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June A, Matysik W, Marlicz M, Zucker E, Wagley PK, Kuan CY, Burnsed J. Acute seizure activity in neonatal inflammation-sensitized hypoxia-ischemia in mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295860. [PMID: 38206902 PMCID: PMC10783742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine acute seizure activity and neuronal damage in a neonatal mouse model of inflammation-sensitized hypoxic-ischemic (IS-HI) brain injury utilizing continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) and neurohistology. METHODS Neonatal mice were exposed to either IS-HI with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or HI alone on postnatal (p) day 10 using unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by global hypoxia (n = 10 [5 female, 5 male] for IS-HI, n = 12 [5 female, 7 male] for HI alone). Video cEEG was recorded for the duration of the experiment and analyzed for acute seizure activity and behavior. Brain tissue was stained and scored based on the degree of neuronal injury in the hippocampus, cortex, and thalamus. RESULTS There was no significant difference in acute seizure activity among mice exposed to IS-HI compared to HI with regards to seizure duration (mean = 63 ± 6 seconds for HI vs mean 62 ± 5 seconds for IS-HI, p = 0.57) nor EEG background activity. Mice exposed to IS-HI had significantly more severe neural tissue damage at p30 as measured by neuropathologic scores (mean = 8 ± 1 vs 23 ± 3, p < 0.0001). INTERPRETATION In a neonatal mouse model of IS-HI, there was no significant difference in acute seizure activity among mice exposed to IS-HI compared to HI. Mice exposed to IS-HI did show more severe neuropathologic damage at a later age, which may indicate the presence of chronic inflammatory mechanisms of brain injury distinct from acute seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina June
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Weronika Matysik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Maria Marlicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Emily Zucker
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pravin K. Wagley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Burnsed
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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Skwarzynska D, Sun H, Kasprzak I, Sharma S, Williamson J, Kapur J. Glycolytic lactate production supports status epilepticus in experimental animals. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1873-1884. [PMID: 37632130 PMCID: PMC10578888 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Status epilepticus (SE) requires rapid intervention to prevent cerebral injury and mortality. The ketogenic diet, which bypasses glycolysis, is a promising remedy for patients with refractory SE. We tested the role of glycolytic lactate production in sustaining SE. METHODS Extracellular lactate and glucose concentration during a seizure and SE in vivo was measured using lactate and glucose biosensors. A lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor, oxamate, blocked pyruvate to lactate conversion during SE. Video-EEG recordings evaluated seizure duration, severity, and immunohistochemistry was used to determine neuronal loss. Genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP7 was used to study the effect of oxamate on CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro. Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) were recorded from CA1 neurons to study oxamate's impact on neurotransmission. RESULTS The extracellular glucose concentration dropped rapidly during seizures, and lactate accumulated in the extracellular space. Inhibition of pyruvate to lactate conversion with oxamate terminated SE in mice. There was less neuronal loss in treated compared to control mice. Oxamate perfusion decreased tonic and phasic neuronal activity of GCaMP7-expressing CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro. Oxamate application reduced the frequency, but not amplitude of sEPSCs recorded from CA1 neurons, suggesting an effect on the presynaptic glutamatergic neurotransmission. INTERPRETATION A single seizure and SE stimulate lactate production. Diminishing pyruvate to lactate conversion with oxamate terminated SE and reduced associated neuronal death. Oxamate reduced neuronal excitability and excitatory neurotransmission at the presynaptic terminal. Glycolytic lactate production sustains SE and is an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Skwarzynska
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
| | - Huayu Sun
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
| | - Izabela Kasprzak
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
| | - Supriya Sharma
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
| | - John Williamson
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
- UVA Brain InstituteUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
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Fabres RB, Cardoso DS, Aragón BA, Arruda BP, Martins PP, Ikebara JM, Drobyshevsky A, Kihara AH, de Fraga LS, Netto CA, Takada SH. Consequences of oxygen deprivation on myelination and sex-dependent alterations. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103864. [PMID: 37268283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in newborns, occurring with a higher prevalence in preterm infants, reaching 20 % to 50 % mortality in newborns in the perinatal period. When they survive, 25 % exhibit neuropsychological pathologies, such as learning difficulties, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy. White matter injury is one of the main features found in oxygen deprivation injury, which can lead to long-term functional impairments, including cognitive delay and motor deficits. The myelin sheath accounts for much of the white matter in the brain by surrounding axons and enabling the efficient conduction of action potentials. Mature oligodendrocytes, which synthesize and maintain myelination, also comprise a significant proportion of the brain's white matter. In recent years, oligodendrocytes and the myelination process have become potential therapeutic targets to minimize the effects of oxygen deprivation on the central nervous system. Moreover, evidence indicate that neuroinflammation and apoptotic pathways activated during oxygen deprivation may be influenced by sexual dimorphism. To summarize the most recent research about the impact of sexual dimorphism on the neuroinflammatory state and white matter injury after oxygen deprivation, this review presents an overview of the oligodendrocyte lineage development and myelination, the impact of oxygen deprivation and neuroinflammation on oligodendrocytes in neurodevelopmental disorders, and recent reports about sexual dimorphism regarding the neuroinflammation and white matter injury after neonatal oxygen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bandeira Fabres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Débora Sterzeck Cardoso
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Petrucelli Arruda
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Pamela Pinheiro Martins
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Juliane Midori Ikebara
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil.
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Witteveen IF, McCoy E, Holsworth TD, Shen CZ, Chang W, Nance MG, Belkowitz AR, Dougald A, Puglia MH, Ribic A. Preterm birth accelerates the maturation of spontaneous and resting activity in the visual cortex. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1149159. [PMID: 37255843 PMCID: PMC10225509 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1149159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prematurity is among the leading risks for poor neurocognitive outcomes. The brains of preterm infants show alterations in structure and electrical activity, but the underlying circuit mechanisms are unclear. To address this, we performed a cross-species study of the electrophysiological activity in the visual cortices of prematurely born infants and mice. Using electroencephalography (EEG) in a sample of healthy preterm (N = 29) and term (N = 28) infants, we found that the maturation of the aperiodic EEG component was accelerated in the preterm cohort, with a significantly flatter 1/f slope when compared to the term infants. The flatter slope was a result of decreased spectral power in the theta and alpha bands and was correlated with the degree of prematurity. To determine the circuit and cellular changes that potentially mediate the changes in 1/f slope after preterm birth, we used in vivo electrophysiology in preterm mice and found that, similar to infants, preterm birth results in a flattened 1/f slope. We analyzed neuronal activity in the visual cortex of preterm (N = 6) and term (N = 9) mice and found suppressed spontaneous firing of neurons. Using immunohistochemistry, we further found an accelerated maturation of inhibitory circuits. In both preterm mice and infants, the functional maturation of the cortex was accelerated, underscoring birth as a critical checkpoint in cortical maturation. Our study points to a potential mechanism of preterm birth-related changes in resting neural activity, highlighting the utility of a cross-species approach in studying the neural circuit mechanisms of preterm birth-related neurodevelopmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle F. Witteveen
- Department of Psychology, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Emily McCoy
- Department of Psychology, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Troy D. Holsworth
- Department of Psychology, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Catherine Z. Shen
- Department of Psychology, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Winnie Chang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Madelyn G. Nance
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Allison R. Belkowitz
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Avery Dougald
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Meghan H. Puglia
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Adema Ribic
- Department of Psychology, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Abstract
Mapping neuronal circuits that generate focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures is essential for understanding general principles of seizure propagation and modifying the risk of death and injury due to bilateral motor seizures. We used novel techniques developed over the past decade to study these circuits. We propose the general hypothesis that at the mesoscale, seizures follow anatomical projections of the seizure focus, preferentially activating more excitable neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Witteveen IF, McCoy E, Holsworth TD, Shen CZ, Chang W, Nance MG, Belkowitz AR, Dougald A, Puglia MH, Ribic A. Preterm birth accelerates the maturation of spontaneous and resting activity in the visual cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524993. [PMID: 36711801 PMCID: PMC9882279 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Prematurity is among the leading risks for poor neurocognitive outcomes. The brains of preterm infants show alterations in structure and electrical activity, but the underlying circuit mechanisms are unclear. To address this, we performed a cross-species study of the electrophysiological activity in the visual cortices of prematurely born infants and mice. Using electroencephalography (EEG) in a sample of healthy preterm (N=29) and term (N=28) infants, we found that the maturation of the aperiodic EEG component was accelerated in the preterm cohort, with a significantly flatter 1/f slope when compared to the term infants. The flatter slope was a result of decreased spectral power in the theta and alpha bands and was correlated with the degree of prematurity. To determine the circuit and cellular changes that potentially mediate the changes in 1/f slope after preterm birth, we used in vivo electrophysiology in preterm mice and found that, similar to infants, preterm birth results in a flattened 1/f slope. We analyzed neuronal activity in the visual cortex of preterm mice (N=6 preterm and 9 term mice) and found suppressed spontaneous firing of neurons. Using immunohistochemistry, we further found an accelerated maturation of inhibitory circuits. In both preterm mice and infants, the functional maturation of the cortex was accelerated, underscoring birth as a critical checkpoint in cortical maturation. Our study points to a potential mechanism of preterm birth-related changes in resting neural activity, highlighting the utility of a cross-species approach in studying the neural circuit mechanisms of preterm birth-related neurodevelopmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle F. Witteveen
- Department of Psychology, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Emily McCoy
- Department of Psychology, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Troy D. Holsworth
- Department of Psychology, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Catherine Z. Shen
- Department of Psychology, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Winnie Chang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Madelyn G. Nance
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Allison R. Belkowitz
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Avery Dougald
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Meghan H. Puglia
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Adema Ribic
- Department of Psychology, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
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Pi C, Tang W, Li Z, Liu Y, Jing Q, Dai W, Wang T, Yang C, Yu S. Cortical pain induced by optogenetic cortical spreading depression: from whole brain activity mapping. Mol Brain 2022; 15:99. [PMID: 36471383 PMCID: PMC9721019 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is an electrophysiological event underlying migraine aura. Traditional CSD models are invasive and often cause injuries. The aim of the study was to establish a minimally invasive optogenetic CSD model and identify the active networks after CSD using whole-brain activity mapping. METHODS CSD was induced in mice by light illumination, and their periorbital thresholds and behaviours in the open field, elevated plus-maze and light-aversion were recorded. Using c-fos, we mapped the brain activity after CSD. The whole brain was imaged, reconstructed and analyzed using the Volumetric Imaging with Synchronized on-the-fly-scan and Readout technique. To ensure the accuracy of the results, the immunofluorescence staining method was used to verify the imaging results. RESULTS The optogenetic CSD model showed significantly decreased periorbital thresholds, increased facial grooming and freezing behaviours and prominent light-aversion behaviours. Brain activity mapping revealed that the somatosensory, primary sensory, olfactory, basal ganglia and default mode networks were activated. However, the thalamus and trigeminal nucleus caudalis were not activated. CONCLUSIONS Optogenetic CSD model could mimic the behaviours of headache and photophobia. Moreover, the optogenetic CSD could activate multiple sensory cortical regions without the thalamus or trigeminal nucleus caudalis to induce cortical pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Pi
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhishuai Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jing
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Dai
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Johnson KJ, Moy B, Rensing N, Robinson A, Ly M, Chengalvala R, Wong M, Galindo R. Functional neuropathology of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia by single-mouse longitudinal electroencephalography. Epilepsia 2022; 63:3037-3050. [PMID: 36054439 PMCID: PMC10176800 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) results in symptomatic seizures and long-term neurodevelopmental disability. The Rice-Vannucci model of rodent neonatal HI has been used extensively to examine and translate the functional consequences of acute and chronic HI-induced encephalopathy. Yet, longitudinal electrophysiological characterization of this brain injury model has been limited by the size of the neonatal mouse's head and postnatal maternal dependency. We overcome this challenge by employing a novel method of longitudinal single-mouse electroencephalography (EEG) using chronically implanted subcranial electrodes in the term-equivalent mouse pup. We characterize the neurophysiological disturbances occurring during awake and sleep states in the acute and chronic phases following newborn brain injury. METHODS C57BL/6 mice underwent long-term bilateral subcranial EEG and electromyographic electrode placement at postnatal day 9 followed by unilateral carotid cauterization and exposure to 40 minutes of hypoxia the following day. EEG recordings were obtained prior, during, and intermittently after the HI procedure from postnatal day 10 to weaning age. Quantitative EEG and fast Fourier transform analysis were used to evaluate seizures, cortical cerebral dysfunction, and disturbances in vigilance states. RESULTS We observed neonatal HI-provoked electrographic focal and bilateral seizures during or immediately following global hypoxia and most commonly contralateral to the ischemic injury. Spontaneous chronic seizures were not seen. Injured mice developed long-term asymmetric EEG background attenuation in all frequencies and most prominently during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. HI mice also showed transient impairments in vigilance state duration and transitions during the first 2 days following injury. SIGNIFICANCE The functional burden of mouse neonatal HI recorded by EEG resembles closely that of the injured human newborn. The use of single-mouse longitudinal EEG in this immature model can advance our understanding of the developmental and pathophysiological mechanisms of neonatal cerebral injury and help translate novel therapeutic strategies against this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brianna Moy
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicholas Rensing
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexia Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Ly
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ramya Chengalvala
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rafael Galindo
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Immediate Early Gene c-fos in the Brain: Focus on Glial Cells. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060687. [PMID: 35741573 PMCID: PMC9221432 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-fos gene was first described as a proto-oncogene responsible for the induction of bone tumors. A few decades ago, activation of the protein product c-fos was reported in the brain after seizures and other noxious stimuli. Since then, multiple studies have used c-fos as a brain activity marker. Although it has been attributed to neurons, growing evidence demonstrates that c-fos expression in the brain may also include glial cells. In this review, we collect data showing that glial cells also express this proto-oncogene. We present evidence demonstrating that at least astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia express this immediate early gene (IEG). Unlike neurons, whose expression changes used to be associated with depolarization, glial cells seem to express the c-fos proto-oncogene under the influence of proliferation, differentiation, growth, inflammation, repair, damage, plasticity, and other conditions. The collected evidence provides a complementary view of c-fos as an activity marker and urges the introduction of the glial cell perspective into brain activity studies. This glial cell view may provide additional information related to the brain microenvironment that is difficult to obtain from the isolated neuron paradigm. Thus, it is highly recommended that detection techniques are improved in order to better differentiate the phenotypes expressing c-fos in the brain and to elucidate the specific roles of c-fos expression in glial cells.
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Mazurkiewicz M, Kambham A, Pace B, Skwarzynska D, Wagley P, Burnsed J. Neuronal activity mapping during exploration of a novel environment. Brain Res 2022; 1776:147748. [PMID: 34896333 PMCID: PMC8728889 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole-brain mapping is an effective approach to investigate which brain areas are activated by the exploration of a novel environment. Previous studies analyzing neuronal activity promoted by novelty focused mostly on one specific area instead of the whole brain and measured activation using cfos immunohistochemistry. In this study, we utilized TRAP2 mice exposed to a novel and familiar environment to examine neuronal activity in exploratory, learning, and memory circuits. We analyzed the behavior of mice during environment exploration. Brain tissue was processed using tissue clarification and neurons active during exploration of an environment were mapped based on the cfos expression. Neuronal activity after each experience were quantified in regions of interest. We observed increased exploratory behavior in mice exposed to a novel environment in comparison to familiar (170.5 s ± 6.47 vs. 112.5 s ± 9.54, p = 0.0001). Neuronal activity was significantly increased in the dentate gyrus (115.56 ± 53.84 vs. 32.24 ± 12.32, p = 0.02) during the exploration of a novel environment. Moreover, examination of the remaining regions of interest showed some increase in the number of active neurons in the novel condition, however, those differences were not statistically significant. Brief exposure to a novel environment results in increased exploratory behavior and significant neuronal activity in the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anvitha Kambham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Belle Pace
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Daria Skwarzynska
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Pravin Wagley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Jennifer Burnsed
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA;,Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Wagley PK, Williamson J, Skwarzynska D, Kapur J, Burnsed J. Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32597865 DOI: 10.3791/61346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia ischemia is the most common cause of neonatal seizures. Animal models are crucial for understanding the mechanisms and physiology underlying neonatal seizures and hypoxia ischemia. This manuscript describes a method for continuous video electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring in neonatal mice to detect seizures and analyze EEG background during hypoxia ischemia. Use of video and EEG in conjunction allows description of seizure semiology and confirmation of seizures. This method also allows analysis of power spectrograms and EEG background pattern trends over the experimental time period. In this hypoxia ischemia model, the method allows EEG recording prior to injury to obtain a normative baseline and during injury and recovery. Total monitoring time is limited by the inability to separate pups from the mother for longer than four hours. Although, we have used a model of hypoxic-ischemic seizures in this manuscript, this method for neonatal video EEG monitoring could be applied to diverse disease and seizure models in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin K Wagley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia
| | | | | | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia; Brain Institute, University of Virginia; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia
| | - Jennifer Burnsed
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia;
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Liu B, Kou J, Li F, Huo D, Xu J, Zhou X, Meng D, Ghulam M, Artyom B, Gao X, Ma N, Han D. Lemon essential oil ameliorates age-associated cognitive dysfunction via modulating hippocampal synaptic density and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8622-8639. [PMID: 32392535 PMCID: PMC7244039 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lemon essential oil (LEO), extracted from the fruit of lemon, has been used to treat multiple pathological diseases, such as diabetes, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, depression and hepatobiliary dysfunction. The study was designed to study the effects of LEO on cognitive dysfunction induced by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We used APP/PS1 double transgene (APP/PS1) AD mice in the experiment; these mice exhibit significant deficits in synaptic density and hippocampal-dependent spatial related memory. The effects of LEO on learning and memory were examined using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, Novel object recognition test, and correlative indicators, including a neurotransmitter (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), a nerve growth factor (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF), a postsynaptic marker (PSD95), and presynaptic markers (synapsin-1, and synaptophysin), in APP/PS1 mice. Histopathology was performed to estimate the effects of LEO on AD mice. A significantly lowered brain AChE depression in APP/PS1 and wild-type C57BL/6L (WT) mice. PSD95/ Synaptophysin, the index of synaptic density, was noticeably improved in histopathologic changes. Hence, it can be summarized that memory-enhancing activity might be associated with a reduction in the AChE levels and is elevated by BDNF, PSD95, and synaptophysin through enhancing synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jiayuan Kou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Fuyan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Da Huo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jiaran Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dehao Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Murtaza Ghulam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Bobkov Artyom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.,Basic Medical Institute of Heilongjiang Medical Science Academy, Harbin 150081, China.,Translational Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Genetically Modified Model Animal, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China.,China Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.,Basic Medical Institute of Heilongjiang Medical Science Academy, Harbin 150081, China.,Translational Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.,Basic Medical Institute of Heilongjiang Medical Science Academy, Harbin 150081, China.,Translational Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
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