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Kleemiss F, Wieduwilt EK, Hupf E, Shi MW, Stewart SG, Jayatilaka D, Turner MJ, Sugimoto K, Nishibori E, Schirmeister T, Schmidt TC, Engels B, Grabowsky S. Similarities and Differences between Crystal and Enzyme Environmental Effects on the Electron Density of Drug Molecules. Chemistry 2021; 27:3407-3419. [PMID: 33090581 PMCID: PMC7898524 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The crystal interaction density is generally assumed to be a suitable measure of the polarization of a low-molecular weight ligand inside an enzyme, but this approximation has seldomly been tested and has never been quantified before. In this study, we compare the crystal interaction density and the interaction electrostatic potential for a model compound of loxistatin acid (E64c) with those inside cathepsin B, in solution, and in vacuum. We apply QM/MM calculations and experimental quantum crystallography to show that the crystal interaction density is indeed very similar to the enzyme interaction density. Less than 0.1 e are shifted between these two environments in total. However, this difference has non-negligible consequences for derived properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kleemiss
- Department 2 – Biology/Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and CrystallographyUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359 BremenGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3, 3012 BernSwitzerland
| | - Erna K. Wieduwilt
- Department 2 – Biology/Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and CrystallographyUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359 BremenGermany
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT), UMR CNRS 7019Université de Lorraine & CNRSBoulevard Arago, 57078 MetzFrance
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Department 2 – Biology/Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and CrystallographyUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359 BremenGermany
| | - Ming W. Shi
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA 6009Australia
| | - Scott G. Stewart
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA 6009Australia
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA 6009Australia
| | - Michael J. Turner
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA 6009Australia
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research InstituteSPring-81-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Materials SciencesKyoto UniversityYoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials ScienceUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesJohannes-Gutenberg University MainzStaudingerweg 5, 55128 MainzGermany
| | - Thomas C. Schmidt
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department 2 – Biology/Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and CrystallographyUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 3 and 7, 28359 BremenGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3, 3012 BernSwitzerland
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Spackman PR, Yu L, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Bond CS, Spackman MA, Jayatilaka D, Thomas SP. Bridging Crystal Engineering and Drug Discovery by Utilizing Intermolecular Interactions and Molecular Shapes in Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Li‐Juan Yu
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | - Craig J. Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitz-roy VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Charles S. Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Mark A. Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Sajesh P. Thomas
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Chemistry and iNano Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
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Spackman PR, Yu L, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Bond CS, Spackman MA, Jayatilaka D, Thomas SP. Bridging Crystal Engineering and Drug Discovery by Utilizing Intermolecular Interactions and Molecular Shapes in Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16780-16784. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Li‐Juan Yu
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | - Craig J. Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitz-roy VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Charles S. Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Mark A. Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Sajesh P. Thomas
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Chemistry and iNano Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
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Gropp C, Husch T, Trapp N, Reiher M, Diederich F. Wasserstoffbrücken-Netzwerke: molekulare Erkennung zyklischer Alkohole in enantiomerenreinen alleno-acetylenischen Käfigrezeptoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Gropp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Tamara Husch
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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5
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Gropp C, Husch T, Trapp N, Reiher M, Diederich F. Hydrogen-Bonded Networks: Molecular Recognition of Cyclic Alcohols in Enantiopure Alleno-Acetylenic Cage Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16296-16301. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Gropp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Tamara Husch
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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6
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Saha S, Sasmal A, Pilet G, Bauzá A, Frontera A, Mitra S. An unusual nitroso⋯nitroso interaction in the coordination polymer structures of Ni(ii) and Co(ii) complexes with the α,ω-bis(benzotriazoloxy)alkane system. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41765d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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7
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Inukai N, Kawai T, Yuasa J. Two Distinct Thermal Stabilities of DNA and Enzymatic Activities of DNase I in a Multistep Assembly with Carbazole Ligands: Different Binding Characteristics for Duplex and Quadruplex DNA. Chemistry 2013; 19:5938-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Liskamp RMJ, Rijkers DTS, Kruijtzer JAW, Kemmink J. Peptides and proteins as a continuing exciting source of inspiration for peptidomimetics. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1626-53. [PMID: 21751324 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite their enormous diversity in biological function and structure, peptides and proteins are endowed with properties that have induced and stimulated the development of peptidomimetics. Clearly, peptides can be considered as the "stem" of a phylogenetic molecular development tree from which branches of oligomeric peptidomimetics such as peptoids, peptidosulfonamides, urea peptidomimetics, as well as β-peptides have sprouted. It is still a challenge to efficiently synthesize these oligomeric species, and study their structural and biological properties. Combining peptides and peptidomimetics led to the emergence of peptide-peptidomimetic hybrids in which one or more (proteinogenic) amino acid residues have been replaced with these mimetic residues. In scan-like approaches, the influence of these replacements on biological activity can then be studied, to evaluate to what extent a peptide can be transformed into a peptidomimetic structure while maintaining, or even improving, its biological properties. A central issue, especially with the smaller peptides, is the lack of secondary structure. Important approaches to control secondary structure include the introduction of α,α-disubstituted amino acids, or (di)peptidomimetic structures such as the Freidinger lactam. Apart from intra-amino acid constraints, inter-amino acid constraints for formation of a diversity of cyclic peptides have shaped a thick branch. Apart from the classical disulfide bridges, the repertoire has been extended to include sulfide and triazole bridges as well as the single-, double- and even triple-bond replacements, accessible by the extremely versatile ring-closing alkene/alkyne metathesis approaches. The latter approach is now the method of choice for the secondary structure that presents the greatest challenge for structural stabilization: the α-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob M J Liskamp
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry has expanded dramatically in recent years both in terms of potential applications and in its relevance to analogous biological systems. The formation and function of supramolecular complexes occur through a multiplicity of often difficult to differentiate noncovalent forces. The aim of this Review is to describe the crucial interaction mechanisms in context, and thus classify the entire subject. In most cases, organic host-guest complexes have been selected as examples, but biologically relevant problems are also considered. An understanding and quantification of intermolecular interactions is of importance both for the rational planning of new supramolecular systems, including intelligent materials, as well as for developing new biologically active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jörg Schneider
- Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Deutschland.
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11
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Baron R, McCammon JA. (Thermo)dynamic Role of Receptor Flexibility, Entropy, and Motional Correlation in Protein–Ligand Binding. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:983-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Klebe G, Grädler U, Grüneberg S, Krämer O, Gohlke H. Understanding Receptor‐Ligand Interactions as a Prerequisite for—Virtual Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527613083.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C3J7, Canada.
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Ozeri R, Khazanov N, Perlman N, Shokhen M, Albeck A. Enzyme isoselective inhibitors: a tool for binding-trend analysis. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:631-8. [PMID: 16892403 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A transition-state analogue inhibitor that covalently reversibly binds to an enzyme formally consists of two parts: the chemical site, CS and the recognition site, RS. We have experimentally and theoretically demonstrated that the trend of binding affinity in a series of isoselective inhibitors (with identical RS and different CS fragments) depends mainly on their CS fragments. Isoselective inhibitors have the same affinity trend toward different enzymes of the same family with a common catalytic mechanism. Thus, very good correlation between experimentally determined and theoretically calculated Ki values was demonstrated. A practical outcome is the application of the described method as a tool for an expert analysis in virtual screening of inhibitor libraries and in the design of new enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ozeri
- The Julius Spokojny Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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15
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Schmuck C, Heil M. One-Armed Artificial Receptors for the Binding of Polar Tetrapeptides in Water: Probing the Substrate Selectivity of a Combinatorial Receptor Library. Chemistry 2006; 12:1339-48. [PMID: 16315202 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have recently developed a new class of one-armed artificial receptors 1 for the binding of the polar tetrapeptide N-Ac-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala-OH (EKAA) 2 in water using a combined combinatorial and statistical approach. We have now further probed the substrate selectivity of this receptor library 1 by screening a second tetrapeptide substrate (3) with the inverse sequence N-Ac-D-Ala-D-Ala-L-Lys-D-Glu-OH (AAKE). This "inverse" substrate is also efficiently bound by our receptors, with K(ass) approximately 6000 M(-1) for the best receptors, as determined both by a quantitative on-bead binding assay and by UV and fluorescence titration studies in free solution. Hence, the inverse tetrapeptide 3 is in general bound two to three times less efficiently than the "normal" peptide 2 (K(ass) approximately 17,000 M(-1)), even though the complexation mainly involves long-range electrostatic interactions and both the receptor and substrate are rather flexible. Molecular modeling and ab initio calculations have been used to rationalize the observed substrate selectivity and to analyze the various binding interactions within the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schmuck
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Schmuck C, Heil M, Scheiber J, Baumann K. Ladungswechselwirkungen machen es möglich: ein kombinierter statistischer und kombinatorischer Ansatz zur Auffindung künstlicher Rezeptoren für die Bindung von Tetrapeptiden in Wasser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Schmuck C, Heil M, Scheiber J, Baumann K. Charge Interactions Do the Job: A Combined Statistical and Combinatorial Approach to Finding Artificial Receptors for Binding Tetrapeptides in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:7208-12. [PMID: 16231382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schmuck
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Sahli S, Stump B, Welti T, Schweizer W, Diederich F, Blum-Kaelin D, Aebi J, Böhm HJ. A New Class of Inhibitors for the Metalloprotease Neprilysin Based on a Central Imidazole Scaffold. Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Paulini R, Müller K, Diederich F. Orthogonale multipolare Wechselwirkungen in chemischen und biologischen Strukturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Paulini R, Müller K, Diederich F. Orthogonal Multipolar Interactions in Structural Chemistry and Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1788-805. [PMID: 15706577 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades of molecular recognition studies have greatly enhanced our knowledge on apolar, ion-dipole, and hydrogen-bonding interactions. However, much less attention has been given to the role that multipolar interactions, in particular those with orthogonal dipolar alignment, play in organizing a crystal lattice or stabilizing complexes involving biological receptors. By using results from database mining, this review attempts to give an overview of types and structural features of these previously rather overlooked interactions. A number of illustrative examples of these interactions found in X-ray crystal structures of small molecules and protein-ligand complexes demonstrate their propensity and thus potential importance for both, chemical and biological molecular recognition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Paulini
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Grüneberg S, Wendt B, Klebe G. Subnanomolar wirksame Inhibitoren aus dem Computerscreening: eine Modellstudie an der humanen Carboanhydrase II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010119)113:2<404::aid-ange404>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Grüneberg S, Wendt B, Klebe G. Subnanomolar Inhibitors from Computer Screening: A Model Study Using Human Carbonic Anhydrase II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:389-393. [PMID: 11180334 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010119)40:2<389::aid-anie389>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Grüneberg
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie der Universität Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg (Germany)
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23
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Davis AM, Teague SJ. Die Bedeutung der Balance von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen und hydrophoben Wechselwirkungen im Wirkstoff-Rezeptor-Komplex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19990315)111:6<778::aid-ange778>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Zacharias M, Sklenar H. Harmonic modes as variables to approximately account for receptor flexibility in ligand-receptor docking simulations: Application to DNA minor groove ligand complex. J Comput Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-987x(199902)20:3<287::aid-jcc1>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Kubinyi H. [Molecular similarity. 1. Chemical structure and biological action]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 1998; 27:92-106. [PMID: 9689841 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.19980270305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Kubinyi
- BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen.
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27
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Kehr C, Neidlein R, Engh RA, Brandsretter H, Kucznierz R, Leinert H, Marzenell K, Strein K, Saal WVD. A Short Synthesis of the Factor-Xa Inhibitor DX-9065a using palladium-catalyzed key steps. Helv Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19970800322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Kessler H. Ein neuartiges Verfahren zur Wirkstoffsuche mit einem kombinatorisch-rationalen Ansatz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971090806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Böhm HJ, Brode S, Hesse U, Klebe G. Oxygen and Nitrogen in Competitive Situations: Which is the Hydrogen-Bond Acceptor? Chemistry 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19960021206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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