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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Lee H, Kim H, Kim D. From
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‐Xylene to Ibuprofen in Flow: Three‐Step Synthesis by a Unified Sequence of Chemoselective C−H Metalations. Chemistry 2019; 25:11641-11645. [PMID: 31338883 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyune‐Jea Lee
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis Department of Chemical Engineering POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology) Pohang 790-784 South Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Dong‐Pyo Kim
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis Department of Chemical Engineering POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology) Pohang 790-784 South Korea
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3
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Schmidt OP, Dechert‐Schmitt A, Garnsey MR, Wisniewska HM, Blackmond DG. Kinetic Analysis of Catalytic Organic Reactions Using a Temperature Scanning Protocol. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia P. Schmidt
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | | | | | | | - Donna G. Blackmond
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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4
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Ringborg RH, Toftgaard Pedersen A, Woodley JM. Automated Determination of Oxygen-Dependent Enzyme Kinetics in a Tube-in-Tube Flow Reactor. ChemCatChem 2017; 9:3285-3288. [PMID: 29399209 PMCID: PMC5768025 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated oxidation is of particular interest to synthetic organic chemists. However, the implementation of such systems demands knowledge of enzyme kinetics. Conventionally collecting kinetic data for biocatalytic oxidations is fraught with difficulties such as low oxygen solubility in water and limited oxygen supply. Here, we present a novel method for the collection of such kinetic data using a pressurized tube-in-tube reactor, operated in the low-dispersed flow regime to generate time-series data, with minimal material consumption. Experimental development and validation of the instrument revealed not only the high degree of accuracy of the kinetic data obtained, but also the necessity of making measurements in this way to enable the accurate evaluation of high KMO enzyme systems. For the first time, this paves the way to integrate kinetic data into the protein engineering cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf H. Ringborg
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkDK-2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
- EchoSkyeDK-2300Copenhagen SDenmark
| | - Asbjørn Toftgaard Pedersen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkDK-2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkDK-2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
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5
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Lücke D, Dalton T, Ley SV, Wilson ZE. Synthesis of Natural and Unnatural Cyclooligomeric Depsipeptides Enabled by Flow Chemistry. Chemistry 2016; 22:4206-17. [PMID: 26844421 PMCID: PMC4797712 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flow chemistry has been successfully integrated into the synthesis of a series of cyclooligomeric depsipeptides of three different ring sizes including the natural products beauvericin (1 a), bassianolide (2 b) and enniatin C (1 b). A reliable flow chemistry protocol was established for the coupling and macrocyclisation to form challenging N‐methylated amides. This flexible approach has allowed the rapid synthesis of both natural and unnatural depsipeptides in high yields, enabling further exploration of their promising biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lücke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Toryn Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zoe E Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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Stockinger S, Troendlin J, Rominger F, Trapp O. On-Column Reaction Set-Up for High-Throughput Screenings and Mechanistic Investigations. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Müller STR, Murat A, Maillos D, Lesimple P, Hellier P, Wirth T. Rapid Generation and Safe Use of Carbenes Enabled by a Novel Flow Protocol with In-line IR spectroscopy. Chemistry 2015; 21:7016-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Hashimoto K, Kumagai N, Shibasaki M. A Carbon Nanotube Confinement Strategy to Implement Homogeneous Asymmetric Catalysis in the Solid Phase. Chemistry 2015; 21:4262-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Benz C, Boomhoff M, Appun J, Schneider C, Belder D. Chip-Based Free-Flow Electrophoresis with Integrated Nanospray Mass-Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2766-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Benz C, Boomhoff M, Appun J, Schneider C, Belder D. Chip-basierte Freiflusselektrophorese mit integrierter Nanospray-Massenspektrometrie-Kopplung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Ribó JM, Blanco C, Crusats J, El-Hachemi Z, Hochberg D, Moyano A. Absolute Asymmetric Synthesis in Enantioselective Autocatalytic Reaction Networks: Theoretical Games, Speculations on Chemical Evolution and Perhaps a Synthetic Option. Chemistry 2014; 20:17250-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Zhang W, Fu L, Yang H. Micrometer-scale mixing with Pickering emulsions: biphasic reactions without stirring. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:391-396. [PMID: 24376132 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A general strategy that avoids stirring for organic/aqueous reactions involving solid catalysts is reported. The strategy involves converting a conventional biphasic system into a Pickering emulsion phase with micrometer-scale droplets ensuring good mixing. In test reactions, nitrotoluene reduction and epoxidation of allylic alcohols, the reaction efficiency is comparable to conventional stirrer-driven biphasic catalysis reaction systems. Short diffusion distances, arising from the compartmentalization of densely packed droplets, play an important role in boosting the reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92,Taiyuan 030006 (PR China)
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13
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Stockinger S, Gmeiner J, Zawatzky K, Troendlin J, Trapp O. From stereodynamics to high-throughput screening of catalysed reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14301-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04892j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review we summarised recent developments in high-throughput kinetic monitoring of reactions including the dynamics of interconverting stereoisomers and the simultaneous combination of (catalysed) reactions with chemical analysis in on-column reaction chromatographic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Gmeiner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Troendlin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Moore JS, Jensen KF. "Batch" kinetics in flow: online IR analysis and continuous control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:470-3. [PMID: 24288212 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Currently, kinetic data is either collected under steady-state conditions in flow or by generating time-series data in batch. Batch experiments are generally considered to be more suitable for the generation of kinetic data because of the ability to collect data from many time points in a single experiment. Now, a method that rapidly generates time-series reaction data from flow reactors by continuously manipulating the flow rate and reaction temperature has been developed. This approach makes use of inline IR analysis and an automated microreactor system, which allowed for rapid and tight control of the operating conditions. The conversion/residence time profiles at several temperatures were used to fit parameters to a kinetic model. This method requires significantly less time and a smaller amount of starting material compared to one-at-a-time flow experiments, and thus allows for the rapid generation of kinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Moore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 66-342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA) http://web.mit.edu/jensenlab; The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Blvd., B-1603, Freeport, TX 77541 (USA)
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15
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Moore JS, Jensen KF. “Batch” Kinetics in Flow: Online IR Analysis and Continuous Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Tsubogo T, Ishiwata T, Kobayashi S. Asymmetrische Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Kupplungen unter kontinuierlichen Durchflussbedingungen mit chiralen Heterogenkatalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201210066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Tsubogo T, Ishiwata T, Kobayashi S. Asymmetric Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation under Continuous-Flow Conditions with Chiral Heterogeneous Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6590-604. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201210066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Hessel V, Kralisch D, Kockmann N, Noël T, Wang Q. Novel process windows for enabling, accelerating, and uplifting flow chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:746-89. [PMID: 23606410 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel Process Windows make use of process conditions that are far from conventional practices. This involves the use of high temperatures, high pressures, high concentrations (solvent-free), new chemical transformations, explosive conditions, and process simplification and integration to boost synthetic chemistry on both the laboratory and production scale. Such harsh reaction conditions can be safely reached in microstructured reactors due to their excellent transport intensification properties. This Review discusses the different routes towards Novel Process Windows and provides several examples for each route grouped into different classes of chemical and process-design intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO BOX 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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19
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In die National Academy of Engineering aufgenommen: D. G. Blackmond, R. H. Friend und H. Topsøe / Roy W. Tess Award in Coatings: B. D. Freeman. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Elected to the National Academy of Engineering: D. G. Blackmond, R. H. Friend, and H. Topsøe / Roy W. Tess Award in Coatings: B. D. Freeman. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Bortolini O, Cavazzini A, Giovannini PP, Greco R, Marchetti N, Massi A, Pasti L. A combined kinetic and thermodynamic approach for the interpretation of continuous-flow heterogeneous catalytic processes. Chemistry 2013; 19:7802-8. [PMID: 23589216 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous proline-catalyzed aldol reaction was investigated under continuous-flow conditions by means of a packed-bed microreactor. Reaction-progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) was used in combination with nonlinear chromatography for the interpretation, under synthetically relevant conditions, of important mechanistic aspects of the heterogeneous catalytic process at a molecular level. The information gathered by RPKA and nonlinear chromatography proved to be highly complementary and allowed for the assessment of optimal operating variables. In particular, the determination of the rate-determining step was pivotal for optimizing the feed composition. On the other hand, the competitive product inhibition was responsible for the unexpected decrease in the reaction yield following an apparently obvious variation in the feed composition. The study was facilitated by a suitable 2D instrumental arrangement for simultaneous flow reaction and online flow-injection analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Mohamed M, Gonçalves TP, Whitby RJ, Sneddon HF, Harrowven DC. New Insights into Cyclobutenone Rearrangements: A Total Synthesis of the Natural ROS-Generating Anti-Cancer Agent Cribrostatin 6. Chemistry 2011; 17:13698-705. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Troendlin J, Rehbein J, Hiersemann M, Trapp O. Integration of Catalysis and Analysis is the Key: Rapid and Precise Investigation of the Catalytic Asymmetric Gosteli–Claisen Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16444-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207091x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Troendlin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Hiersemann
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetric Organocatalysis and Analysis on a Single Microfluidic Nanospray Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9467-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetrische Organokatalyse und Analyse in einem mikrofluidischen Nanospray-Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Hartman RL, McMullen JP, Jensen KF. Pro und kontra Strömungsreaktoren in der Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hartman RL, McMullen JP, Jensen KF. Deciding whether to go with the flow: evaluating the merits of flow reactors for synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7502-19. [PMID: 21710673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries are transforming how their products are manufactured, where economically favorable, from traditional batchwise processes to continuous flow. This evolution is impacting synthetic chemistry on all scales-from the laboratory to full production. This Review discusses the relative merits of batch and micro flow reactors for performing synthetic chemistry in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Hartman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 66-350, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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28
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Bogdan AR, James K. Efficient access to new chemical space through flow--construction of druglike macrocycles through copper-surface-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. Chemistry 2011; 16:14506-12. [PMID: 21038332 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of 12- to 22-membered macrocycles, with druglike functionality and properties, have been generated by using a simple and efficient copper-catalyzed azide-acetylene cycloaddition reaction, conducted in flow in high-temperature copper tubing, under environmentally friendly conditions. The triazole-containing macrocycles have been generated in up to 90 % yield in a 5 min reaction, without resorting to the high-dilution conditions typical of macrocyclization reactions. This approach represents a very efficient method for constructing this important class of molecules, in terms of yield, concentration, and environmental considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bogdan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Rasheed M, Wirth T. Intelligent Microflow: Development of Self-Optimizing Reaction Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:357-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Rasheed M, Wirth T. Intelligenter Mikrofluss: Entwicklung selbstoptimierender Reaktionssysteme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Brasholz M, Macdonald JM, Saubern S, Ryan JH, Holmes AB. A gram-scale batch and flow total synthesis of perhydrohistrionicotoxin. Chemistry 2010; 16:11471-80. [PMID: 20827703 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The total synthesis of the spiropiperidine alkaloid (-)-perhydrohistrionicotoxin (perhydro-HTX) 2 has been accomplished on a gram scale by employing both conventional batch chemistry as well as microreactor techniques. (S)-(-)-6-Pentyltetrahydro-pyran-2-one 8 underwent nucleophilic ring opening to afford the alcohol 10, which was elaborated to the nitrone 13. Protection of the nitrone as the 1,3-adduct of styrene and side-chain extension to the unsaturated nitrile afforded a precursor 17, which underwent dipolar cycloreversion and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to give the core spirocyclic precursor 18 that was converted into perhydro-HTX 2. The principal steps to the spirocycle 18 have successfully been transferred into flow mode by using different types of microreactors and in a telescoped fashion, allowing for a more rapid access to the histrionicotoxins and their analogues by continuous processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Brasholz
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra S Dittrich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Brasholz M, Johnson BA, Macdonald JM, Polyzos A, Tsanaktsidis J, Saubern S, Holmes AB, Ryan JH. Flow synthesis of tricyclic spiropiperidines as building blocks for the histrionicotoxin family of alkaloids. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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