical markers. RESULTS The combined performance of three variables [Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale 13 (ADAS-Cog13), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), ADNI-Memory summary score (ADNI-MEM)] in neurocognitive measures demonstrated good predictive accuracy of tau-PET status [accuracy = 85.7%, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.879]. The combination of clinical markers model (APOEɛ4, neurocognitive measures and structural MRI imaging of middle temporal) had the best discriminative power (AUC = 0.946). CONCLUSION As a noninvasive test, the combination of APOEɛ4, neurocognitive measures and structural MRI imaging of middle temporal accurately predicts tau-PET status. The finding may provide a non-invasive, cost-effective tool for clinical application in predicting tau pathology among MCI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Kening Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Min Kong
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Maowen Ba
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Regional Sub Center of National Center for Clinical Medical Research of Neurological Diseases, Shandong, China
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13
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Lou T, Tao B, Chen M. Relationship of Apolipoprotein E with Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders: An Updated Review. Neuroscience 2023; 514:123-140. [PMID: 36736614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases, for which there is no effective cure, cause great social burden. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is an important lipid transporter, which has been shown to have a close relationship with AD and other neurological disorders in an increasing number of studies, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in clinical and basic research on the role of APOE in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases, with an emphasis on the new associations between APOE and AD, and between APOE and depression. The progress of APOE research in Parkinson's disease (PD) and some other neurological diseases is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Lou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Borui Tao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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14
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Miao G, Zhuo D, Han X, Yao W, Liu C, Liu H, Cao H, Sun Y, Chen Z, Feng T. From degenerative disease to malignant tumors: Insight to the function of ApoE. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114127. [PMID: 36516696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein involved in lipid transport and lipoprotein metabolism, mediating lipid distribution/redistribution in tissues and cells. It can also regulate inflammation and immune function, maintain cytoskeleton stability, and improve neural tissue Function. Due to genetic polymorphisms of ApoE (ε2, ε3, and ε4), its three common structural isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3, ApoE4) are also associated with the risk of many diseases, especially degenerative diseases, such as vascular degenerative diseases including atherosclerosis (AS), coronary heart disease (CHD), and neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The frequency of the ε4 allele and APOE variants were significantly higher than that of the ε2 and ε3 alleles in the patients with CHD or AD. In recent years, ApoE has frequently appeared in tumor research and become a tumor biomarker gradually. It has been found that ApoE is highly expressed in most solid tumor tissues, such as glioblastoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma, etc. Studies illustrated that ApoE could regulate the polarization changes of macrophages, participate in the construction of tumor immune microenvironment, regulate tumor inflammation and immune response and play a role in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Of course, many functions of ApoE and its relationship with diseases are still under research. By reviewing the structure and function of ApoE from degeneration diseases to tumor neoplasms, we hope to better understand such a biomarker and further explore the value of ApoE in later studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, Jiangsu, China; Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danping Zhuo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Wentao Yao
- Department of Urology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yangbai Sun
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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15
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Kang JM, Shin JH, Kim WR, Seo S, Seo H, Lee SY, Park KH, Na DL, Okamura N, Seong JK, Noh Y. Effects of the APOEɛ4 Allele on the Relationship Between Tau and Amyloid-β in Early- and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1233-1246. [PMID: 37393505 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding the differential effects of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 on the regional topography of amyloid and tau in patients with both early-onset (EOAD) and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). OBJECTIVE To compare the distribution and association of tau, amyloid, and cortical thickness among groups classified by the presence of APOEɛ4 allele and onset age. METHODS A total of 165 participants including 54 EOAD patients (29 ɛ4-; 25 ɛ4+), 45 LOAD patients (21 ɛ4-; 24 ɛ4+), and 66 age-matched controls underwent 3T MRI, 18F-THK5351 (THK) and 18F-flutemetamol (FLUTE) PET scans, APOE genotyping, and neuropsychological tests. Data for voxel-wise and standardized uptake values from PET scans were analyzed in the context of APOE and age at onset. RESULTS EOAD ɛ4- patients showed greater THK retention in the association cortices, whereas their EOAD ɛ4+ counterparts had more retention in medial temporal areas. THK topography of LOAD ɛ4+ was similar to EOAD ɛ4 + . THK correlated positively with FLUTE and conversely with mean cortical thickness, being lowest in EOAD ɛ4-, highest in LOAD ɛ4-, and modest in ɛ4+ groups. Even in the APOEɛ4+ groups, THK tended to correlate with FLUTE and mean cortical thickness in the inferior parietal region in EOAD and in the medial temporal region in LOAD. LOAD ɛ4- manifested with prevalent small vessel disease markers and the lowest correlation between THK retention and cognition. CONCLUSION Our observations suggest the differential effects of the APOEɛ4 on the relationship between tau and amyloid in EOAD and LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Myeong Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Shin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Bio Medical Research Center, Bio Medical & Health Division, Korea Testing Laboratory, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Ram Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongho Seo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeun Seo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hyung Park
- Department of Neurology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul, Republic of Korea; Happymind Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Joon-Kyoung Seong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Noh
- Department of Neurology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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16
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Pires M, Rego AC. Apoe4 and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis-Mitochondrial Deregulation and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010778. [PMID: 36614219 PMCID: PMC9821307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
APOE ε4 allele (ApoE4) is the primary genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), expressed in 40-65% of all AD patients. ApoE4 has been associated to many pathological processes possibly linked to cognitive impairment, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathologies. However, the exact mechanism underlying ApoE4 impact on AD progression is unclear, while no effective therapies are available for this highly debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. This review describes the current knowledge of ApoE4 interaction with mitochondria, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity, associated with increased mitochondrial Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and it effects on mitochondrial dynamics, namely fusion and fission, and mitophagy. Moreover, ApoE4 translocates to the nucleus, regulating the expression of genes involved in aging, Aβ production, inflammation and apoptosis, potentially linked to AD pathogenesis. Thus, novel therapeutical targets can be envisaged to counteract the effects induced by ApoE4 in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pires
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Polo I, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo III, 3004-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Rego
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Polo I, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo III, 3004-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239-820190; Fax: +351-239-822776
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17
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Khezri MR, Yousefi K, Esmaeili A, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. The Role of ERK1/2 Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview and Update on New Developments. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:177-191. [PMID: 35038057 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Several findings suggest that correcting the dysregulated signaling pathways may offer a potential therapeutic approach in this disease. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, plays a major role in regulation of cell proliferation, autophagy process, and protein synthesis. The available literature suggests dysregulated ERK1/2 in AD patients with potential implications in the multifaceted underlying pathologies of AD, including amyloid-β plaque formation, tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. In this regard, in the current review, we aim to summarize the reports on the potential roles of ERK1/2 in AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafi Khezri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Keyvan Yousefi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Ayda Esmaeili
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 5715799313, Urmia, Iran.
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18
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Advanced molecular therapies for neurological diseases: focus on stroke, alzheimer's disease, and parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:19-36. [PMID: 36066674 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases (NDs) are one of the leading causes of disability and the second leading cause of death globally. Among these stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common NDs. A rise in the absolute number of individuals affected with these diseases indicates that the current treatment strategies in management and prevention of these debilitating diseases are not effective sufficiently. Therefore, novel treatment strategies are being explored to cure these diseases by addressing the causative mechanisms at the molecular level. Advanced therapies like gene therapy (gene editing and gene silencing) and stem cell therapies aim to cure diseases by gene editing, gene silencing and tissue regeneration, respectively. Gene editing results in the deletion of the aberrant gene or insertion of the corrected gene which can be executed using the CRISPR/Cas gene editing tool a promising treatment strategy being explored for many other prevalent diseases. Gene silencing using siRNA silences the gene by inhibiting protein translation, thereby silencing its expression. Stem cell therapy aims to regenerate damaged cells or tissues because of their ability to divide into any type of cell in the human body. Among these approaches, gene editing and gene silencing have currently been applied in vitro and to animal models, while stem cell therapy has reached the clinical trial stage for the treatment of NDs. The current status of these strategies suggests a promising outcome in their clinical translation.
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19
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Quercetin Is An Active Agent in Berries against Neurodegenerative Diseases Progression through Modulation of Nrf2/HO1. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235132. [PMID: 36501161 PMCID: PMC9737775 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Berries are well-known fruits for their antioxidant effects due to their high content of flavonoids, and quercetin is one of the potent bioactive flavonoids. Although oxidative stress is an inevitable outcome in cells due to energy uptake and metabolism and other factors, excessive oxidative stress is considered a pivotal mediator for the cell death and leads to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Furthermore, oxidative stress triggers inflammation that leads to neuronal cell loss. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and so on are the main neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, AD and PD are the most affected NDDs and cause the most lethality without any effective cure. Since AD and PD are the most common NDDs, therefore, in this study, we will describe the effect of oxidative stress on AD and PD. Targeting oxidative stress could be a very effective way to prevent and cure NDDs. Thus, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) are potent endogenous antioxidant modulatory pathways, which also show cytoprotective activities. Modulation of Nrf2/HO1 signaling pathways through a biological approach could be an effective way to treat with NDDs. Quercetin is a natural polyphenol, which protects neurodegeneration, remarkably by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus, quercetin could be a very effective agent against NDDs. We will discuss the benefits and challenges of quercetin to treat against NDDs, focusing on molecular biology.
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20
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Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:72. [PMID: 36348357 PMCID: PMC9644639 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to extended lifespans. Among the increasing number of genetic risk factors identified, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene remains the strongest and most prevalent, impacting more than half of all AD cases. While the ε4 allele of the APOE gene significantly increases AD risk, the ε2 allele is protective relative to the common ε3 allele. These gene alleles encode three apoE protein isoforms that differ at two amino acid positions. The primary physiological function of apoE is to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery; however, additional functions of apoE in diverse biological functions have been recognized. Pathogenically, apoE seeds amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain with apoE4 driving earlier and more abundant amyloids. ApoE isoforms also have differential effects on multiple Aβ-related or Aβ-independent pathways. The complexity of apoE biology and pathobiology presents challenges to designing effective apoE-targeted therapeutic strategies. This review examines the key pathobiological pathways of apoE and related targeting strategies with a specific focus on the latest technological advances and tools.
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21
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Pinals RL, Tsai LH. Building in vitro models of the brain to understand the role of APOE in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/11/e202201542. [PMID: 36167428 PMCID: PMC9515460 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating, complex, and incurable disease that represents an increasingly problematic global health issue. The etiology of sporadic AD that accounts for a vast majority of cases remains poorly understood, with no effective therapeutic interventions. Genetic studies have identified AD risk genes including the most prominent, APOE, of which the ɛ4 allele increases risk in a dose-dependent manner. A breakthrough discovery enabled the creation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that can be differentiated into various brain cell types, facilitating AD research in genetically human models. Herein, we provide a brief background on AD in the context of APOE susceptibility and feature work employing hiPSC-derived brain cell and tissue models to interrogate the contribution of APOE in driving AD pathology. Such models have delivered crucial insights into cellular mechanisms and cell type-specific roles underlying the perturbed biological functions that trigger pathogenic cascades and propagate neurodegeneration. Collectively, hiPSC-based models are envisioned to be an impactful platform for uncovering fundamental AD understanding, with high translational value toward AD drug discovery and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Pinals
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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22
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell–cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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23
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Interactions between apolipoprotein E, sex, and amyloid-beta on cerebrospinal fluid p-tau levels in the European prevention of Alzheimer's dementia longitudinal cohort study (EPAD LCS). EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104241. [PMID: 36041266 PMCID: PMC9440380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's Disease, the leading cause of dementia, is over-represented in females. The apolipoprotein E (APOE)ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD and is associated with aberrant cerebrospinal fluid levels (CSF) of total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and amyloid-β (Aβ). There is some evidence that sex may mediate the relationship between APOE status and CSF tau, however, evidence is mixed. Methods We aimed to examine the interaction between sex, APOE ε4 status, CSF Aβ on t-tau and p-tau in 1599 mid-to-late life individuals without a diagnosis of dementia in the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia (EPAD) longitudinal cohort study. Findings We found a significant interaction between APOE status, sex, and CSF Aβ on CSF p-tau levels (β = 0·18, p = 0·04). Specifically, there was a stronger association between APOE status and CSF Aβ42 on CSF p-tau in males compared to females. Further, in females with high Aβ levels (reflecting less cortical deposition), ε4 carriers had significantly elevated p-tau levels relative to non-carriers (W = 39663, p = 0·01). However, there were no significant differences in p-tau between male ε4 carriers and non-carriers with high Aβ (W = 23523, p = 0·64). Interpretation An interaction between sex and cerebrospinal fluid Aβ may mediate the relationship between APOE status and CSF p-tau. These data suggest tau accumulation may be independent of Aβ in females, but not males. Funding Innovative Medicines Initiative, Swedish Research Council, Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation, Swedish Alzheimer Foundation, the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils: the ALF-agreement, and the Alzheimer's Association 2021 Zenith Award.
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Borràs C, Mercer A, Sirisi S, Alcolea D, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F, Tondo M. HDL-like-Mediated Cell Cholesterol Trafficking in the Central Nervous System and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169356. [PMID: 36012637 PMCID: PMC9409363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this work is to review the mechanisms via which high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated cholesterol trafficking through the central nervous system (CNS) occurs in the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) and abnormally hyperphosphorylated intracellular tau filaments in neurons. Cholesterol metabolism has been extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of AD through biological, epidemiological, and genetic studies, with the APOE gene being the most reproducible genetic risk factor for the development of AD. This manuscript explores how HDL-mediated cholesterol is transported in the CNS, with a special emphasis on its relationship to Aβ peptide accumulation and apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-mediated cholesterol transport. Indeed, we reviewed all existing works exploring HDL-like-mediated cholesterol efflux and cholesterol uptake in the context of AD pathogenesis. Existing data seem to point in the direction of decreased cholesterol efflux and the impaired entry of cholesterol into neurons among patients with AD, which could be related to impaired Aβ clearance and tau protein accumulation. However, most of the reviewed studies have been performed in cells that are not physiologically relevant for CNS pathology, representing a major flaw in this field. The ApoE4 genotype seems to be a disruptive element in HDL-like-mediated cholesterol transport through the brain. Overall, further investigations are needed to clarify the role of cholesterol trafficking in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Borràs
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aina Mercer
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia Sirisi
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.E.-G.); (M.T.); Tel.: +34-93-553-7358 (J.C.E.-G. & M.T.)
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Tondo
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.E.-G.); (M.T.); Tel.: +34-93-553-7358 (J.C.E.-G. & M.T.)
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Zheng W, Xu H. Current understanding of the interactions between metal ions and Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105824. [PMID: 35878744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia in the elderly, is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no effective disease-modifying treatments to date. Studies have shown that an imbalance in brain metal ions, such as zinc, copper, and iron, is closely related to the onset and progression of AD. Many efforts have been made to understand metal-related mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for AD. Emerging evidence suggests that interactions of brain metal ions and apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, may be one of the mechanisms for neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the key points regarding how metal ions and ApoE contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. We further describe the interactions between metal ions and ApoE in the brain and propose that their interactions play an important role in neuropathological alterations and cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Adji AS, Widjaja JS, Wardani VAK, Muhammad AH, Handajani F, Putra HBP, Rahman FS. A Review of CRISPR Cas9 for Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Could target APOE e4, APP, and PSEN-1 Gene using CRISPR cas9 Prevent the Patient from Alzheimer’s Disease? Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A Review of CRISPR Cas9 for Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Could target APOE e4, APP, and PSEN-1 Gene using CRISPR cas9 Prevent the Patient from Alzheimer’s Disease?
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the formation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles from hyperphosphorylated tau. Several studies suggest that targeting the deletion of the APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP will reduce tau phosphorylation and Aβ protein accumulation, a crucial hypothesis for the causation of Alzheimer’s disease. APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP with genome editing Clustered Regular interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-related (CRISPR/Cas9) are thought to have therapeutic promise for Alzheimer’s disease.AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine whether targeting APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP using CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective therapeutic and whether it has a long-term effect on Alzheimer’s disease.METHODS: The method used in this study summarized articles by examining the titles and abstracts of specific specified keywords. In this situation, the author picked the title and abstract that matched PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane, and the Frontiers in Neuroscience; this was followed by checking to see whether the paper was available in full-text. Eventually, the researcher will study the entire article to decide if it is valuable and relevant to the issue.RESULTS: CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC’s) and g2576 mice as APP mutant models reduce tau phosphorylation and Aβ protein accumulation from neurofibrillary tangles and prevent cell death, vascular damage, and dementia. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 deletion in APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP improved neuronal cell resilience to oxidative stress and inflammation.CONCLUSION: APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP deletion by genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 is effective to reduce tau phosphorylation and Aβ protein accumulation from neurofibrillary tangles, cell death, vascular damage, and dementia. However, further research is needed to determine the side effects and safety of its use.
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Stanciu GD, Ababei DC, Rusu RN, Bild V, Tamba BI. Exploring the Involvement of the Amyloid Precursor Protein A673T Mutation against Amyloid Pathology and Alzheimer's Disease in Relation to Therapeutic Editing Tools. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1270. [PMID: 35745842 PMCID: PMC9228826 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is biologically defined as a complex neurodegenerative condition with a multilayered nature that leads to a progressive decline in cognitive function and irreversible neuronal loss. It is one of the primary diseases among elderly individuals. With an increasing incidence and a high failure rate for pharmaceutical options that are merely symptom-targeting and supportive with many side effects, there is an urgent need for alternative strategies. Despite extensive knowledge on the molecular basis of AD, progress concerning effective disease-modifying therapies has proven to be a challenge. The ability of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system to help identify target molecules or to generate new preclinical disease models could shed light on the pathogenesis of AD and provide promising therapeutic possibilities. Here, we sought to highlight the current understanding of the involvement of the A673T mutation in amyloid pathology, focusing on its roles in protective mechanisms against AD, in relation to the recent status of available therapeutic editing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
| | - Daniela Carmen Ababei
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.N.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Razvan Nicolae Rusu
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.N.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Veronica Bild
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.N.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Bogdan-Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Ramanan VK, Heckman MG, Lesnick TG, Przybelski SA, Cahn EJ, Kosel ML, Murray ME, Mielke MM, Botha H, Graff-Radford J, Jones DT, Lowe VJ, Machulda MM, Jack CR, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Ross OA, Vemuri P. Tau polygenic risk scoring: a cost-effective aid for prognostic counseling in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:571-583. [PMID: 35412102 PMCID: PMC9109940 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tau deposition is one of two hallmark features of biologically defined Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is more closely related to cognitive decline than amyloidosis. Further, not all amyloid-positive individuals develop tauopathy, resulting in wide heterogeneity in clinical outcomes across the population with AD. We hypothesized that a polygenic risk score (PRS) based on tau PET (tau PRS) would capture the aggregate inherited susceptibility/resistance architecture influencing tau accumulation, beyond solely the measurement of amyloid-β burden. Leveraging rich multimodal data from a population-based sample of older adults, we found that this novel tau PRS was a strong surrogate of tau PET deposition and captured a significant proportion of the variance in tau PET levels as compared with amyloid PET burden, APOE (apolipoprotein E) ε4 (the most common risk allele for AD), and a non-APOE PRS of clinical case-control AD risk variants. In independent validation samples, the tau PRS was associated with cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau levels in one cohort and with postmortem Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage in another. We also observed an association of the tau PRS with longitudinal cognitive trajectories, including a statistical interaction of the tau PRS with amyloid burden on cognitive decline. Although additional study is warranted, these findings demonstrate the potential utility of a tau PRS for capturing the collective genetic background influencing tau deposition in the general population. In the future, a tau PRS could be leveraged for cost-effective screening and risk stratification to guide trial enrollment and clinical interventions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Ramanan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Timothy G Lesnick
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Scott A Przybelski
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Elliot J Cahn
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew L Kosel
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Melissa E Murray
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jonathan Graff-Radford
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Prashanthi Vemuri
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Hasan MF, Trushina E. Advances in Recapitulating Alzheimer's Disease Phenotypes Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based In Vitro Models. Brain Sci 2022; 12:552. [PMID: 35624938 PMCID: PMC9138647 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of death among older individuals. Available treatment strategies only temporarily mitigate symptoms without modifying disease progression. Recent studies revealed the multifaceted neurobiology of AD and shifted the target of drug development. Established animal models of AD are mostly tailored to yield a subset of disease phenotypes, which do not recapitulate the complexity of sporadic late-onset AD, the most common form of the disease. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs) offers unique opportunities to fill these gaps. Emerging technology allows the development of disease models that recapitulate a brain-like microenvironment using patient-derived cells. These models retain the individual's unraveled genetic background, yielding clinically relevant disease phenotypes and enabling cost-effective, high-throughput studies for drug discovery. Here, we review the development of various HiPSC-based models to study AD mechanisms and their application in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fayad Hasan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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30
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Liu F, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Meng RN, Gao J, Jin M, Li M, Wang XP. Effect of metal ions on Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2527. [PMID: 35212185 PMCID: PMC8933773 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the nervous system. The typical pathological changes of AD are Aβ deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, neuron loss, and chronic inflammation. The balance of metal ions is essential for numerous physiological functions, especially in the central nervous system. More studies showed that metal ions participate in the development of AD. However, the involvement of metal ions in AD is controversial. Thus, we reviewed articles about the relationship between metal ions and AD and discussed some contradictory reports in order to better understand the role of metal ions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ruo-Ni Meng
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jia Gao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Barak M, Fedorova V, Pospisilova V, Raska J, Vochyanova S, Sedmik J, Hribkova H, Klimova H, Vanova T, Bohaciakova D. Human iPSC-Derived Neural Models for Studying Alzheimer's Disease: from Neural Stem Cells to Cerebral Organoids. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:792-820. [PMID: 35107767 PMCID: PMC8930932 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely used to study mechanisms of human neural development, disease modeling, and drug discovery in vitro. Especially in the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where this treatment is lacking, tremendous effort has been put into the investigation of molecular mechanisms behind this disease using induced pluripotent stem cell-based models. Numerous of these studies have found either novel regulatory mechanisms that could be exploited to develop relevant drugs for AD treatment or have already tested small molecules on in vitro cultures, directly demonstrating their effect on amelioration of AD-associated pathology. This review thus summarizes currently used differentiation strategies of induced pluripotent stem cells towards neuronal and glial cell types and cerebral organoids and their utilization in modeling AD and potential drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Barak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Fedorova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Vochyanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hribkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Klimova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Regy M, Dugravot A, Sabia S, Fayosse A, Mangin JF, Chupin M, Fischer C, Bouteloup V, Dufouil C, Chêne G, Paquet C, Hanseeuw B, Singh-Manoux A, Dumurgier J. Association of APOE ε4 with cerebral gray matter volumes in non-demented older adults: the MEMENTO cohort study. Neuroimage 2022; 250:118966. [PMID: 35122970 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on 2,045 non-demented individuals with memory complaints were drawn from the Memento cohort study to examine the association between Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4) and regional brain gray matter volumes. Linear regression was used to examine the association of APOE4 and measures of regional gray matter volumes in cross-sectional analysis and change therein using longitudinal analyses based on two brain MRI performed at baseline and at two-year follow-up. Overall, in analyses adjusted for age, sex, and intracranial volume, the presence of APOE4 was associated with lower total gray matter volume at baseline and with a higher atrophy rate over the follow-up. The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were the two gray matter regions most associated with APOE4. Further adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors had little impact on these associations. There was an interaction between age, APOE4 status and total brain volume atrophy rate, with evidence of an earlier age at onset of atrophy in hippocampal volume in APOE4 carriers compared to non-carriers. Those results are in accordance with the role of medial temporal structures in the greater risk of dementia observed in people carrying the APOE4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Regy
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseases, Paris, France; Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Aline Dugravot
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseases, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Sabia
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseases, Paris, France; University College London, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurore Fayosse
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseases, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Francois Mangin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, CATI, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie Chupin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, CATI, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Clara Fischer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, CATI, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Bouteloup
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Pôle de Santé publique Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Inserm, CIC1401-EC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Dufouil
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Pôle de Santé publique Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Inserm, CIC1401-EC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Geneviève Chêne
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Pôle de Santé publique Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Inserm, CIC1401-EC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- GHU APHP Nord Université de Paris Lariboisiere - Fernand Widal Paris, France; Université de Paris, INSERMU1144, Paris France
| | - Bernard Hanseeuw
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseases, Paris, France; University College London, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Dumurgier
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseases, Paris, France; GHU APHP Nord Université de Paris Lariboisiere - Fernand Widal Paris, France
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Troutwine BR, Hamid L, Lysaker CR, Strope TA, Wilkins HM. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:496-510. [PMID: 35256931 PMCID: PMC8897057 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in apolipoprotein E (APOE) influences Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. APOE ε4 alleles are the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset sporadic AD. The AD risk is dose dependent, as those carrying one APOE ε4 allele have a 2-3-fold increased risk, while those carrying two ε4 alleles have a 10-15-fold increased risk. Individuals carrying APOE ε2 alleles have lower AD risk and those carrying APOE ε3 alleles have neutral risk. APOE is a lipoprotein which functions in lipid transport, metabolism, and inflammatory modulation. Isoform specific effects of APOE within the brain include alterations to Aβ, tau, neuroinflammation, and metabolism. Here we review the association of APOE with AD, the APOE isoform specific effects within brain and periphery, and potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Troutwine
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Laylan Hamid
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Colton R. Lysaker
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Taylor A. Strope
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Lu L, Yu X, Cai Y, Sun M, Yang H. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:803894. [PMID: 34992519 PMCID: PMC8724030 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.803894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by cognitive impairment, abnormal behavior, and social deficits, which is intimately linked with excessive β-amyloid (Aβ) protein deposition along with many other misfolded proteins, neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates, and mitochondrial damage in neurons, leading to neuron loss. Currently, research on the pathological mechanism of AD has been elucidated for decades, still no effective treatment for this complex disease was developed, and the existing therapeutic strategies are extremely erratic, thereby leading to irreversible and progressive cognitive decline in AD patients. Due to gradually mental dyscapacitating of AD patients, AD not only brings serious physical and psychological suffering to patients themselves, but also imposes huge economic burdens on family and society. Accordingly, it is very imperative to recapitulate the progress of gene editing-based precision medicine in the emerging fields. In this review, we will mainly focus on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technique in the fields of AD research and gene therapy, and summarize the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the aspects of AD model construction, screening of pathogenic genes, and target therapy. Finally, the development of delivery systems, which is a major challenge that hinders the clinical application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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35
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Stepanichev MY. Using Genome Editing for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy: from Experiment to Clinic. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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The power and the promise of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for clinical application with gene therapy. J Adv Res 2021; 40:135-152. [PMID: 36100322 PMCID: PMC9481961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high accuracy and efficiency, CRISPR/Cas9 techniques may provide a great chance to treat some gene-related diseases. Researchers used the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to cure or alleviate cancers through different approaches, such as gene therapy and immune therapy. The treatment of ocular diseases by Cas9 has entered into clinical phases.
Background Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) is derived from the bacterial innate immune system and engineered as a robust gene-editing tool. Due to the higher specificity and efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9, it has been widely applied to many genetic and non-genetic disease, including cancers, genetic hemolytic diseases, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, ocular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases, and some X-linked diseases. Furthermore, in terms of the therapeutic strategy of cancers, many researchers used the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to cure or alleviate cancers through different approaches, such as gene therapy and immune therapy. Aim of Review Here, we conclude the recent application and clinical trials of CRISPR/Cas9 in non-cancerous diseases and cancers and pointed out some of the problems to be solved. Key Scientific Concepts of Review CRISPR/Cas9, derived from the microbial innate immune system, is developed as a robust gene-editing tool and has been applied widely. Due to its high accuracy and efficiency, CRISPR/Cas9 techniques may provide a great chance to treat some gene-related diseases by disrupting, inserting, correcting, replacing, or blocking genes for clinical application with gene therapy.
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Jeremic D, Jiménez-Díaz L, Navarro-López JD. Past, present and future of therapeutic strategies against amyloid-β peptides in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101496. [PMID: 34687956 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in ageing, affecting around 46 million people worldwide but few treatments are currently available. The etiology of AD is still puzzling, and new drugs development and clinical trials have high failure rates. Urgent outline of an integral (multi-target) and effective treatment of AD is needed. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is considered one of the fundamental neuropathological pillars of the disease, and its dyshomeostasis has shown a crucial role in AD onset. Therefore, many amyloid-targeted therapies have been investigated. Here, we will systematically review recent (from 2014) investigational, follow-up and review studies focused on anti-amyloid strategies to summarize and analyze their current clinical potential. Combination of anti-Aβ therapies with new developing early detection biomarkers and other therapeutic agents acting on early functional AD changes will be highlighted in this review. Near-term approval seems likely for several drugs acting against Aβ, with recent FDA approval of a monoclonal anti-Aβ oligomers antibody -aducanumab- raising hopes and controversies. We conclude that, development of oligomer-epitope specific Aβ treatment and implementation of multiple improved biomarkers and risk prediction methods allowing early detection, together with therapies acting on other factors such as hyperexcitability in early AD, could be the key to slowing this global pandemic.
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Gao H, Zheng W, Li C, Xu H. Isoform-Specific Effects of Apolipoprotein E on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Derived Cortical Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111582. [PMID: 34769014 PMCID: PMC8584079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neuronal apoptosis is critical to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other neurodegenerative diseases. The neuroprotective effects of apolipoprotein (ApoE) isoforms against apoptosis and the underlying mechanism remains controversial. Here, we have generated human cortical neurons from iPSCs and induced apoptosis with H2O2. We show that ApoE2 and ApoE3 pretreatments significantly attenuate neuronal apoptosis, whereas ApoE4 has no neuroprotective effect and higher concentrations of ApoE4 even display toxic effect. We further identify that ApoE2 and ApoE3 regulate Akt/FoxO3a/Bim signaling pathway in the presence of H2O2. We propose that ApoE alleviates H2O2-induced apoptosis in human iPSC-derived neuronal culture in an isoform specific manner. Our results provide an alternative mechanistic explanation on how ApoE isoforms influence the risk of AD onset as well as a promising therapeutic target for diseases involving neuronal apoptosis in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Gao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - He Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
- Correspondence:
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Gene Therapy Approach with an Emphasis on Growth Factors: Theoretical and Clinical Outcomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:191-233. [PMID: 34655056 PMCID: PMC8518903 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of many neurological diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown and still needs more effective and specific therapeutic approaches. Gene therapy has a promising future in treating neurodegenerative disorders by correcting the genetic defects or by therapeutic protein delivery and is now an attraction for neurologists to treat brain disorders, like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia, epilepsy, Huntington’s disease, stroke, and spinal cord injury. Gene therapy allows the transgene induction, with a unique expression in cells’ substrate. This article mainly focuses on the delivering modes of genetic materials in the CNS, which includes viral and non-viral vectors and their application in gene therapy. Despite the many clinical trials conducted so far, data have shown disappointing outcomes. The efforts done to improve outcomes, efficacy, and safety in the identification of targets in various neurological disorders are also discussed here. Adapting gene therapy as a new therapeutic approach for treating neurological disorders seems to be promising, with early detection and delivery of therapy before the neuron is lost, helping a lot the development of new therapeutic options to translate to the clinic.
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40
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Ismael S, Sindi G, Colvin RA, Lee D. Activity-dependent release of phosphorylated human tau from Drosophila neurons in primary culture. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101108. [PMID: 34473990 PMCID: PMC8455371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity can enhance tau release and thus accelerate tauopathies. This activity-dependent tau release can be used to study the progression of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD), as hyperphosphorylated tau is implicated in AD pathogenesis and related tauopathies. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate activity-dependent tau release from neurons and the role that tau phosphorylation plays in modulating activity-dependent tau release is still rudimentary. In this study, Drosophila neurons in primary culture expressing human tau (hTau) were used to study activity-dependent tau release. We found that hTau release was markedly increased by 50 mM KCl treatment for 1 h. A similar level of release was observed using optogenetic techniques, where genetically targeted neurons were stimulated for 30 min using blue light (470 nm). Our results showed that activity-dependent release of phosphoresistant hTauS11A was reduced when compared with wildtype hTau. In contrast, release of phosphomimetic hTauE14 was increased upon activation. We found that released hTau was phosphorylated in its proline-rich and C-terminal domains using phosphorylation site-specific tau antibodies (e.g., AT8). Fold changes in detectable levels of total or phosphorylated hTau in cell lysates or following immunopurification from conditioned media were consistent with preferential release of phosphorylated hTau after light stimulation. This study establishes an excellent model to investigate the mechanism of activity-dependent hTau release and to better understand the role of phosphorylated tau release in the pathogenesis of AD since it relates to alterations in the early stage of neurodegeneration associated with increased neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazan Ismael
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, and Molecular and Cellular Biology Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Ghadir Sindi
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, and Molecular and Cellular Biology Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert A Colvin
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, and Molecular and Cellular Biology Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Daewoo Lee
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, and Molecular and Cellular Biology Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.
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Oxidative Stress Enhances Autophagy-Mediated Death Of Stem Cells Through Erk1/2 Signaling Pathway - Implications For Neurotransplantations. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2347-2358. [PMID: 34487308 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are becoming increasingly popular solutions for neurological disorders. However, there is a lower survival rate of these cells after transplantation. Oxidative stress is linked to brain damage, and it may also impact transplanted stem cells. To better understand how transplanted cells respond to oxidative stress, the current study used H2O2. We briefly illustrated that exogenous H2O2 treatment exaggerated oxidative stress in the human dental pulp and mesenchymal stem cells. 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA), MitoSOX confirms the reactive oxygen species (ROS) involvement, which was remarkably subsided by the ROS inhibitors. The findings showed that H2O2 activates autophagy by enhancing pro-autophagic proteins, Beclin1 and Atg7. Increased LC3II/I expression (which co-localized with lysosomal proteins, LAMP1 and Cathepsin B) showed that H2O2 treatment promoted autophagolysosome formation. In the results, both Beclin1 and Atg7 were observed co-localized in mitochondria, indicating their involvement in mitophagy. The evaluation of Erk1/2 in the presence and absence of Na-Pyruvate, PEG-Catalase, and PD98059 established ROS-Erk1/2 participation in autophagy regulation. Further, these findings showed a link between apoptosis and autophagy. The results conclude that H2O2 acts as a stressor, promoting autophagy and mitophagy in stem cells under oxidative stress. The current study may help understand better cell survival and death approaches for transplanted cells in various neurological diseases. The current study uses human Dental Pulp and Mesenchymal Stem cells to demonstrate the importance of H2O2-driven autophagy in deciding the fate of these cells in an oxidative microenvironment. To summarise, we discovered that exogenous H2O2 treatment causes oxidative stress. Exogenous H2O2 treatment also increased ROS production, especially intracellular H2O2. H2O2 stimulated the ErK1/2 signaling pathway and autophagy. Erk1/2 was found to cause autophagy. Further, the function of mitophagy appeared to be an important factor in the H2O2-induced regulation of these two human stem cell types. In a nutshell, by engaging in autophagy nucleation, maturation, and terminal phase proteins, we elucidated the participation of autophagy in cell dysfunction and death.
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Hou TT, Han YD, Cong L, Liu CC, Liang XY, Xue FZ, Du YF. Apolipoprotein E Facilitates Amyloid-β Oligomer-Induced Tau Phosphorylation. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:521-534. [PMID: 32065788 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated tau is one of the key characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and tau pathology correlates with cognitive impairment in AD better than amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology. Thus, a complete understanding of the relevant factors involved in tau phosphorylation is important for AD treatment. APOEɛ4, the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, was found to be involved in tau pathology in frontotemporal dementia. This result indicated that apolipoprotein E (ApoE) may also participate in tau phosphorylation in AD. In the present study, we injected Aβ oligomer (AβO) into the lateral ventricles of wild-type (WT) mice and apoE-/- mice to test the process of tau phosphorylation in the acute phase. We found that the phosphorylated tau and phosphokinase levels were higher in WT mice than in apoE-/- mice. These phenomena were also confirmed in vitro. ApoE ɛ4-treated apoE-/- neurons exhibited more phosphorylated tau than ApoE ɛ2- and ApoE ɛ3-treated neurons. We also found that AβO induced more serious inflammation in WT mice and in ApoE-positive cultured neurons. Anti-inflammatory treatment reduced the phosphorylated tau level induced by AβOs in ApoE-positive neurons. These results suggest that ApoE may facilitate the phosphorylation of tau induced by AβO via inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Dan Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Police Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fu-Zhong Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-Feng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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43
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Canals I, Quist E, Ahlenius H. Transcription Factor-Based Strategies to Generate Neural Cell Types from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:206-220. [PMID: 34388027 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2021.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the use of pluripotent stem cells in studies of human biology has grown exponentially. These cells represent an infinite source for differentiation into several human cell types facilitating the investigation on biological processes, functionality of cells, or diseases mechanisms in relevant human models. In the neurobiology field, pluripotent stem cells have been extensively used to generate the main neuronal and glial cells of the brain. Traditionally, protocols following developmental cues have been applied to pluripotent stem cells to drive differentiation toward different cell lineages; however, these protocols give rise to populations with mixed identities. Interestingly, new protocols applying overexpression of lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs) have emerged and facilitated the generation of highly pure populations of specific subtypes of neurons and glial cells in an easy, reproducible, and rapid manner. In this study, we review protocols based on this strategy to generate excitatory, inhibitory, dopaminergic, and motor neurons as well as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. In addition, we will discuss the main applications for cells generated with these protocols, including disease modeling, drug screening, and mechanistic studies. Finally, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of TF-based protocols and present our view of the future in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Canals
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ella Quist
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ahlenius
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
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44
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A network pharmacology approach to uncover the key ingredients in Ginkgo Folium and their anti-Alzheimer's disease mechanisms. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18993-19012. [PMID: 34315132 PMCID: PMC8351672 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify potential anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) targets and action mechanisms of Ginkgo Folium (GF) through a network pharmacology approach. Eighty-four potential targets of 10 active anti-AD ingredients of GF were identified, among which genkwanin (GK) had the greatest number of AD-related targets. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the most significantly enriched signaling pathway of GF against AD was Alzheimer disease (hsa05010). More importantly, 29 of the 84 targets were significantly correlated with tau, Aβ or both Aβ and tau pathology. In addition, GO analysis suggested that the main biological processes of GF in AD treatment were the regulation of chemical synaptic transmission (GO:0007268), neuron death (GO:0070997), amyloid-beta metabolic process (GO:0050435), etc. We further investigated the anti-AD effects of GK using N2A-APP cells (a classical cellular model of AD). Treatment N2A-APP cells with 100 μM GK for 48 h affected core targets related to tau pathology (such as CDK5 and GSK3β). In conclusion, these findings indicate that GF exerts its therapeutic effects on AD by acting directly on multiple pathological processes of AD.
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45
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Dong Z, Gu H, Guo Q, Liang S, Xue J, Yao F, Liu X, Li F, Liu H, Sun L, Zhao K. Profiling of Serum Exosome MiRNA Reveals the Potential of a MiRNA Panel as Diagnostic Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3084-3094. [PMID: 33629272 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the older adults. Although much effort has been made in the analyses of diagnostic biomarkers, such as amyloid-β, tau, and neurofilament light chain, identifying peripheral blood-based biomarkers is in extremely urgent need for their minimal invasiveness and more convenience. Here we characterized the miRNA profile by RNA sequencing in human serum exosomes from AD patients and healthy controls (HC) to investigate its potential for AD diagnosis. Subsequently, Gene Ontology analysis and pathway analysis were performed for the targeted genes from the differentially expressed miRNAs. These basic functions were differentially enriched, including cell adhesion, regulation of transcription, and the ubiquitin system. Functional network analysis highlighted the pathways of proteoglycans in cancer, viral carcinogenesis, signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells, and cellular senescence in AD. A total of 24 miRNAs showed significantly differential expression between AD and HC with more than ± 2.0-fold change at p value < 0.05 and at least 50 reads for each sample. Logistic regression analysis established a model for AD prediction by serum exosomal miR-30b-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-378a-3p. Sequencing results were validated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The data showed that miR-30b-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-378a-3p were significantly deregulated in AD, with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.668, 0.637, and 0.718, respectively. The combination of the three miRs gained a better diagnostic capability with AUC of 0.880. This finding revealed a miR panel as potential biomarker in the peripheral blood to distinguish AD from HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongjun Gu
- Shanghai Jinshan Zhongren Aged Care Hospital, Shanghai, 201501, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xue
- Shanghai Jinshan Zhongren Aged Care Hospital, Shanghai, 201501, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Shanghai Jinshan Zhongren Aged Care Hospital, Shanghai, 201501, China
| | - Xianglu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewen Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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Bhardwaj S, Kesari KK, Rachamalla M, Mani S, Ashraf GM, Jha SK, Kumar P, Ambasta RK, Dureja H, Devkota HP, Gupta G, Chellappan DK, Singh SK, Dua K, Ruokolainen J, Kamal MA, Ojha S, Jha NK. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: New hope for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. J Adv Res 2021; 40:207-221. [PMID: 36100328 PMCID: PMC9481950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 are known factors for AD pathobiology. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing approach hold promises in AD management. CRISPR/Cas9 is utilized to help correct anomalous genetic functions. Off-target mutations may impair the functionality of edited cells. Non-viral vectors show better efficacy and safety than viral vectors.
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious, irreversible, and progressive neurodegenerative health condition manifesting as cognitive deficits and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Approximately 50 million individuals are affected by AD, and the number is rapidly increasing globally. This review explores the role of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the management of AD and its clinical manifestations. Aim of Review This review aims to provide a deep insight into the recent progress in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and its use against neurodegenerative disorders, specifically AD. However, we have referred to its use against parkinsons’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and other human diseases, as is one of the most promising and emerging technologies for disease treatment. Key Scientific Concepts of Review The pathophysiology of AD is known to be linked with gene mutations, that is, presenilin (PSEN) and amyloid beta precursor protein (APP). However, clinical trials focused at the genetic level could not meet the desired efficiency. The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool is one of the most powerful technologies for correcting inconsistent genetic signatures and now extensively used for AD management. It has significant potential for the correction of undesired gene mutations associated with AD. This technology has allowed the development of empirical AD models, therapeutic lines, and diagnostic approaches for better understanding the nervous system, from in vitro to in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanu Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Emerging Disease, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India.
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Piccialli I, Tedeschi V, Caputo L, Amato G, De Martino L, De Feo V, Secondo A, Pannaccione A. The Antioxidant Activity of Limonene Counteracts Neurotoxicity Triggered byAβ 1-42 Oligomers in Primary Cortical Neurons. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060937. [PMID: 34207788 PMCID: PMC8227170 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many natural-derived compounds, including the essential oils from plants, are investigated to find new potential protective agents in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we tested the neuroprotective effect of limonene, one of the main components of the genus Citrus, against the neurotoxicity elicited by Aβ1-42 oligomers, currently considered a triggering factor in AD. To this aim, we assessed the acetylcholinesterase activity by Ellman's colorimetric method, the mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity by MTT assay, the nuclear morphology by Hoechst 33258, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by DCFH-DA fluorescent dye, and the electrophysiological activity of KV3.4 potassium channel subunits by patch-clamp electrophysiology. Interestingly, the monoterpene limonene showed a specific activity against acetylcholinesterase with an IC50 almost comparable to that of galantamine, used as positive control. Moreover, at the concentration of 10 µg/mL, limonene counteracted the increase of ROS production triggered by Aβ1-42 oligomers, thus preventing the upregulation of KV3.4 activity. This, in turn, prevented cell death in primary cortical neurons, showing an interesting neuroprotective profile against Aβ1-42-induced toxicity. Collectively, the present results showed that the antioxidant properties of the main component of the genus Citrus, limonene, may be useful to prevent neuronal suffering induced by Aβ1-42 oligomers preventing the hyperactivity of KV3.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Piccialli
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.P.); (V.T.)
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.P.); (V.T.)
| | - Lucia Caputo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (L.C.); (G.A.); (L.D.M.); (V.D.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (L.C.); (G.A.); (L.D.M.); (V.D.F.)
| | - Laura De Martino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (L.C.); (G.A.); (L.D.M.); (V.D.F.)
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (L.C.); (G.A.); (L.D.M.); (V.D.F.)
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.P.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-0817463335 (A.P.)
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.P.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-0817463335 (A.P.)
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Zhu X, Borenstein AR, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Seidner DL, Ness R, Murff HJ, Li B, Shrubsole MJ, Yu C, Hou L, Dai Q. Ca:Mg Ratio, APOE Cytosine Modifications, and Cognitive Function: Results from a Randomized Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:85-98. [PMID: 32280092 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deterioration of ionized calcium (Ca2+) handling in neurons could lead to neurodegenerative disease. Magnesium (Mg) antagonizes Ca during many physiologic activities, including energy metabolism and catalyzation of demethylation from 5-methylcytosine(5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine(5-hmC). OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that actively reducing the Ca:Mg intake ratio in the diet through Mg supplementation improves cognitive function, and to test whether this effect is partially mediated by modified cytosines in Apolipoprotein E (APOE). METHODS This study is nested within the Personalized Prevention of Colorectal Cancer Trial (PPCCT), a double-blind 2×2 factorial randomized controlled trial, which enrolled 250 participants from Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Target doses for both Mg and placebo arms were personalized. RESULTS Among those aged > 65 years old who consumed a high Ca:Mg ratio diet, we found that reducing the Ca:Mg ratio to around 2.3 by personalized Mg supplementation significantly improved cognitive function by 9.1% (p = 0.03). We also found that reducing the Ca:Mg ratio significantly reduced 5-mC at the cg13496662 and cg06750524 sites only among those aged > 65 years old (p values = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Furthermore, the beneficial effect of reducing the Ca:Mg ratio on cognitive function in those aged over 65 years was partially mediated by reductions in 5-mC levels (i.e., cg13496662 and cg06750524) in APOE (p for indirect effect = 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that, among those age 65 and over with a high dietary Ca:Mg ratio, optimal Mg status may improve cognitive function partially through modifications in APOE methylation. These findings, if confirmed, have significant implications for the prevention of cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease.Clinical Trial Registry number and website: #100106 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03265483.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amy R Borenstein
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas L Seidner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Reid Ness
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harvey J Murff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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49
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Mentis AFA, Dardiotis E, Chrousos GP. Apolipoprotein E4 and meningeal lymphatics in Alzheimer disease: a conceptual framework. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1075-1097. [PMID: 32355332 PMCID: PMC7985019 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential existence and roles of the meningeal lymphatic system in normal and pathological brain function have been a long-standing enigma. Recent evidence suggests that meningeal lymphatic vessels are present in both the mouse and human brain; in mice, they seem to play a role in clearing toxic amyloid-beta peptides, which have been connected with Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, we review the evidence linking the meningeal lymphatic system with human AD. Novel findings suggest that the recently described meningeal lymphatic vessels could be linked to, and possibly drain, the efferent paravascular glial lymphatic (glymphatic) system carrying cerebrospinal fluid, after solute and immune cell exchange with brain interstitial fluid. In so doing, the glymphatic system could contribute to the export of toxic solutes and immune cells from the brain (an exported fluid we wish to describe as glymph, similarly to lymph) to the meningeal lymphatic system; the latter, by being connected with downstream anatomic regions, carries the glymph to the conventional cervical lymphatic vessels and nodes. Thus, abnormal function in the meningeal lymphatic system could, in theory, lead to the accumulation, in the brain, of amyloid-beta, cellular debris, and inflammatory mediators, as well as immune cells, resulting in damage of the brain parenchyma and, in turn, cognitive and other neurologic dysfunctions. In addition, we provide novel insights into APOE4-the leading genetic risk factor for AD-and its relation to the meningeal lymphatic system. In this regard, we have reanalyzed previously published RNA-Seq data to show that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying the APOE4 allele (either as APOE4 knock-in or stemming from APOE4 patients) express lower levels of (a) genes associated with lymphatic markers, and (b) genes for which well-characterized missense mutations have been linked to peripheral lymphedema. Taking into account this evidence, we propose a new conceptual framework, according to which APOE4 could play a novel role in the premature shrinkage of meningeal lymphatic vessels (meningeal lymphosclerosis), leading to abnormal meningeal lymphatic functions (meningeal lymphedema), and, in turn, reduction in the clearance of amyloid-beta and other macromolecules and inflammatory mediators, as well as immune cells, from the brain, exacerbation of AD manifestations, and progression of the disease. Altogether, these findings and their potential interpretations may herald novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias Avenue 127, 115 21, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Thessaly, Panepistimiou 3, Viopolis, 41 500, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, Panepistimiou 3, Viopolis, 41 500, Larissa, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Livadias 8, 115 27, Athens, Greece
- UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Athens, Greece
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50
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Hernández D, Rooney LA, Daniszewski M, Gulluyan L, Liang HH, Cook AL, Hewitt AW, Pébay A. Culture Variabilities of Human iPSC-Derived Cerebral Organoids Are a Major Issue for the Modelling of Phenotypes Observed in Alzheimer's Disease. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:718-731. [PMID: 33725267 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the most important susceptibility gene for late onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with the presence of APOE-ε4 associated with increased risk of developing AD. Here, we reprogrammed human fibroblasts from individuals with different APOE-ε genotypes into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and generated isogenic lines with different APOE profiles. Following characterisation of the newly established iPSC lines, we used an unguided/unpatterning differentiation method to generate six-month-old cerebral organoids from all iPSC lines to assess the suitability of this in vitro system to measure APOE, β amyloid, and Tau phosphorylation levels. We identified variabilities in the organoids' cell composition between cell lines, and between batches of differentiation for each cell line. We observed more homogenous cerebral organoids, and similar levels of APOE, β amyloid, and Tau when using the CRISPR-edited APOE isogenic lines, with the exception of one site of Tau phosphorylation which was higher in the APOE-ε4/ε4 organoids. These data describe that pathological hallmarks of AD are observed in cerebral organoids, and that their variation is mainly independent of the APOE-ε status of the cells, but associated with the high variability of cerebral organoid differentiation. It demonstrates that the cell-line-to-cell-line and batch-to-batch variabilities need to be considered when using cerebral organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Hernández
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Louise A Rooney
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maciej Daniszewski
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lerna Gulluyan
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helena H Liang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cook
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia.
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